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Redalyc.Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) Calendrical Conversion Tables for the 16Th and 17Th Centuries

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Redalyc.Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) Calendrical Conversion Tables for the 16Th and 17Th Centuries Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies ISSN: 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal Santos Pinto dos, José Miguel Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) calendrical conversion tables for the 16th and 17th centuries Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 5, december, 2002, pp. 9-26 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100502 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative BPJS, 2003, 5, 9-26 9 IEYASU (1542-1616) VERSUS IEYASU (1543-1616): CALENDRICAL CONVERSION TABLES FOR THE 16th AND 17th CENTURIES José Miguel Pinto dos Santos Hiroshima University Disputes concerning the time or place of occurrence of a certain event are not uncommon among historians. One example that naturally comes to mind in the history of the relations between Portugal and Japan in the sixteenth century is the argument about the date of arrival of the first Portuguese in Japan 1. These controversies are not, for the most part, futile. It is not only good sense to try to ascertain with the maximum possible certainty the background of a certain episode before attempting to offer higher interpretations on its meaningfulness, but from these discussions usually emerges a deeper understanding of the circumstances surrounding the event. There is no such a dispute concerning the date of birth of Tokugawa Ieyasu ü ¹ = No serious doubt is on record that he was born on the 26th day of the Twelfth Month of the 11th year of Tembun $ ¥ . However, the careful reader of Western periodicals or collective works with articles pertaining to the history of Japan of the 16th and 17th centuries might be forgiven if he thought that one such quibble was going on between two scholarly factions. He would notice in his reading that although the majority of authors would indicate 1542 as the year when Ieyasu first saw light, not a few others would offer 1543 instead. It is beyond the purpose of this short note to offer a careful statistical analysis of the relative frequency with which 1542 and 1543 are chosen among scholarly writers for the first item in the date duplet following the opening reference to Ieyasu in their articles. Concerning fact, frequency of opinion does not make right. But to substantiate the observation made that 1 This was one of the longest polemics in this field. Before been closed in favor of 1543 by Georg Schurhammer, “O descobrimento do Japão pelos Portugueses no ano de 1543”, Anais da Aca- demia Portuguesa de História, Ser. 2, 1 (Lisbon, 1946), pp. 1-172, another strongly advocated possibility was 1542, a date first advanced by António Galvão (see Antonie Galvano, The Discov- eries of the World from their first originall vnto the yeere of our Lord 1555, Londini, Impensis G. Bishop, 1601, p. 92). 10 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos there is a disparity between authors regarding the year attributed to the birth of the first Tokugawa, in Table I is presented a sample of thirty seven refer- ence works in eight languages that were inspected in their entries for Toku- gawa Ieyasu about the date of his birth. Nineteen of the works listed, or about half, are Japanese. While one of these nineteen does not give a Western date for Ieyasu’s birth, sixteen choose 1542, and just two opted for 1543. Six of these Japanese works specialize in history. In this category five prefer 1542 against one that selected 1543. Of the eighteen non-Japanese works in the table, thirteen give 1542 against five that present 1543. Of the five that record 1543, one is Chinese, two are English (one specializing on Japan), one is French and another is German 2. The widespread use of 1542 for Ieyasu’s birth date is, to say the least, unfortunate. It stems not from any doubt concerning when an event took place, but from an inappropriate correspondence that is usually made between the years in the Japanese traditional luni-solar calendar and the years in Christian solar calendar 3. Although years in the Japanese luni-solar calendar were not coterminous with the Julian and Gregorian calendars, an inaccurate correspondence between the Japanese luni-solar year and the Western year has become common where, for example, Tembun 11 is identi- fied with 1542. To be sure, most days of Tembun 11 fell in 1542. The problem is that not all days of Tembun 11 fell in 1542, and thus the automatic identifi- cation made between the two years is inaccurate. 1542 has a precise meaning that should be preserved. It indicates those days between its beginning in January 1st (e.g., the 15th day of the Twelfth Month of the 10th year of Tembun in the Japanese traditional calendar) and its end in December 31st (e.g., the 25th day of Eleventh Month of the 11th year of Tembun) to the exclusion of all other days. Likewise Tembun 11 has a precise meaning that should not be tampered with. It indicates those days between the first day of its Shógatsu (e.g., January 16, 1542) and the last day of its last month (the 29th day of the 7KH GDWH UHSRUWHG LV WKDW JLYHQ LQ WKH PRVW UHFHQW HGLWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN DYDLODEOH WR WKH DXWKRU WZR LQVWDQFHV RI FKDQJH RI WKH LQVFULEHG GDWH EHWZHHQ VXFFHVVLYH HGLWLRQV ZHUH GHWHFWHG LQ QRQ-DSDQHVH ZRUNV %RWK ZHUH LQ WKH FRUUHFW GLUHFWLRQ 7KHUH DUH D IHZ ZRUNV ZKHUH WKH -DSDQHVH OXQLVRODU FDOHQGDU LV H[SODLQHG DQG FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH *UHJRULDQ &DOHQGDU 2QH RI WKH EHVW DQG PRVW DFFHVVLEOH LV +HUVFKHO :HEE ´&DOHQGDU GDWHV DQG WLPHµ .RGDQVKD (QF\FORSHGLD RI -DSDQ 7RN\R .RGDQVKD )RU D PRUH FRPSUHKHQVLYH ZRUN VHH :LOOLDP %UDPVHQ ´2Q -DSDQHVH FKURQRORJ\ DQG FDOHQGDUVµ 7UDQVDFWLRQV RI WKH $VLDWLF 6RFLHW\ RI -DSDQ 9RO ;;;9,, 6XSSOHPHQW SS )RU DQ H[DPSOH RI WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ WKDW LV VWLOO PDGH E\ PDQ\ -DSDQHVH RI WKH :HVWHUQ &DOHQGDU DV D &KULVWLDQ &DOHQGDU DQG WKH SHUQLFLRXV HIIHFW WKDW WKLV &KULVWLDQ &DOHQGDU KDV RQ WKH DQFHVWUDO WUDGLWLRQV VHH ,QRXH 0DVDR ´·6HL\RNRNX· 1LKRQ QR \XNXHµÏWÖ ãÄéÇ -LQMD 6KLQSy 9  7RN\R -LQMD 6KLQSyVKD 9  S Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 11 Table I Year of birth of Tokugawa Ieyasu according to several major reference works Publication Year of birth of Dictionary or Encyclopaedia Language Year Tokugawa Ieyasu Zhong Guo Da Bai Ke Qan Shu Chinese 1990 1543 Encyclopedia Britanica English 2001 1543 Great Soviet Encyclopedia English 1980 1542 Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan English 1983 1543 The Columbia Encyclopedia English 1963 1542 The Encyclopedia Americana English 1989 1542 Dictionnaire Encyclopedique Quillet French 1969 1542 Encyclopaedia Universalis * French 1990 1543 Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopedique French 1985 1542 La Grande Encyclopedie Larousse French 1974 1542 Larousse 3 Volumes en Couleurs French 1966 1542 Brockhaus Enzyklopadie German 1993 1543 Das Grosse Duden-Lexikon German 1966 1542 Meyers Grosses Universal Lexikon German 1982 1542 Lessico Universale Italiano Italian 1980 1549 Britannica International Encyclopaedia Japanese 1991 1543 Encyclopedia Appolo Japanese 1970 1542 Encyclopedia Heibonsha Japanese 1985 1542 Encyclopedia Japonica Japanese 1977 1542 Encyclopedia Nipponica 2001 Japanese 1987 1542 Kobunko Japanese Taisho 5 — Kokumin Hyaka Jiten Japanese 1962 1542 Kokushi Daijiten Japanese 1989 1542 Mypaedia Japanese 1990 1542 Nihon Kirisuto-kyo Rekishi Daijiten Japanese 1988 1543 Nihon Rekishi Dai-Jiten Japanese 1958 1542 Nihon-shi Jiten (Tokyo Sógen-sha) Japanese 1990 1542 Nihon-shi Jiten (Kadokawa Shoten) Japanese 1996 1542 Nihon-shi Sogo Jiten Japanese 1991 1542 Seikai Dai-Hyaka Jiten Japanese 1988 1542 Sengoku Cronik Japanese 1995 1542 Shakai Kagaku Daijiten Japanese 1970 1542 Shó-Hyaka Jiten Japanese 1954 1542 The Millennium Encyclopedic Lexicon Japanese 1998 1542 Grande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e Brasileira Portuguese ?-1960 1542 Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana Spanish 1928 1542 Nueva Enciclopedia Larousse Spanish 1980 1542 * No entry for Tokugawa Ieyasu; date taken from article on Japan. 12 José Miguel Pinto dos Santos Twelfth Month 4, or February 3, 1543). Thus, although Ieyasu was born in Tembun 11, he was not born in 1542 but in1543. There are several possible causes to the prevalence of this undue corre- spondence between years in the two calendars. One might be the fact that the Japanese calendar has been coterminous with the Western one since 1873, when Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar (except for the use of nengó oooo, where years are counted according to a system of short duration eras). Thus an exact correspondence has existed for the beginning and end of the years in the two calendars for about 130 years. Under these circumstances and under the weight of custom it has become easy to make the assumption that even before 1873 a certain nengó year was coterminous with a Western year. Unfortunately this easy assumption has become all to common. Another reason might be the scant number of history textbooks, manuals and other reference works, in Japanese and in Western languages, that acknowledges the no-coterminousness of years between the two calendars. On the contrary, the assumption of coterminousness is widespread both in Japanese and non- Japanese history publications and specially glaring in their chronological tables and time lines. The result is a low awareness to this problem. Finally although there are many conversion tables for the two calendars 5, they
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