Redalyc.Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) Calendrical Conversion Tables for the 16Th and 17Th Centuries

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Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies ISSN: 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal

Santos Pinto dos, José Miguel Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) calendrical conversion tables for the 16th and 17th centuries Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 5, december, 2002, pp. 9-26 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal

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IEYASU (1542-1616) VERSUS IEYASU (1543-1616): CALENDRICAL CONVERSION TABLES FOR THE 16th AND 17th CENTURIES

José Miguel Pinto dos Santos Hiroshima University

Disputes concerning the time or place of occurrence of a certain event are not uncommon among historians. One example that naturally comes to mind in the history of the relations between Portugal and Japan in the sixteenth century is the argument about the date of arrival of the first Portuguese in Japan 1. These controversies are not, for the most part, futile. It is not only good sense to try to ascertain with the maximum possible certainty the background of a certain episode before attempting to offer higher interpretations on its meaningfulness, but from these discussions usually emerges a deeper understanding of the circumstances surrounding the event. There is no such a dispute concerning the date of birth of Tokugawa Ieyasu ü ¹ = No serious doubt is on record that he was born on the 26th day of the Twelfth Month of the 11th year of Tembun $ ¥ . However, the careful reader of Western periodicals or collective works with articles pertaining to the history of Japan of the 16th and 17th centuries might be forgiven if he thought that one such quibble was going on between two scholarly factions. He would notice in his reading that although the majority of authors would indicate 1542 as the year when Ieyasu first saw light, not a few others would offer 1543 instead. It is beyond the purpose of this short note to offer a careful statistical analysis of the relative frequency with which 1542 and 1543 are chosen among scholarly writers for the first item in the date duplet following the opening reference to Ieyasu in their articles. Concerning fact, frequency of opinion does not make right. But to substantiate the observation made that

1 This was one of the longest polemics in this field. Before been closed in favor of 1543 by Georg Schurhammer, “O descobrimento do Japão pelos Portugueses no ano de 1543”, Anais da Aca- demia Portuguesa de História, Ser. 2, 1 (Lisbon, 1946), pp. 1-172, another strongly advocated possibility was 1542, a date first advanced by António Galvão (see Antonie Galvano, The Discov- eries of the World from their first originall vnto the yeere of our Lord 1555, Londini, Impensis G. Bishop, 1601, p. 92). 10 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos

there is a disparity between authors regarding the year attributed to the birth of the first Tokugawa, in Table I is presented a sample of thirty seven reference works in eight languages that were inspected in their entries for Toku- gawa Ieyasu about the date of his birth. Nineteen of the works listed, or about half, are Japanese. While one of these nineteen does not give a Western date for Ieyasu’s birth, sixteen choose 1542, and just two opted for 1543. Six of these Japanese works specialize in history. In this category five prefer 1542 against one that selected 1543. Of the eighteen non-Japanese works in the table, thirteen give 1542 against five that present 1543. Of the five that record 1543, one is Chinese, two are English (one specializing on Japan), one is French and another is German 2. The widespread use of 1542 for Ieyasu’s birth date is, to say the least, unfortunate. It stems not from any doubt concerning when an event took place, but from an inappropriate correspondence that is usually made between the years in the Japanese traditional luni-solar calendar and the years in Christian solar calendar 3. Although years in the Japanese luni-solar calendar were not coterminous with the Julian and Gregorian calendars, an inaccurate correspondence between the Japanese luni-solar year and the Western year has become common where, for example, Tembun 11 is identi- fied with 1542. To be sure, most days of Tembun 11 fell in 1542. The problem is that not all days of Tembun 11 fell in 1542, and thus the automatic identifi- cation made between the two years is inaccurate. 1542 has a precise meaning that should be preserved. It indicates those days between its beginning in January 1st (e.g., the 15th day of the Twelfth Month of the 10th year of Tembun in the Japanese traditional calendar) and its end in December 31st (e.g., the 25th day of Eleventh Month of the 11th year of Tembun) to the exclusion of all other days. Likewise Tembun 11 has a precise meaning that should not be tampered with. It indicates those days between the first day of its Shógatsu (e.g., January 16, 1542) and the last day of its last month (the 29th day of the

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Table I Year of birth of Tokugawa Ieyasu according to several major reference works

Publication Year of birth of Dictionary or Encyclopaedia Language Year Tokugawa Ieyasu

Zhong Guo Da Bai Ke Qan Shu Chinese 1990 1543 Encyclopedia Britanica English 2001 1543 Great Soviet Encyclopedia English 1980 1542 Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan English 1983 1543 The Columbia Encyclopedia English 1963 1542 The Encyclopedia Americana English 1989 1542 Dictionnaire Encyclopedique Quillet French 1969 1542 Encyclopaedia Universalis * French 1990 1543 Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopedique French 1985 1542 La Grande Encyclopedie Larousse French 1974 1542 Larousse 3 Volumes en Couleurs French 1966 1542 Brockhaus Enzyklopadie German 1993 1543 Das Grosse Duden-Lexikon German 1966 1542 Meyers Grosses Universal Lexikon German 1982 1542 Lessico Universale Italiano Italian 1980 1549 Britannica International Encyclopaedia Japanese 1991 1543 Encyclopedia Appolo Japanese 1970 1542 Encyclopedia Heibonsha Japanese 1985 1542 Encyclopedia Japonica Japanese 1977 1542 Encyclopedia Nipponica 2001 Japanese 1987 1542 Kobunko Japanese Taisho 5 — Kokumin Hyaka Jiten Japanese 1962 1542 Kokushi Daijiten Japanese 1989 1542 Mypaedia Japanese 1990 1542 Nihon Kirisuto-kyo Rekishi Daijiten Japanese 1988 1543 Nihon Rekishi Dai-Jiten Japanese 1958 1542 Nihon-shi Jiten (Tokyo Sógen-sha) Japanese 1990 1542 Nihon-shi Jiten (Kadokawa Shoten) Japanese 1996 1542 Nihon-shi Sogo Jiten Japanese 1991 1542 Seikai Dai-Hyaka Jiten Japanese 1988 1542 Sengoku Cronik Japanese 1995 1542 Shakai Kagaku Daijiten Japanese 1970 1542 Shó-Hyaka Jiten Japanese 1954 1542 The Millennium Encyclopedic Lexicon Japanese 1998 1542 Grande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e Brasileira Portuguese ?-1960 1542 Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana Spanish 1928 1542 Nueva Enciclopedia Larousse Spanish 1980 1542

* No entry for Tokugawa Ieyasu; date taken from article on Japan. 12 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos

Twelfth Month 4, or February 3, 1543). Thus, although Ieyasu was born in Tembun 11, he was not born in 1542 but in1543. There are several possible causes to the prevalence of this undue correspondence between years in the two calendars. One might be the fact that the Japanese calendar has been coterminous with the Western one since 1873, when Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar (except for the use of nengó oooo, where years are counted according to a system of short duration eras). Thus an exact correspondence has existed for the beginning and end of the years in the two calendars for about 130 years. Under these circumstances and under the weight of custom it has become easy to make the assumption that even before 1873 a certain nengó year was coterminous with a Western year. Unfortunately this easy assumption has become all to common. Another reason might be the scant number of history textbooks, manuals and other reference works, in Japanese and in Western languages, that acknowledges the no-coterminousness of years between the two calendars. On the contrary, the assumption of coterminousness is widespread both in Japanese and non- Japanese history publications and specially glaring in their chronological tables and time lines. The result is a low awareness to this problem. Finally although there are many conversion tables for the two calendars 5, they might not be easily accessible, especially outside Japan, or be easily usable, particularly by those who have less than good knowledge of written Japanese 6. To lessen this problem and having particularly in mind the students of the history of the Japanese-Portuguese relations, in Table 2 an instrument for the conversion of dates between the traditional Japanese calendar and the Julian

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1549. To obtain the Japanese date, we first look for 1549 in the column corresponding to the first Japanese month. Having located this, one can do one of two things. We can move along this line until we find 08/23 in the column corresponding to the Eighth Month. As we know that the Eight Month began in August 23, August 15 must be the eighth day counting backwards from the last day (inclusive) of the Seventh Month. As the Seventh Month had 29 days, Xavier arrived in Kagoshima the 22nd of the Seventh Month of Tembun 18. Another way would be to count the number of days between July 25 (when the Seventh Month began) and August 15: there are 22 days, inclusive of July 25, so we arrive again to the conclusion that Xavier arrived in Kagoshima the 22nd of the Seventh Month. This table is presented here having foremost in mind those historians who cannot read Japanese. Thus some other information that is normal in tables published in Japanese, such as sexagenary cycles, is omitted. Though this information may be important in certain cases for dating Japanese events and documents the chances are that it will of no use for our target readers. It is expected that this table will be of use in two main cases. First, it may be used to convert dates in the Japanese calendar that may be found in modern translations of Japanese primary sources. Considerable amount of Japanese primary sources have been translated into Western languages, usually giving the date in the Japanese calendar without conversion into the Western date 7. Second, it can also be employed to convert dates given in the Japanese calendrical system appearing in European primary sources of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. For example, in a letter written from Japan in 1555 we can read:

“Auerá quarto dias que nos escreueo que tinha feito a casa noua, & Lourenço escreueo que ate 27. da lüa de Iunho andáraõ a fazer hüa casa de oito braças & mea de comprido, & seis de largo. Começáraõ a dizer missa nella a 28. da lüa de Iunho.” 8

It is clear that dates mentioned here are not June 27 and 28. Making the obvious assumption that lüa de Iunho stands for the Sixth Month in the Japanese traditional calendar we have that these dates are probably the 27th and 28th of the Sixth Month in 1555. Making use of Table II it can easily be found that these days are July 15 and 16, 1555.

7 For example, Adriana Boscaro, 101 Letters of Hideyoshi: The Private Correspondence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Tokyo, Sophia University, 1975). 8 Cartas qve os Padres e Irmãos da Companhia de Iesus escreuerão dos Reynos de Iapão & China aos da mesma Companhia da India, & Europa, desdo anno de 1549. atè o de 1580. Primeiro tomo. (Euora, Manoel de Lyra, 1598), f. 44 v. Table II – Calendrical Conversion Table

Year in Japa- First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Nineth Tenth Eleventh Twelveth Intercalary nese Calendar Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month

Bunki 1 1501/01/19 02/18 03/19 04/18 05/17 06/16 08/14 09/13 10/12 11/11 12/11 02/01/09 (6) 01/07/15

Bunki 2 1502/02/08 03/09 04/07 05/07 06/05 07/05 08/03 09/02 10/01 10/31 11/3012/30

Bunki 3 1503/01/28 02/27 03/28 04/26 05/26 06/24 07/23 08/22 09/21 10/20 11/19 12/19

Eishó1 1504/01/18 02/16 03/17 05/14 06/13 07/12 08/10 09/09 10/08 11/07 12/0705/01/06 (3) 04/04/15

Eishó2 1505/02/04 03/06 04/05 05/04 06/02 07/02 07/31 08/29 09/28 10/27 11/26 12/26 Ieyasu (1542-1616)Versus Ieyasu(1543-1616)

Eishó3 1506/01/24 02/23 03/25 04/23 05/23 06/21 07/21 08/19 09/17 10/17 11/15 07/01/13(11) 06/12/15

Eishó4 1507/02/12 03/14 04/13 05/12 06/11 07/10 08/09 09/07 10/06 11/05 12/04 08/01/03

Eishó5 1508/02/01 03/02 04/01 04/30 05/30 06/28 07/28 08/27 09/25 10/24 11/23 12/22

Eishó6 1509/01/21 02/19 03/21 04/19 05/19 06/18 07/17 08/16 10/14 11/12 12/12 10/01/10 (8) 09/09/14

Eishó7 1510/02/09 03/10 04/09 05/08 06/07 07/06 08/05 09/04 10/03 11/02 12/01 12/31

Eishó8 1511/01/30 02/28 03/29 04/28 05/27 06/25 07/25 08/24 09/22 10/22 11/21 12/20

Eishó9 1512/01/19 02/18 03/18 04/16 06/14 07/13 08/12 09/10 10/10 11/0912/09 13/01/07 (4) 12/05/16

Eishó10 1513/02/06 03/08 04/06 05/05 06/04 07/03 08/01 08/31 09/29 10/29 11/28 12/27

Eishó11 1514/01/26 02/25 03/26 04/25 05/24 06/23 07/22 08/20 09/19 10/18 11/17 12/16

Eishó12 1515/01/15 02/14 04/1405/14 06/12 07/12 08/10 09/08 10/08 11/06 12/06 16/01/04 (2) 15/03/16

Eishó13 1516/02/03 03/04 04/02 05/02 06/01 06/30 07/30 08/28 09/26 10/26 11/24 12/24

Eishó14 1517/01/22 02/21 03/22 04/21 05/21 06/19 07/19 08/17 09/16 10/15 12/13 18/01/12 (10) 17/11/14

Eishó15 1518/02/10 03/12 04/10 05/10 06/08 07/08 08/07 09/05 10/05 11/03 12/03 19/01/01

Eishó16 1519/01/31 03/01 03/31 04/29 05/29 06/27 07/27 08/25 09/24 10/24 11/22 12/22

Notes: (1) Bold Type: month with 30 days; otherwise month with 29 days. (2) Italic Type: Western date is Julian; otherwise is Gregorian. Gregorian date=Julian date + 10 days. 15 (3) For more detailed information how to use this table see the text. 16 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos 25/12/15 36/11/14 20/07/15 23/04/16 28/10/14 31/06/15 39/07/16 34/02/13 42/04/15 (6) (3) (9) (5) (6) (1) (3) (11) (10) 12/31 12/27 12/25 12/22 12/18 12/25 12/23 12/28 27/01/03 32/01/08 37/01/12 43/01/06 29/01/10 35/01/04 38/01/01 40/01/09 11/26 11/24 12/12 12/06 12/03 12/11 11/29 12/1011/29 21/01/09 11/18 12/29 12/07 12/18 24/01/06 11/1512/04 26/01/13 11/16 12/16 11/25 11/11 10/31 10/20 11/08 10/17 11/05 10/27 10/27 10/25 11/0110/21 12/01 11/09 11/2010/28 12/09 12/20 11/27 11/06 10/15 12/13 10/1911/07 11/18 12/07 09/28 09/26 10/03 09/22 10/11 09/1910/08 10/18 09/16 09/20 10/09 09/17 10/06 09/27 10/0409/23 11/03 10/12 10/2309/30 11/11 11/22 10/30 08/22 09/10 08/19 09/07 08/31 09/29 08/29 09/05 08/25 09/13 08/2209/10 09/20 10/09 09/01 10/01 08/29 08/15 09/1408/23 09/11 11/12 08/20 09/08 08/03 07/17 07/25 08/13 08/10 08/03 09/01 07/23 08/11 07/20 08/08 07/28 08/27 08/04 09/03 08/01 07/30 07/18 08/17 07/26 07/23 08/11 07/0206/21 07/10 07/31 06/29 07/06 06/2307/01 07/22 06/19 06/27 07/13 06/1507/04 08/13 09/12 10/12 06/25 07/14 07/11 07/07 08/06 06/1607/04 08/14 05/2606/14 06/24 07/13 05/17 06/04 07/03 06/12 06/08 05/26 06/24 06/02 05/22 06/10 05/30 05/1806/06 06/17 05/24 05/20 05/28 06/13 – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.) – Calendrical Conversion Table 04/1805/07 05/17 06/05 05/04 04/23 05/12 05/01 04/28 05/27 04/25 04/21 04/1905/07 05/18 06/05 04/26 04/17 05/05 05/13 05/02 06/01 05/09 04/26 Table II Table 03/28 03/2104/09 04/19 05/08 03/19 04/06 04/14 04/03 03/31 04/29 03/28 03/17 05/15 03/19 04/07 03/17 05/15 04/01 03/29 03/22 03/20 04/07 02/16 03/03 02/28 02/22 03/12 04/10 02/19 03/09 02/26 03/0502/22 04/04 03/13 03/24 04/12 02/20 03/10 02/17 03/15 03/04 03/01 1520/01/211521/02/08 02/19 1522/01/28 03/09 1524/02/05 1525/01/24 1526/02/12 1528/01/22 1529/02/09 1531/01/19 1534/01/15 1535/02/03 1538/01/31 1523/01/17 1527/02/01 1530/01/29 1532/02/061533/01/25 03/07 02/24 03/26 1536/01/23 1537/02/10 1539/01/20 1540/02/08 1541/01/271542/01/16 02/26 02/15 17 ó roku 1 roku 2 roku 3 roku 4 ó ó ó ó ear in Japa- First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Nineth Tenth Eleventh Twelveth Intercalary Y Eish 1 Taiei 2 Taiei 3 Taiei 4 Taiei 5 Taiei 6 Taiei 7 Taiei Ky Ky Ky Ky 1 Tembun 2 Tembun 3 Tembun 4 Tembun 5 Tembun 6 Tembun 7 Tembun 8 Tembun 9 Tembun 10 Tembun 11 Tembun nese Calendar Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Table II – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.)

Tembun 12 1543/02/04 03/06 04/04 05/04 06/03 07/02 08/01 08/30 09/29 10/28 11/27 12/26

Tembun 13 1544/01/24 02/23 03/24 04/22 05/22 06/20 07/20 08/19 09/17 10/17 11/15 45/01/13(11) 44/12/15

Tembun 14 1545/02/12 03/13 04/11 05/11 06/09 07/09 08/08 09/06 10/06 11/05 12/04 46/01/03

Tembun 15 1546/02/01 03/03 04/01 04/30 05/30 06/28 07/28 08/26 09/25 10/2511/24 12/23

Tembun 16 1547/01/22 02/20 03/22 04/20 05/19 06/18 07/17 09/14 10/1411/13 12/12 48/01/11(7) 47/08/16 Ieyasu (1542-1616)Versus Ieyasu(1543-1616)

Tembun 17 1548/02/10 03/10 04/09 05/08 06/06 07/06 08/04 09/02 10/02 11/01 11/30 12/30

Tembun 18 1549/01/29 02/28 03/29 04/28 05/27 06/25 07/25 08/23 09/21 10/21 11/19 12/19

Tembun 19 1550/01/18 02/17 03/18 04/17 05/17 07/14 08/13 09/11 10/10 11/09 12/08 51/01/07(5) 50/06/15

Tembun 20 1551/02/06 03/08 04/06 05/06 06/04 07/04 08/02 09/01 09/30 10/29 11/28 12/27

Tembun 21 1552/01/26 02/25 03/25 04/24 05/24 06/22 07/22 08/20 09/19 10/18 11/16 12/16

Tembun 22 1553/01/14 03/14 04/1305/13 06/11 07/11 08/09 09/08 10/08 11/06 12/06 54/01/04(2) 53/02/13

Tembun 23 1554/02/02 03/04 04/02 05/02 05/31 06/30 07/30 08/28 09/27 10/27 11/25 12/25

Kóji 1 1555/01/23 02/22 03/23 04/21 05/21 06/19 07/19 08/17 09/16 10/16 12/14 56/01/13 (10) 55/11/14

Kóji 2 1556/02/11 03/12 04/10 05/09 06/08 07/07 08/05 09/04 10/04 11/02 12/02 57/01/01

Kóji 3 1557/01/31 03/01 03/31 04/29 05/28 06/27 07/26 08/24 09/23 10/22 11/21 12/21

Eiroku 1 1558/01/20 02/19 03/20 04/19 05/18 06/16 08/14 09/12 10/12 11/10 12/10 59/01/09(6) 58/07/16

Eiroku 2 1559/02/08 03/09 04/08 05/07 06/06 07/05 08/04 09/02 10/01 10/31 11/29 12/29

Eiroku 3 1560/01/28 02/26 03/27 04/26 05/25 06/24 07/23 08/22 09/20 10/19 11/18 12/17

Eiroku 4 1561/01/16 02/14 03/16 05/14 06/1307/13 08/11 09/10 10/09 11/07 12/07 01/05 (3) 61/04/15

Eiroku 5 1562/02/04 03/05 04/04 05/03 06/02 07/02 07/31 08/30 09/28 10/28 11/27 12/26

Eiroku 6 1563/01/24 02/23 03/24 04/23 05/22 06/21 07/20 08/19 09/18 10/17 11/16 12/16 (12) 64/01/14

Eiroku 7 1564/02/13 03/13 04/11 05/11 06/09 07/09 08/07 09/06 10/05 11/04 12/0465/01/03 17 Eiroku 8 1565/02/01 03/03 04/01 04/30 05/30 06/28 07/27 08/26 09/24 10/24 11/23 12/23 18 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos 74/12/14 66/09/14 69/06/15 72/02/14 77/08/14 80/04/14 (8) 85/9/24 (5) 88/6/24 (8) (5) (1) (7) (1) 83/02/23 (3) (11) 12/31 12/19 12/17 12/29 12/26 12/25 12/30 12/27 12/24 12/20 12/18 67/01/11 70/01/07 87/01/09 89/01/17 76/01/01 78/01/08 81/01/05 11/28 11/25 12/03 11/21 12/10 11/19 12/07 11/26 12/1412/02 84/01/13 12/21 85/01/01 12/11 86/01/20 11/30 12/18 11/19 12/08 11/17 12/05 73/01/04 11/29 11/26 10/21 11/09 10/19 11/06 10/31 10/28 10/27 11/15 11/03 11/22 11/11 11/01 11/19 11/01 12/01 10/29 10/22 11/10 10/20 11/07 10/03 09/30 09/23 10/12 09/21 10/09 10/04 10/13 10/02 10/20 09/21 10/10 09/19 10/07 09/2609/15 10/26 10/04 10/15 11/03 11/1410/01 75/01/12 08/21 09/08 08/28 08/17 09/05 09/1609/05 10/16 08/2509/13 10/23 09/03 09/21 08/1509/03 10/13 11/1208/31 12/12 08/24 09/12 08/22 09/09 08/2908/18 09/28 09/17 07/2508/13 08/23 08/02 09/11 07/16 08/0407/24 09/02 08/11 07/31 07/20 08/18 08/06 08/04 08/22 07/22 07/18 08/06 06/1807/07 07/17 08/05 06/23 06/27 07/26 07/19 06/2807/17 07/27 07/06 08/15 07/24 06/25 07/03 07/1006/29 08/09 07/29 06/16 07/05 06/24 07/01 06/20 – Calendrical Conversion Table 05/27 06/04 06/11 05/2106/09 06/19 07/08 05/18 06/06 05/26 06/02 06/0905/29 07/08 06/17 06/06 05/25 05/19 06/07 05/16 07/14 05/28 06/12 07/12 Table II Table 04/17 05/02 05/31 04/29 04/23 05/22 05/2205/10 06/20 04/30 05/19 05/08 04/26 04/27 05/05 04/2405/12 05/24 04/21 05/10 04/18 05/03 03/2204/10 04/20 03/29 05/09 04/06 03/26 04/13 03/20 03/1604/04 05/14 04/22 04/11 03/31 03/27 04/02 03/30 04/0703/27 05/07 04/26 03/24 02/2203/13 03/23 03/01 04/11 03/09 02/26 02/23 03/24 03/12 03/02 03/2003/09 04/19 02/27 04/08 02/20 02/24 02/15 03/05 1566/01/22 1571/01/26 1573/02/03 03/04 1580/01/17 1581/02/04 1583/01/24 1585/01/31 1588/01/28 1567/02/091568/01/29 03/11 1569/01/17 02/28 1570/02/05 02/16 03/07 03/18 1572/01/15 03/14 1574/01/23 1575/02/11 1576/01/31 1577/01/191578/02/07 02/18 1579/01/27 1582/01/24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 1584/02/12 1415 1586/02/19 16 1587/02/08 ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ear in Japa- First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Nineth Tenth Eleventh Twelveth Intercalary Tensh Y Eiroku 9 Eiroku 10 Eiroku 11 Eiroku 12 Genki 1 Genki 2 Genki 3 Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh Tensh nese Calendar Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Tensh Table II – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.)

Tenshó17 1589/02/15 03/17 04/15 05/15 06/13 07/13 08/11 09/10 10/10 11/08 12/08 90/01/06

Tenshó18 1590/02/0503/06 04/05 05/04 06/02 07/02 07/31 08/30 09/2910/29 11/27 12-27

Tensh ó19 1591/01/25 03/25 04/24 05/23 06/21 07/21 08/19 09/18 10/18 11/16 12/16 92/01/15 (1) 91/02/24

Bunroku 1 1592/02/13 03/14 04/12 05/12 06/10 07/09 08/08 09/06 10/06 11/04 12/04 93/01/03

Bunroku 2 1593/02/0203/03 04/02 05/01 05/31 06/29 07/28 08/27 09/25 11/23 12/23 94/01/22 (9) 93/10/24 Ieyasu (1542-1616)Versus Ieyasu(1543-1616)

Bunroku 3 1594/02/20 03/22 04/21 05/20 06/19 07/18 08/16 09/15 10/14 11/12 12/12 95/01/11

Bunroku 4 1595/02/09 03/11 04/1005/10 06/08 07/07 08/06 09/04 10/04 11/02 12/01 12/31

Keichó1 1596/01/3002/28 03/29 04/28 05/27 06/26 07/25 09/22 10/22 11/20 12/20 97/01/18 (7) 96/08/24

Keich ó2 1597/02/1703/18 04/17 05/16 06/15 07/15 08/13 09/12 10/11 11/10 12/09 98/01/08

Keich ó3 1598/02/06 03/08 04/06 05/06 06/04 07/04 08/02 09/01 10/01 10/30 11/29 12/28

Keichó4 1599/01/2702/25 03/27 05/24 06/23 07/22 08/21 09/20 10/19 11/18 12/18 00/01/16 (3) 1599/04/25

Keich ó5 1600/02/1503/15 04/14 05/13 06/11 07/11 08/09 09/08 10/07 11/06 12/0601/01/05

Keich ó6 1601/02/03 03/05 04/03 05/03 06/01 06/30 07/30 08/28 09/26 10/26 11/25 02/01/23(11) 1601/12/25

Keich ó7 1602/02/22 03/24 04/22 05/22 06/20 07/19 08/17 09/16 10/15 11/14 12/14 03/01/12

Keichó8 1603/02/11 03/13 04/12 05/11 06/10 07/09 08/07 09/06 10/05 11/03 12/03 04/01/02

Keich ó9 1604/01/31 03/01 03/31 04/29 05/29 06/27 07/27 08/25 10/23 11/21 12/21 05/01/19 (8) 04/09/24

Keich ó10 1605/02/18 03/20 04/18 05/18 06/17 07/16 08/15 09/13 10/13 11/11 12/10 06/01/09

Keich ó11 1606/02/07 03/09 04/08 05/07 06/06 07/05 08/04 09/03 10/02 11/01 11/30 12/30

Keich ó12 1607/01/2802/26 03/28 04/26 06/24 07/24 08/23 09/21 10/21 11/20 12/19 08/01/18 (4) 07/05/26

Keich ó13 1608/02/16 03/17 04/15 05/14 06/13 07/12 08/11 09/09 10/09 11/0812/08 09/01/06

Keichó14 1609/02/0503/06 04/05 05/04 06/02 07/02 07/31 08/30 09/28 10/28 11/27 12/26

Keichó15 1610/01/25 02/24 04/24 05/23 06/2107/20 08/19 09/17 10/17 11/16 12/15 11/01/14 (2) 10/03/25 19 Keichó16 1611/02/13 03/15 04/13 05/13 06/11 07/10 08/08 09/07 10/06 11/05 12/04 12/01/03 20 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos (3) 18/04/25 (8) 23/09/25 (7) 34/08/24 (6) 15/07/26 (4) 26/05/26 (2) 29/03/25 (10) 31/11/24 (10) 12/11/23 (12) 21/01/23 12/31 12/30 01/03 01/22 12/31 14/01/10 17/01/08 23/01/01 24/01/20 27/01/18 28/01/07 30/01/14 33/01/10 12/12 12/01 12/21 16/01/19 11/28 12/28 11/2412/13 12/24 12/03 22/01/12 12/22 12/11 25/01/09 12/04 12/12 12/01 12/20 35/01/19 10/2411/12 12/22 13/01/21 11/21 11/0910/30 12/09 11/1711/06 12/1710/26 12/06 19/01/16 11/14 20/01/05 11/03 11/22 10/31 11/30 10/2711/15 11/2611/05 12/15 10/25 12/26 11/12 12/23 11/02 11/21 10/0410/23 11/02 10/11 10/19 10/08 09/26 10/15 10/24 10/1210/02 11/11 10/2010/09 11/1909/28 11/0810/17 12/19 10/06 12/08 10/14 10/03 08/2709/15 09/25 09/04 10/14 09/11 08/31 09/30 09/08 09/0608/26 10/05 09/13 09/21 09/10 08/29 09/17 08/2809/14 09/26 09/04 07/28 08/16 08/06 08/13 08/02 08/2008/10 09/19 07/3008/18 08/28 08/07 09/16 07/28 08/14 08/03 09/02 08/11 08/0907/29 09/07 08/16 07/25 09/22 10/22 07/18 07/07 06/26 08/2407/03 09/23 07/11 06/30 07/19 07/09 07/16 07/05 07/23 08/22 07/0207/21 07/31 07/10 08/19 06/30 07/17 07/0606/26 08/05 05/3106/18 06/29 06/08 05/28 06/1406/04 07/14 06/23 07/22 06/20 06/09 05/29 06/28 06/05 06/24 06/1406/02 07/13 06/21 06/11 05/31 06/18 06/07 05/27 – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.) – Calendrical Conversion Table 05/20 05/16 05/05 05/24 05/0305/21 06/01 04/30 05/1705/07 06/16 04/26 05/15 05/23 05/12 05/02 05/19 05/08 04/28 Table II Table 04/0104/20 05/01 04/0903/29 05/09 04/16 04/28 03/27 04/15 05/1404/22 06/12 04/11 05/11 04/18 04/07 04/05 05/04 04/13 04/20 04/09 03/29 03/03 03/22 03/11 02/28 03/18 03/0802/25 04/06 03/16 03/0403/23 04/03 03/12 03/0103/19 03/31 03/09 02/2703/18 03/28 04/16 02/23 04/23 03/10 02/28 1612/02/02 1613/02/20 1614/02/09 1615/01/29 1616/02/17 1617/02/06 1625/02/07 1626/01/28 1627/02/16 1628/02/05 03/06 1630/02/121631/02/01 03/14 1632/02/20 03/03 03/21 04/02 1634/01/29 17 18 19 ó ó ó ear in Japa- First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Nineth Tenth Eleventh Twelveth Intercalary Kan’ei 9 Kan’ei Genna 1 3 Kan’ei 8 Kan’ei 11 Kan’ei Keich Y Keich Keich Genna 4Genna 6 1618/01/27 Genna 7Genna 8 1620/02/04 Genna 9 1621/02/22 1622/02/11 1623/01/31 6Kan’ei 1629/01/25 10Kan’ei 1633/02/09 Genna 5 1619/02/15 1Kan’ei 1624/02/19 nese Calendar Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Genna 2 2 Kan’ei Genna 3 5 Kan’ei Kan’ei 4 Kan’ei 7 Kan’ei Table II – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.)

Kan’ei 12 1635/02/18 03/1904/17 05/17 06/15 07/14 08/13 09/12 10/11 11/10 12/10 36/01/08

Kan’ei 13 1636/02/07 03/08 04/06 05/05 06/04 07/03 08/01 08/31 09/29 10/29 11/2812/28

Kan’ei 14 1637/01/26 02/25 03/27 05/24 06/23 07/22 08/20 09/19 10/18 11/17 12/17 38/01/15 (3) 37/04/25

Kan’ei 15 1638/02/14 03/16 04/14 05/14 06/12 07/12 08/10 09/08 10/08 11/06 12/06 39/01/04

Kan’ei 16 1639/02/03 03/05 04/04 05/03 06/02 07/01 07/31 08/29 09/27 10/27 11/25 40/01/23(11) 39/12/25 Ieyasu (1542-1616)Versus Ieyasu(1543-1616)

Kan’ei 17 1640/02/22 03/23 04/21 05/21 06/20 07/19 08/17 09/16 10/15 11/14 12/13 41/01/12

Kan’ei 18 1641/02/10 03/12 04/10 05/10 06/09 07/08 08/07 09/05 10/05 11/03 12/03 42/01/01

Kan’ei 19 1642/01/3103/01 03/31 04/29 05/29 06/27 07/27 08/26 09/24 11/22 12/22 43/01/20 (9) 42/10/24

Kan’ei 20 1643/02/19 03/20 04/19 05/18 06/16 07/16 08/15 09/13 10/13 11/12 12/11 44/01/10

Sh óhó1 1644/02/08 03/09 04/07 05/07 06/05 07/04 08/03 09/01 10/01 10/3111/30 12/29

Shóhó2 1645/01/2802/26 03/28 04/26 05/26 07/23 08/22 09/20 10/20 11/19 12/18 46/01/17(5) 45/06/24

Sh óhó3 1646/02/1603/17 04/16 05/15 06/14 07/13 08/11 09/10 10/09 11/08 12/07 47/01/06

Shóhó4 1647/02/05 03/07 04/05 05/05 06/03 07/03 08/01 08/3009/28 10/28 11/27 12/26

Keian 1 1648/01/25 03/24 04/2305/23 06/21 07/20 08/19 09/17 10/17 11/15 12/15 49/01/13 (1) 48/02/24

Keian 2 1649/02/12 03/13 04/12 05/12 06/10 07/10 08/08 09/07 10/06 11/05 12/04 50/01/03

Keian 3 1650/02/01 03/03 04/01 05/01 05/30 06/29 07/29 08/27 09/26 10/25 12/23 51/01/22 (10) 50/11/24

Keian 4 1651/02/20 03/22 04/20 05/20 06/18 07/18 08/16 09/15 10/15 11/13 12/13 52/01/11

Jóó1 1652/02/1003/10 04/09 05/08 06/06 07/06 08/04 09/03 10/03 11/01 12/01 12/31

J óó2 1653/01/29 02/28 03/29 04/28 05/27 06/25 08/23 09/2210/22 11/20 12/20 54/01/19 (6) 53/07/25

J óó3 1654/02/17 03/19 04/17 05/17 06/15 07/14 08/13 09/11 10/11 11/09 12/09 55/01/08

Meireki 1 1655/02/0703/08 04/07 05/06 06/05 07/04 08/0208/31 09/30 10/29 11/28 12/28

Meireki 2 1656/01/2702/25 03/26 04/25 06/23 07/22 08/2009/18 10/18 11/16 12/16 57/01/15 (4) 56/05/24 21 Meireki 3 1657/02/13 03/15 04/1405/14 06/12 07/11 08/10 09/08 10/08 11/06 12/05 58/01/04 22 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos (8) 61/09/24 (5) 64/06/24 (4) 75/05/25 (8) 80/09/23 (2) 67/03/25 (6) 72/07/24 (10) 69/11/24 (12) 78/01/23 (12) 59/01/23 12/24 01/20 01/10 12/30 12/26 12/31 12/27 12/25 60/01/13 61/01/01 65/01/16 66/01/06 68/01/14 69/01/03 70/01/22 71/01/11 76/01/15 77/01/04 79/01/13 12/14 12/03 12/22 12/18 11/26 12/15 12/04 12/13 12/02 12/1912/08 73/01/18 11/28 74/01/07 12/17 12/05 11/25 12/03 80/01/02 10/2711/15 11/25 11/03 11/07 12/07 11/05 11/20 11/09 10/29 11/17 10/27 11/1411/04 12/14 11/21 12/21 81/01/20 09/27 10/16 10/05 10/1210/01 11/1110/19 10/3110/09 12/11 11/18 09/29 11/30 10/18 10/28 10/06 11/16 09/25 10/25 12/23 10/10 09/30 10/08 11/06 10/16 10/23 08/29 09/17 09/13 09/02 09/20 09/09 08/30 09/18 09/07 08/27 09/1409/03 10/1409/21 10/0309/11 11/13 10/21 08/31 11/02 09/2009/08 10/19 08/28 09/27 09/0508/24 10/05 07/30 08/18 08/0607/26 09/05 08/14 08/2508/03 10/2308/21 11/22 08/01 08/20 08/16 08/12 08/21 08/10 07/30 08/1708/07 09/16 07/26 07/01 07/20 07/08 06/27 07/16 07/02 07/21 07/0906/28 08/08 07/17 07/28 07/07 08/05 07/04 08/02 07/11 06/30 07/19 07/08 06/26 06/01 05/28 06/16 05/2606/14 07/23 06/03 07/1306/22 06/10 08/11 05/30 06/18 06/07 06/04 06/2306/12 07/23 06/01 06/19 06/09 – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.) – Calendrical Conversion Table 05/03 05/2105/09 06/20 06/08 05/0804/26 06/0605/15 05/04 07/05 05/11 04/30 05/19 04/2805/17 05/2705/06 06/15 06/25 07/14 08/23 05/21 05/10 Table II Table 04/22 03/3104/19 04/29 04/08 05/18 03/28 04/16 04/05 04/12 04/01 04/20 04/1003/29 05/09 04/17 04/06 03/2604/13 04/25 04/02 05/13 04/21 05/02 04/11 03/31 04/29 05/28 03/0403/23 04/03 03/1203/01 04/10 03/20 03/10 03/02 03/21 03/11 02/29 03/19 03/08 02/25 03/15 03/04 03/23 03/12 03/01 1660/02/11 1963/02/08 1664/01/281665/02/15 02/27 1666/02/04 03/17 1667/01/24 03/06 1668/02/12 02/23 03/13 04/23 05/23 1672/01/30 1673/02/17 1674/02/06 1675/01/26 1676/02/14 1677/02/02 1678/02/21 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 1679/02/11 1680/02/01 ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ear in Japa- First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Nineth Tenth Eleventh Twelveth Intercalary Kambun 10 1670/02/20 Emp Kambun 3 Kambun 4 Kambun 7 Y Manji 1Manji 2 1658/02/03 Kambun 1 1659/02/22 1661/01/31 Kambun 11Kambun 12 1671/02/10 Emp Emp Emp Emp Kambun 2 1662/02/19 Kambun 5 Emp nese Calendar Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Manji 3 Kambun 6 Kambun 9 1669/02/01 Emp Emp Kambun 8 Table II – Calendrical Conversion Table (cont.)

Tenna 1 1681/02/1903/20 04/19 05/18 06/1607/15 08/14 09/12 10/12 11/10 12/10 82/01/09

Tenna 2 1682/02/0803/09 04/08 05/08 06/06 07/05 08/03 09/02 10/01 10/31 11/29 12/29

Tenna 3 1683/01/28 02/27 03/28 04/27 05/26 07/24 08/22 09/21 10/20 11/19 12/18 84/01/17(5) 83/06/25

J ókyó1 1684/02/1603/16 04/15 05/15 06/13 07/13 08/11 09/10 10/09 11/07 12/07 85/01/05

Jókyó2 1685/02/0403/05 04/04 05/03 06/02 07/02 07/31 08/30 09/28 10/28 11/26 12/26 Ieyasu (1542-1616)Versus Ieyasu(1543-1616)

J ókyó3 1686/01/24 02/23 03/24 05/22 06/21 07/20 08/19 09/18 10/17 11/16 12/15 87/01/14 (3) 86/04/23

J ókyó4 1687/02/12 03/14 04/12 05/11 06/10 07/09 08/08 09/07 10/06 11/05 12/05 88/01/03

Genroku 1 1688/02/0203/02 04/01 04/30 05/29 06/28 07/27 08/26 09/24 10/24 11/2312/23

Genroku 2 1689/01/21 03/21 04/20 05/19 06/17 07/17 08/15 09/14 10/13 11/12 12/1290/01/11 (1) 89/02/20

Genroku 3 1690/02/09 03/11 04/09 05/09 06/07 07/06 08/05 09/03 10/02 11/01 12/01 12/30

Genroku 4 1691/01/29 02/28 03/30 04/28 05/28 06/26 07/25 08/24 10/21 11/20 12/20 92/01/18 (8) 91/09/22

Genroku 5 1692/02/17 03/18 04/16 05/16 06/15 07/14 08/12 09/11 10/1011/08 12/08 93/01/06

Genroku 6 1693/02/05 03/07 04/06 05/05 06/04 07/03 08/02 08/31 09/30 10/29 11/27 12/27

Genroku 7 1694/01/25 02/24 03/26 04/24 05/24 07/22 08/21 09/19 10/19 11/17 12/17 95/01/15 (5) 94/06/23

Genroku 8 1695/02/13 03/15 04/13 05/13 06/12 07/11 08/10 09/08 10/08 11/07 12/06 96/01/05

Genroku 9 1696/02/03 03/04 04/02 05/01 05/31 06/29 07/29 08/28 09/26 10/26 11/25 12/24

Genroku 10 1697/01/2302/21 04/21 05/20 06/19 07/18 08/17 09/15 10/15 11/14 12/13 98/01/12(2) 97/03/23

Genroku 11 1698/02/11 03/12 04/11 05/10 06/08 07/08 08/06 09/04 10/04 11/03 12/02 99/01/01

Genroku 12 1699/01/31 03/02 03/31 04/30 05/29 06/27 07/27 08/25 09/23 11/21 12/21 00/01/20(9) 99/10/23

Genroku 13 1700/02/19 03/21 04/19 05/19 06/17 07/16 08/15 09/13 10/12 11/11 12/10 01/01/09 23 24 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos

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Abstract

This note argues that the one to one correspondence that exists between the dates in the Japanese traditional calendar and those in the Julian and Gregorian calendars should be carefully preserved. Unfortunately this correspondence is not always respected. The birth date of Tokugawa Ieyasu is presented as an example of the imprecise conversion that is often made between those calendars. To help those who wish to convert dates between the Japanese and Western calendars we publish a simplified conversion table for the 16th and 17th centuries.

Resumo

Este artigo defende que a correspondência biunívoca entre o calendário tradi- cional japonês e os calendários Juliano e Gregoriano deve ser cuidadosamente preser- vada. Infelizmente esta correspondência nem sempre é respeitada. É apresentada como exemplo de conversão imprecisa, que é frequentemente feita entre o calendário japonês e os ocidentais, a data de nascimento de Tokugawa Ieyasu. Para ajudar aqueles que pretendam efectuar conversão de datas entre os calendários referidos apresentamos uma tabela de conversão para os séculos XVI e XVII.