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The Challenged Coasts of India, October 2012

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The Challenged Coasts of India, October 2012 An initiative of NCPC Report prepared by PondyCAN In collaboration with BNHS & TISS Released on the occasion of COP 11- Convention on Biological Diversity Hyderabad – 8th to 19th Oct 2012 Sunaina Mandeen, Sudarshan Rodriguez and Deepak Apte Published by: BNHS, NCPC, PondyCAN and TISS A Discussion Document 1st Edition - November 2013 ISBN 978-81-927703-0-7 This document is produced under a creative commons license with PondyCAN, BNHS and TISS holding the trusteeship. It may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes with the citation as given below without permission from the publishers. Citation: Ahana Lakshmi, Aurofilio Schiavina, Probir Banerjee, Ajit Reddy, Sunaina Mandeen, Sudarshan Rodriguez and Deepak Apte “The Challenged Coast of India”, A report prepared by PondyCAN in collaboration with BNHS and TISS. October 2012. PondyCAN would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. All Google maps are ©2012 Google. Imagery ©2012 TerraMetrics All photos by Nicolas Chorier are under his copyright and many not be used in any form. All other photos are the property of the respective photographers, to be used only with their prior permission. Survey and Mapping teams: TISS: Sudarshan Rodriguez, Balamurugan Guru, Alpesh Gajbe, Adya Shankar, Aravind Sreedhara, Sanjay Bhangar, Nikhil Subramaniam PondyCAN: G. Rajaram, R. Alexandar, V. Vinoth, B. Swaminathan, Jatan Pathak This document will be published on the website www.thechallengedcoastofindia.in PondyCAN, 34 Francois Martin Street, Kuruchikuppam, Pondicherry 605012, India Phone: +91-413-4201972, Email: [email protected] Wesite: www.pondycan.org Design and layout: Prisma, Auroville, [email protected] Printed at : Ace Data Prinexcel Private Limited, Coimbatore Web : www.acedata-india.net P HOTO: JOHN MANDEEN HOTO: We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; We borrow it from our children. A Native American Proverb Foreword ................................................................................i Preface . ...............................................................................iii Acknowledgements .......................................................................v Executive summary ...................................................................... vii An Appeal . ............................................................................xiii 1. Introduction: Setting the Scene ..........................................................1 1.1. Prologue .......................................................................1 1.2. The Coast . ....................................................................1 1.3. Altered coastlines . ..............................................................2 1.4. Valuing Coastal Ecosystems . ......................................................3 1.5. Drivers of Biodiversity Loss on the Coast . ............................................4 1.6. Carrying Capacity ................................................................6 2. Focus of the Report ...................................................................7 2.1. The Convention on Biological Diversity . ..............................................7 2.2. INFC, NCPC and the CBD .........................................................8 2.3. Need for Digitization and Democratization of Spatial Information . ..........................8 2.4. Objective and Methodology . ......................................................10 2.5. Disclaimer. 13 2.6. Beyond the Horizon: Post CBD COP 11, 2012 . .......................................14 3. Coastal ecosystems and processes . ....................................................15 3.1. The littoral zone . ...............................................................15 3.2. Ecosystems of the littoral zone. 18 3.3. Physical ecosystem engineers .....................................................23 4. Coastal Communities . ................................................................25 4.1. Coastal Settlements .............................................................25 4.2. Coastal Livelihoods . ............................................................25 4.3. Coastal Spaces . ...............................................................28 4.4. Coastal Tourism . ...............................................................30 5. Coastal structures and their impacts . ...................................................33 5.1. Armouring the Coast. 33 5.2. Coastal structures . .............................................................33 5.3. Ecological impacts of coastal structures . ............................................35 5.4. Specific threats to coastal biodiversity - turtle habitats. 37 5.5. Impacts of coastal structures on livelihoods ...........................................38 5.6. Case Study : Coastal structures of Puducherry and neighbouring Tamil Nadu . ...............39 6. Coastal development and impacts . .....................................................59 6.1. Large Projects in the Coastal zone . ................................................59 6.2. Ports and Harbours . ............................................................60 6.3. Power Plants . .................................................................62 6.4. SEZ and other large projects . 63 6.5 Other activities in the littoral zone ...................................................64 6.6 Case Study 1: Diversity of Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Maharashtra: Rocky Shores at Ratnagiri & Rajapur Districts, Maharashtra ..............................64 6.7 Case Study 2: Mundra. 70 6.8 Case Study 3: Puducherry Harbour .................................................77 7. Legislation for Coastal Protection .......................................................89 7.1. The CRZ ......................................................................89 7.2. The Moratorium on Ports .........................................................90 7.3. Lifting of the Moratorium on Ports ..................................................90 7.4. The EIA 2006 Notification .........................................................91 7.5. The CRZ 2011 and the Fishing Community ...........................................92 7.6. Legislation to protect biodiversity ...................................................92 8. Overview of the state of development of the Indian coast ...................................95 8.1. Introduction. 95 8.2. Coastal Ecosystems .............................................................97 8.3. Protected Areas ................................................................98 8.4. Water Bodies ..................................................................98 8.5. Settlements ...................................................................99 8.6. Commercial Areas .............................................................100 8.7. Shoreline change along the Indian coast ............................................101 8.8. Coastal structures .............................................................103 8.9. Ports and harbours .............................................................105 8.10. Power Plants ................................................................110 8.11. Other large developments: SEZs, PCPIRs ..........................................113 8.12: Summary and Observations .....................................................114 9. State perspectives ...................................................................119 9.1. Gujarat ......................................................................119 9.2. Daman & Diu .................................................................133 9.3. Maharashtra ..................................................................136 9.4. Goa. 147 9.5. Karnataka ....................................................................155 9.6. Kerala .......................................................................164 9.7. Tamil Nadu ...................................................................172 9.8. Puducherry ...................................................................182 9.9. Andhra Pradesh ...............................................................190 9.10. Odisha .....................................................................200 9.11. West Bengal .................................................................211 10 Observations, findings & recommendations ............................................217 Glossary .............................................................................225 All Annexures (I, II & III) ................................................................227 To understand the ongoing destruction of the coast of India you only have to visit Puducherry. If you stand at the city’s edge, looking out over the vast ocean, you will find the city misses something crucial – a beach. But what is even more important is the reason why the city has lost its natural treasure. In 1986 a harbour was built, stretching out to the ocean, blocking the movement of sand along the shoreline and taking away the beach. So, now the city has no sandy beach. It has only man-placed rocks to hold back the sea from taking away its land. A people have lost their playground. But more importantly a city has lost its critical ecosystem, which would protect its land and recharge its groundwater. Also, fishermen have lost their livelihood. The fact is, Puducherry’s harbour is small by any standards. And yet, it has
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