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Title Provenance, Offset Equivalent and Palinspastic Reconstruction of the Miocene Cajon Valley Formation, Southern California

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Author Stang, Dallon

Publication Date 2013

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Provenance, Offset Equivalent and Palinspastic Reconstruction of the Miocene Cajon Valley

Formation, Southern California

A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the

requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology

By

Dallon Michael Stang

2013

ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS

Provenance, Offset Equivalent and Palinspastic Reconstruction of the Miocene Cajon Valley

Formation, Southern California

By

Dallon Michael Stang

Master of Science in Geology

University of California, Los Angeles, 2013

Professor Raymond V. Ingersoll, Chair

Petrographic, conglomerate and detrital-zircon analyses of formations in southern California can determine consanguineous petrofacies and lithofacies that help constrain paleotectonic and paleogeographic reconstructions of the southwestern United States. Arkosic sandstone of the lower Middle Miocene Cajon Valley formation is exposed on the southwest edge of the Mojave block and juxtaposed against Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks by the San Andreas fault (SAf).

Early work in Cajon Valley referred to the formation as Punchbowl, due to its similar appearance to the Punchbowl Formation at Devil’s Punchbowl (northwest along the SAf). However, paleontological work placed Cajon Valley strata in the Hemingfordian-Barstovian (18-14 Ma), as opposed to the Clarendonian-Hemphillian (13-9 Ma) Punchbowl Formation. Since the Cajon

Valley formation was deposited prior to being truncated by the San Andreas fault, the 2400m- thick, laterally extensive subaerial deposits likely were deposited across what is now the fault

ii trace. Restoring 310 km of dextral slip on the SAf system should indicate the location of offset equivalent sandstone. Restoration of slip on the SAf system places Cajon Valley adjacent to the

Caliente and La Panza Ranges, east of San Luis Obispo. Although analysis of detrital zircon from Cenozoic sandstone throughout southern California has been crucial in establishing paleodrainage areas, detrital zircon from the Cajon Valley and equivalent formations had not been analyzed prior to this study.

Paleocurrents measured throughout the Cajon Valley formation indicate a source to the NE, in the Mojave Desert. Sandstone samples analyzed in thin section using the Gazzi-Dickinson method of point-counting are homogeneously arkosic, with slight compositional variability, making differentiation of the Cajon Valley formation and potential offset equivalents problematic. However, Branch Canyon Sandstone and Santa Margarita Formation samples are compositionally the best match for the Cajon Valley formation.

Detrital-zircon ages were determined from the Cajon Valley formation and related strata.

These data are slightly more variable than sandstone composition, with distinct age peaks at 85-

90 Ma, 150 Ma and 250 Ma. These ages correlate with batholiths in the SW Mojave Desert. Of the nine samples from six formations collected as potential offset equivalents, Branch Canyon and Santa Margarita samples are most similar to Cajon Valley samples, in terms of both detrital- zircon ages and sandstone composition.

Based on 310km of post-Miocene offset on the San Andreas fault system, the Cajon Valley formation restores adjacent to shallow-marine sandstone of the Santa Margarita Formation and

Branch Canyon Sandstone Member of the Monterey Formation in the Caliente and La Panza ranges. Cajon Valley sandstone is interpreted to represent a Miocene fluvial system on a coastal plain, flowing toward a delta on a narrow continental shelf.

iii

The thesis of Dallon Stang is approved.

Edward Rhodes

Axel Schmitt

Raymond V. Ingersoll, Committee Chair

University of California, Los Angeles

2013

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS ii

APPROVAL PAGE iv

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF APPENDICES viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

INTRODUCTION 1

REGIONAL SETTING, LITHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY 1

Previous Work 1

Basement Lithology 2

Precambrian Gneiss 3

Cretaceous Granodiorite 3

Stratigraphy 3

Paleocene San Francisquito Formation 3

Lower Miocene Vaqueros Formation 3

Middle Miocene “Punchbowl Formation” in Cajon Valley 4

Crowder Formation 7

Harold Formation and Shoemaker Gravel 7

POTENTIAL OFFSET EQUIVALENTS AND RELATED ROCKS 7

Caliente and La Panza Ranges 7

v Branch Canyon Sandstone 7

Santa Margarita Formation 8

Simmler Formation 8

Caliente Formation 9

Monterey Formation 9

Devil’s Punchbowl 9

PALEOCURRENTS 10

Paleocurrent Indicators 10

Methods 10

Results 11

SANDSTONE PETROLOGY 11

Methods 11

Collection and Preparation 11

Petrography 12

Analysis 12

Results 12

Cajon Valley formation 12

Punchbowl Formation 13

Potential offset equivalents 13

DETRITAL-ZIRCON ANALYSIS 14

Methods 14

Collection and Preparation 14

vi Analysis 15

Results 15

PROVENANCE AND PALEOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS 17

Potential Plutonic Sources 17

Depositional Environments 19

CONCLUSIONS 19

FIGURE CAPTIONS 22

FIGURES 25

TABLES 36

APPENDICES 40

REFERENCES CITED 71

vii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Generalized tectonic map showing sample locations. 25

Figure 2: Across-fault stratigraphic correlation (Woodburne, 1975) 26

Figure 3: Well-rounded arkosic sandstone hogback in Cajon Valley 27

Figure 4: Paleocurrent map and rose diagram for Cajon Valley 28

Figure 5: Pre-Miocene palinspastic reconstruction of Jacobson et al. (2011) 29

Figure 6: Southern California paleodrainage reconstruction of Ingersoll et al. (2013) 30

Figure 7: Sandstone point count QFL ternary diagram 31

Figure 8: Sandstone point count QFkFp ternary diagram 32

Figure 9: Sandstone point count LvLmLs ternary diagram 33

Figure 10: Detrital zircon probability density plots 34

Figure 11: Lower Miocene depositional interpretation of Cajon Valley 35

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Sample details and GPS coordinates 36

Table 2: Petrographic point count categories 37

Table 3: Raw petrographic point count data 38

Table 4: Recalculated parameters defined 39

Table 5: Calculated compositional percentages 39

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Cajon Valley formation imbricated clast measurements 40

Appendix B: Detrital-zircon LA MC-ICPMS data 45

viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I thank Ray Ingersoll for inspiring me to study sedimentology and tectonics as an undergraduate, and for his guidance and patience in advising me as a graduate student. I thank my committee members Ray Ingersoll, Ed Rhodes and Axel Schmitt for providing thoughtful insights regarding my thesis manuscript. Funding for detrital-zircon ages was provided by The Academic Senate of the University of California, Los Angeles. Detrital- zircon provenance discussions with Carl Jacobson were very helpful in depositional system interpretation. I thank Jade-Star Lackey and Jonathan Harris at Pomona College for allowing me use of their lab facilities, and Kevin Coffey for guidance in mineral separation at UCLA. I also thank Chelsi White and other University of Arizona researchers for their help in dating zircons, and Kevin Coffey and Johanna Hoyt for assistance in the field. Lastly, I thank my mother Andrea for her love and support, and my father Peter, without whom I would not have gotten to this point. I dedicate this thesis in his memory.

ix INTRODUCTION

Cajon Canyon separates the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges to the west and east, respectively, on the southern edge of the Mojave Desert of southern California (Fig. 1);

Cajon Valley trends NW-SE on the northeast side of the easternmost San Gabriel Mountains.

The Miocene Cajon Valley formation, originally named Punchbowl formation (Noble, 1954), is juxtaposed against Cretaceous Pelona Schist, Precambrian gneiss and Cretaceous granodiorite by the currently active San Andreas fault and the inactive Cajon Valley fault (Dibblee, 2003a, b).

This study aims to determine the provenance and depositional paleogeography of the lower

Middle Miocene Cajon Valley formation, employing detrital-zircon, petrographic and conglomerate-imbrication analyses. By reversing well-constrained slip on the San Andreas fault system, we are able to find offset equivalent sandstone and conglomerate contemporaneous with those of the Cajon Valley formation. Successful matching of offset equivalents will better constrain the paleotectonic, paleogeographic and paleodrainage history of southern California.

REGIONAL SETTING, LITHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY

Previous Work

Nonmarine sedimentary strata in Cajon Valley were first described as being upper Miocene, based on vertebrate paleontology, and correlative to the Punchbowl Formation at its type locality of Devil’s Punchbowl, on the SW side of the San Andreas fault (Noble, 1954; Fig. 1). If correctly correlated, then this would imply that offset on the San Andreas fault was only ~30 km for these sedimentary strata. The Punchbowl Formation was subsequently assigned a Pliocene age (Tedford and Downs, 1965), but given the similar appearance between the two “correlated” areas and the poorly understood San Andreas fault system at the time, Noble’s interpretation of the Cajon beds was not challenged until the 1970s.

1

In a general stratigraphic and paleontologic study of the Cajon Valley area, Woodburne and

Golz (1972) determined the sedimentary strata in Cajon Valley to be of Hemingfordian-

Barstovian age (18-14 Ma), as opposed to the Clarendonian-Hemphillian (13-9 Ma) age for the

Punchbowl Formation. They divided the Cajon Valley formation into seven members, with an overall upward fining trend and slight variations in color; all members consist predominantly of conglomeratic arkosic sandstone.

In a comprehensive study of Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Transverse Ranges, Woodburne

(1975) correlated potentially offset rock units cut by the San Andreas fault system. Sedimentary strata in Cajon Valley were inferred to correlate with similar strata in Cuyama Valley and the

Caliente Range to the northwest (Fig. 2). These correlations can be tested employing detrital- zircon and petrographic analyses.

An exhaustive study of the late Cenozoic tectonic history of the Cajon Pass area by Weldon

(1986) shed light on potential causes for sedimentation in Cajon Valley, although this work emphasized evolution of the modern San Andreas fault and not its Miocene history.

Paleomagnetic studies in Cajon Valley indicate a 30±8° clockwise vertical-axis rotation in the basal Cajon Valley formation, but not in the overlying (or contemporaneous, discussed below) Crowder Formation or Plio-Pleistocene units (Liu et al., 1988). This rotation is attributed to movement on the Squaw Peak fault in the NE of the valley (Fig. 1), interpreted to have been a thrust fault in the mid to Late Miocene, rather than regional rotation associated with the Mojave block (Weldon, 1986; Liu et al., 1988). These measurements, however, were taken only near the

Squaw Peak fault, and therefore, are interpreted as unrepresentative of the entire basin; as a result, vertical-axis rotations did not affect paleocurrent indicators (discussed below).

Basement Lithology

2

Precambrian Gneiss

Highly foliated Precambrian gneissic rocks, which are in contact with the Cajon Valley formation along the Cajon Valley fault along the southwest side of the valley (Fig. 1), are intruded by Cretaceous granodiorite (Dibblee, 2003b).

Cretaceous Granodiorite

Exposed Cretaceous granodiorite nonconformably underlies the Vaqueros and Cajon Valley formations in Cajon Valley (Dibblee 2003a, b). Contacts between the granodiorite and Cajon

Valley formation across the Cajon Valley fault are irregular and geometrically complex in the southwest corner of the valley.

Stratigraphy

Paleocene San Francisquito Formation

A Paleocene episode of marine deposition is recorded by limited exposures of the San

Francisquito Formation. Woodburne and Golz (1972) described and Dibblee (2003a) mapped the

300m-thick San Francisquito Formation as nonconformably overlying Cretaceous granodiorite and being unconformably overlain by the “Punchbowl” or Cajon Valley formation in the southeastern part of the basin. Within 3 km to the northwest, however, lies the Oligocene-Lower

Miocene Vaqueros Formation with the same unconformable contacts. The San Francisquito and

Vaqueros formations are not in contact, and the same stratigraphic position for both suggests that they may be the same formation, with slight lateral variations in lithology. However, no paleontological evidence has been cited to test this hypothesis (Woodburne and Golz, 1972).

Lower Miocene Vaqueros Formation

The 160m-thick Lower Miocene Vaqueros Formation, which is primarily clastic, but contains carbonate, has a molluscan assemblage indicating Early Miocene shallow-marine

3 paleoenvironments (Woodburne and Golz, 1972). The Vaqueros Formation is exposed in the SW part of Cajon Valley, underlying the Cajon Valley formation (Dibblee, 2003b).

Middle Miocene “Punchbowl Formation” in Cajon Valley

The “Punchbowl Formation”, as it was originally named in Cajon Valley, is characterized by over 2400m of yellow to maroon, well indurated arkosic conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone, early Middle Miocene in age (Noble 1954; Woodburne and Golz, 1972). Fine-grained beds and lithologic diversity increase up section. Mapping, and stratigraphic and paleontologic studies have been completed (e.g., Noble 1954; Woodburne and Golz, 1972), but detailed lithology or provenance studies had not been completed prior to the present study. The following lithologic descriptions of each member in the Cajon Valley formation (“Punchbowl formation”) are modified from Woodburne and Golz (1972). The likely braided-stream depositional environments and basin architecture resulted in complex outcrop relationships for the members.

Tp1. Tp1 of the “Punchbowl formation” in Cajon Valley is characterized by pale gray-to-white, arkosic conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. Melanocratic clasts of fine-grained metamorphic rocks are locally abundant. Tp1 is vertically and possibly also laterally gradational.

Tp1 is 215-305 m thick and rests unconformably on the Vaqueros Formation or nonconformably on Cretaceous granodiorite; its upper contact is gradational with Tp2.

Tp2. Similar to Tp1, arkosic conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone predominate in the

Hemingfordian Tp2; however, Tp2 has an upward increase of interbedded, fine-grained sandstone. Tp2 is pale buff overall, ranging in thickness from 426 m in the south to 550 m northwest of Cajon Valley. Strata are well indurated, resulting in most of the topographic features in the valley (Fig. 3). Tp2 abuts granodioritic gneiss across the Cajon Valley fault.

4

Tp3. Tp3 has lithology similar to Tp2, only its fine-grained beds are less resistant. Tp3 nonconformably overlies Cretaceous granodiorite, and is gradationally overlain by Tp4 and Tp5.

Tp3 is 150-550 m thick, reaching its maximum in the northwest. Rhinoceros and ground-squirrel fossils indicate that Tp3 is upper Hemingfordian (Woodburne and Golz, 1972).

Tp4. Exposure of Tp4 is limited to the southern part of Cajon Valley. Characteristic coarse- grained sediment is biotite-rich, with gray-buff, arkosic conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone predominating. Tp4 reaches a maximum thickness of 213 m. Coarse clasts are equal parts granodiorite and volcanics, with little to none of the fine-grained metamorphic clasts in

Tp1. Within Tp4 are abundant latite to quartz latite metavolcanics. Limited exposure of Tp4 suggests that it is possibly the coarse-grained, lateral equivalent of Tp5 (discussed below). No fossils have been reported from Tp4, but stratigraphic relations indicate a probable Late Miocene age.

Tp5. Tp5 is characterized by heterogeneous beds and highly variable thickness, being 565 m in the southeast and 915 m in the northwest. Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone are interbedded with yellow, coarse-to-medium-grained sandstone. Near the middle of the section are black mudstone, plant-bearing lignite and freshwater limestone with gastropod, ostracode, charophyte and algal-mound fossils; fossil Miocene horses are also found in Tp5 (Woodburne and Golz, 1972).

Tp5a. Tp5a, which is laterally gradational with Tp5, is composed predominantly of red-brown conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone, with cobbles and pebbles being angular granodioritic gneiss, marble, quartzite and fine-grained schist. Tp5a is 885 m thick and wedge shaped, and interfingers with white arkosic conglomeratic sandstone to the east.

5

Tp6. Tp6 is characterized by white to pale-yellow conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone with abundant dark-green and maroon porphyritic-tuff and latite clasts, interbedded with fine- grained sandstone, mudstone and siltstone. Coarse-grained beds are more abundant than finer ones. Tp6 is 275 m thick, but is unconformably overlain by the Crowder Formation, so its original thickness is unknown. Tp6, which is found in the central and northwest parts of Cajon

Valley, contains few fossils, but is probably Upper Miocene (Woodburne and Golz, 1972).

Weldon et al. (1993) claimed that Tp6 has a western provenance across the modern San

Andreas fault, based on the absence of paleocurrent indicators, a marked decrease in the pink arkosic component that is prevalent in Tp1-5, and the presence of red-sandstone clasts. If Tp6 were derived from across the SAf, then the southwest-dipping paleoslope responsible for Tp1-5 would have been inverted; a potential cause for this inversion could have been dip-slip motion on the proto-San Andreas, prior to its current transform motion (Weldon, 1986). Weldon et al.

(1993) suggested that motion on the San Andreas fault was only about 1 cm/yr. during the

Miocene, whereas it has increased to 3.5 cm/yr. since 5-4 Ma. Weldon et al. (1993) lacked petrographic evidence that the red-sandstone clasts were from the Vasquez Formation (e.g.,

Hendrix and Ingersoll, 1987), which they interpreted as a possible westerly source rock.

However, the red beds present within Tp3-5 (Woodburne and Golz, 1972) could be possible sources for red sandstone clasts in the overlying unit; multiple unconformities and variable thicknesses within the Cajon Valley formation suggest that in-situ erosion and redeposition of clasts might have been significant, thus negating the need for external sources for the red- sandstone clasts. Sample locations for Cajon Valley formation sandstone in this study are listed in Table 1 and shown on Fig. 1.

6

Crowder Formation

The Crowder Formation (1000 m thick) is characterized by fluviatile conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone that unconformably overlie the Cajon Valley formation and grade upward into the Harold Formation (Woodburne and Golz, 1972; Dibblee 2003a,b). Clasts in the

Crowder Formation reflect a San Gabriel Mountains provenance (Woodburne and Golz, 1972).

The Crowder Formation was first assigned a Hemphillian or Blancan age (9-2 Ma) (Woodburne,

1975), but the discovery of middle Miocene fossils in its basal unit indicated that it could be as old as 14 Ma (Reynolds, 1984), meaning its age overlaps the depositional age of the Cajon

Valley formation. The interaction of these two formations and separate provenance is poorly constrained and should be addressed in future work.

Harold Formation and Shoemaker Gravel

Overlying the Crowder Formation are the Harold Formation and Shoemaker Gravel

(Dibblee 2003a, b). Similar to parts of the Crowder Formation, they contain abundant clasts of

Pelona Schist and other materials derived from the western San Gabriel Mountains and are believed to be Irvingtonian to Rancholabrean (1.5-0 Ma) (Woodburne, 1975).

POTENTIAL OFFSET EQUIVALENTS AND RELATED ROCKS

Caliente and La Panza Ranges

The Caliente Range and adjacent Cuyama Valley lie to the southwest of the San Andreas fault northwest of Cajon Valley (Fig. 1). Detailed descriptions of Eocene through Pleistocene strata can be found in Hill et al. (1958).

Branch Canyon Sandstone

Defined by Hill et al. (1958), the Branch Canyon Sandstone is exposed on the south side of

Cuyama Valley and in the northeast of the Caliente Range (Fig. 1). Composed mainly of gray-to-

7 buff marine sandstone, the Branch Canyon Sandstone (915 m) represents the transition (both vertically and horizontally) between continental Caliente Formation and marine Monterey

Formation (Hill et al., 1958). Deposition occurred throughout the Hemingfordian and Barstovian

(18-14 Ma), as well constrained by abundant microfossils and three basaltic intrusions (Hill et al., 1958).

Subsequent to the original definition, Dibblee (1967) associated the Branch Canyon

Sandstone proper with marine sandstone outcrops extending to the north, and mapped it as a member of the Monterey Formation. This resulted in a 60km-long exposure of Branch Canyon

Sandstone, from the Caliente Range and Cuyama Valley in the southeast to the La Panza range in the northwest. Both samples analyzed in this study (DMS-12-BC1, 2) were collected near the southeasternmost outcrop in the Caliente Range (Fig. 1; Table 1).

Santa Margarita Formation

Overlying the Branch Canyon Sandstone in the SW, and Monterey Formation in the NE

Caliente Range, the Santa Margarita Formation reaches a maximum thickness of 300 m (Hill et al., 1958). It is predominantly a white sandstone with two shale members, interpreted to be littoral, based on marine microfossils, and Clarendonian (12-10 Ma) based on megafossils (Hill et al., 1958). Dibblee (1967) also associated the originally defined Santa Margarita Formation in the Caliente Range with other white sandstone units to the north. One sample (DMS-12-SM1) was collected near the southeasternmost outcrop, near the Branch Canyon samples, and one

(DMS-12-SM2) was collected to the northwest in the La Panza Range (Fig. 1; Table 1).

Simmler Formation

Continuous pink to dark-gray, medium-grained Miocene massive sandstone, 1000 m thick, constitutes the Simmler Formation, which crops out in the NW and SE Caliente Range, the

8 adjacent Cuyama Badlands, as well as the La Panza Range to the northwest (Hill et al., 1958). Its base is unexposed, but well data suggest that it overlies granitic basement in at least some areas

(Weldon, 1986). The Simmler Formation coarsens to red and gray conglomerate with gneiss and granite clasts to the SE of the Caliente Range in the Cuyama Badlands (Hill et al., 1958). One sample of Simmler, DMS-12-S1, was collected in the La Panza Range (Fig. 1; Table 1)

Caliente Formation

The Caliente Formation crops out in the SE Caliente Range, near the Carrizo Plain (Fig. 1).

It is composed of 900m-thick continental redbeds that are laterally gradational toward the west with the marine Branch Canyon Sandstone. The Caliente Formation varies from red to gray and has a 100m-thick basaltic member in its middle. It is Hemingfordian to Clarendonian (18-10 Ma) in age, overlapping in age with the Branch Canyon Sandstone (Hill et al., 1958; Woodburne,

1975). Two sand(stone) samples of Caliente Formation (JFH-11-21C, 23C) were collected in a previous study (discussed later) in the Caliente Range (Fig. 1; Table 1).

Monterey Formation

The Monterey Formation in the Caliente Range/Cuyama area lies conformably below the

Santa Margarita Formation, and grades laterally into the Branch Canyon Formation. It is 680 m of predominantly siliceous shale and clay beds, with some 1m-thick gray sandstone beds (Hill et al., 1985). Foraminiferal assemblages indicate that the shale is Hemingfordian to Barstovian (18-

14 Ma) (Hill et al., 1985). One sample, DMS-12-MTY1, of Monterey Formation was collected in the La Panza Range (Fig. 1; Table 1).

Devil’s Punchbowl

The type location of the Punchbowl Formation, located in Devil's Punchbowl, 30 km to the northwest of Cajon Valley and southwest of the SAf (Fig. 1), was first described by Noble

9

(1954) and more precisely dated by Tedford and Downs (1965). The dominantly coarse-grained conglomeratic sandstone strata are similar in appearance to the Cajon Valley formation, which resulted in early correlation between the two formations (e.g., Noble, 1954). Woodburne and

Golz (1972) clearly demonstrated an age discrepancy between the two formations. Subsequently developed constraints on offset along the San Andreas fault system (e.g., Weldon et al., 1993) have negated any possible correlation between the two “Punchbowl” formations. Detrital-zircon ages and sandstone petrology from one sample of Punchbowl proper (KTC-12-Tps1) analyzed in the present study provide additional tests of this possible correlation.

PALEOCURRENTS

Paleocurrent Indicators

Paleocurrent indicators were measured and recorded wherever exposed in the Cajon Valley formation. The three-dimensional nature of sandstone cross bedding was difficult to assess in most places due to the well rounded hogbacks that typify Cajon Valley (Fig. 3). Conglomeratic packages within the sandstone, however, contain imbricated clasts in most outcrops, despite previous workers’ (e.g., Woodburne and Golz, 1972) generalization that they are not present.

Previous work has alluded to SSW paleocurrent directions (e.g., Woodburne and Golz, 1972;

Weldon, 1986); however, to the author’s knowledge, no measurements have been published.

Formations surveyed on the SW side of the San Andreas fault are not nearly as conglomeratic as the Cajon Valley formation. Similarity of sandstone petrology and detrital- zircon ages (discussed below) on either side of the fault, however, suggests that this discrepancy is likely a result of paleoenviromental changes downstream (to the SW).

Methods

10

Wherever convincingly imbricated, 10 orientation measurements were made of the maximum cross-sectional planes between imbricated clasts within the same bed. Sixteen locations (Fig. 4) were measured, resulting in a total of 160 measurements (Appendix 1).

Bedding strike-and-dip measurements at each location were used to correct for tectonic tilting using STEREONET8 (algorithms described in Almendinger et al., 2012). After rotating imbricated planes to remove the effects of tilting, downstream paleocurrent directions were determined, with transport toward the up-dip direction. Readings where original dips restored to

<10° were removed from the data set as being unreliable, leaving 15 out of the 16 measured locations (Fig. 4).

Results

Average paleocurrent direction was dominantly toward the SSW, in accord with previous suppositions. Averaged directions at each location are shown in Fig. 4. Measurements are dominantly from the SE part of the valley, where coarsest members of the lower Cajon Valley formation are exposed. The upper Cajon Valley formation to the NW is finer-grained and more weathered, with coherent bedding in most places difficult to find. Imbrications in this area are either nonexistent or unconvincing; rarely were 10 clasts, imbricated or otherwise, found in one coherent bed.

SANDSTONE PETROLOGY

Methods

Collection and Preparation

Sand(stone) samples were collected throughout the Cajon Valley formation and in selected potential offset equivalents (Fig. 1; Table 1). Well indurated sandstone samples were cut perpendicular to bedding. Unconsolidated and poorly consolidated samples were impregnated

11 with epoxy. Uncovered thin sections were prepared by Ram Alkaly of R.A. Petrographic, Los

Angeles, CA. Thin sections were etched with dilute hydrofluoric acid and stained with a saturated solution of sodium hexanitrocobaltate. This etching and staining combination helps to differentiate quartz, plagioclase feldspar and potassium feldspar, which are unaltered, heavily etched and stained with yellow dots, respectively (e.g. Ingersoll and Cavazza, 1991).

Petrography

Thin sections were point-counted (400-500 points/section) using the Gazzi-Dickinson method (i.e., Gazzi, 1966; Dickinson 1970; Ingersoll et al., 1984), so that each crystal coarser than silt (>0.0625 mm) is counted as that crystal, regardless of whether or not it is part of a larger detrital grain. Counting-grid spacing was greater than average grain size. Counting categories are defined in Table 2, and raw counts are shown in Table 3. All compositional determinations were made on a Nikon Eclipse E400 POL microscope fitted with a James Swift automated stage and point counter. Subcategorical details were noted on Clay Adams manual laboratory counters.

Analysis

Six sandstone samples from the Cajon Valley formation and 11 related samples (Fig.1;

Table 1) were analyzed using 13 compositional categories for framework grains (Table 2).

Percentages were then calculated for quartz-feldspar-lithic fragment (QFL), monocrystalline quartz-potassium feldspar-plagioclase feldspar (QmFkFp) and metamorphic-volcanic- sedimentary lithic (LmLvLs) ternary plots. The parameters used for these categories are defined in Table 4.

Results

Cajon Valley formation

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Sandstone from the Cajon Valley formation is quartzofeldspathic and clusters well on all three ternaries used in this study. All six samples (Fig. 1; Table 1) have slightly higher feldspar concentration than quartz, and minimal lithic components (Fig. 7, Table 5). Fp/F, as defined in

Table 4, averages 0.59, with one anomalously low 0.42 (Table 5), reflected best in Fig. 8. Lithic components are dominantly sedimentary or metamorphic (Fig. 9; Table 5); however, lithic percentages have low significance because of their low numbers (QFL%L does not exceed 9% for any sample; Table 5). The best ternary for comparing Cajon Valley sandstone with potential offset equivalents is QmFkFp (Fig. 8).

Punchbowl Formation

Five samples of the type Punchbowl Formation of Devil’s Punchbowl (Fig. 1) were point- counted to test the hypothesis that the two “Punchbowl formations” are not correlative (e.g.,

Powell et al., 1993). Punchbowl sandstone has higher QFL%F (Fig. 7; Table 5), QmFkFp%Fp

(Fig. 8; Table 5), Fp/F (Table 5) and LmLvLs%Lv (Fig. 9; Table 5) than Cajon Valley sandstone. This higher feldspar content, particularly plagioclase, and presence of volcanic lithics is indicative of a more heterogeneous provenance for the Punchbowl Formation, as compared with the Cajon Valley formation, consistent with detrital-zircon ages (described below).

Potential offset equivalents

Of the six samples representing four formations collected in the Caliente Range, sample

DMS-12-MTY1, from the Monterey Formation, is least similar to Cajon Valley sandstone. It is the only quartzolithic sample (Fig. 7), with the lowest Fp/F at 0.36 (Table 5). The low plagioclase content (Fig. 8; Table 5) reflects either a more mature sediment or more granitic provenance (or both). Many sedimentary lithic fragments are probably intrabasinal (e.g., Zuffa,

1985), thus creating ambiguity in provenance interpretation.

13

The Simmler Formation sample (DMS-12-S1) is the most feldspathic analyzed sample

(Fig. 7). Fp/F of 0.62 (Table 5), and the dominance of sedimentary and metamorphic lithic components (Fig. 9; Table 5) matches well with the Cajon Valley samples, but lower quartz content (Fig. 7; Table 5) might reflect a more dioritic or monzonitic provenance compared to the inferred granitic sources for the Cajon Valley formation.

The Santa Margarita Formation is the second-best petrographic match with the Cajon

Valley formation. Both samples (DMS-12-SM1,2) cluster with Cajon Valley sandstone on QFL and QmFkFp ternaries (Fig. 7, Fig. 8). Fp/F of 0.58-0.61 and QFL%L < 5% (Fig. 7; Table 5) are also similar to Cajon Valley sandstone. On the other hand, the two formations have contrasting lithic types; Ls and Lm dominate in Cajon Valley sandstone, whereas Santa Margarita sandstone has high felsic-volcanic content (Fig. 9; Table 5). This slight contrast may have resulted from downstream input of volcanic material, expressed in the shallow-marine Santa Margarita

Formation and not the continental Cajon Valley sandstone.

The overall best petrographic match for the Cajon Valley formation is Branch Canyon

Sandstone (DMS-12-BC1,2). With an average Fp/F of 0.58 and QFL%L <2% (Fig. 7; Table 5),

Branch Canyon Sandstone is similarly arkosic, and clusters with Cajon Valley sandstone on QFL and QmFkFp ternary diagrams (Fig. 7, Fig. 8). What makes Branch Canyon Sandstone a better match than the Santa Margarita Formation is its low volcanic lithic component (Fig. 9; Table 5);

Branch Canyon lithic grains are mostly sedimentary and metamorphic, and plot near Cajon

Valley samples on the LmLvLs ternary (Fig. 9).

DETRITAL-ZIRCON ANALYSIS

Methods

Collection and Preparation

14

Sand samples were collected for detrital-zircon analysis at the same locations as the samples of lithified sandstone for thin sections (Fig. 1). These sand samples were separated using a Ro-

Tap Testing Sieve Shaker, saving sediment finer than the USA Standard Testing Sieve no. 60

(250 µm) to be further processed. The sediment was subjected to baths of dilute hydrochloric acid to remove any carbonate potentially cementing grains. Samples were then condensed to a higher density using a sluice table at Pomona College’s Geology Department. Magnetic grains were removed using a Neodymium magnet. Lastly, density separations using 3.32 g/cm3 density

Methyl Iodide in UCLA’s Mineral Separation Lab concentrated the densest minerals to be used for zircon age determination. Concentrated zircon samples were sent to the University of Arizona

Laserchron where they were mounted in epoxy for laser-ablation multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA MC-ICPMS) (e.g., Gehrels et al. 2008).

Analysis

U-Th-Pb isotope ratios were measured to calculate ages of detrital-zircon samples. Mounted zircons were ablated, using backscattered electron (BSE) images of each sample as a guide for grain selection. Although dating > 100 zircons from each sample would be ideal (e.g. Gehrels et al., 2008), some samples contained few zircons, and samples with tightly clustered ages needed fewer ages to characterize the population distribution. Thus, the number of zircons dated for each sample varies from 12 to 77 (Fig. 10; Appendix 2). Zircons were ablated at their cores to determine original magmatic crystallization ages as accurately as possible.

Results

Age distribution plots for all analyzed samples are shown in Fig. 10. All Cajon Valley sandstone samples (in red on the left column) have distinct peaks at 85-90 Ma, 150 Ma and 250

Ma. Dashed gray bars have been added through all samples to highlight these ages. The

15 stratigraphically lowest sample (DMS-12-CV1) has a small Precambrian peak, around 1700 Ma, that other Cajon Valley samples lack. These ages are attributed to either reworking and inclusion of the underlying San Francisquito Formation (e.g. Jacobson et al., 2011), or input from rocks no longer exposed in the southern Mojave Desert.

Of the potential offset equivalent and related sandstone sampled (right column), Monterey

(DMS-12-MTY1), Simmler (DMS-12-S1) and Punchbowl (KTC-12-Tps1) Formations are unlikely correlated to the Cajon Valley formation based on detrital zircons. Monterey sample

DMS-12-MTY1 does not contain any of the distinct peaks present in each of the Cajon Valley sandstone samples. Simmler sample DMS-12-S1 matches well for the 85-90 Ma and 250 Ma peaks, but lacks 150 Ma zircon (Fig. 10). Punchbowl sample KTC-12-Tps1 has wider, less distinct peaks around all three ages compared to all six Cajon Valley samples, in accord with other unpublished ages for this formation (Hoyt, 2012); this result further confirms the hypothesis that the Punchbowl Formation and Cajon Valley formation are unrelated. These two formations may have been derived, in part, from similar plutonic source rocks of the Mojave

Desert, but the wider array of Precambrian zircons in Punchbowl sand suggests more diverse sources.

Caliente Formation samples JFH-11-21C and JFH-11-23C have similar peaks to those of the

Cajon Valley formation, but the paleogeographic locations and paleotectonic settings of these strata southwest of the San Andreas fault, as outlined by Hoyt (2012), negate their direct correlation. These samples were analyzed as a continuation of Hoyt’s (2012) work, and thin sections were not available for the aforementioned petrographic analysis.

The remaining Santa Margarita and Branch Canyon samples from the Coast Ranges seem to most closely resemble Cajon Valley sandstone. Samples DMS-12-BC2 and DMS-12-SM2

16 exhibit all three characteristic peaks, along with an older ~1700 Ma peak, like the basal Cajon

Valley formation (Fig. 10). Samples DMS-12-BC1 and DMS-12-SM1 are slightly dissimilar, with a subdued 150 Ma peak and an additional Cenozoic peak, respectively. Since both of these formations would represent downstream sedimentation (SSW of the Cajon Valley formation following restoration of San Andreas slip [see below]), addition of locally derived detrital zircons and modification of relative age peaks would be expected.

It is interesting to note that the best-fitting offset equivalent samples, DMS-12-SM2 and

DMS-12-BC2, were sampled in the Caliente Range (Fig. 1), 80 km south of what would be a full

310 km offset with Cajon Valley. Longshore currents could have dispersed sand derived from the Cajon Valley drainage system along the coast; laterally extensive plutons in the Mojave

Desert could have provided sediment to multiple drainage systems, which would have resulted in compositionally consistent detritus along the coast. However, the possibility exists that reported ages could be inaccurate, and the best-fit offset equivalent sandstone was not actually sampled in this study.

PROVENANCE AND PALEOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS

Potential Plutonic Sources

The westernmost San Bernardino Mountains contain granitoids with Permian-Triassic,

Late Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous ages similar to detrital-zircon ages from the Cajon Valley formation, however they were only uplifted around 5 Ma (Barth and Wooden, 2006; Barth et al.,

2008). These plutonic rocks, which are remnants of large contiguous plutons stretching across the Mojave region, reflect the local source rocks for the arkosic sand derived from the NNE, as determined by imbricated conglomerate clasts. The lack of Precambrian zircons in the Cajon

Valley samples and distinct SSW paleocurrents require that the source rocks were located

17 southwest of the Mogollon Highlands (Fig. 5, Jacobson et al., 2011). Potential source terranes are, therefore, limited to the southwestern Mojave. Cajon Valley sediment is unlikely to have been sourced from the Sierra Nevada, traveling SE along the eastern side of the batholith, as the zircon signature would be expected to have a higher concentration of Cretaceous zircon (Barth et al., 1997, 2008).

Geochronological and geochemical studies have demonstrated that subduction at the western

North American margin resulted in emplacement of voluminous intrusive bodies at sporadic intervals, suggestive of episodic magmatism in both time and place (Burchfiel et al., 1981; Barth et al., 1997, 2008; Barth and Wooden, 2006). Thus, plutonic rocks of distinct ages in the southwestern Mojave Desert are reflected in the sharp peaks on the zircon probability plots of this study.

Triassic rocks in the southwestern Mojave, that offer the best match for the 250 Ma peak in all Cajon Valley and equivalent sandstone, occur in the Granite Mountains adjacent to the San

Bernardino Mountains and the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Both are principally monzonite and quartz monzonite, with lesser granodiorite (Barth and Wooden, 2006).

The Late Jurassic was a period of active plutonism in the southwest U.S. Cordillera, with a belt of plutonic and volcanic rocks stretching at least 200 km through the Mojave to the central

Transverse Ranges (Barth and Wooden, 2006, 2008). Barth et al. (2008) showed numerous plutons throughout the Mojave dated 149-157 Ma. Some of these plutons outcrop in the western and central San Bernardino Mountains, despite being heavily intruded during subsequent plutonism (Barth et al., 2008).

Plutonism occurred widely in the Mojave region between 105 to ca. 80 Ma (e.g. Wright et al., 1987; Miller et al., 1996; Schermer et al., 2001; Walker et al., 2002), encompassing all of the

18 early Late Cretaceous-aged detrital zircon dated in this study within the Cajon Valley formation.

Remnants of these rocks are exposed throughout the Mojave, including the mountains NE of

Victorville, upstream along paleocurrents for the Cajon Valley formation (Fig. 5).

Depositional Environments

When palinspastically reconstructed, the 10km-wide outcrop of Cajon Valley formation is placed against ~80 km of continuous shallow-marine sandstone southwest of the SAf. Because the 310 km offset of the SAf is well constrained (e.g.,Graham et al., 1989; Weldon et al., 1993), juxtaposition of continental and shallow-marine sandstone resulted from a connection of upstream and downstream components within a source-to-sink system. The Branch Canyon

Sandstone and Santa Margarita Formation probably represent deltaic and shallow-marine deposits deposited by rivers transporting sediment through the Cajon Valley area (Fig. 11). This would place the Cajon Valley area coast-adjacent; this interpretation is consistent with the marine paleoenvironments of the underlying Vaqueros and San Francisquito formations in Cajon

Valley (Woodburne, 1975; Weldon, 1986), and the third-order sampling scale for Caliente/La

Panza samples, as opposed to the second-order Cajon Valley samples (e.g., Ingersoll et al.,

1993). Deposition of Cajon Valley alluvium on top of marine deposits would represent progradation of a delta system into marine paleoenvironments.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on paleontological data and well constrained SAf offset, previous work in Cajon

Valley debunked correlation of the Cajon Valley formation with the Punchbowl Formation at

Devil’s Punchbowl across the SAf (Woodburne and Golz, 1972; Weldon, 1986). Since the

Hemingfordian-Barstovian (18-14 Ma) Cajon Valley formation was deposited prior to being truncated by the San Andreas fault, the 2400m-thick, 10km-wide nonmarine deposits likely were

19 also deposited across the current fault trace to the SW. Palinspastic restoration of 310 km of dextral slip on the SAf system places the Cajon Valley formation alongside what should be equivalent sandstone; this reconstruction adjoins Cajon Valley deposits next to similar-aged, shallow-marine sandstone in the Caliente and La Panza Ranges.

Sandstone samples collected from the Cajon Valley formation, potential offset equivalents and related strata are dominantly arkosic, with only minor variations in composition; consequently, differentiation of Cajon Valley formation and potential offset equivalents using largely similar sandstone compositions alone is unconvincing. QFL, QmFkFp and LmLvLs ternaries demonstrate that all samples are predominantly quartzofeldspathic with moderately higher plagioclase relative to potassium feldspar. Lithic components vary the most among samples, but low abundances of lithic fragments render their relative proportions unreliable as provenance indicators. Sandstone from the Branch Canyon Sandstone and the Santa Margarita

Formation from the Caliente and La Panza Ranges are compositionally the best matches for

Cajon Valley sandstone.

Nearly 800 detrital-zircon ages from Cajon Valley and related sandstone proved to be more effective than petrography for determining cross-fault correlations. Distinct age peaks at 85-90

Ma, 150 Ma and 250 Ma are apparent in all samples collected in the Cajon Valley formation, which seems to be devoid of any Precambrian zircon in all but its basal unit. Of the samples collected as potential offset equivalents, the Branch Canyon Sandstone and Santa Margarita

Formation seem to be most similar to the Cajon Valley formation. The Punchbowl Formation of

Devil’s Punchbowl appears to have had similar-aged plutonic source rocks, but with additional diverse rocks and ages. Similarly, the Monterey, Caliente and Simmler formations, all from the

20

La Panza Range, exhibit zircon age distributions that differ enough from the Cajon Valley formation to invalidate them as being directly related.

The SSW paleoflow direction determined from imbricated conglomerate clasts throughout the Cajon Valley formation suggests sources to the NNE, in the Mojave Desert. The sharply defined age peaks and lack of Precambrian zircon in the Cajon Valley formation limit possible sources to local areas in the Mojave Desert. The three Mesozoic age peaks of Cajon Valley sandstone correspond to batholithic belts in the Mojave Desert (Barth et al., 2008). Uncertainties concerning the former lateral extent of these batholiths make distinguishing precise locations for source rocks impossible. Precambrian rocks in the Mogollon Highlands provide a NE limit to possible source areas for zircon deposited in the Cajon Valley formation.

The 10km-wide exposure of conglomeratic sandstone in Cajon Valley, complete with scour- and-fill structures and cross bedding, is suggestive of a braided-stream system (Woodburne and

Golz, 1972). Using the well constrained 310 km of slip on the San Andreas fault system, and the

SSW paleocurrent direction determined in this study, the Cajon Valley formation restores adjacent to laterally extensive, shallow-marine sandstone of the Santa Margarita Formation and

Branch Canyon Sandstone in the Caliente and La Panza ranges. Both the Santa Margarita

Formation and Branch Canyon Sandstone are exposed over 80 km and represent a broad, shallow-marine depositional system. Although the three distinct zircon age peaks exhibited by

Cajon Valley samples are present in offset equivalents, these formations likely represent shallow-marine deposition resulting from sediment input from multiple fluvio-deltaic systems

(Fig. 11). The Cajon Valley formation is interpreted to represent a Miocene braided-fluvial system on a coastal plain, flowing toward a delta on the continental shelf, now preserved as

Santa Margarita and Branch Canyon sandstone in the Caliente and La Panza Ranges.

21

FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1: Location map showing sampling sites for this study. Cajon Valley’s proximity to the

San Andreas fault, its age, and interpreted braided-stream depositional system suggest that offset equivalent sediments should lie 310 km to the NW, due to subsequent slip on the San

Gabriel/San Andreas faults after deposition.

Figure 2: Stratigraphic correlation of basins across major strike-slip faults in California, modified from Woodburne (1975). Branch Canyon Sandstone in the Caliente Range, the Santa

Margarita Formation of the La Panza Range and lower Caliente Formation in Cuyama Valley overlap temporally with the Hemingfordian-Barstovian Cajon Valley Formation in Cajon Valley.

Note that the stratotype Punchbowl Formation is Clarendonian-Hemphillian in age.

Figure 3: A well-rounded hogback outcrop of Cajon Valley formation (formerly referred to as

Punchbowl) conglomeratic sandstone. Coarse lenses and lenticular bedding are ubiquitous throughout the formation, indicative of fluvial deposition. The 10km width and lack of fine- grained material suggest that a sizeable braided stream flowed through the valley in Miocene time. Photo taken looking west, at location of DMS-12-CV6, Fig. 1.

Figure 4: Paleocurrents determined at 15 locations in Cajon Valley from imbricated clasts within conglomeratic packages are illustrated with directional arrows. Conglomeratic packages are concentrated in the SE of the valley, with the NW being more sand-rich and less resistant to weathering, resulting in subdued topography. In the Hemingfordian-Barstovian, this stream flow

22 was dominantly to the S-SW, illustrated best on the inset rose diagram. Some local variations exist, but nothing more than would be expected in a braided-stream depositional system.

Figure 5: Pre-Miocene palinspastic reconstruction of southern California (from Jacobson et al.

2011). Cajon Pass (CP) is outlined in red. Since paleocurrent indicators suggest a NE source for

Cajon Valley formation, sediment was likely derived from the southern Mojave Desert. In this figure, most igneous rocks in the vicinity are 300 Ma or younger.

Figure 6: A palinspastic southern California paleodrainage reconstruction from Ingersoll et al.

(2013). The reconstruction illustrates detrital-zircon ages in southern California, which have been used to determine the extent of the drainage catchment for the Sespe delta; however no ages have been published for Cajon Valley or its surrounding area (circled in red).

Figure 7: QFL ternary diagram of sandstone point count data. Samples are color-coded by formation. Q – quartz, F – feldspar, L – Lithic fragment, defined in Table 2. Each apex represents 100% composition. Data shown in Table 5.

Figure 8: QmFkFp ternary diagram of sandstone point count data. Qm – Monocrystalline quartz,

Fk – potassium feldspar, Fp – plagioclase feldspar. Each apex represents 100% composition.

Data shown in Table 5.

23

Figure 9: LmLvLs ternary diagram of sandstone point count data. Lm – metamorphic lithic,

Lv – volcanic lithic, Ls – sedimentary lithic. Each apex represents 100% composition. Data shown in Table 5.

Figure 10: Probability density plots for all samples in this study. Cajon Valley samples are in the stratigraphic order in left column, with potential offset equivalent and related rocks on the right.

Samples are color-coded by formation as in ternary diagrams. 400-1200 Ma ages have been removed from the horizontal axis due to a complete absence from all samples in this study. Three distinct peaks occur in all Cajon Valley samples, at 85-90 Ma, 150 Ma and 250 Ma. Of the potential offset equivalents, Branch Canyon Sandstone and Santa Margarita samples are the best matches, although some older peaks exist (discussed in text).

Figure 11: Inset of palinspastically reconstructed plutonic source rocks of the Mojave Desert as shown in Fig. 5. The map has been modified with Miocene depositional styles overlain for the

Cajon Valley area and offset equivalents. Braided-stream deposition was constrained to Cajon

Valley with deposition of Santa Margarita, Branch Canyon and similar sediments in shallow marine settings further downstream and across the San Andreas fault system. Deposition of deep marine Monterey Fm. Fine grained sediments and turbidite sands occurred even further SW.

While all paleocurrents in Cajon Valley point to the SW (Fig. 4), there were likely other adjacent drainages along the paleoshore, depositing similar, arkosic sands. Arrows show generalized paleoflow directions for the Cajon Valley Fm. and longshore current, which would have homogenized the shallow marine sediments. Note that the drainage area for Cajon Valley does not extend into pre-Triassic plutonic rocks.

24

FIGURES

Figure 1: Generalized tectonic map showing sample locations for this sample study Generalized 1: for locations tectonic showing map Figure

25

.

Woodburne,1975

, modified after modified , after

fault stratigraphic correlation faultstratigraphic

- Figure 2: Across 2: Figure

26

CV6Fig.1 in

-

12

-

ooking west at location of DMS ookingof west location at

rounded arkosic sandstone hogback in Cajon Valley. hogback rounded arkosicsandstone Valley. Cajon in

-

Photograph l Photograph

Figure 3: Well 3: Figure

30 cm30

27

Figure 4: Paleocurrent map and rose diagram for diagram map rose Paleocurrent 4: and Valley Cajon Figure

28

Jacobson et al. (2011). Cajon Pass (CP) is circled (CP) Pass Cajon red. in circled is (2011). al. Jacobsonet from dating, zircon ages by with southern of California rocks Plutonic 5: determined sedimentary and Figure

29

Figure 6: Southern California paleodrainage reconstruction of Ingersoll et al. (2013). Cajon Valley circled in red.

30

Figure 7: Sandstone point count QFL ternary diagram

31

Figure 8: Sandstone point count QmFkFp ternary diagram

32

Figure 9: Sandstone point count LmLvLs ternary diagram

33

Figure 10: Detrital zircon probability density plots

34

alinspastically reconstructed with Miocene reconstructed Miocene with alinspastically

p

,

rce rocks of the Mojave Desert the of 5 Fig. in shown rocks as rce

overlain for the Cajon Valley area and offset offset and area equivalents overlainValley Cajon the for

al styles al

Figure 11: Plutonic 11: sou Figure deposition

35

TABLES

Table 1: Sample List

Zircon Thin Section Sample # Latitude Longitude Formation Analysis Analysis DMS-12-CV1 N34.28679 W117.47552 Cajon Valley Yes Yes DMS-12-CV2 N34.30057 W117.48272 Cajon Valley Yes Yes DMS-12-CV3 N34.30590 W117.48538 Cajon Valley Yes Yes DMS-12-CV4 N34.31405 W117.49677 Cajon Valley Yes Yes DMS-12-CV5 N34.32245 W117.50633 Cajon Valley Yes Yes DMS-12-CV6 N34.31903 W117.50489 Cajon Valley Yes Yes DMS-12-BC1 N34.90154 W119.73817 Branch Canyon Yes Yes DMS-12-BC2 N34.89192 W119.73122 Branch Canyon Yes Yes DMS-12-MTY1 N35.45502 W120.39853 Monterey Yes Yes DMS-12-S1 N35.45709 W120.41970 Simmler Yes Yes DMS-12-SM1 N35.44756 W120.31415 Santa Margarita Yes Yes DMS-12-SM2 N34.90143 W119.72958 Santa Margarita Yes Yes JFH-11-21C N34.84136 W119.33432 Caliente Yes No JFH-11-23C N34.88304 W119.43909 Caliente Yes No JFH-11-25P N34.41719 W117.85722 Punchbowl No Yes JFH-11-26P N34.41676 W117.85375 Punchbowl No Yes JFH-11-27P N34.44120 W117.89625 Punchbowl No Yes JFH-11-28P N34.40987 W117.83743 Punchbowl No Yes KTC-12-Tpc1 N34.53054 W118.09026 Punchbowl Yes Yes

36

Table 2: Sandstone point count categories

Abbreviation Description MINERAL GRAINS Qm Monocrystalline quartz Qp Polycrystalline quartz Fp Plagioclase feldspar Fk Potassium feldspar M Phyllosilicate minerals D Dense minerals LITHIC FRAGMENTS Volcanic & Hypabyssal Lvv Vitric Volcanic lithic; amorphous volcanic glass Felsitic-Granular Volcanic lithic; homogenous granular Lvfg texture Felsitic-Seriate Volcanic lithic; contains phenocrysts of Lvfs varying size Microlitic Volcanic lithic; matrix of angular feldspar Lvm microlites, typically plagioclase, with no phenocrysts Lathwork Volcanic lithic; fine-grained matrix with feldspar Lvl phenocryst laths Metavolcanic lithic; metamorphosed volcanic lithic fragment Metamorphic Lmv with characteristic dense mineral replacement PxM Polycrystalline Mica lithic; microgranular mica aggregate Tectonite lithic; preferred orientation of grains visible in QMt aggregate Aggregate Metamorphic lithic; microgranular aggregate of QMFa any combination of quartz, mica and feldspar Siliciclastic Sedimentary lithic; clay matrix with Sedimentary Lss angular, silt-sized microclasts Carbonate Sedimentary lithic; detrital carbonate grain or Lsc sedimentary lithic with a carbonate matrix OTHER Inter Interstitial material Miscellaneous; not falling under any other category Misc or unidentified grain

37

Table 3: Sandstone point counts

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

500

400

400

500

500

500

Total

0

0

1

0

1

0

3

2

2

0

1

3

0

3

3

2

4

Misc

8

8

6

2

0

6

9

13

11

13

20

45

23

20

17

36

16

Inter

2

6

5

5

6

0

5

0

0

0

5

4

7

3

2

4

D

15

3

5

9

2

5

5

2

2

5

7

1

M

29

14

14

16

24

12

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

7

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lsc

0

7

0

0

1

2

0

3

3

2

2

1

8

2

7

68

23

Lss

0

1

0

6

2

8

4

2

1

1

0

1

2

0

13

11

28

QMFa

0

0

0

2

0

0

4

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

2

QMt

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

0

PxM

0

6

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

2

0

0

0

Lmv

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lvl

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lvm

0

7

1

0

6

2

2

1

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lvfs

8

3

0

0

6

7

4

2

3

2

0

2

0

0

0

1

0

Lvfg

0

2

0

0

0

5

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

13

Lvv

48

56

68

77

53

90

94

95

72

88

89

90

79

67

96

Fk

164

114

75

40

Fp

167

175

166

177

124

145

157

133

109

130

132

143

164

120

175

124

220

132

117

120

153

127

100

151

159

148

204

138

111

163

196

157

Qm

0

2

2

2

3

5

7

3

6

0

6

1

4

2

0

7

14

Qp

KTC-12-Tps1

JFH-11-28P

JFH-11-27P

JFH-11-26P

JFH-11-25P

DMS-12-SM2

DMS-12-SM1

DMS-12-S1

DMS-12-MTY1

DMS-12-BC2

DMS-12-BC1

DMS-12-CV6

DMS-12-CV5

DMS-12-CV4

DMS-12-CV3

DMS-12-CV2 DMS-12-CV1 Sample 38

Table 4: Sandstone analysis recalculated parameters

Sandstone Categories Q = Qm + Qp F = Fp + Fk

Lv = Lvv + Lvfg + Lvfs + Lvm + Lvs

Lm = Lmv + PxM + QMt + QMFa

Ls = Lss + Lsc

L= Lv + Lm + Ls Sandstone recalculated parameters QFL%Q = [Q/(Q + F + L)]*100 QFL%F = [F/(Q + F + L)]*100 QFL%L = [L/(Q + F + L)]*100 QmFkFp%Qm = [Qm/(Qm + Fk + Fp)]*100 QmFkFp%Fk = [Fk/(Qm + Fk + Fp)]*100 QmFkFp%Fp = [Fp/(Qm + Fk + Fp)]*100 LvLmLs%Lv = [Lv/(Lv + Lm + Ls)]*100 LvLmLs%Lm = [Lm/(Lv + Lm + Ls)]*100 LvLmLs%Ls = [Ls/(Lv + Lm + Ls)]*100

Table 5: Recalculated parameter percentages

QFL QFL QFL LvLmLs LvLmLs LmLvLs QmFkFp QmFkFp QmFkFp Sample Qp/Q %Q %F %L Fp/F %Lm %Lv %Ls %Qm %Fk %Fp DMS-12-CV1 0.04 35.3 62.3 2.4 0.61 18.2 18.2 63.6 35.2 25.6 39.2 DMS-12-CV2 0.00 40.3 58.4 1.2 0.42 50.0 16.7 33.3 40.8 34.2 25.0 DMS-12-CV3 0.01 38.0 59.9 2.1 0.63 11.1 0.0 88.9 38.5 22.7 38.8 DMS-12-CV4 0.03 32.2 58.8 9.0 0.68 96.9 0.0 3.1 34.6 20.9 44.5 DMS-12-CV5 0.01 37.7 57.2 5.1 0.63 89.5 0.0 10.5 39.5 22.6 37.8 DMS-12-CV6 0.03 46.2 48.4 5.5 0.59 0.0 8.0 92.0 48.1 21.2 30.7 DMS-12-BC1 0.00 42.4 56.7 0.9 0.55 33.3 0.0 66.7 42.8 25.7 31.5 DMS-12-BC2 0.04 42.1 56.4 1.5 0.60 16.7 33.3 50.0 41.8 23.2 35.0 DMS-12-MTY1 0.08 43.9 29.8 26.3 0.36 3.0 23.2 73.7 57.4 27.4 15.2 DMS-12-S1 0.03 27.5 67.2 5.3 0.62 25.0 25.0 50.0 28.4 27.0 44.6 DMS-12-SM1 0.05 34.2 61.0 4.8 0.61 63.2 36.8 0.0 34.7 25.7 39.6 DMS-12-SM2 0.03 40.5 54.9 4.6 0.58 11.1 77.8 11.1 41.7 24.5 33.8 JFH-11-25P 0.02 32.5 60.7 6.9 0.77 50.0 46.2 3.8 34.3 15.1 50.6 JFH-11-26P 0.02 32.2 65.7 2.2 0.68 100.0 0.0 0.0 32.5 21.4 46.1 JFH-11-27P 0.01 35.3 63.9 0.8 0.72 33.3 66.7 0.0 35.2 18.1 46.7 JFH-11-28P 0.01 58.1 34.3 7.6 0.57 27.6 48.3 24.1 62.7 16.0 21.4 KTC-12-Tps1 0.00 35.6 61.8 2.6 0.78 11.1 88.9 0.0 36.6 14.2 49.3 39

APPENDIX A Imbrications - Set 1 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Lat Lon Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 285 50 NE 310 60 NE 97 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 280 50 NE 310 60 NE 100 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 290 55 NE 310 60 NE 108 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 305 35 NE 310 60 NE 47 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 260 50 NW 310 60 NE 102 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 310 50 NE 310 60 NE 40 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 300 45 NE 310 60 NE 65 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 295 50 NE 310 60 NE 87 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 300 60 NE 310 60 NE 127 N34 19.362' W117 30.380' 300 50 NE 310 60 NE 77

Imbrications - Set 2 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 260 45 NW 311 55 NE 100 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 270 45 N 311 55 NE 101 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 275 49 NE 311 55 NE 108 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 255 75 NW 311 55 NE 138 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 275 37 NE 311 55 NE 84 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 270 32 N 311 55 NE 78 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 280 65 NE 311 55 NE 143 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 300 60 NE 311 55 NE 156 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 305 45 NE 311 55 NE 64 N34 18' 50'' W117 29' 28'' 294 46 NE 311 55 NE 91

Imbrications - Set 3 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 270 55 N 310 47 NE 131 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 300 65 NE 310 47 NE 192 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 245 65 NW 310 47 NE 127 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 310 55 NE 310 47 NE 220 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 285 67 NE 310 47 NE 166 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 310 57 NE 310 47 NE 220 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 275 50 NE 310 47 NE 125 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 290 65 NE 310 47 NE 171 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 270 85 N 310 47 NE 165 N34 18' 56'' W117 29' 32'' 280 63 NE 310 47 NE 154

Imbrications - Set 4 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 268 42 NW 275 45 NE 61 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 255 38 NW 275 45 NE 60 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 280 64 NE 275 45 NE 199 40

N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 245 80 NW 275 45 NE 139 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 305 53 NE 275 45 NE 266 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 245 78 NW 275 45 NE 138 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 265 50 NW 275 45 NE 126 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 275 42 NE 275 45 NE 5 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 275 61 NE 275 45 NE 185 N34 18' 57'' W117 29' 37" 310 55 NE 275 45 NE 267

Imbrications - Set 5 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 280 59 NE 290 47 NE 163 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 270 60 N 290 47 NE 143 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 260 55 NW 290 47 NE 119 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 295 72 NE 290 47 NE 211 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 310 68 NE 290 47 NE 245 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 275 76 NE 290 47 NE 171 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 255 46 NW 290 47 NE 96 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 255 80 NW 290 47 NE 147 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 320 85 NE 290 47 NE 244 N34 19' 10'' W117 29' 40'' 305 75 NE 290 47 NE 229

Imbrications - Set 6 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 300 55 NE 310 35 NE 197 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 310 43 NE 310 35 NE 220 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 310 48 NE 310 35 NE 220 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 290 42 NE 310 35 NE 151 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 310 50 NE 310 35 NE 220 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 290 25 NE 310 35 NE 77 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 300 30 NE 310 35 NE 83 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 290 40 NE 310 35 NE 144 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 310 60 NE 310 35 NE 220 N34 19' 44" W117 28' 22'' 310 40 NE 310 35 NE 220

Imbrications - Set 7 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 220 18 NW 310 45 NE 65 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 250 55 NW 310 45 NE 121 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 315 58 NE 310 45 NE 238 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 325 70 NE 310 45 NE 251 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 275 22 NE 310 45 NE 66 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 300 47 NE 310 45 NE 142 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 305 54 NE 310 45 NE 195 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 325 65 NE 310 45 NE 256 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 323 45 NE 310 45 NE 315 N34 19' 46" W117 29' 33" 325 50 NE 310 45 NE 291 41

Imbrications - Set 8 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 295 37 NE 292 42 NE 2 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 308 40 NE 292 42 NE 309 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 307 63 NE 292 42 NE 236 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 315 50 NE 292 42 NE 275 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 305 58 NE 292 42 NE 238 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 305 46 NE 292 42 NE 273 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 297 72 NE 292 42 NE 211 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 315 46 NE 292 42 NE 286 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 285 54 NE 292 42 NE 176 N34 18' 55" W117 29' 32" 290 62 NE 292 42 NE 197

Imbrications - Set 9 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 312 57 NE 275 61 NE 292 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 308 57 NE 275 61 NE 292 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 300 78 NE 275 61 NE 154 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 280 64 NE 275 61 NE 242 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 320 70 NE 275 61 NE 273 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 285 66 NE 275 61 NE 248 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 310 82 NE 275 61 NE 249 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 302 85 NE 275 61 NE 237 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 275 55 NE 275 61 NE 5 N34 19'56" W117 28' 34" 270 45 NE 275 61 NE 18

Imbrications - Set 10 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 315 85 NE 310 55 NE 230 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 320 65 NE 310 55 NE 264 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 327 55 NE 310 55 NE 315 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 320 35 NE 310 55 NE 24 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 295 48 NE 310 55 NE 95 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 270 48 N 310 55 NE 105 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 275 35 NE 310 55 NE 79 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 285 70 NE 310 55 NE 158 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 292 60 NE 310 55 NE 143 N34 18' 56" W117 29' 32" 305 58 NE 310 55 NE 164

Imbrications - Set 11 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 285 34 NE 315 22 NE 161 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 285 48 NE 315 22 NE 178 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 282 43 NE 315 22 NE 170 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 320 48 NE 315 22 NE 233 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 305 61 NE 315 22 NE 211 42

N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 315 40 NE 315 22 NE 225 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 310 45 NE 315 22 NE 216 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 310 55 NE 315 22 NE 217 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 320 53 NE 315 22 NE 233 N34 20' 32" W117 31' 23" 300 44 NE 315 22 NE 198

Imbrications - Set 12 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 276 45 NE 285 35 NE 161 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 283 75 NE 285 35 NE 192 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 282 45 NE 285 35 NE 183 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 275 57 NE 285 35 NE 173 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 270 70 N 285 35 NE 171 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 270 54 N 285 35 NE 160 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 260 58 NW 285 35 NE 147 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 230 44 NW 285 35 NE 96 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 285 55 NE 285 35 NE 195 N34 20' 43" W117 31' 46" 290 45 NE 285 35 NE 215

Imbrications - Set 13 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 295 54 NE 298 35 SW 206 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 265 54 NE 298 35 SW 324 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 280 63 NE 298 35 SW 192 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 285 72 NE 298 35 SW 195 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 290 60 NE 298 35 SW 201 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 290 80 NE 298 35 SW 199 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 275 60 NE 298 35 SW 188 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 300 80 NE 298 35 SW 210 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 290 65 NE 298 35 SW 201 N34 20' 55" W117 32' 07" 275 68 NE 298 35 SW 186

Imbrications - Set 14 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 295 85 NE 285 50 NE 212 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 285 70 NE 285 50 NE 195 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 303 85 NE 285 50 NE 225 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 305 85 NE 285 50 NE 227 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 305 80 NE 285 50 NE 231 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 285 85 NE 285 50 NE 195 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 285 75 NE 285 50 NE 195 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 260 65 NW 285 50 NE 133 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 285 75 NE 285 50 NE 195 N34 20' 32" W117 32' 27" 305 75 NE 285 50 NE 236

43

Imbrications - Set 15 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 0 50 E 320 45 NE 325 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 290 40 NE 320 45 NE 115 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 0 45 E 320 45 NE 334 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 280 70 NE 320 45 NE 164 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 295 35 NE 320 45 NE 99 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 315 55 NE 320 45 NE 207 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 320 60 NE 320 45 NE 230 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 310 35 NE 320 45 NE 79 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 325 65 NE 320 45 NE 243 N34 19' 40" W117 30' 34" 295 45 NE 320 45 NE 131

Imbrications - Set 16 Imbrications Dip Bedding Bedding Dip Corrected Latitude Longitude Strike Dip Direc'n Strike Dip Direc'n Paleoflow N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 300 54 NE 297 30 NE 213 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 275 72 NE 297 30 NE 177 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 0 75 E 297 30 NE 281 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 340 62 NE 297 30 NE 269 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 320 70 NE 297 30 NE 239 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 320 55 NE 297 30 NE 248 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 340 68 NE 297 30 NE 265 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 308 43 NE 297 30 NE 238 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 290 70 NE 297 30 NE 197 N34 20' 07" W117 30' 29" 295 50 NE 297 30 NE 203

44

2.0

2.6

2.5

1.3

2.7

2.1

2.4

7.9

9.6

4.0

6.6

5.1

1.7

4.1

2.0

2.6

1.4

1.8

3.2

2.9

2.0

4.6

4.6

±

18.0

15.2

21.0

10.7

(Ma)

88

87

83

80

79

79

78

77

76

76

76

239

239

238

235

235

235

233

220

219

217

165

159

150

1675

1627

1578

(Ma)

Best age Best

18.0

15.2

21.0

45.7

37.8

56.8

43.1

85.2

62.3

73.9

97.4

±

291.9

433.7

582.5

493.0

687.5

276.8

286.7

521.6

365.7

157.7

197.3

483.2

589.7

209.3

589.0

(Ma)

1070.9

39

54

91

17

56

274

259

297

235

233

172

225

133

117

204

162

269

240

278

309

-172

-187

-574

-289

1675

1627

1578

207Pb*

206Pb*

4.7

4.2

5.8

4.1

8.1

5.8

7.0

3.7

5.1

7.3

7.7

20.9

28.3

20.7

24.8

31.0

46.9

32.7

42.9

18.2

10.0

20.2

12.1

15.3

15.8

22.3

15.0

±

(Ma)

86.1

92.3

81.7

80.4

77.5

85.4

77.4

69.3

83.8

59.0

65.5

242.5

241.0

243.1

235.3

234.6

229.1

232.8

213.0

188.8

209.1

167.2

158.9

157.3

235U

1648.1

1601.7

1586.8

207Pb*

2.0

2.6

2.5

1.3

2.7

2.1

2.4

7.9

9.6

4.0

6.6

5.1

1.7

4.1

2.0

2.6

1.4

1.8

3.2

2.9

2.0

4.6

4.6

±

34.1

47.9

32.8

10.7

(Ma)

87.8

86.7

82.7

80.0

79.5

78.6

78.1

76.9

76.1

75.7

75.5

239.3

239.1

237.6

235.3

234.8

234.6

233.5

220.3

218.8

217.4

164.6

158.7

150.0

1627.4

1582.2

1593.2

238U*

206Pb*

0.93

0.97

0.90

0.40

0.56

0.39

0.30

0.31

0.32

0.32

0.28

0.28

0.18

0.12

0.14

0.28

0.16

0.21

0.51

0.21

0.27

0.26

0.20

0.16

0.28

0.16

0.26

corr.

error

±

2.4

3.4

2.3

0.9

1.1

1.1

0.6

1.2

0.9

1.1

3.7

5.0

4.5

2.5

4.2

3.5

2.0

4.8

2.4

3.3

1.8

2.3

4.2

3.8

2.6

6.2

6.2

(%)

0.29

0.28

0.28

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

238U

206Pb*

2.6

3.5

2.6

2.2

2.0

2.7

2.0

3.9

2.8

3.4

4.8

6.8

8.9

9.5

±

12.9

18.0

24.8

21.2

29.2

12.5

12.1

22.9

15.7

20.5

23.6

38.9

23.7

(%)

4.07

3.84

3.77

0.27

0.27

0.27

0.26

0.26

0.25

0.26

0.23

0.20

0.23

0.18

0.17

0.17

0.09

0.10

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.09

0.06

0.07

235U*

207Pb*

1.0

0.8

1.1

2.0

1.6

2.5

1.9

3.7

2.7

3.2

4.1

6.6

8.6

9.2

±

12.4

17.3

24.4

21.0

28.9

12.0

11.9

22.4

15.4

20.1

23.3

38.4

22.9

(%)

9.7

10.0

10.2

19.3

19.5

19.1

19.7

19.7

20.2

19.7

20.5

23.3

20.7

19.9

20.3

19.4

21.4

19.6

21.2

20.9

21.6

19.3

21.2

23.4

19.0

27.2

24.4

207Pb*

206Pb*

1.18

1.05

1.89

1.05

1.09

2.08

1.35

0.90

2.34

1.81

0.94

1.28

1.15

1.00

0.83

0.78

1.43

1.67

1.00

0.74

1.09

0.70

0.82

1.76

0.99

1.01

U/Th

114.37

B

6241

4695

5249

4235

6483

61716

73830

21362

64796

20367

13295

11876

12334

10642

13320

12838

39311

22186

28898

16096

19280

155168

139878

125214

198639

715283

152309

204Pb

206Pb

90

76

68

82

141

152

218

926

879

554

549

509

569

349

115

171

306

143

607

361

774

360

169

151

339

162

211

U

(ppm) DMS-12-BC1 APPENDIX APPENDIX 45

7.5

5.5

2.7

4.5

1.5

5.5

6.1

1.4

3.2

3.6

2.3

2.3

1.6

1.7

1.9

1.5

1.9

4.4

1.8

8.1

7.5

3.9

6.3

8.4

5.3

±

12.4

11.9

20.7

17.7

15.8

(Ma)

90

90

89

87

86

86

85

84

84

82

79

79

79

79

78

77

76

75

72

72

144

144

143

1909

1794

1751

1746

1740

1729

1697

(Ma)

Best age Best

3.9

6.3

8.4

5.3

20.7

17.7

15.8

±

488.3

298.9

215.8

104.8

164.5

381.4

324.7

252.3

392.1

301.6

137.4

279.5

309.4

428.0

447.1

691.9

663.5

(Ma)

2345.2

1018.8

1745.5

1755.0

1245.0

1128.4

57

14

79

74

-21

-46

-94

-85

-41

108

242

106

149

159

308

386

-675

-167

-105

-165

-127

-779

1909

1794

1751

1746

1740

1729

1697

-1028

207Pb*

206Pb*

7.5

6.4

5.9

9.0

8.9

4.1

9.0

9.0

28.1

63.4

59.0

11.0

38.2

48.0

96.2

12.3

11.9

11.5

12.0

38.1

12.8

25.4

12.9

21.5

23.8

25.5

15.8

19.8

16.5

17.8

±

(Ma)

94.3

89.1

67.4

86.2

86.7

78.0

82.3

86.1

79.6

85.8

84.2

73.7

73.9

71.6

78.4

72.8

71.3

83.7

71.7

81.8

52.0

142.4

148.8

235U

1897.8

1797.9

1745.9

1711.8

1781.7

1674.2

1708.4

207Pb*

7.5

5.5

2.7

4.5

1.5

5.5

6.1

1.4

3.2

3.6

2.3

2.3

1.6

1.7

1.9

1.5

1.9

4.4

1.8

8.1

7.5

±

12.4

11.9

36.4

44.3

46.4

24.5

36.7

28.7

29.9

(Ma)

90.3

89.9

88.8

86.9

86.2

85.9

85.4

83.8

83.5

81.6

79.3

79.2

78.8

78.5

77.7

77.3

76.1

75.1

71.8

71.6

144.5

143.7

143.0

1887.5

1800.9

1741.8

1684.3

1817.5

1631.0

1717.8

238U*

206Pb*

0.25

0.12

0.09

0.23

0.09

0.19

0.82

0.11

0.11

0.23

0.24

0.30

0.25

0.18

0.17

0.37

0.21

0.15

0.14

0.12

0.13

0.35

0.41

0.89

1.00

0.99

0.86

0.98

0.99

0.92

corr.

error

±

5.3

8.7

3.9

3.0

5.1

1.7

6.3

7.1

1.7

3.8

4.3

2.8

2.9

2.1

2.2

2.5

1.9

2.4

5.8

2.4

2.2

2.8

3.0

1.7

2.3

2.0

2.0

(%)

13.9

11.4

10.5

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.34

0.32

0.31

0.30

0.33

0.29

0.31

238U

206Pb*

9.1

7.7

7.2

6.0

2.5

2.8

3.1

1.9

2.4

2.0

2.2

±

21.2

70.2

42.6

12.8

58.6

64.0

16.1

14.5

11.1

16.1

12.4

12.0

12.7

17.4

47.3

18.4

32.3

25.5

(%)

121.4

0.15

0.10

0.16

0.09

0.07

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.07

0.07

0.09

0.07

0.08

0.05

5.48

4.87

4.58

4.40

4.78

4.20

4.38

235U*

207Pb*

9.0

4.4

7.0

5.5

1.2

0.2

0.3

1.0

0.5

0.3

0.9

±

20.5

69.7

42.4

12.5

58.4

63.6

15.6

13.8

10.8

15.9

12.3

11.7

12.6

17.2

47.0

18.3

30.2

23.2

(%)

120.0

8.6

9.1

9.3

9.4

9.4

9.4

9.6

20.8

31.9

19.6

21.2

28.2

21.6

21.0

23.3

21.9

20.8

22.1

20.4

20.3

22.7

22.6

23.2

21.1

22.5

22.9

19.0

22.1

18.4

29.3

207Pb*

206Pb*

1.77

1.17

0.61

1.48

2.41

1.85

1.38

1.52

0.80

2.01

4.51

1.11

1.35

0.97

1.35

1.05

1.77

1.25

0.63

0.60

0.72

0.97

0.69

0.46

1.54

1.54

2.04

1.49

2.55

1.75

U/Th

7609

4292

3659

6647

5857

2881

2504

9864

5261

8183

8169

24139

53135

25463

13262

17420

18933

12090

15040

10392

18862

12886

15184

79941

30095

67320

198195

384334

386793

114258

204Pb

206Pb

83

46

65

59

36

72

250

121

532

648

292

176

317

292

300

276

306

415

255

112

307

429

146

196

195

122

198

490

161

U

1172 (ppm) DMS-12-BC2 46

6.9

5.6

2.7

2.1

3.7

3.0

3.2

4.7

1.7

2.2

3.9

3.6

4.2

8.8

6.0

4.6

6.9

8.4

2.6

3.8

2.8

5.5

9.3

4.9

2.8

8.4

8.3

2.6

13.6

11.2

12.2

12.8

15.4

13.5

249

238

238

237

235

235

234

234

233

233

230

206

172

166

165

164

164

164

163

162

161

155

154

154

152

151

150

150

150

149

148

148

148

147

61.9

93.3

56.1

58.3

22.6

49.3

37.6

103.2

148.2

182.6

118.0

469.8

175.1

471.1

704.0

895.8

298.5

255.1

303.5

798.9

211.1

176.3

741.2

538.6

670.5

437.6

213.1

362.2

714.8

865.4

532.5

1488.4

1198.9

1379.3

36

48

93

-71

-57

-71

-27

-39

298

239

213

234

280

132

237

177

250

226

245

509

160

750

135

123

294

172

-359

-396

-338

-464

-325

2136

1050

1387

8.8

8.8

5.5

6.4

3.5

4.7

4.9

10.8

13.0

16.6

10.8

46.1

12.2

69.1

27.1

42.6

42.0

17.5

16.6

80.7

12.7

11.2

33.7

31.7

31.2

23.3

11.7

24.4

51.6

27.9

383.0

110.0

537.3

1255.0

253.9

238.1

235.4

236.6

239.5

225.8

233.9

228.5

234.8

232.4

231.6

232.0

171.2

135.9

150.8

156.4

132.8

150.2

156.0

387.8

233.8

151.2

197.2

152.8

126.5

148.9

119.2

125.3

137.6

139.3

156.8

252.2

149.0

137.0

6.9

5.6

2.7

2.1

3.7

3.0

3.2

4.7

1.7

2.2

3.9

3.6

4.2

8.8

6.0

4.6

6.9

8.4

2.6

3.8

2.8

5.5

9.3

4.9

2.8

8.4

8.3

2.6

13.6

11.2

12.2

12.8

15.4

13.5

249.2

238.1

237.7

236.9

235.5

234.9

233.6

233.6

233.2

233.0

230.3

205.6

171.9

165.8

165.3

164.4

164.0

163.6

163.2

161.6

160.9

154.9

154.1

153.9

152.5

150.5

150.3

150.1

149.9

149.2

147.8

147.7

147.5

147.4

0.72

0.48

0.28

0.34

0.53

0.20

0.82

0.26

0.32

0.19

0.72

0.30

0.27

0.13

0.13

0.18

0.11

0.23

0.37

0.03

0.14

0.19

0.04

0.31

0.07

0.16

0.11

0.24

0.18

0.21

0.34

0.03

0.25

0.08

2.8

2.4

1.2

0.9

1.6

1.3

1.4

2.1

0.7

1.0

1.7

6.7

2.1

6.8

2.6

5.4

3.7

2.8

4.3

7.6

5.3

1.7

8.4

2.5

1.9

3.7

6.3

3.3

1.9

5.7

5.7

9.2

1.8

10.4

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

3.9

5.1

4.2

2.6

3.0

6.4

1.7

8.1

2.3

5.2

2.4

7.8

9.1

7.9

9.0

22.2

54.2

19.3

29.4

33.8

12.5

11.5

38.6

28.4

22.9

97.4

26.5

18.1

16.8

37.2

21.8

266.0

204.1

220.4

0.28

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.27

0.25

0.26

0.25

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.18

0.14

0.16

0.17

0.14

0.16

0.17

0.47

0.26

0.16

0.21

0.16

0.13

0.16

0.12

0.13

0.15

0.15

0.17

0.28

0.16

0.14

2.7

4.5

4.0

2.4

2.5

6.3

1.0

7.8

2.1

5.1

1.6

7.5

8.9

7.5

8.8

21.1

53.8

19.1

28.9

33.6

12.2

10.7

38.2

28.3

22.6

96.9

25.7

17.8

15.8

36.0

21.7

265.9

203.9

220.3

7.5

19.1

19.6

19.8

19.7

19.3

20.5

19.6

20.2

19.5

19.7

19.6

17.4

20.3

25.1

22.4

21.4

25.4

22.2

21.3

13.5

20.9

15.6

20.5

24.9

20.6

26.1

24.7

22.4

22.0

19.2

11.3

20.2

22.1

1.72

1.14

1.22

1.36

1.14

2.48

7.47

1.51

4.89

1.64

2.10

5.73

0.73

0.86

0.75

0.35

0.35

0.68

0.70

1.39

1.06

0.34

0.53

0.36

1.67

1.09

0.74

0.90

2.34

1.11

0.84

0.65

1.06

1.28

805

9895

4490

8306

5698

2597

7319

4025

5567

7151

7656

5018

5187

86672

24874

69038

55505

31564

29873

57207

36076

17013

17360

14639

14475

13068

10970

29066

28760

15259

13649

16993

117327

131937

41

41

66

90

91

41

33

34

64

99

46

37

282

426

357

385

796

225

882

162

747

267

473

210

109

118

166

292

215

116

143

115

169 118

47

1.5

7.0

2.2

1.6

6.6

1.9

5.5

2.8

8.6

5.4

5.2

8.8

5.9

2.5

9.0

6.1

5.8

4.1

5.1

5.2

±

15.6

10.7

47.3

26.5

11.5

10.4

12.1

64.1

29.6

11.0

(Ma)

90

85

83

83

79

77

259

2566

1779

1774

1773

1759

1758

1751

1739

1726

1708

1704

1694

1692

1691

1690

1689

1682

1680

1672

1604

1477

1454

1231

(Ma)

Best age Best

NA

5.5

2.8

8.6

5.4

5.2

8.8

5.9

2.5

9.0

6.1

5.8

4.1

5.1

15.6

10.7

47.3

26.5

11.5

10.4

12.1

64.1

29.6

11.0

±

138.9

483.8

333.1

176.1

307.1

(Ma)

1147.6

15

NA

-75

-42

-10

143

-507

2566

1779

1774

1773

1759

1758

1751

1739

1726

1708

1704

1694

1692

1691

1690

1689

1682

1680

1672

1604

1477

1454

1231

207Pb*

206Pb*

5.4

5.4

7.8

7.4

8.3

5.9

3.9

9.1

6.7

27.7

15.7

10.2

17.1

10.3

18.8

19.2

75.4

32.6

10.2

13.5

15.3

20.9

22.5

12.7

26.7

25.5

12.9

35.1

13.0

26.8

±

(Ma)

92.0

67.6

80.9

77.6

52.0

73.5

234.1

235U

2547.8

1780.6

1748.0

1811.2

1733.6

1717.6

1767.5

1761.7

1714.0

1529.4

1697.9

1705.4

1673.0

1680.2

1667.1

1621.7

1677.8

1670.9

1661.2

1541.2

1445.4

1452.7

1188.6

207Pb*

1.5

7.0

2.2

1.6

6.6

1.9

5.2

8.6

8.2

5.2

±

16.0

13.8

33.0

36.4

58.0

18.4

24.7

17.4

10.2

14.2

10.6

36.5

39.3

21.0

45.1

45.6

15.9

21.5

39.1

(Ma)

130.5

90.0

84.8

83.1

82.6

79.5

77.0

259.2

2525.5

1781.8

1726.3

1844.9

1712.6

1684.7

1781.4

1780.7

1704.2

1403.4

1692.7

1714.5

1658.2

1671.5

1648.8

1570.0

1674.7

1664.0

1652.5

1496.2

1424.2

1452.0

1165.2

238U*

206Pb*

0.27

0.20

0.13

0.14

0.25

0.33

0.92

0.72

0.97

1.00

0.96

0.99

0.97

0.98

0.63

0.86

0.95

0.98

0.98

0.97

0.93

0.98

0.99

0.75

0.98

0.99

0.67

0.39

0.81

0.16

corr.

error

±

1.6

8.3

2.6

2.0

8.4

2.5

0.8

0.9

2.2

2.3

8.7

3.9

1.2

1.6

1.2

0.8

1.0

0.7

2.5

2.7

1.4

3.2

3.1

0.4

1.1

1.6

3.1

0.7

0.8

2.0

(%)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.48

0.32

0.31

0.33

0.30

0.30

0.32

0.32

0.30

0.24

0.30

0.30

0.29

0.30

0.29

0.28

0.30

0.29

0.29

0.26

0.25

0.25

0.20

0.04

238U

206Pb*

6.1

7.7

0.8

1.2

2.3

2.3

9.1

3.9

1.2

1.6

1.8

0.9

1.0

0.7

2.5

2.7

1.6

3.3

3.1

0.5

1.1

1.6

4.6

1.7

1.0

±

42.3

20.1

13.7

33.7

12.8

(%)

0.09

0.07

0.08

0.08

0.05

0.08

4.78

4.59

4.95

4.51

4.43

4.70

4.67

4.41

3.51

4.32

4.36

4.19

4.23

4.16

3.94

4.22

4.18

4.13

3.56

3.15

3.18

2.22

0.26

11.30

235U*

207Pb*

5.9

7.2

0.3

0.9

0.6

0.2

2.6

0.5

0.3

0.3

1.4

0.5

0.3

0.1

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

3.4

1.6

0.6

±

41.5

20.0

13.6

32.6

12.7

(%)

5.9

9.2

9.2

9.2

9.3

9.3

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

9.6

9.6

9.6

9.6

9.6

9.7

9.7

9.7

9.7

20.5

26.5

21.6

22.4

32.6

22.1

10.1

10.8

10.9

12.3

21.8

207Pb*

206Pb*

1.81

0.83

1.83

0.69

1.68

3.24

1.79

1.74

1.62

0.78

2.07

6.65

1.68

1.78

1.74

1.16

1.99

9.09

1.19

0.70

1.73

1.04

7.28

6.22

0.62

6.17

1.26

1.08

1.75

2.04

U/Th

5490

6868

4433

8046

42572

13227

14273

38561

95303

96278

49164

11434

92030

138870

165359

459101

423642

300437

112969

182972

139482

657807

133462

150838

174124

514011

194093

705819

213613

204Pb

206Pb

1312255

94

82

68

94

30

87

70

731

120

182

267

146

598

170

487

309

447

220

102

223

154

965

191

112

130

907

329

235

808

241

U (ppm) DMS-12-CV1

48

9.4

5.0

7.8

9.9

6.9

7.9

9.2

5.6

3.3

5.3

3.5

7.8

4.1

5.9

5.2

6.8

5.4

1.7

2.6

3.7

4.5

7.7

3.9

7.4

3.6

4.8

2.8

2.2

1.5

10.0

10.7

12.6

14.7

14.6

91

252

252

251

251

251

250

248

245

245

245

244

243

240

171

165

162

153

152

152

151

150

150

150

150

149

149

148

148

148

146

143

115

102

304.0

204.6

275.3

383.1

378.3

507.6

379.1

269.5

438.3

452.5

328.6

161.4

138.4

421.0

356.2

158.2

646.0

451.8

112.5

325.2

702.2

158.2

146.8

371.9

340.9

548.9

359.7

621.2

866.1

739.5

371.2

385.9

167.5

1007.2

2

30

24

74

48

80

29

15

37

-66

-91

137

338

238

151

273

127

197

266

396

345

185

195

192

261

184

134

103

290

129

-401

-423

-193

-193

8.4

9.4

8.5

6.5

28.9

21.2

27.3

33.9

35.0

43.6

37.6

25.2

41.2

43.2

35.4

16.3

18.1

29.9

22.1

10.8

40.1

29.0

43.7

19.6

36.9

20.5

19.3

32.0

23.1

26.9

45.3

34.6

14.5

14.3

94.6

92.4

241.2

260.1

249.6

230.6

241.2

229.3

250.0

234.5

240.4

246.8

258.4

252.9

234.6

165.0

157.2

164.3

155.5

158.9

123.2

153.3

146.3

138.2

148.8

142.7

141.0

142.2

145.8

157.0

118.9

138.0

125.9

101.8

9.4

5.0

7.8

9.9

6.9

7.9

9.2

5.6

3.3

5.3

3.5

7.8

4.1

5.9

5.2

6.8

5.4

1.7

2.6

3.7

4.5

7.7

3.9

7.4

3.6

4.8

2.8

2.2

1.5

10.0

10.7

12.6

14.7

14.6

91.0

252.0

251.5

250.9

250.7

250.5

249.8

247.6

245.4

244.9

244.8

243.6

243.1

239.6

171.4

164.5

162.2

153.1

152.2

152.0

151.4

150.4

150.4

149.7

149.6

148.6

148.6

148.4

148.3

147.5

146.0

143.4

114.8

102.2

0.28

0.22

0.26

0.25

0.17

0.15

0.24

0.32

0.23

0.12

0.34

0.19

0.72

0.44

0.21

0.30

0.18

0.14

0.10

0.58

0.32

0.13

0.17

0.27

0.16

0.21

0.22

0.17

0.21

0.07

0.12

0.16

0.14

0.23

3.8

2.0

3.2

4.0

2.8

3.2

4.1

3.8

4.5

2.3

5.3

1.4

6.2

8.6

3.2

2.2

5.1

2.7

3.9

3.4

4.6

3.7

1.2

1.7

2.5

3.1

5.2

2.6

5.1

2.5

3.4

2.4

2.1

1.7

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

9.2

7.3

8.6

7.1

5.9

6.8

6.4

7.3

13.4

12.3

16.4

16.3

21.2

16.9

12.0

19.2

19.7

15.5

19.6

15.2

27.8

19.7

37.7

14.4

28.5

15.6

14.5

23.5

15.9

24.0

35.1

29.2

15.0

15.8

0.27

0.29

0.28

0.25

0.27

0.25

0.28

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.28

0.26

0.18

0.17

0.18

0.17

0.17

0.13

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.17

0.12

0.15

0.13

0.11

0.10

0.10

9.0

7.1

5.9

6.8

4.8

6.7

6.1

7.1

12.9

11.9

15.9

16.1

21.0

16.4

11.4

18.7

19.6

14.6

17.6

14.8

27.3

19.5

37.5

13.6

28.3

15.4

14.2

23.0

15.7

23.4

35.0

29.0

14.8

15.6

20.5

18.8

19.6

21.4

20.4

21.5

19.3

20.6

20.0

19.4

18.3

18.7

20.1

21.1

21.3

20.0

20.0

19.4

25.5

20.1

21.0

22.3

20.5

21.5

21.6

21.4

20.8

19.2

25.7

21.7

23.5

23.5

22.6

20.6

1.22

1.25

1.36

0.70

1.18

1.45

1.46

1.03

1.20

1.51

1.82

1.26

2.38

0.34

0.82

0.97

1.28

1.57

1.37

0.68

0.81

0.78

0.57

1.24

1.32

1.30

1.20

1.29

1.66

1.34

0.64

2.72

2.16

0.85

9463

9460

6309

1643

4029

6346

9941

7229

6532

7415

5793

16039

17923

21670

10445

20394

12413

43218

15152

15272

48121

12792

15488

13920

12389

61525

10593

36749

21618

17509

13162

16067

14044

38446

85

74

81

86

80

95

72

46

69

90

80

92

97

71

76

87

75

102

124

107

102

460

107

246

113

489

355

354

114

142

132

258

230 468

49

9.8

6.0

1.7

8.4

1.7

3.8

3.3

5.1

3.4

4.1

2.7

2.0

3.2

2.1

1.4

3.7

3.6

3.8

7.5

4.3

6.2

±

10.9

11.1

13.3

12.7

13.9

12.3

10.6

16.3

12.4

(Ma)

87

84

84

83

80

77

75

242

242

241

240

167

152

150

149

148

147

147

147

127

257

253

253

1742

1729

1714

1704

1696

1669

1619

(Ma)

Best age Best

3.6

3.8

7.5

4.3

6.2

13.9

12.3

±

162.8

282.8

745.9

196.3

508.4

262.4

753.2

250.3

380.1

245.3

272.2

597.6

263.7

252.1

230.1

781.1

602.9

163.0

302.1

290.0

485.8

(Ma)

1227.9

1024.0

26

67

46

61

26

-24

181

288

291

137

131

352

367

136

369

227

428

325

-257

-211

-108

-178

-285

1742

1729

1714

1704

1696

1669

1619

207Pb*

206Pb*

7.9

5.1

9.8

17.6

28.4

61.5

19.5

28.4

15.7

42.6

14.7

25.1

20.7

15.3

28.6

13.8

36.8

10.5

22.2

15.9

28.7

15.4

11.7

14.2

16.6

11.5

28.2

30.8

34.5

50.0

±

(Ma)

80.5

94.7

83.1

74.5

69.7

75.8

72.5

236.9

246.1

221.9

245.1

142.0

150.7

145.1

148.3

160.3

160.9

141.5

128.0

127.7

254.5

270.6

259.8

235U

1659.7

1756.3

1726.3

1596.8

1665.8

1654.0

1541.3

207Pb*

9.8

6.0

1.7

8.4

1.7

3.8

3.3

5.1

3.4

4.1

2.7

2.0

3.2

2.1

1.4

3.7

±

10.9

11.1

13.3

12.7

26.5

21.5

25.3

16.2

29.1

17.3

46.3

10.6

16.3

12.4

(Ma)

86.9

84.2

83.9

82.6

80.4

77.3

75.5

242.5

241.7

240.8

240.3

166.9

151.6

149.9

149.4

147.6

147.3

147.2

147.0

127.3

257.5

252.7

252.6

1595.6

1779.2

1736.3

1517.2

1641.9

1642.3

1485.4

238U*

206Pb*

0.55

0.32

0.15

0.28

0.37

0.10

0.18

0.11

0.15

0.63

0.20

0.15

0.23

0.10

0.27

0.25

0.13

0.11

0.26

0.12

0.99

0.99

0.97

0.98

0.99

0.85

0.98

0.31

0.45

0.23

corr.

error

±

4.6

4.1

4.7

2.5

8.0

1.2

5.6

1.1

2.6

8.7

2.3

3.5

2.7

4.7

3.2

2.5

3.9

2.6

1.8

4.9

1.9

1.4

1.7

1.2

2.0

1.2

3.5

4.2

6.6

5.0

(%)

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.28

0.32

0.31

0.27

0.29

0.29

0.26

0.04

0.04

0.04

238U

206Pb*

8.3

8.9

9.9

7.0

1.9

1.4

1.7

1.2

2.0

1.4

3.6

±

13.0

30.8

21.5

11.2

31.5

10.7

16.9

13.9

11.6

23.8

11.5

47.6

11.6

30.9

23.5

41.0

13.7

14.5

21.8

(%)

0.26

0.27

0.24

0.27

0.15

0.16

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.17

0.15

0.13

0.13

0.08

0.10

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.07

4.13

4.64

4.47

3.82

4.16

4.10

3.56

0.28

0.31

0.29

235U*

207Pb*

7.0

8.6

9.6

6.8

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.8

0.7

±

12.3

30.5

19.9

11.1

31.0

10.6

16.7

10.9

11.4

23.5

11.2

47.4

11.2

30.7

23.4

40.7

13.0

13.0

21.2

(%)

9.4

9.4

9.5

9.6

9.6

9.8

20.1

19.2

21.5

19.2

24.1

20.5

21.1

20.6

18.7

18.6

21.3

23.7

20.5

22.7

18.5

21.2

23.3

24.4

21.5

21.9

10.0

19.7

18.1

18.9

207Pb*

206Pb*

1.41

1.39

1.41

1.44

1.97

1.01

1.11

0.81

0.97

0.96

1.17

1.45

1.96

1.02

1.63

1.35

1.48

1.28

3.45

4.38

5.63

4.17

1.79

5.33

1.53

1.01

1.69

1.00

1.30

12.13

U/Th

8540

9996

8524

4951

5123

5416

7853

8728

6352

9459

8038

9093

13734

14062

13071

37028

14224

23797

13417

11549

12710

14682

23724

766155

223099

157954

712948

440872

147302

180267

204Pb

206Pb

75

78

61

83

87

79

79

96

79

58

164

236

114

258

110

195

242

188

366

156

265

457

121

507

277

165

635

472

138

211

U (ppm) DMS-12-CV2

50

9.0

2.7

5.0

3.2

5.4

5.7

9.3

7.8

3.0

6.4

7.8

4.7

5.4

6.5

3.2

5.5

4.3

5.5

6.8

5.8

8.3

3.8

6.7

4.5

4.5

2.6

3.6

±

11.1

14.8

18.1

(Ma)

149

152

155

259

251

250

250

250

248

248

247

247

247

247

247

247

246

246

245

245

245

245

245

245

244

244

243

243

243

243

(Ma)

Best age Best

32.8

60.1

59.8

94.9

45.4

±

793.4

162.4

131.2

236.1

460.1

210.6

265.4

403.6

314.8

297.5

337.4

351.0

221.2

289.0

311.5

464.4

734.4

271.9

314.5

185.4

170.7

385.2

434.4

162.3

(Ma)

1894.1

-9

35

94

35

-28

-79

117

205

245

238

166

296

192

206

396

133

219

314

229

207

211

224

394

226

103

265

237

-188

-325

-301

207Pb*

206Pb*

9.9

4.3

7.5

6.2

4.8

38.9

80.5

13.4

23.1

45.7

20.7

30.7

33.5

28.9

28.1

33.5

33.4

19.0

23.5

29.0

43.1

60.0

10.3

28.8

29.5

17.2

16.7

33.5

33.4

14.0

±

(Ma)

130.9

149.8

129.0

253.4

250.1

249.2

242.3

254.0

242.4

243.6

261.9

222.6

236.3

244.0

253.2

244.9

227.2

217.2

241.7

242.0

222.7

243.0

259.6

242.9

231.5

246.2

229.7

198.4

242.1

224.1

235U

207Pb*

9.0

2.7

5.0

3.2

5.4

5.7

9.3

7.8

3.0

6.4

7.8

4.7

5.4

6.5

3.2

5.5

4.3

5.5

6.8

5.8

8.3

3.8

6.7

4.5

4.5

2.6

3.6

±

11.1

14.8

18.1

(Ma)

149.1

151.9

154.8

258.6

250.6

250.4

250.2

249.5

247.6

247.5

247.1

247.0

246.8

246.7

246.7

246.5

246.2

245.5

245.3

245.2

245.2

245.0

244.9

244.6

244.4

244.2

243.2

242.8

242.6

242.5

238U*

206Pb*

0.19

0.25

0.11

0.33

0.67

0.21

0.67

0.19

0.34

0.43

0.46

0.16

0.23

0.15

0.15

0.17

0.14

0.19

0.13

0.12

0.09

0.51

0.27

0.12

0.33

0.24

0.12

0.41

0.48

0.22

corr.

error

±

6.1

1.8

7.3

2.0

1.3

2.2

2.3

3.8

3.2

1.2

6.1

2.7

3.2

1.9

2.2

2.7

1.3

2.3

1.8

2.3

2.8

2.4

3.4

1.6

2.8

1.9

1.9

7.6

1.1

1.5

(%)

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

238U

206Pb*

7.1

6.0

1.9

3.5

9.6

2.9

9.3

4.8

8.3

7.7

2.2

6.9

±

31.7

66.3

10.5

20.3

13.3

16.8

13.7

13.0

14.9

15.4

12.0

13.5

20.0

30.0

12.6

13.6

16.3

18.5

(%)

0.14

0.16

0.14

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.27

0.28

0.27

0.27

0.29

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.27

0.25

0.24

0.27

0.27

0.25

0.27

0.29

0.27

0.26

0.27

0.25

0.22

0.27

0.25

235U*

207Pb*

6.9

5.7

1.4

2.6

9.0

2.6

9.2

4.1

7.8

7.4

2.0

6.8

±

31.1

65.9

10.2

20.0

11.8

16.6

13.3

12.8

14.8

15.1

11.8

13.4

19.9

29.8

12.1

13.6

16.2

16.9

(%)

23.4

20.7

24.7

19.9

19.6

19.6

20.2

19.1

20.0

19.9

18.3

22.0

20.5

19.8

19.0

19.7

21.4

22.4

19.9

19.9

21.8

19.8

18.3

19.7

20.8

19.4

20.9

24.5

19.6

21.4

207Pb*

206Pb*

1.22

1.56

1.51

2.00

2.25

1.17

1.90

1.42

1.90

1.77

1.37

1.40

1.72

1.05

1.59

1.36

1.83

1.69

1.39

1.26

1.46

3.25

2.02

1.60

1.36

1.02

1.31

1.59

1.74

1.79

U/Th

7107

4953

7122

7729

8118

7011

6758

5792

31469

28220

15695

32151

16030

30645

13196

12650

18818

12694

17895

15023

16315

16268

25560

11993

12384

39646

11314

38449

18372

107140

204Pb

206Pb

67

65

64

98

68

64

66

89

95

88

91

67

86

73

90

52

335

130

701

123

238

303

115

107

151

116

111

166

366

136

U (ppm) DMS-12-CV3

51

4.4

2.7

2.8

4.7

8.3

1.3

4.4

3.0

5.2

1.6

5.8

3.4

5.1

1.7

2.2

3.9

6.1

6.1

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0

1.7

2.2

5.0

3.1

1.3

2.4

2.9

6.7

1.7

2.4

1.8

10.9

85

85

82

78

86

77

91

90

81

91

90

81

85

86

82

81

83

95

81

76

84

91

85

83

78

81

81

250

152

146

149

147

168

153

98.8

94.4

434.9

687.2

183.1

564.5

232.8

457.1

338.4

274.0

194.1

856.1

363.1

144.8

261.3

585.1

776.3

209.8

141.1

271.9

360.6

138.7

351.1

484.6

267.6

152.6

863.2

296.4

345.9

571.0

1434.2

1043.1

1135.9

1375.7

-7

-9

81

32

37

29

78

66

38

36

-31

-42

-39

-39

-48

-78

-12

-48

105

240

322

388

218

153

425

122

198

-252

-169

-282

-185

-129

-325

-179

7.9

8.2

5.2

6.4

7.6

4.8

8.6

5.5

5.4

4.1

8.8

38.2

14.1

19.6

16.6

16.0

15.0

12.3

18.0

28.7

27.1

49.1

12.8

14.3

24.5

25.2

23.6

10.6

19.0

15.5

27.6

41.3

12.3

16.1

74.4

81.3

74.0

67.7

83.7

78.0

88.6

99.2

72.6

83.1

88.1

80.5

96.2

81.8

84.8

76.9

78.8

94.1

75.8

88.0

85.0

88.9

82.2

79.8

74.2

84.8

73.5

234.1

157.0

122.1

138.2

151.3

156.8

146.3

4.4

2.7

2.8

4.7

8.3

1.3

4.4

3.0

5.2

1.6

5.8

3.4

5.1

1.7

2.2

3.9

6.1

6.1

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0

1.7

2.2

5.0

3.1

1.3

2.4

2.9

6.7

1.7

2.4

1.8

10.9

84.9

85.1

81.7

77.9

85.6

77.1

90.6

90.2

80.7

90.7

90.3

80.6

84.8

86.0

82.4

80.7

83.0

95.2

80.7

76.1

83.7

90.9

85.5

82.8

78.1

80.8

81.5

249.7

151.5

146.2

148.9

147.1

167.8

153.0

0.10

0.18

0.13

0.24

0.44

0.15

0.29

0.23

0.28

0.20

0.18

0.11

0.08

0.12

0.41

0.24

0.27

0.22

0.34

0.29

0.43

0.21

0.40

0.30

0.19

0.30

0.18

0.24

0.56

0.10

0.15

0.17

0.20

0.10

5.2

3.2

3.4

1.9

1.5

5.8

3.3

3.5

1.7

7.2

3.7

3.5

1.9

2.7

2.7

7.2

7.2

1.6

2.7

2.8

2.4

6.6

1.8

2.7

6.7

2.0

1.6

2.7

3.4

8.2

2.1

3.0

2.2

10.7

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

7.9

9.8

8.7

6.7

4.5

9.3

6.4

6.1

6.7

4.8

53.3

18.1

27.4

24.4

20.0

14.5

12.4

40.9

34.0

42.6

15.2

11.1

26.7

32.1

11.4

16.3

14.5

22.5

11.3

35.0

53.8

12.3

15.1

22.7

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.26

0.07

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.17

0.10

0.07

0.09

0.13

0.09

0.08

0.15

0.10

0.08

0.16

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.17

0.10

0.08

0.09

0.15

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.08

7.7

9.7

8.5

6.1

4.3

8.9

5.8

5.8

6.5

3.9

53.0

17.8

27.2

21.9

19.2

14.1

11.8

40.3

33.8

42.5

15.1

10.7

25.7

31.3

11.1

14.9

14.3

21.5

11.2

34.8

53.2

12.1

14.8

22.6

24.1

22.0

23.3

21.0

24.3

21.4

20.8

21.4

19.6

18.9

23.4

22.9

24.8

21.5

21.0

22.1

18.4

22.1

19.8

20.4

22.1

22.2

21.8

21.1

22.4

18.1

21.4

20.6

21.4

21.8

21.8

22.2

20.0

23.4

1.22

0.73

0.93

1.41

1.42

0.93

0.72

1.35

1.18

2.11

0.95

1.18

0.64

1.13

0.57

0.89

0.68

0.78

1.02

0.99

1.18

1.21

1.15

1.09

1.47

0.58

1.37

0.82

1.39

0.79

0.75

1.56

0.90

0.89

8287

7919

5461

8251

8080

5500

7436

4446

5718

7133

6388

11070

33082

10448

21872

26098

58552

11817

27100

19413

26139

17772

17218

14834

22121

32564

13102

53363

23971

39595

10907

16932

23620

13615

82

65

95

111

211

165

100

449

185

291

154

492

106

173

258

659

129

100

116

260

271

457

313

178

550

391

149

234

462

612

180

441

436 276

52

5.1

5.2

4.9

4.4

4.0

2.4

3.2

8.8

5.1

2.2

8.7

5.2

7.0

7.1

4.1

4.6

1.8

1.4

1.7

3.1

1.5

6.1

4.2

6.8

1.8

6.7

5.4

±

±

(Ma)

91

91

79

83

85

79

87

82

80

151

153

249

247

164

136

148

144

250

266

150

150

106

148

148

283

150

149

(Ma)

Best age Best

Best age Best

±

±

207.7

376.4

200.5

397.5

505.3

117.4

212.9

431.5

210.4

407.7

182.3

406.4

529.0

219.3

110.6

666.4

161.3

208.0

587.8

723.4

172.2

298.4

469.4

117.0

976.4

195.9

(Ma)

1006.3

-8

20

59

85

40

99

88

-34

-51

-14

-76

178

250

186

232

234

275

143

212

221

166

703

509

111

-301

-169

-385

206Pb*

207Pb*

206Pb*

7.1

5.8

9.9

7.3

5.8

6.9

8.3

13.5

21.0

19.7

36.7

29.0

12.0

24.7

19.1

14.2

19.8

26.3

25.0

10.9

36.6

17.0

22.4

30.7

12.9

46.5

68.0

±

±

(Ma)

87.2

92.7

83.3

75.4

79.6

80.0

72.2

81.5

153.0

142.3

248.9

241.6

150.6

141.0

141.0

139.2

235.0

263.1

157.9

126.5

101.0

142.0

151.6

270.7

107.3

146.7

172.7

235U

207Pb*

207Pb*

5.1

5.2

4.9

4.4

4.0

2.4

3.2

8.8

5.1

2.2

8.7

5.2

7.0

7.1

4.1

4.6

1.8

1.4

1.7

3.1

1.5

6.1

4.2

6.8

1.8

6.7

5.4

±

±

(Ma)

91.0

90.8

78.6

83.4

84.9

79.4

86.7

82.4

80.5

151.4

153.1

248.8

247.4

163.7

135.6

148.3

144.0

250.3

266.4

150.2

150.4

105.6

148.2

147.7

283.1

150.4

149.1

238U*

206Pb*

206Pb*

0.36

0.22

0.22

0.11

0.12

0.34

0.24

0.33

0.23

0.15

0.39

0.20

0.22

0.60

0.69

0.12

0.17

0.19

0.09

0.13

0.25

0.17

0.26

0.18

0.24

0.11

0.63

corr.

error

error

±

±

3.4

3.4

2.0

1.8

2.5

1.8

2.2

6.2

2.1

2.5

3.3

3.5

4.7

6.8

4.5

3.2

1.2

1.7

2.0

3.7

1.9

2.2

4.9

8.3

1.2

4.5

6.7

(%)

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.01

238U

206Pb*

206Pb*

9.5

8.9

5.4

9.1

9.1

8.6

6.5

7.1

9.1

7.5

5.1

±

±

15.8

17.1

20.7

19.0

17.0

18.0

21.0

11.3

27.6

23.4

29.3

12.9

18.6

45.7

42.7

10.7

(%)

0.16

0.15

0.28

0.27

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.26

0.09

0.30

0.17

0.13

0.10

0.10

0.15

0.16

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.31

0.07

0.11

0.16

0.19

0.08

235U*

207Pb*

207Pb*

8.9

8.7

5.1

8.9

8.9

7.9

9.1

4.7

7.0

9.0

7.3

4.9

8.3

±

±

15.4

17.0

20.6

18.0

16.8

17.6

20.5

27.4

23.3

29.0

12.7

17.9

44.9

42.5

(%)

20.1

22.0

19.5

20.1

22.2

19.7

21.5

21.2

21.0

21.8

19.7

19.3

24.5

21.8

20.5

21.4

19.9

19.8

23.3

22.4

20.8

20.3

25.3

15.9

20.9

17.4

20.7

206Pb*

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.94

1.18

1.15

1.51

0.67

0.94

1.07

1.47

1.39

1.11

0.78

0.72

0.87

1.33

1.46

1.39

1.25

1.54

1.66

1.33

1.27

1.14

3.11

1.03

0.43

1.25

3.03

U/Th

U/Th

8613

8843

7590

6336

5385

5971

8256

2522

3681

7734

9519

7005

4259

5428

18238

25701

13108

14215

11654

28974

13583

15953

10480

18317

21394

34170

152891

206Pb

204Pb

206Pb

79

75

64

75

74

81

65

47

163

135

126

419

150

104

175

152

118

581

424

236

364

232

191

375

151

412

309

U

U

(ppm) DMS-12-CV5 DMS-12-CV4

53

3.0

5.7

6.8

6.6

4.9

2.1

3.8

1.9

5.5

5.0

1.4

4.3

2.8

3.8

2.8

4.2

2.3

2.9

3.1

2.4

6.4

1.9

2.1

1.6

3.1

2.2

3.6

6.1

4.4

2.6

2.7

2.1

10.5

(Ma)

89

86

85

85

85

85

84

84

84

83

83

82

80

79

79

78

77

76

150

150

149

149

149

148

148

148

148

148

147

147

147

147

147

(Ma)

323.6

740.1

670.0

309.0

331.6

215.3

187.2

583.9

437.5

933.4

147.1

105.8

235.6

310.2

359.9

486.9

188.3

412.5

579.3

448.0

433.7

354.4

491.9

234.9

303.1

686.8

433.9

330.7

445.6

255.2

(Ma)

1264.5

1118.6

1009.2

31

17

30

77

96

56

89

53

42

60

39

-17

-17

-92

150

238

171

144

196

182

310

139

422

198

312

-433

-286

-185

-318

-176

-488

-163

-373

207Pb*

8.4

7.6

7.1

7.9

9.7

9.3

19.4

31.7

36.0

56.2

19.7

19.8

12.3

10.4

33.1

25.9

44.4

13.6

18.7

12.9

19.7

14.4

15.9

14.5

19.2

10.4

16.3

11.3

16.3

12.5

34.2

24.4

13.7

(Ma)

87.5

94.8

87.2

85.1

72.6

81.3

96.8

75.6

82.6

82.0

86.9

65.5

72.3

78.2

66.1

72.4

75.6

84.2

149.7

120.0

139.5

126.0

154.2

149.8

141.7

140.7

141.1

147.5

129.5

143.0

149.7

143.8

148.7

235U

3.0

5.7

6.8

6.6

4.9

2.1

3.8

1.9

5.5

5.0

1.4

4.3

2.8

3.8

2.8

4.2

2.3

2.9

3.1

2.4

6.4

1.9

2.1

1.6

3.1

2.2

3.6

6.1

4.4

2.6

2.7

2.1

10.5

(Ma)

88.7

86.4

85.3

85.0

84.9

84.7

84.1

83.8

83.7

83.4

82.9

81.6

79.6

78.8

78.7

77.5

76.8

76.4

149.6

149.6

148.8

148.8

148.8

148.5

148.4

148.1

147.8

147.7

147.2

147.0

146.7

146.6

146.6

238U*

0.15

0.14

0.17

0.09

0.24

0.10

0.28

0.17

0.29

0.20

0.09

0.16

0.54

0.19

0.19

0.21

0.22

0.32

0.19

0.16

0.16

0.37

0.16

0.13

0.19

0.28

0.11

0.25

0.17

0.15

0.25

0.19

0.24

corr.

2.0

3.9

4.6

4.5

3.3

1.4

2.6

1.3

7.2

3.8

3.4

1.0

3.0

1.9

2.6

3.2

4.9

2.7

3.4

3.7

2.9

7.7

2.2

2.6

1.9

3.8

2.7

4.5

7.8

5.7

3.4

3.6

2.8

(%)

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

238U

9.3

7.9

6.3

5.4

8.5

13.9

28.0

27.7

47.4

13.7

14.2

25.1

18.9

36.5

10.1

13.5

15.4

21.7

17.6

22.6

18.6

20.8

14.3

20.6

10.0

13.5

25.7

17.9

45.5

38.2

13.9

18.8

11.5

(%)

0.16

0.13

0.15

0.13

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.15

0.16

0.09

0.10

0.09

0.09

0.07

0.08

0.10

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.07

0.07

0.08

0.07

0.07

0.08

0.09

235U*

9.0

7.8

6.2

4.6

9.9

8.0

9.8

13.8

27.7

27.3

47.2

13.3

14.1

24.1

18.5

36.3

13.3

15.0

21.2

17.3

22.4

18.4

19.3

14.2

20.4

13.0

25.5

17.3

44.8

37.7

13.4

18.5

11.2

(%)

20.4

25.8

21.9

24.4

19.6

20.2

21.4

21.6

21.4

20.4

23.4

21.0

20.0

20.9

20.1

21.2

19.0

20.5

20.9

24.7

21.9

18.1

23.3

21.2

21.3

20.0

26.3

23.2

21.2

25.2

22.6

21.4

19.0

207Pb*

0.66

1.09

1.46

0.94

0.63

1.20

1.62

0.85

0.94

1.30

1.59

0.93

0.68

1.35

1.12

2.36

0.98

0.93

1.28

0.95

1.49

2.11

1.34

1.34

1.34

0.82

0.93

2.99

1.45

0.85

0.74

1.21

0.62

8409

4686

7812

9653

9963

6526

7992

8519

8648

9671

7733

4627

17734

10570

30501

18764

17023

13621

11634

32457

27566

27482

13452

13019

15643

11927

13793

35763

33078

15600

12998

12030

16287

204Pb

88

70

211

109

170

169

148

285

104

104

104

218

420

236

181

287

157

332

203

179

303

207

243

204

318

190

194

181

162

147

207

154 261

(ppm)

54

2.1

2.6

1.8

3.5

5.6

5.2

3.2

6.0

9.2

3.1

5.3

8.0

5.0

5.1

4.3

3.2

5.2

3.9

2.9

3.4

1.6

3.5

4.4

3.4

2.6

6.9

2.1

3.1

9.7

±

20.2

(Ma)

80

80

79

78

74

250

250

249

249

248

246

245

244

157

156

156

154

153

153

153

153

152

151

151

151

150

150

150

150

1078

(Ma)

Best age Best

20.2

85.6

84.6

48.5

±

265.7

136.8

251.5

517.4

124.5

311.5

151.8

129.8

225.4

267.2

119.2

356.6

276.7

876.7

186.9

140.8

292.0

260.6

277.0

394.0

447.3

633.0

245.3

532.1

(Ma)

2635.3

2222.4

6

31

74

85

34

86

-25

-83

208

261

267

298

122

205

213

238

213

336

159

367

267

132

308

175

665

-958

-245

-299

-197

1078

207Pb*

206Pb*

8.3

5.0

8.8

8.8

6.6

8.0

8.6

15.9

38.1

15.0

12.9

10.0

29.0

14.5

14.2

21.3

94.4

18.7

24.8

16.4

40.6

12.5

17.2

17.6

17.1

22.1

36.0

32.7

14.3

27.1

±

(Ma)

76.8

78.5

82.9

75.8

50.7

251.2

251.4

254.0

236.9

244.1

242.7

244.6

241.1

134.2

168.0

156.4

167.3

148.6

128.7

160.1

151.6

148.2

161.2

152.4

143.9

185.6

137.0

146.1

130.9

235U

1041.6

207Pb*

2.1

2.6

1.8

3.5

5.6

5.2

3.2

6.0

9.2

3.1

5.3

8.0

5.0

5.1

4.3

3.2

5.2

3.9

2.9

3.4

1.6

3.5

4.4

3.4

2.6

6.9

2.1

3.1

9.7

±

19.6

(Ma)

80.1

80.0

78.6

78.1

74.2

250.1

249.7

249.2

248.7

248.2

245.8

245.2

243.9

156.5

156.4

156.3

153.5

153.2

153.0

153.0

152.9

152.3

151.4

150.9

150.6

150.1

150.0

149.8

149.7

1024.2

238U*

206Pb*

0.24

0.49

0.20

0.21

0.10

0.90

0.36

0.33

0.55

0.28

0.19

0.72

0.51

0.21

0.04

0.23

0.38

0.21

0.22

0.06

0.27

0.17

0.18

0.25

0.19

0.11

0.22

0.05

0.20

0.30

corr.

error

±

2.6

3.2

2.2

4.5

7.5

2.1

2.1

1.3

2.5

3.8

1.3

2.2

3.3

2.1

3.3

2.8

2.1

3.4

2.6

1.9

2.3

1.1

2.3

3.0

2.3

1.7

4.7

1.4

2.1

6.6

(%)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.17

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

238U

206Pb*

6.6

2.3

5.8

4.0

4.4

6.7

3.0

6.5

9.9

5.5

8.4

6.1

±

11.3

11.0

21.8

76.9

13.7

74.9

12.1

16.1

11.9

33.5

12.5

11.8

12.1

16.5

21.2

25.5

10.5

22.1

(%)

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.05

1.79

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.26

0.27

0.27

0.27

0.27

0.14

0.18

0.17

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.17

0.16

0.16

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.20

0.14

0.15

0.14

235U*

207Pb*

5.7

1.0

5.4

3.7

3.7

6.5

2.1

5.6

9.7

5.1

8.1

6.0

±

10.9

10.8

21.3

76.6

13.2

74.8

11.8

15.7

11.6

33.5

12.3

11.4

11.8

16.4

20.7

25.5

10.3

21.1

(%)

21.9

21.4

19.9

21.7

31.2

13.3

19.4

19.4

19.1

20.6

19.9

19.8

19.6

19.8

24.0

18.8

20.3

18.6

21.1

24.5

19.4

20.5

21.0

19.0

20.2

21.4

16.2

22.5

20.9

23.5

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.79

0.78

3.69

1.82

1.43

1.40

1.59

1.11

0.91

1.07

1.73

1.92

1.87

1.33

0.78

1.13

0.77

1.39

1.00

0.64

1.14

0.64

0.91

1.45

0.94

0.73

1.11

0.53

0.71

0.94

U/Th

2413

4866

8127

2128

7099

9256

14459

27305

23383

12080

61944

21886

47857

54508

10091

44729

52895

28025

10546

12851

36878

15812

30634

19957

25592

48054

16109

19828

11401

40212

204Pb

206Pb

73

98

85

53

86

66

381

420

384

132

128

192

257

179

179

394

221

117

258

209

139

201

360

164

192

130

139

103

329

136

U (ppm) DMS-12-CV6

55

3.8

3.2

5.2

5.8

1.6

4.0

3.4

6.8

2.4

2.6

3.5

5.6

2.6

1.3

3.4

1.3

2.8

4.3

2.5

4.4

2.9

1.1

3.8

0.9

2.1

3.2

3.7

2.1

1.7

3.2

1.3

3.9

12.6

11.1

92

92

91

91

91

90

90

89

87

86

85

85

85

84

84

83

83

83

83

82

82

151

150

150

150

150

150

149

149

149

148

148

147

143

52.7

342.6

196.5

363.3

321.4

687.0

292.4

384.2

624.0

312.1

467.0

209.4

198.1

217.3

626.5

278.6

116.8

117.0

246.9

175.4

160.6

851.1

174.5

308.8

346.8

192.7

176.2

421.2

931.6

230.3

278.9

778.2

237.3

328.7

7

-2

-5

88

90

96

66

61

76

55

-32

169

109

249

185

180

192

207

109

156

114

184

149

321

153

124

189

-142

-163

-138

-303

-262

-273

-228

4.4

5.6

2.3

8.9

6.1

6.9

6.6

6.5

7.9

9.1

8.5

9.7

20.0

12.2

21.6

20.9

35.9

14.6

22.2

32.5

18.1

28.6

12.7

12.1

13.2

19.0

10.7

81.0

30.9

12.2

12.9

13.6

25.3

21.0

79.2

92.7

89.9

93.2

91.5

86.9

86.2

87.5

90.0

88.1

93.8

87.1

84.2

85.6

80.2

72.7

82.2

80.5

71.9

85.9

72.5

147.0

151.3

147.7

156.2

133.8

132.6

145.6

133.2

145.5

150.5

150.3

149.9

146.3

3.8

3.2

5.2

5.8

1.6

4.0

3.4

6.8

2.4

2.6

3.5

5.6

2.6

1.3

3.4

1.3

2.8

4.3

2.5

4.4

2.9

1.1

3.8

0.9

2.1

3.2

3.7

2.1

1.7

3.2

1.3

3.9

12.6

11.1

92.4

92.1

90.8

90.8

90.6

90.1

89.6

88.5

86.5

85.9

85.1

84.7

84.5

84.3

84.0

83.2

83.2

83.0

82.7

82.2

81.9

150.7

150.2

150.2

150.2

149.8

149.7

149.1

148.9

148.6

148.4

148.4

147.2

142.6

0.17

0.25

0.22

0.27

0.30

0.09

0.17

0.29

0.17

0.23

0.18

0.21

0.25

0.24

0.24

0.28

0.60

0.55

0.30

0.05

0.38

0.14

0.41

0.09

0.29

0.13

0.31

0.22

0.13

0.25

0.18

0.13

0.15

0.35

2.5

2.1

3.5

3.9

8.5

1.1

2.7

7.6

2.3

4.6

1.7

1.8

2.5

6.1

2.9

1.5

3.8

1.5

3.2

4.9

2.8

5.1

3.4

1.3

4.5

1.1

2.5

3.9

4.5

2.5

2.1

3.8

1.6

4.8

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

8.7

9.1

8.7

9.7

5.1

6.3

2.7

7.3

8.2

8.2

7.9

9.9

14.6

15.7

14.4

28.6

11.8

16.3

26.0

13.3

20.4

25.0

12.1

10.7

97.7

35.9

13.6

15.4

17.7

36.0

11.7

30.3

10.3

13.9

0.16

0.16

0.16

0.17

0.14

0.14

0.15

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.16

0.16

0.16

0.08

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.10

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.08

0.07

0.09

0.07

8.4

9.0

8.5

9.4

4.9

5.0

2.2

6.7

7.4

8.1

7.5

9.6

14.4

15.3

13.9

27.3

11.7

16.1

24.9

13.1

19.9

24.2

11.8

10.2

97.6

35.5

13.5

14.7

17.3

35.7

11.6

30.0

10.2

13.0

20.9

20.2

20.8

19.5

23.0

23.2

20.9

23.0

20.9

20.1

20.1

20.0

19.9

24.5

20.8

21.1

20.3

20.7

21.7

21.8

21.2

20.1

20.4

18.9

20.4

21.0

20.6

22.0

24.1

21.2

21.7

24.2

20.1

23.8

1.31

0.92

0.86

0.89

1.31

1.52

1.46

1.05

1.01

1.33

0.72

1.04

0.89

0.91

1.47

1.30

1.17

1.63

1.35

1.41

0.66

1.52

1.08

1.17

1.14

1.07

1.30

1.44

2.52

1.25

0.97

0.75

1.03

1.07

7528

6811

9419

9718

7594

7981

6285

8860

6978

6941

9565

9728

3536

10411

34566

11432

11012

16437

27010

10166

21411

31210

24659

88972

10548

38583

17575

28958

22038

34742

24261

22057

14859

30479

83

86

95

95

93

84

188

116

123

108

151

240

261

174

143

259

525

568

314

385

132

395

284

134

383

277

144

146

401

487

112

355 337 1375

56

8.7

2.6

5.1

3.1

2.2

5.6

2.6

5.4

6.1

5.1

2.5

1.8

3.5

1.1

1.5

8.2

5.5

3.5

7.1

2.7

4.5

7.2

3.5

3.8

±

±

14.2

11.0

(Ma)

(Ma)

85

80

84

97

91

90

84

83

79

237

276

261

260

246

245

120

251

248

246

246

244

156

156

154

152

152

(Ma)

(Ma)

Best age Best

Best age Best

37.6

96.2

41.7

±

±

738.8

720.2

497.4

234.8

237.6

488.3

232.8

174.9

452.5

145.3

217.6

132.6

124.9

219.4

444.3

106.3

355.5

411.2

447.8

439.0

(Ma)

(Ma)

1085.6

1350.9

1035.5

9

30

51

63

38

35

-89

240

278

254

159

230

284

522

230

413

268

334

190

240

192

-291

-508

-269

-737

-323

207Pb*

206Pb*

207Pb*

206Pb*

4.2

4.6

9.9

6.5

4.8

7.8

21.4

24.6

19.8

16.3

43.9

21.4

22.8

23.0

31.8

20.0

16.0

13.0

22.0

41.2

10.3

58.6

20.9

20.0

23.7

27.0

±

±

(Ma)

(Ma)

73.3

63.6

72.7

70.9

98.8

89.1

80.6

84.5

237.5

276.2

260.3

238.2

238.1

244.0

116.4

100.5

267.7

249.6

254.9

240.9

243.4

149.2

148.8

128.4

138.5

154.2

235U

235U

207Pb*

207Pb*

8.7

2.6

5.1

3.1

2.2

5.6

2.6

5.4

6.1

5.1

2.5

1.8

3.5

1.1

1.5

8.2

5.5

3.5

7.1

2.7

4.5

7.2

3.5

3.8

±

±

14.2

11.0

(Ma)

(Ma)

84.9

79.8

83.5

96.8

91.4

90.1

83.6

83.0

79.4

237.2

276.1

261.0

259.9

246.2

245.5

119.6

251.3

247.6

246.4

246.2

243.8

156.3

156.0

154.0

152.1

151.8

238U*

238U*

206Pb*

206Pb*

0.34

0.57

0.16

0.13

0.78

0.43

0.11

0.11

0.21

0.25

0.11

0.26

0.27

0.20

0.21

0.20

0.49

0.38

0.15

0.15

0.24

0.17

0.19

0.29

0.13

0.13

corr.

corr.

error

error

±

±

1.1

6.4

3.7

5.3

0.9

2.2

1.1

2.3

5.2

5.3

2.8

2.0

4.3

1.3

1.9

3.3

2.3

1.5

2.9

1.1

7.1

2.9

4.7

2.3

2.5

(%)

(%)

10.3

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

238U

238U

206Pb*

206Pb*

2.0

6.7

2.0

7.6

6.2

9.6

6.8

5.9

9.8

4.7

±

±

30.3

39.9

28.1

20.7

10.1

10.5

20.9

46.4

10.5

20.9

19.2

42.2

15.1

16.6

18.3

18.9

(%)

(%)

0.07

0.26

0.06

0.07

0.31

0.29

0.26

0.26

0.27

0.12

0.07

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.08

0.09

0.30

0.28

0.29

0.27

0.27

0.16

0.16

0.13

0.15

0.16

235U*

235U*

207Pb*

207Pb*

1.6

4.2

1.8

7.3

6.0

9.4

5.9

5.4

9.7

4.6

±

±

28.5

39.4

27.9

20.6

10.0

10.3

20.3

46.1

10.2

20.4

19.0

41.6

14.8

15.9

18.1

18.7

(%)

(%)

24.4

19.6

26.5

24.2

19.3

19.5

21.4

20.3

19.7

21.3

28.9

19.2

21.2

17.3

21.6

19.7

18.2

19.4

18.8

20.0

19.6

21.4

21.4

24.7

22.5

20.0

207Pb*

206Pb*

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.56

2.62

0.81

0.69

2.27

1.70

1.61

1.07

1.52

4.15

1.99

1.89

2.97

1.42

0.98

1.04

2.25

1.64

1.06

1.36

1.04

1.23

1.28

1.06

1.10

1.40

U/Th

U/Th

6937

9221

2302

9333

7984

8448

15878

11802

13354

91029

12635

15811

15250

11083

30048

18430

27388

16671

16862

32115

31591

45833

19483

12954

14816

124842

204Pb

206Pb

204Pb

206Pb

87

86

77

72

91

681

148

185

199

600

164

125

153

127

414

682

200

564

360

157

127

202

133

115

132

131

U

U

(ppm)

(ppm) DMS-12-S1 DMS-12-MTY1

57

6.2

8.1

2.2

9.6

2.5

2.0

8.0

4.1

2.1

4.4

2.8

5.0

4.0

2.8

3.6

8.2

3.3

9.9

1.3

2.4

2.3

7.3

1.8

3.8

2.7

3.5

2.8

8.6

2.6

4.2

1.6

1.8

12.5

16.4

78

82

86

73

82

79

84

83

81

79

82

79

76

78

81

81

77

84

236

230

181

236

227

479

221

241

222

154

239

1766

1678

1683

1742

1759

6.2

8.1

9.6

5.0

8.2

49.5

92.4

51.4

45.0

58.8

34.6

28.6

68.2

96.7

76.6

457.8

329.4

525.2

684.0

125.0

638.7

223.3

157.7

473.6

750.8

299.4

247.1

187.7

515.3

544.3

577.4

252.1

120.5

1614.6

45

52

48

29

67

92

-12

636

269

238

249

226

266

607

131

122

233

116

253

304

180

302

210

-314

-114

-733

-394

-142

1766

1678

1683

1742

1759

1307

5.0

9.2

9.6

8.5

5.4

7.9

2.2

9.8

8.4

7.4

6.0

3.7

6.7

8.3

8.6

4.5

11.8

12.7

11.6

28.2

10.9

16.2

29.2

31.7

22.2

21.4

14.4

20.4

15.8

26.6

16.9

13.8

10.1

16.7

66.5

80.4

79.1

92.9

60.0

83.4

80.9

81.6

82.3

77.9

80.0

80.5

75.6

79.1

67.2

74.5

81.2

84.1

239.5

231.1

186.3

238.6

263.9

651.9

222.4

242.6

228.8

155.2

245.0

1760.9

1602.9

1646.0

1670.9

1702.1

2.2

2.5

2.0

8.0

4.1

2.1

4.4

2.8

4.0

2.8

3.6

3.3

9.9

1.3

2.4

2.3

7.3

1.8

3.8

2.7

3.5

2.8

8.6

2.6

4.2

1.6

1.8

21.1

20.8

49.0

14.2

12.5

24.7

16.4

77.5

81.6

85.6

73.1

81.6

78.5

84.1

82.6

80.6

78.8

81.7

79.1

75.9

77.9

80.8

81.4

76.9

83.8

236.5

230.4

181.4

235.9

226.8

479.1

221.4

241.4

221.6

153.6

239.1

1756.8

1546.4

1616.8

1614.5

1656.6

0.97

0.96

0.16

0.99

0.22

0.11

0.33

0.09

0.39

0.44

0.28

0.96

0.18

0.48

0.43

0.61

0.97

0.84

0.20

0.37

0.55

0.23

0.26

0.91

0.29

0.22

0.68

0.21

0.39

0.81

0.14

0.47

0.19

0.39

1.4

1.5

2.8

3.4

3.1

2.4

5.0

0.9

2.0

1.6

1.0

5.1

1.2

4.4

5.6

1.7

3.5

4.0

1.6

3.0

2.9

3.4

2.4

4.9

1.1

4.3

1.3

5.7

3.2

1.8

2.1

2.2

10.9

12.4

0.31

0.27

0.01

0.29

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.28

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.04

0.29

0.08

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.01

1.4

1.6

3.5

2.3

4.5

5.7

1.0

2.5

9.2

1.7

4.2

2.9

3.7

8.2

1.7

3.3

7.0

3.8

5.5

18.0

14.1

21.2

32.9

54.3

27.7

10.2

20.1

33.6

12.8

10.9

22.2

21.2

23.3

11.0

4.66

3.85

0.07

4.06

0.08

0.08

0.10

0.06

0.27

0.26

0.20

4.18

0.09

0.26

0.08

0.30

4.35

0.90

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.24

0.08

0.08

0.27

0.07

0.25

0.17

0.08

0.27

0.08

0.09

0.3

0.4

0.5

2.2

4.0

5.4

0.3

2.2

9.2

7.3

0.4

2.3

2.5

1.5

7.9

1.2

3.0

4.1

3.4

5.1

17.7

13.7

21.1

31.1

54.1

27.2

19.7

31.2

12.5

10.5

21.6

20.7

23.1

10.8

9.3

9.7

9.7

9.4

9.3

24.6

21.3

22.8

16.4

28.8

19.4

19.6

19.5

19.7

19.4

21.8

16.6

11.8

21.2

20.6

21.3

21.5

20.6

19.7

21.1

20.7

19.5

25.4

19.1

20.1

23.0

19.1

19.9

20.9

1.27

0.87

1.24

1.22

1.17

1.15

0.62

0.69

2.02

1.96

3.09

3.43

1.50

2.64

1.08

2.75

1.51

2.12

0.90

1.82

0.51

1.17

1.57

1.42

1.22

2.41

1.60

2.65

3.29

1.20

4.23

1.59

4.88

24.31

789

7171

5057

8159

9253

4555

8131

4566

8738

9170

9389

39120

15647

31886

32776

52343

42700

13285

96573

10327

64229

62085

77669

49990

44621

79455

55084

298445

171550

150957

163844

295868

194160

256858

220

218

263

152

495

282

786

134

512

310

407

495

182

426

203

229

126

592

194

103

856

179

251

812

501

147

522

152

455

327

278

358

305 463

58

7.4

3.6

2.8

9.1

3.3

3.4

1.7

4.2

4.0

9.2

3.3

7.2

1.0

6.9

2.2

2.1

9.0

3.4

5.4

4.0

2.1

4.6

1.5

5.4

4.4

1.7

2.2

17.8

17.1

28.1

16.9

11.7

11.4

11.6

85

79

83

78

79

79

81

81

79

77

79

80

238

243

241

231

241

229

237

129

242

238

241

1736

1728

1726

1729

1790

1665

1769

1741

1772

1667

1695

9.1

9.2

4.0

4.6

86.9

47.9

17.8

41.8

90.5

17.1

96.2

28.1

16.9

42.4

11.7

11.4

91.7

11.6

46.3

135.2

586.4

110.2

140.5

556.4

567.2

128.6

114.0

366.5

225.3

335.5

371.0

218.7

382.1

1198.7

28

15

74

-87

-87

-87

-75

220

169

259

258

235

252

101

245

170

455

241

247

261

-124

-837

-253

1736

1728

1726

1729

1790

1665

1769

1741

1772

1667

1695

9.0

8.1

5.5

4.8

4.8

4.3

8.7

5.0

9.9

6.7

9.7

9.8

5.9

6.6

16.8

12.2

10.9

17.2

16.8

17.1

28.2

10.7

22.3

12.0

33.2

15.1

14.0

21.7

23.1

12.5

11.3

29.3

47.4

11.5

89.4

72.8

80.9

75.8

74.4

79.7

94.9

57.9

73.5

67.8

74.3

75.4

231.3

244.3

242.4

231.6

241.6

230.4

231.0

126.2

242.2

239.1

242.7

1690.8

1674.0

1646.2

1682.2

1789.9

1528.1

1723.4

1667.7

1714.5

1582.5

1581.3

7.4

3.6

2.8

3.3

3.4

1.7

4.2

4.0

3.3

7.2

1.0

6.9

2.2

2.1

9.0

3.4

5.4

2.1

1.5

5.4

4.4

1.7

2.2

20.5

29.1

46.7

37.1

56.9

33.2

20.2

19.3

51.2

10.8

78.5

84.6

78.9

82.7

77.7

79.5

79.0

81.2

81.5

78.6

77.2

79.4

80.2

237.6

242.7

240.8

231.2

240.6

228.9

237.0

129.0

242.3

238.3

240.8

1654.1

1631.6

1584.5

1645.3

1789.6

1431.2

1686.5

1610.0

1668.2

1520.1

1497.6

0.83

0.19

0.30

0.94

0.28

0.57

0.33

0.23

0.22

0.97

0.96

0.63

0.61

0.94

0.22

0.53

0.22

0.92

0.16

0.60

0.94

0.61

0.16

0.90

0.99

0.20

0.98

0.95

0.13

0.50

0.99

0.68

0.24

0.18

8.8

4.6

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.4

2.1

5.5

5.1

2.0

3.3

1.5

3.0

2.6

1.2

3.1

0.9

3.6

2.6

7.0

2.6

1.4

6.6

1.4

1.4

2.8

3.5

0.8

1.9

2.3

5.9

1.9

2.2

2.8

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.29

0.04

0.04

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.29

0.28

0.04

0.04

0.29

0.01

0.04

0.04

0.32

0.01

0.02

0.25

0.04

0.01

0.30

0.28

0.01

0.30

0.27

0.01

0.04

0.26

0.04

0.01

0.01

3.9

1.5

5.0

2.5

6.2

2.1

3.5

2.3

5.0

2.7

5.6

5.8

4.2

4.0

2.7

2.3

1.5

1.4

3.5

0.8

4.6

5.9

2.7

9.2

10.6

23.9

23.5

23.5

16.6

11.8

41.1

13.9

14.7

15.8

0.09

0.07

0.26

4.29

0.27

0.27

0.08

0.08

0.08

4.20

4.06

0.26

0.27

4.24

0.08

0.25

0.26

4.83

0.10

0.13

3.50

0.27

0.06

4.46

4.17

0.08

4.41

3.75

0.07

0.27

3.75

0.27

0.08

0.08

5.8

3.7

0.5

4.8

2.1

5.9

0.5

1.0

1.8

3.9

0.9

5.4

4.9

4.1

1.5

9.5

0.9

1.8

0.6

0.2

0.6

0.3

4.0

0.6

2.0

8.9

23.5

22.9

22.9

16.4

40.5

13.6

14.6

15.5

9.4

9.5

9.5

9.5

9.1

9.8

9.2

9.4

9.2

9.8

9.6

19.8

22.9

20.2

19.4

19.5

21.5

21.6

22.5

19.7

19.5

20.8

19.6

20.2

17.8

21.1

19.6

29.9

22.5

24.1

19.6

19.4

22.5

22.4

4.31

0.73

3.08

2.18

1.44

3.91

1.60

3.31

1.53

3.16

2.23

1.63

3.37

5.16

2.72

1.47

1.17

4.22

2.11

2.76

2.36

1.52

8.96

1.38

2.21

2.61

1.19

3.25

2.92

2.55

1.01

1.58

30.04

13.60

7199

4970

5531

8788

18680

10417

69867

38835

87516

24214

11565

69499

54235

85436

27306

44437

51685

39826

64672

27153

37106

72439

12408

619151

378590

148555

152667

104211

213449

302064

318234

566156

132267

164989

87

199

157

325

768

265

384

500

207

183

542

125

389

318

729

405

338

137

368

327

116

534

169

115

288

323

355

411

270

319

198

497

361 295

59

2.8

2.5

1.5

1.5

4.6

1.1

1.6

0.8

3.7

3.3

4.8

1.8

4.4

3.5

4.2

4.1

2.4

1.9

5.0

1.6

2.2

4.1

5.1

2.8

1.3

1.8

3.8

8.3

1.4

±

10.8

(Ma)

99

97

95

93

92

91

91

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

87

85

84

79

78

78

77

23

22

77

100

227

240

1732

(Ma)

Best age Best

8.3

93.5

62.6

42.4

±

405.2

229.0

424.4

207.7

740.4

183.8

134.9

162.1

213.3

476.9

562.7

512.0

712.2

287.0

397.0

522.1

246.6

350.4

274.5

403.0

479.9

801.0

388.9

458.3

(Ma)

1621.0

1706.7

21

44

11

86

27

87

54

82

-25

-34

-81

217

436

197

241

267

371

216

227

-132

-323

-319

-300

-102

-391

-106

-245

-259

1130

1732

207Pb*

206Pb*

7.5

6.6

5.1

5.7

8.5

8.7

3.5

8.0

9.1

7.5

4.1

17.6

11.4

14.5

22.0

43.1

18.8

19.3

17.4

20.3

11.9

14.6

16.6

41.2

10.3

15.1

13.8

12.2

11.2

12.6

±

(Ma)

88.3

90.2

79.3

89.3

89.4

88.0

90.4

76.6

93.7

86.4

84.3

75.9

93.8

87.8

81.4

85.6

70.7

84.0

73.6

68.7

84.2

72.2

26.4

36.3

67.8

105.4

113.9

226.1

239.3

235U

1736.3

207Pb*

2.8

2.5

1.5

1.5

4.6

1.1

1.6

0.8

3.7

3.3

4.8

1.8

4.4

3.5

4.2

4.1

2.4

1.9

5.0

1.6

2.2

4.1

5.1

2.8

1.3

1.8

3.8

1.4

±

10.8

22.1

(Ma)

99.1

96.6

94.6

93.2

91.8

91.2

90.8

90.6

89.9

89.7

88.6

88.5

88.4

88.1

87.9

87.7

86.7

85.0

84.0

79.2

78.1

77.9

76.9

22.8

22.0

77.4

100.5

227.0

240.5

1739.5

238U*

206Pb*

0.16

0.24

0.09

0.18

0.17

0.15

0.31

0.13

0.41

0.06

0.26

0.09

0.23

0.14

0.36

0.27

0.13

0.21

0.10

0.44

0.19

0.44

0.35

0.19

0.16

0.39

0.26

0.87

0.96

0.32

corr.

error

±

2.8

2.6

1.6

1.6

5.0

1.2

1.8

0.9

4.1

3.7

5.4

2.1

5.0

4.0

4.7

4.7

2.8

2.2

6.0

2.0

2.8

5.3

6.6

3.7

5.7

8.1

4.9

4.8

1.5

0.6

(%)

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.04

0.31

0.04

238U

206Pb*

8.7

7.7

5.9

6.8

9.9

4.4

5.5

1.5

1.9

±

17.6

10.6

17.1

28.8

58.3

21.1

23.3

21.5

27.7

13.3

17.3

21.2

10.5

60.4

14.5

12.1

18.7

19.8

35.1

21.0

18.6

(%)

0.11

0.12

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.10

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.10

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.07

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.09

0.07

0.03

0.04

0.07

0.25

4.53

0.27

235U*

207Pb*

8.6

7.6

5.6

6.7

9.0

3.9

2.7

0.4

1.8

±

17.4

10.3

17.1

28.4

58.2

20.3

23.2

20.9

27.4

12.4

16.6

21.0

10.3

60.1

14.2

10.8

17.4

19.5

34.6

19.4

18.0

(%)

9.4

19.8

18.0

22.9

21.9

24.7

21.5

21.3

21.6

21.0

24.7

20.0

21.5

22.0

24.5

19.6

20.9

22.7

21.2

25.4

21.0

22.7

24.0

19.4

22.5

18.5

12.9

24.1

19.8

19.7

207Pb*

206Pb*

2.35

1.66

2.84

1.95

3.06

9.36

1.89

5.05

2.18

0.86

1.54

0.84

3.17

1.70

1.21

1.53

2.76

1.75

1.17

0.97

1.08

1.40

1.03

0.81

2.91

2.20

1.40

2.21

2.72

3.47

U/Th

838

692

1551

8808

8943

3273

5100

6933

8164

8851

5257

4937

6226

27260

24721

26406

32884

30559

10697

15869

10801

30234

22345

19899

12123

13379

12991

53411

129052

311208

204Pb

206Pb

303

281

281

515

160

513

676

611

222

106

116

232

190

166

233

275

225

486

113

734

258

242

130

197

258

385

215

454

388

679

U (ppm) DMS-12-SM1

60

7.2

6.6

5.0

4.3

3.8

4.4

6.3

4.8

2.5

9.0

8.7

1.9

5.0

2.2

1.9

2.8

2.5

4.9

4.3

3.1

1.3

3.2

6.0

5.7

3.4

6.2

±

10.5

10.9

12.4

13.8

(Ma)

77

149

151

163

148

150

278

263

255

253

239

220

167

165

164

158

154

152

151

150

149

145

129

114

105

1740

2541

1756

1740

1700

(Ma)

Best age Best

4.4

6.3

4.8

10.5

12.4

80.4

79.3

74.7

24.7

±

816.4

432.2

533.6

122.5

320.5

143.2

110.2

183.6

121.0

115.0

133.7

178.3

687.2

323.5

156.2

310.2

464.6

118.5

527.3

764.7

(Ma)

2200.8

0

57

11

91

62

64

40

258

683

213

196

333

288

209

161

232

151

270

163

334

110

-258

-487

-209

-308

1740

2541

1756

1740

1700

207Pb*

206Pb*

8.0

8.6

8.1

7.7

8.2

8.0

9.0

9.4

1.9

8.1

38.1

11.1

25.1

32.8

20.6

77.6

70.7

16.6

15.7

17.2

16.0

13.8

20.0

10.8

29.4

21.1

20.5

22.5

19.1

31.0

±

(Ma)

99.8

97.0

127.1

145.3

154.0

139.8

156.6

271.5

256.7

262.7

256.5

225.6

219.1

166.6

169.8

163.0

152.2

121.0

158.9

146.3

150.8

160.5

126.8

128.2

102.3

235U

1752.5

2457.1

1734.3

1733.3

1572.0

207Pb*

7.2

6.6

5.0

4.3

3.8

2.5

9.0

8.7

1.9

5.0

2.2

1.9

2.8

2.5

4.9

4.3

3.1

1.3

3.2

6.0

5.7

3.4

6.2

±

18.6

10.9

28.2

28.1

28.2

13.8

(Ma)

150.6

77.1

148.6

150.8

163.4

148.2

150.0

278.2

263.5

254.9

253.1

238.8

220.0

167.0

165.4

163.8

158.0

153.9

151.5

151.5

150.0

149.0

145.4

129.1

114.2

105.0

1763.2

2356.6

1716.8

1728.0

1478.3

238U*

206Pb*

0.15

0.90

0.24

0.29

0.56

0.20

0.06

1.00

0.94

0.98

0.99

0.26

0.49

0.58

0.22

0.56

0.63

0.26

0.22

0.29

0.21

0.13

0.20

0.30

0.64

0.16

0.22

0.66

0.15

0.19

corr.

error

±

4.9

1.2

4.4

6.8

3.4

2.9

5.0

7.6

1.9

1.9

2.1

0.9

3.5

3.5

0.8

2.1

6.4

1.4

1.1

1.7

1.6

3.2

2.8

2.1

0.9

2.2

4.2

4.5

3.0

6.0

(%)

0.02

0.31

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.44

0.31

0.31

0.26

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

238U

206Pb*

1.3

6.1

7.6

2.0

1.9

2.1

3.6

7.1

6.0

3.6

3.8

5.3

5.1

6.0

7.6

6.9

1.4

6.7

±

31.9

18.5

23.0

14.2

81.5

10.2

25.7

14.3

13.8

18.9

20.6

31.8

(%)

0.13

4.62

0.15

0.16

0.15

0.17

0.10

4.52

4.51

3.70

0.31

0.29

0.30

0.29

0.25

0.24

0.18

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.13

0.17

0.16

0.16

0.17

0.13

0.13

0.10

0.11

10.24

235U*

207Pb*

0.6

5.1

0.3

0.7

0.3

0.3

3.5

6.2

4.9

3.5

3.2

7.9

5.2

5.0

5.7

7.5

6.6

1.1

5.0

±

31.5

18.0

22.0

13.9

81.4

25.5

14.0

13.6

18.4

20.4

31.3

(%)

9.4

5.9

9.3

9.4

9.6

24.1

21.2

21.6

21.7

19.5

16.1

19.8

20.0

18.8

19.2

20.9

19.9

20.3

19.7

20.4

21.2

26.3

19.4

21.1

20.3

18.8

23.6

20.7

24.6

21.4

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.64

5.69

1.10

0.38

0.92

0.80

0.53

1.94

2.61

1.35

6.62

5.02

1.88

1.76

1.60

1.14

2.02

0.77

0.92

0.88

0.84

1.04

0.90

1.36

5.61

0.97

0.98

2.03

2.45

0.86

U/Th

7624

4894

6075

4763

8076

6393

14319

40000

22758

28087

21823

40035

29001

35423

59231

26081

27273

31240

96659

29934

14643

11224

16390

13663

14515

139724

152288

758411

533789

148814

204Pb

206Pb

83

68

111

596

168

292

106

114

201

201

342

472

273

163

203

310

174

231

290

443

248

222

118

124

187

156

295

111

125

U

1293 (ppm) DMS-12-SM2

61

4.0

2.1

5.6

2.2

8.9

5.9

8.0

5.9

5.5

4.2

2.6

4.8

4.3

3.9

5.7

3.2

4.5

3.8

2.1

5.3

6.1

4.6

4.5

7.2

12.9

15.3

12.3

17.4

22.1

14.7

11.3

30.2

11.5

13.3

78

82

85

82

82

80

78

76

231

159

148

150

153

151

152

144

164

153

151

150

233

155

164

256

1766

1684

1683

1722

1714

1667

1421

1715

1572

1735

4.0

5.6

8.0

5.9

12.9

12.3

17.4

22.1

30.2

99.2

54.5

61.7

13.3

232.0

362.1

299.1

621.5

186.6

694.3

380.4

592.4

323.8

116.9

853.3

487.6

183.5

227.5

433.4

293.5

653.3

596.8

1231.3

1406.9

1059.1

28

50

99

-65

-84

-73

-49

416

174

281

351

195

252

192

101

280

159

608

286

295

-397

-658

-123

-551

1766

1684

1683

1722

1714

1667

1421

1715

1572

1735

8.1

8.1

9.5

5.2

7.5

7.9

9.0

9.1

50.5

27.3

10.7

11.3

10.1

10.7

40.0

55.2

50.6

15.4

13.1

32.8

32.6

12.8

69.2

37.4

11.7

30.1

20.0

21.4

34.3

27.6

16.5

11.5

27.5

40.9

76.6

85.5

77.9

85.8

82.5

86.4

80.8

95.4

248.6

129.1

109.5

137.9

160.8

163.6

138.5

132.7

156.5

155.2

115.9

138.4

234.7

151.4

171.9

259.7

1716.7

1661.1

1669.2

1719.7

1596.8

1647.0

1367.8

1729.3

1510.7

1732.8

2.1

2.2

8.9

5.9

5.5

4.2

2.6

4.8

4.3

3.9

5.7

3.2

4.5

3.8

2.1

5.3

6.1

4.6

4.5

7.2

89.4

15.3

14.1

16.4

17.9

65.6

26.5

20.6

57.0

14.7

11.3

28.7

11.5

12.4

78.2

82.3

84.6

82.0

81.9

79.6

78.2

76.2

231.2

159.3

147.7

149.9

152.8

150.9

151.8

144.5

163.6

152.7

150.7

149.6

233.0

154.8

163.8

255.8

1676.9

1643.3

1658.1

1718.0

1509.3

1631.2

1334.3

1740.8

1467.4

1730.5

0.99

0.55

0.98

0.86

0.18

0.97

0.21

0.98

0.12

0.08

0.97

0.98

0.15

0.95

0.32

0.22

0.26

0.20

0.14

0.19

0.80

0.46

0.12

0.36

0.31

0.78

0.51

0.26

0.33

0.53

0.20

0.11

0.73

0.75

6.1

6.7

1.0

1.1

2.7

1.2

2.7

4.9

5.7

4.0

1.8

1.7

3.7

3.7

2.7

9.9

7.5

3.1

3.4

2.6

2.2

2.6

3.9

7.8

1.4

2.9

4.7

2.6

6.7

7.9

6.1

2.8

2.9

0.8

0.30

0.04

0.29

0.29

0.01

0.31

0.01

0.26

0.03

0.02

0.29

0.23

0.02

0.31

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.26

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.04

0.31

6.1

1.0

1.3

1.2

5.0

1.9

1.7

3.9

8.6

2.7

5.7

4.5

3.7

9.2

9.9

3.9

1.1

12.4

15.3

13.1

45.5

48.7

25.4

45.7

28.9

15.7

24.2

13.8

31.3

21.3

19.9

14.8

30.2

25.9

4.42

0.28

4.13

4.18

0.08

4.44

0.09

3.82

0.14

0.11

4.06

2.85

0.15

4.49

0.17

0.17

0.15

0.08

0.14

0.17

3.43

0.17

0.12

0.15

0.26

0.16

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.10

0.18

0.29

4.51

0.7

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.9

0.4

0.3

1.2

8.1

1.6

5.0

4.3

2.3

7.9

9.6

2.7

0.7

10.4

15.0

12.8

45.2

48.6

25.1

44.7

27.9

15.3

23.9

13.5

31.1

19.9

18.8

12.5

29.6

25.7

9.3

9.7

9.7

9.5

9.5

9.8

9.5

9.4

18.2

21.5

20.2

25.4

28.1

11.1

22.3

19.3

18.7

22.5

22.8

22.4

21.3

10.3

20.0

27.0

22.2

19.5

20.8

20.0

20.8

19.3

20.3

16.6

19.2

19.1

2.80

1.05

1.78

0.67

1.55

7.74

0.59

4.06

0.61

0.76

0.99

1.24

1.11

4.44

0.98

0.80

1.31

0.76

1.44

0.57

0.86

1.16

0.84

1.83

1.66

1.17

1.43

0.82

2.05

0.37

0.69

1.54

1.45

40.47

4348

8556

9192

8662

5013

8936

5924

2295

5592

7077

9955

8692

5018

8438

4481

6588

7554

1921

8539

20422

29849

95099

18183

45706

22048

58762

246236

204944

169406

315269

116775

574929

127665

2348876

62

54

36

54

94

94

94

328

575

253

191

300

516

197

113

252

541

100

817

188

242

110

460

409

113

272

733

336

396

127

170

478

380 117

62

4.3

6.3

7.6

7.0

3.2

2.1

4.5

4.0

7.8

2.8

6.2

9.0

4.5

6.9

3.0

3.6

9.0

4.3

5.7

8.1

4.6

6.1

2.4

2.0

2.4

5.4

±

20.5

18.7

17.7

13.1

(Ma)

79

77

90

86

147

152

147

154

171

151

166

193

168

152

156

229

233

235

151

166

164

1710

1413

1691

1415

1670

1746

1688

1698

1696

(Ma)

Best age Best

7.0

3.0

9.0

5.7

8.1

20.5

43.6

18.7

17.7

13.1

89.4

±

371.2

360.2

733.2

341.7

427.3

331.1

141.8

509.4

224.1

183.4

467.5

756.8

796.1

122.1

887.5

271.1

111.0

140.6

194.9

(Ma)

37

197

451

169

246

193

148

300

458

287

220

261

124

207

165

-196

-207

-209

-294

-138

-374

1710

1413

1691

1415

1670

1746

1688

1698

1696

207Pb*

206Pb*

8.9

5.2

9.3

7.7

9.4

8.3

22.6

18.6

50.2

16.3

17.2

14.4

12.2

10.4

25.7

14.8

15.8

12.9

37.2

35.2

41.4

15.0

22.2

11.6

23.2

15.6

21.2

12.8

39.1

10.3

±

(Ma)

81.6

82.3

91.2

83.9

150.2

133.1

166.8

134.1

172.3

131.7

165.2

201.4

188.9

128.0

139.3

234.2

231.4

237.5

123.4

169.1

164.2

235U

1604.8

1421.4

1691.2

1426.9

1663.5

1768.1

1711.9

1672.5

1695.8

207Pb*

4.3

6.3

7.6

3.2

2.1

4.5

4.0

7.8

2.8

6.2

9.0

4.5

6.9

3.6

4.3

4.6

6.1

2.4

2.0

2.4

5.4

±

27.0

16.6

16.0

21.9

39.1

42.9

24.6

36.2

22.2

(Ma)

78.6

76.7

89.9

85.6

147.2

152.3

147.5

154.1

170.8

151.3

166.5

193.1

168.1

151.7

156.1

228.9

232.6

235.1

150.7

166.4

164.1

1525.9

1426.6

1691.3

1434.9

1658.5

1786.8

1731.7

1652.1

1695.4

238U*

206Pb*

0.18

0.28

0.16

0.98

0.15

0.15

0.38

0.36

0.25

0.17

0.37

0.77

0.25

0.10

0.14

0.99

0.65

0.87

0.98

0.34

0.99

0.86

0.96

0.96

0.46

0.12

0.23

0.25

0.24

0.62

corr.

error

±

3.0

4.2

5.2

2.0

2.1

2.7

5.9

2.4

5.2

1.7

3.2

1.3

5.4

3.0

4.4

1.1

1.6

1.7

2.7

1.9

2.7

1.6

2.5

1.5

2.0

4.1

2.7

1.2

1.5

6.4

(%)

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.27

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.25

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.30

0.04

0.25

0.29

0.04

0.32

0.31

0.29

0.30

0.04

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.01

238U

206Pb*

2.0

6.5

9.7

8.7

1.7

1.1

2.5

2.0

2.7

5.6

2.8

1.9

2.6

1.6

4.4

4.9

6.2

±

16.2

14.9

32.6

13.7

18.4

15.5

20.8

21.6

29.3

31.8

33.7

11.8

10.3

(%)

0.16

0.14

0.18

3.86

0.14

0.08

0.08

0.18

0.14

0.18

0.22

3.05

0.20

0.13

0.15

4.29

0.26

3.08

4.15

0.26

4.70

4.40

4.19

4.31

0.26

0.13

0.09

0.18

0.18

0.09

235U*

207Pb*

0.4

6.1

9.5

8.0

1.1

0.2

1.9

1.0

0.5

5.3

0.3

1.0

0.7

0.4

3.9

4.8

6.0

8.1

±

15.9

14.3

32.2

13.6

18.2

14.3

20.1

20.9

29.1

31.5

33.4

11.5

(%)

9.5

9.6

9.8

9.4

9.7

9.6

9.6

20.0

23.5

17.9

23.6

20.2

19.6

20.0

23.6

20.4

19.1

11.2

17.8

24.4

23.0

19.2

11.2

19.8

19.4

25.2

20.6

19.9

20.3

21.4

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.71

1.06

1.22

3.74

0.86

0.97

0.68

0.53

0.94

0.98

6.89

0.60

0.58

1.28

0.65

1.69

1.56

3.21

3.41

0.55

1.24

1.82

1.93

0.64

0.99

0.99

0.34

2.06

15.49

14.89

U/Th

4724

8954

8491

5536

9333

3312

6931

8681

18232

12457

74375

24748

24911

31440

10105

38650

31540

16653

28844

21195

40513

26874

19674

176528

369673

281495

183472

134928

389203

204Pb

206Pb

2752228

98

85

97

93

94

65

91

140

328

192

317

239

307

253

187

163

116

552

212

145

390

249

135

340

319

336

525

187

368

U

1088 (ppm) JFH-11-21C

63

4.2

9.9

2.7

3.1

2.7

7.5

9.7

4.6

8.1

3.4

9.4

7.6

5.8

3.3

1.6

4.2

5.1

5.0

5.7

2.8

1.5

2.9

6.5

7.5

2.0

1.9

39.4

60.4

28.5

13.6

72.8

21.7

10.4

14.7

80

74

80

83

236

161

150

149

151

145

142

152

231

238

165

102

1210

1674

1673

1753

1686

1652

1727

1687

1425

1663

1693

1740

1712

1405

1680

1705

1676

1629

9.9

3.1

4.6

9.4

5.8

4.2

5.1

5.0

2.9

7.5

2.0

39.4

60.4

28.5

72.8

70.7

34.1

21.7

10.4

14.7

127.9

403.1

251.4

494.5

907.6

296.2

707.4

336.9

137.5

211.9

311.0

109.2

1602.5

1244.4

0

83

91

74

96

-70

263

467

386

320

270

248

384

171

-133

-142

1210

1674

1673

1753

1686

1652

1727

1687

1425

1663

1693

1740

1712

1405

1680

1705

1676

1629

7.4

8.2

9.7

8.7

8.1

4.2

9.7

7.7

8.3

4.0

8.6

6.1

6.8

5.0

23.7

12.5

39.3

24.6

14.7

35.5

75.8

31.9

58.5

19.1

51.3

33.2

45.4

10.0

31.7

10.8

11.9

20.3

28.8

16.0

77.9

69.6

73.2

94.2

238.7

156.2

146.6

170.0

135.3

160.3

152.7

147.7

235.0

238.8

160.7

105.1

1196.9

1666.3

1613.2

1741.4

1552.1

1624.5

1640.1

1676.3

1398.5

1655.1

1693.5

1755.0

1673.3

1399.0

1621.6

1628.4

1675.2

1604.7

4.2

2.7

2.7

7.5

9.7

8.1

3.4

7.6

3.3

1.6

6.8

5.7

2.8

1.5

6.5

9.0

1.9

29.6

10.8

50.2

14.7

52.1

25.4

87.7

13.6

14.9

21.3

17.0

13.6

19.0

13.5

48.8

12.1

25.7

80.5

73.8

80.0

83.1

236.2

161.0

150.0

149.4

151.1

145.4

142.1

152.3

231.5

237.9

165.2

102.2

1189.8

1660.5

1567.5

1731.5

1455.5

1603.5

1573.4

1668.1

1381.1

1648.6

1694.1

1768.0

1642.3

1395.1

1576.9

1569.6

1674.5

1586.6

0.81

0.31

0.81

0.74

0.10

0.98

0.17

0.23

0.11

1.00

0.14

0.76

0.33

1.00

0.21

0.30

0.96

0.29

0.41

0.18

0.90

0.97

0.95

0.63

0.62

0.19

0.99

0.69

0.29

0.85

0.99

0.99

0.37

0.92

2.7

1.8

0.7

3.6

1.7

1.0

1.8

5.1

6.5

4.0

5.7

1.8

4.3

6.3

9.7

1.0

4.1

1.7

1.1

0.5

1.1

0.9

2.5

1.2

1.9

1.3

1.1

4.0

0.6

3.5

0.8

1.9

1.8

10.3

0.20

0.04

0.29

0.28

0.03

0.31

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.25

0.02

0.28

0.01

0.28

0.01

0.02

0.30

0.01

0.24

0.02

0.29

0.30

0.32

0.04

0.04

0.01

0.29

0.24

0.03

0.28

0.28

0.30

0.02

0.28

3.4

5.9

0.9

4.9

1.0

4.0

2.4

6.3

1.1

4.2

5.9

0.5

1.2

0.9

4.0

1.9

9.6

1.3

1.6

0.8

3.5

0.8

5.0

2.0

17.0

10.7

22.7

59.7

39.4

13.0

49.3

32.0

14.2

13.7

2.25

0.27

4.16

3.90

0.17

4.56

0.16

0.18

0.14

3.61

0.17

3.95

0.08

4.03

0.07

0.16

4.21

0.07

2.96

0.16

4.10

4.30

4.63

0.26

0.27

0.10

4.20

2.97

0.17

3.94

3.97

4.21

0.11

3.86

2.0

5.6

0.5

3.3

0.2

0.2

1.5

0.5

0.3

3.8

5.8

0.2

0.3

0.3

3.1

1.5

9.4

0.2

1.1

0.4

0.6

0.1

4.7

0.8

16.9

10.6

22.1

59.4

39.0

12.3

48.2

30.5

13.5

13.1

9.7

9.7

9.3

9.7

9.9

9.5

9.7

9.8

9.6

9.4

9.5

9.7

9.6

9.7

12.4

19.4

21.0

20.9

17.7

22.9

18.4

21.7

22.4

18.9

23.0

11.1

21.1

19.4

19.5

18.4

11.2

20.9

20.2

10.0

0.94

1.60

2.32

0.56

0.72

1.90

0.87

0.85

0.72

3.10

1.45

0.76

2.68

0.71

0.72

2.06

0.86

0.36

0.71

2.06

0.74

5.40

1.33

1.69

0.79

3.14

0.77

0.68

2.95

0.97

1.98

17.95

16.00

10.28

5311

3343

4077

7608

5625

3248

7829

8149

28073

63307

28436

13548

21915

19393

53841

38579

63468

16371

92235

34262

23211

352434

713355

145933

479353

419884

259612

208223

216888

966216

289188

917545

1806045

1632197

54

18

90

49

46

58

79

39

41

82

242

204

108

219

977

222

351

298

156

200

301

271

497

303

829

286

778

154

294

959

562

160 1546 1059

64

2.0

3.1

2.6

9.2

9.7

2.4

5.4

1.9

8.7

8.7

8.1

1.7

8.8

3.6

2.0

2.4

3.9

2.6

2.7

4.1

9.8

11.1

18.7

14.4

10.1

10.1

13.5

24.8

80.6

14.0

10.9

11.8

27.3

19.0

75

82

82

76

150

233

153

237

219

151

156

245

397

236

150

150

151

152

213

1684

1688

1682

1750

1684

1682

1686

1714

1758

1707

1750

1715

1646

2004

1677

2.0

3.1

9.2

5.4

8.7

1.7

2.4

85.9

18.7

14.4

54.6

10.1

53.4

64.3

80.6

14.0

11.8

27.3

19.0

375.0

359.1

388.7

105.9

475.7

357.8

206.2

300.7

165.4

355.6

142.7

1427.5

1648.2

1065.6

1549.8

32

56

-11

-76

218

485

246

477

476

251

266

246

262

357

-992

-161

-116

-202

1684

1688

1682

1750

1684

1682

1686

1714

1758

1266

1707

1750

1715

1646

2004

1677

5.9

7.2

8.0

7.6

6.3

9.4

5.3

6.5

9.5

6.2

7.8

44.4

29.1

13.6

10.9

30.1

61.7

74.2

74.8

14.9

12.8

29.9

14.4

37.4

51.4

17.8

14.4

10.6

10.8

13.6

20.6

22.0

15.9

10.7

99.7

74.0

96.2

75.9

81.8

232.0

175.2

237.7

200.7

172.7

138.4

246.0

554.0

238.4

131.3

137.1

157.5

146.6

225.2

1695.5

1695.5

1696.9

1756.3

1682.8

1691.6

1698.8

1723.6

1794.5

1662.8

1789.7

1710.2

1657.5

1985.4

1689.0

2.6

9.7

2.4

1.9

8.7

8.4

8.1

8.8

3.6

2.0

3.9

2.6

2.7

4.1

9.8

10.7

11.1

12.9

11.6

19.6

10.5

12.5

10.1

15.9

13.5

28.1

24.8

18.9

96.3

14.1

10.9

22.6

34.0

11.9

75.3

81.6

82.1

76.2

150.4

233.4

153.1

236.9

219.2

151.3

156.4

245.5

396.9

235.5

150.3

149.8

150.6

152.2

212.8

1704.9

1701.2

1708.7

1761.3

1681.9

1699.2

1708.9

1731.2

1825.6

1628.2

1824.1

1706.2

1666.7

1967.5

1698.6

0.99

0.16

0.98

0.29

0.84

0.36

0.78

0.21

0.93

0.73

0.33

0.25

0.71

0.19

0.91

0.19

0.09

1.00

0.62

0.92

0.23

0.30

0.29

0.99

0.99

0.18

0.66

0.26

0.24

0.92

0.18

0.79

0.59

0.61

0.7

7.4

0.9

1.1

0.8

6.4

1.3

3.2

0.7

0.8

0.8

4.1

0.6

1.0

9.1

5.3

1.8

3.7

6.4

4.5

0.9

1.3

6.1

0.9

2.6

7.4

3.5

1.8

1.5

2.7

2.0

4.7

0.8

12.5

0.30

0.02

0.30

0.04

0.30

0.02

0.31

0.01

0.30

0.30

0.04

0.03

0.30

0.01

0.31

0.02

0.02

0.33

0.04

0.06

0.01

0.04

0.29

0.33

0.30

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.30

0.02

0.36

0.03

0.30

0.7

0.9

3.9

0.9

1.6

0.8

1.1

2.5

0.8

1.2

1.8

5.9

7.0

2.9

4.6

6.1

0.9

7.4

1.7

2.5

7.9

1.3

46.7

18.1

15.3

16.5

67.1

46.7

57.7

19.7

14.5

11.2

13.5

15.1

4.31

0.10

4.31

0.26

4.32

0.19

4.64

0.08

4.25

4.29

0.26

0.22

4.33

0.10

4.46

0.19

0.15

4.86

0.27

0.73

0.08

0.26

4.14

4.83

4.39

0.14

0.14

0.08

0.17

4.12

0.16

6.07

0.25

4.28

0.1

0.2

3.7

0.5

1.0

0.3

0.8

2.4

0.5

0.5

0.1

4.6

2.7

2.8

4.4

0.8

0.1

8.4

7.2

0.6

1.5

6.3

1.0

46.1

16.9

14.9

16.0

65.9

45.8

57.5

19.2

14.2

13.0

14.8

9.7

9.7

9.7

9.3

9.7

9.7

9.7

9.5

9.3

9.6

9.3

9.5

9.9

8.1

9.7

31.5

19.8

17.6

21.4

19.6

21.8

17.7

17.7

23.2

19.5

12.1

22.8

19.4

23.6

22.4

19.6

19.4

21.2

18.6

2.22

0.62

2.34

1.85

0.50

2.53

1.12

2.03

1.65

1.81

1.33

1.29

1.01

2.02

0.79

1.09

2.14

0.80

1.18

0.89

1.64

1.59

3.51

0.62

0.62

1.40

0.71

1.25

1.10

2.17

1.55

1.08

17.18

58.86

4596

5447

5199

2069

5432

4505

8227

3467

8682

8728

9872

87266

56915

11000

29066

70310

73714

20718

42298

23037

21449

94507

13468

405483

261095

488940

190966

246474

127912

124897

442124

104423

1564466

1330920

41

65

76

51

90

36

34

56

51

89

83

96

79

526

349

235

142

170

311

427

207

266

321

151

336

112

140

296

193

118

142

1201 1087 1026

65

5.4

4.3

8.0

4.4

3.9

3.4

6.3

6.3

5.4

4.9

2.4

1.9

5.6

5.2

1.6

1.9

1.4

2.8

4.6

2.0

1.6

2.6

2.3

2.3

3.5

1.8

2.9

1.9

±

10.6

12.1

(Ma)

94

92

86

86

86

85

85

85

84

84

83

82

81

77

81

77

150

150

149

149

149

149

149

149

148

146

237

1671

1729

1741

(Ma)

Best age Best

1.8

2.9

87.7

12.1

±

409.7

161.7

556.9

270.1

678.5

538.9

521.5

345.6

352.9

258.5

338.4

911.3

994.2

261.1

290.5

238.5

453.6

788.8

213.5

209.7

104.7

438.1

442.5

145.0

(Ma)

1001.6

1197.6

5

-4

-9

28

45

-37

-14

-58

-47

-36

-24

470

155

182

115

335

193

149

148

214

224

261

-314

-512

-244

-365

-177

1671

1729

1741

207Pb*

206Pb*

7.1

8.9

6.9

6.9

4.1

8.4

9.2

7.3

4.8

29.4

10.4

34.1

15.2

30.8

28.6

56.8

47.5

34.1

21.1

13.3

10.2

11.0

29.6

28.1

10.5

13.4

28.7

12.9

14.0

13.0

±

(Ma)

90.0

94.0

81.4

82.9

75.6

71.6

86.9

89.2

75.8

88.9

78.9

80.6

78.2

73.7

77.7

76.1

170.5

149.9

151.3

140.5

124.9

138.5

146.7

116.0

159.3

148.9

239.0

235U

1660.3

1738.4

1735.1

207Pb*

5.4

4.3

8.0

4.4

3.9

3.4

6.3

6.3

5.4

4.9

2.4

1.9

5.6

5.2

1.6

1.9

1.4

2.8

4.6

2.0

1.6

2.6

2.3

2.3

3.5

1.9

±

10.6

13.2

23.9

13.2

(Ma)

93.9

91.9

86.2

86.2

86.0

85.3

84.7

84.6

84.0

83.9

83.1

82.4

80.6

77.2

81.0

77.1

149.7

149.6

149.4

149.2

149.1

148.9

148.7

148.7

147.7

146.2

236.7

1651.8

1746.6

1730.5

238U*

206Pb*

0.19

0.39

0.22

0.26

0.10

0.10

0.17

0.10

0.19

0.24

0.34

0.23

0.16

0.17

0.16

0.18

0.18

0.16

0.18

0.16

0.27

0.22

0.59

0.17

0.25

0.81

0.23

1.00

0.98

0.38

corr.

error

±

3.6

2.9

5.4

3.0

2.7

2.3

7.2

4.3

4.3

3.7

5.2

2.6

2.3

6.5

6.1

1.8

2.2

1.7

3.4

5.5

2.4

1.9

3.2

3.0

1.0

0.9

4.4

1.6

0.9

2.5

(%)

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.29

0.01

0.31

0.31

0.01

238U

206Pb*

7.5

9.1

8.9

5.4

3.9

1.1

1.6

0.9

6.5

±

18.7

24.2

11.6

26.2

22.1

41.5

43.3

23.1

15.3

15.4

11.3

14.0

37.2

38.6

10.2

12.6

10.4

18.4

33.7

18.2

18.7

(%)

0.18

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.13

0.15

0.16

0.12

0.17

0.16

0.09

0.10

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.09

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.27

4.13

0.08

4.54

4.52

0.08

235U*

207Pb*

6.9

8.8

8.7

4.3

3.8

0.7

0.1

0.2

6.1

±

18.4

23.6

11.2

26.1

22.0

40.9

43.1

22.7

14.8

14.5

11.0

13.8

36.6

38.1

10.1

12.4

10.3

18.1

33.3

17.9

18.1

(%)

9.8

9.4

9.4

17.7

20.3

20.1

21.8

24.6

22.1

20.7

26.6

18.8

20.0

21.8

20.4

22.2

21.8

24.0

25.1

20.4

19.8

23.3

19.8

22.1

21.5

21.7

22.0

19.4

21.9

21.3

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.55

4.44

0.85

0.94

1.19

0.83

0.58

1.15

0.60

1.05

1.02

8.52

1.06

1.29

1.69

0.48

1.35

1.21

1.41

1.00

1.26

1.04

0.98

5.42

1.24

1.49

2.60

0.64

17.16

14.74

U/Th

6079

8162

7621

9769

5837

4730

3838

6162

5323

7512

7557

23991

16884

11946

15936

28321

10307

12166

29309

16737

18952

20784

11156

12984

81262

10596

24993

937062

204Pb

206Pb

1518555

1575238

80

93

47

72

73

229

167

123

133

129

110

334

326

137

127

291

295

495

299

153

279

363

323

253

364

214

595

889

U

1606

1029 (ppm) JFH-11-23C

66

7.8

4.0

8.0

5.3

3.5

3.2

7.3

3.7

9.4

6.5

4.3

7.0

5.2

6.5

9.8

5.0

6.6

9.0

5.7

7.9

4.6

6.0

5.2

9.8

4.6

10.9

12.1

13.1

14.4

10.4

11.1

12.0

279

272

269

268

266

258

257

254

253

252

251

250

250

248

248

247

247

246

245

245

245

244

244

240

237

171

162

154

152

151

151

1675

7.8

36.0

66.2

94.4

88.9

90.2

226.3

290.5

632.1

220.3

315.2

732.4

179.6

140.4

217.3

163.8

451.9

461.9

525.8

491.0

793.1

360.4

280.5

253.1

230.8

669.1

323.1

383.3

556.2

672.9

194.3

1144.6

85

49

-23

286

299

169

265

284

188

234

280

168

231

274

267

277

369

294

256

153

143

101

515

710

253

220

247

338

124

-277

-468

1675

5.3

8.3

9.6

9.4

14.5

25.8

29.2

65.0

21.3

27.2

53.5

17.6

13.9

22.1

16.5

10.6

46.5

40.4

72.9

52.2

47.2

70.4

31.1

26.2

22.3

25.7

60.7

22.1

24.8

35.2

45.0

12.2

280.0

274.5

258.5

267.3

267.7

251.2

254.8

228.4

255.8

207.1

243.1

248.6

252.3

250.2

250.6

259.4

232.4

189.7

249.8

245.9

236.2

227.0

234.8

227.8

264.7

212.7

168.0

158.1

157.5

163.1

149.2

1525.0

4.0

8.0

5.3

3.5

3.2

7.3

3.7

9.4

6.5

4.3

7.0

5.2

6.5

9.8

5.0

6.6

9.0

5.7

7.9

4.6

6.0

5.2

9.8

4.6

22.7

10.9

12.1

13.1

14.4

10.4

11.1

12.0

279.3

271.6

268.5

267.6

265.9

258.0

257.1

253.6

253.2

251.9

250.9

250.4

249.9

248.5

247.8

247.4

247.2

246.4

245.1

244.8

244.6

244.5

244.1

240.3

237.3

170.6

162.0

154.0

151.6

151.3

150.8

1419.1

0.97

0.68

0.38

0.24

0.57

0.17

0.15

0.30

0.22

0.36

0.13

0.33

0.28

0.29

0.29

0.56

0.20

0.11

0.13

0.25

0.20

0.14

0.18

0.30

0.22

0.31

0.23

0.20

0.23

0.14

0.22

0.35

1.8

1.5

4.1

3.1

2.0

4.7

1.4

1.3

2.9

1.5

3.8

2.7

1.8

2.9

2.1

2.7

4.0

2.1

5.4

6.0

4.3

4.6

2.8

3.8

2.4

3.4

7.1

2.9

3.9

3.5

6.5

3.1

0.25

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

1.8

2.1

3.5

9.5

4.3

4.2

8.1

6.3

9.9

7.4

4.8

8.8

10.7

12.8

27.6

13.3

28.6

20.3

19.4

42.0

23.5

21.6

33.4

15.3

12.5

10.9

11.0

31.6

14.3

16.9

24.1

29.9

3.49

0.32

0.31

0.29

0.30

0.30

0.28

0.29

0.25

0.29

0.23

0.27

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.29

0.26

0.21

0.28

0.27

0.26

0.25

0.26

0.25

0.30

0.23

0.18

0.17

0.17

0.17

0.16

0.4

1.6

9.9

2.9

9.4

4.1

3.9

7.7

6.1

9.5

7.1

3.9

8.2

12.4

27.2

13.0

28.3

19.9

19.3

41.7

22.8

21.1

33.0

15.0

11.9

10.7

10.5

30.8

14.0

16.5

23.9

29.1

9.7

19.2

19.1

20.2

19.4

19.2

20.1

19.7

21.9

19.3

24.3

20.2

19.7

19.3

19.4

19.3

18.5

21.0

26.1

19.2

19.5

20.4

21.3

20.5

20.8

17.4

15.9

19.5

19.8

19.6

18.8

20.6

2.71

1.37

1.52

1.73

2.24

1.59

2.22

1.33

1.39

6.58

1.77

1.38

1.95

1.77

4.80

1.15

1.08

1.00

0.99

1.26

1.08

1.29

0.96

1.34

3.45

1.09

0.70

0.78

0.96

0.63

0.70

1.07

722

7802

5782

8161

7576

8658

2448

55354

81400

10754

10927

62635

71207

95236

11836

37347

10380

26001

45119

21393

36790

68037

12224

11783

27419

11299

10218

16591

26325

15531

11449

25975

81

48

95

65

68

49

95

53

41

58

47

89

76

67

77

58

257

718

103

414

151

326

265

140

404

219

486

130

152

182

130 197

67

4.9

8.4

3.4

3.5

1.3

5.1

2.7

1.8

3.9

3.8

3.3

1.0

6.6

1.3

1.5

3.9

0.9

1.5

1.3

1.7

5.0

1.1

2.5

0.5

2.1

1.1

1.4

2.5

3.5

2.9

6.6

±

(Ma)

97

96

93

92

91

90

90

89

88

88

88

87

86

86

85

85

83

82

82

82

81

79

79

78

76

75

75

74

73

73

72

(Ma)

Best age Best

93.4

96.1

64.3

±

506.5

861.6

304.5

224.9

886.0

121.4

446.7

386.6

135.7

928.7

274.8

238.7

138.2

173.3

146.1

309.0

452.8

510.5

213.8

209.2

333.1

169.0

599.9

341.0

284.1

(Ma)

1189.1

1260.2

1629.7

2

-9

66

66

34

86

35

73

35

-27

-21

-43

181

326

122

159

103

274

125

162

192

168

-113

-431

-310

-731

-987

-217

-605

-249

-383

207Pb*

206Pb*

9.5

5.2

3.7

4.7

9.0

8.3

4.6

5.6

5.2

3.3

2.1

6.5

6.2

9.9

5.9

9.7

17.9

25.1

12.4

33.7

20.3

24.0

13.6

13.8

21.9

42.4

10.5

17.3

12.6

19.1

11.0

±

(Ma)

89.1

78.1

96.2

78.5

66.4

91.2

88.2

59.6

77.9

86.8

85.2

66.1

82.2

84.7

74.1

81.6

78.9

84.6

82.5

87.6

80.6

65.7

77.9

73.1

72.9

73.5

77.1

76.6

69.4

74.9

100.2

235U

207Pb*

4.9

8.4

3.4

3.5

1.3

5.1

2.7

1.8

3.9

3.8

3.3

1.0

6.6

1.3

1.5

3.9

0.9

1.5

1.3

1.7

5.0

1.1

2.5

0.5

2.1

1.1

1.4

2.5

3.5

2.9

6.6

±

(Ma)

96.9

95.7

92.8

91.8

91.0

90.4

90.0

89.0

88.5

87.8

87.6

87.1

86.0

86.0

84.7

84.5

83.2

82.2

82.0

81.8

80.9

79.2

78.6

78.0

75.7

75.1

74.7

74.4

72.9

72.7

72.0

238U*

206Pb*

0.24

0.27

0.27

0.09

0.14

0.18

0.50

0.46

0.11

0.24

0.23

0.20

0.23

0.13

0.18

0.08

0.19

0.25

0.25

0.16

0.30

0.32

0.16

0.23

0.30

0.17

0.14

0.42

0.18

0.27

0.60

corr.

error

±

5.1

8.9

3.7

3.9

1.4

5.7

3.0

2.0

4.5

4.3

3.8

1.2

7.8

1.5

1.8

4.6

1.1

1.9

1.6

2.1

6.3

1.4

3.3

0.6

2.8

1.5

1.9

3.4

4.8

4.0

9.2

(%)

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

238U

206Pb*

6.0

4.4

5.8

5.9

7.4

6.4

4.3

2.8

9.3

8.8

8.0

±

21.0

33.3

13.5

44.6

10.0

31.6

41.4

18.2

16.6

34.2

11.4

10.2

59.3

13.2

20.6

19.8

14.0

25.9

14.5

15.2

(%)

0.09

0.08

0.10

0.08

0.10

0.07

0.09

0.09

0.06

0.08

0.09

0.09

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.07

0.07

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.07

0.08

235U*

207Pb*

9.9

5.2

3.9

5.7

5.8

7.2

6.2

4.1

2.7

8.8

8.7

7.2

±

20.4

32.1

13.0

44.4

31.1

41.2

17.7

16.1

33.4

11.3

10.0

59.1

13.0

19.6

19.5

13.9

25.4

14.0

12.1

(%)

22.7

25.8

20.1

24.6

18.9

28.8

20.6

21.1

31.5

23.7

21.1

21.4

27.5

22.0

21.0

24.0

21.4

21.9

20.3

20.8

19.3

20.6

25.3

21.1

21.8

21.7

21.4

20.3

20.0

22.1

20.2

207Pb*

206Pb*

0.79

2.50

0.95

0.82

2.08

2.32

0.53

6.17

0.59

1.33

0.94

3.43

2.20

3.19

1.48

2.83

1.41

7.37

2.20

1.78

4.84

1.86

8.55

4.35

0.79

3.27

1.10

1.24

3.58

8.71

10.45

U/Th

8804

6974

5739

8799

7383

6452

9245

3618

7682

6714

2632

7114

5514

10228

73376

51917

12314

24286

25917

16741

13978

42383

17522

19183

17170

42494

72992

21707

17054

40891

21415

204Pb

206Pb

88

85

157

167

206

203

115

787

470

158

181

222

584

498

445

146

749

445

390

217

177

681

163

427

391

364

203

297

122

U

1348

1123 (ppm) KTC-12-Tps1

68

4.5

9.5

9.9

4.9

9.2

9.7

9.2

4.6

6.2

9.0

8.0

4.4

2.3

2.7

14.4

16.0

10.3

10.6

12.8

29.7

12.6

13.9

35.2

18.1

21.9

22.4

23.1

14.4

11.7

10.6

11.7

14.9

10.0

10.9

251

250

246

246

242

242

238

237

166

153

152

149

149

149

120

105

102

1680

1678

1675

1657

1652

1642

1629

1596

1580

1505

1459

1455

1433

1414

1412

1408

1380

4.5

9.5

9.9

14.4

16.0

10.3

10.6

12.8

29.7

12.6

13.9

35.2

18.1

21.9

22.4

23.1

14.4

48.9

268.2

360.8

455.4

348.6

684.0

564.4

239.3

375.6

638.7

938.5

878.1

243.6

326.5

290.1

1033.3

1857.1

251

520

133

401

215

164

349

232

652

338

125

200

-184

-208

-229

-844

1680

1678

1675

1657

1652

1642

1629

1596

1580

1505

1459

1455

1433

1414

1412

1408

1380

1241

6.8

9.0

9.6

35.9

19.9

10.0

23.5

39.9

16.1

25.9

19.9

10.9

33.1

20.8

12.2

24.7

19.1

14.2

26.2

40.8

41.7

36.8

62.7

50.6

25.7

23.7

31.8

57.7

48.5

59.4

67.2

14.0

14.0

12.9

250.6

277.7

235.9

261.2

239.7

234.5

248.1

357.5

144.9

133.4

156.7

129.1

103.8

183.1

131.3

105.6

106.3

1490.6

1663.1

1681.2

1566.0

1550.9

1615.5

1555.1

1526.0

1512.3

1413.8

1412.9

1299.8

1398.0

1425.0

1333.2

1395.8

1310.1

8.8

4.9

9.2

9.7

9.2

4.6

6.2

9.0

8.0

4.4

2.3

2.7

55.6

11.6

33.5

14.9

38.4

69.3

26.1

42.4

25.9

15.4

53.3

23.7

14.2

36.2

27.6

20.5

11.7

10.6

11.7

14.9

10.0

10.9

250.6

249.8

246.3

245.9

242.2

241.6

237.6

236.8

165.8

153.3

151.7

149.3

149.1

148.8

120.1

104.7

102.2

1361.2

1651.7

1686.3

1499.3

1477.4

1595.2

1501.6

1475.9

1464.4

1354.0

1382.8

1207.9

1375.2

1432.3

1284.8

1388.1

1267.6

0.99

0.96

0.93

0.90

0.98

0.99

0.96

0.98

0.78

0.88

0.99

0.76

0.60

0.69

0.94

0.88

0.92

0.17

0.22

0.24

0.25

0.15

0.16

0.43

0.63

0.52

0.16

0.15

0.13

0.11

0.19

0.33

0.16

0.21

4.5

0.8

2.3

1.1

2.9

4.9

1.9

3.2

2.0

1.3

4.3

2.1

0.7

1.1

3.1

2.2

1.8

2.0

3.8

4.8

4.0

4.5

3.9

5.0

2.0

9.1

4.1

6.0

5.4

6.8

7.4

3.7

2.2

2.7

0.24

0.29

0.30

0.26

0.26

0.28

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.23

0.24

0.21

0.24

0.25

0.22

0.24

0.22

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

4.6

0.8

2.4

1.2

2.9

4.9

2.0

3.3

2.5

1.4

4.3

2.8

1.2

1.6

3.3

2.5

1.9

3.2

11.8

16.8

19.8

16.0

29.3

24.2

11.7

17.5

25.4

39.7

40.0

60.1

40.1

11.4

14.0

12.7

3.34

4.14

4.24

3.68

3.61

3.91

3.63

3.49

3.43

3.02

3.02

2.60

2.96

3.07

2.72

2.95

2.63

0.28

0.31

0.26

0.29

0.27

0.26

0.28

0.42

0.15

0.14

0.17

0.14

0.11

0.20

0.14

0.11

0.11

0.8

0.2

0.9

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.7

1.6

0.7

0.7

1.9

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.2

0.7

2.5

11.6

16.3

19.2

15.5

29.0

23.8

10.6

15.0

25.1

39.2

39.6

59.7

39.4

10.7

13.8

12.5

9.7

9.7

9.7

9.8

9.8

9.9

10.0

10.2

10.2

10.7

10.9

10.9

11.1

11.2

11.2

11.2

11.4

19.5

17.3

20.5

18.3

19.8

20.3

18.7

12.2

23.4

23.6

19.7

23.8

30.0

16.3

18.8

20.6

20.0

1.13

0.68

0.99

1.64

5.24

2.47

4.81

3.89

1.68

6.02

8.60

1.56

0.54

0.69

0.87

0.62

1.25

0.86

1.04

1.01

0.83

0.77

1.00

5.30

0.82

1.88

0.93

0.65

0.59

1.96

0.78

0.63

0.89

53.34

7456

7217

7660

6243

3308

1537

5831

4818

44777

74568

14817

86815

96720

93480

33320

12518

11390

12191

55647

11222

24591

34491

19487

200218

381743

123683

307788

283030

221528

344291

200558

330237

170389

146559

63

76

82

72

51

49

48

57

59

56

64

37

30

51

50

152

314

117

242

231

213

721

270

646

131

119

102

139

124

330

116

205

238 170

69

6.7

5.7

3.4

4.7

1.2

3.4

4.5

6.6

10.3

12.7

14.8

1747

1742

1733

1731

1722

1718

1709

1692

1689

1687

1681

6.7

5.7

3.4

4.7

1.2

3.4

4.5

6.6

10.3

12.7

14.8

1747

1742

1733

1731

1722

1718

1709

1692

1689

1687

1681

4.1

6.4

9.0

30.4

24.9

13.4

12.3

12.9

12.3

27.3

17.4

1601.1

1750.1

1661.4

1713.7

1693.3

1575.9

1711.1

1697.7

1701.8

1644.0

1674.7

7.4

49.8

44.6

22.7

21.8

22.9

19.9

11.3

16.0

46.4

30.7

1492.5

1757.3

1605.6

1699.8

1670.6

1471.8

1712.7

1702.0

1712.3

1610.3

1669.7

0.99

0.97

0.97

0.98

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.99

3.7

2.9

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.5

0.5

0.8

1.1

3.3

2.1

0.26

0.31

0.28

0.30

0.30

0.26

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.28

0.30

3.8

3.0

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.5

0.5

0.8

1.1

3.4

2.1

3.84

4.60

4.14

4.41

4.30

3.72

4.39

4.32

4.34

4.05

4.20

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.8

0.4

9.4

9.4

9.4

9.4

9.5

9.5

9.6

9.6

9.7

9.7

9.7

2.06

1.63

2.85

1.37

2.65

1.49

7.47

2.90

1.69

6.51

14.76

95259

192393

243056

344006

682518

877993

598536

163112

631687

1042752

3498705

96

157

378

382

461

844

396

150

397 1412 1320

70

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