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Filogenia Molecular De Las Especies De La Familia Neritidae

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Filogenia Molecular De Las Especies De La Familia Neritidae FILOGENIA MOLECULAR DE LAS ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA NERITIDAE (GASTROPODA: NERITIMORPHA) EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO CON BASE EN LOS GENES MITOCONDRIALES CITOCROMO OXIDASA I (COI) Y 16S rRNA JULIÁN FERNANDO QUINTERO GALVIS UNIVERSIDAD DEL MAGDALENA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA SANTA MARTA 2012 FILOGENIA MOLECULAR DE LAS ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA NERITIDAE (GASTROPODA: NERITIMORPHA) EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO CON BASE EN LOS GENES MITOCONDRIALES CITOCROMO OXIDASA I (COI) Y 16S rRNA JULIÁN FERNANDO QUINTERO GALVIS Proyecto de grado para optar al título de Biólogo Directora LYDA RAQUEL CASTRO, Ph.D Grupo de Investigación Sistemática, Evolución y Ecología Molecular UNIVERSIDAD DEL MAGDALENA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA SANTA MARTA 2012 NOTA DE ACEPTACIÓN DIRECTOR DE PROGRAMA JURADO JURADO Santa Marta, 2012 Evolución de las Especies de la Familia Neritidae del Caribe Colombiano Quintero-Galvis, 2012 A Dios y la Virgen A mi madre Nancy Galvis Franco gracias por el apoyo y por estar a mi lado respaldándome siempre, permitiéndome llegar hasta aquí y a mi hermano Manuel H. Quintero Galvis. Gracias a mis Abuelos por permitirme vivir con ellos durante todos mis estudios, mil gracias. 4 Evolución de las Especies de la Familia Neritidae del Caribe Colombiano Quintero-Galvis, 2012 AGRADECIMIENTOS Son muchos los que han ayudado a la finalización de este proyecto y estoy completamente agradecido por su colaboración a las personas e institución que de forma directa o indirecta ayudaron a la finalización de este proyecto de grado. A mi directora Lyda Raquel Castro PhD. por su apoyo, respaldo, dedicación y orientación en el desarrollo de mi proyecto de grado y por permitirme hacer parte de su grupo de trabajo confiando en mí, gracias por que me permitió aprender y formarme como profesional trabajando a su lado. Este trabajo no se habría podido realizar sin el apoyo de la Universidad del Magdalena y COLCIENCIAS financiando el proyecto Posición Evolutiva del Grupo Neritimorpha (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en base al genoma mitocondrial completo de Nerita versicolor y Neritina punctulata a cargo de la Doctora Lyda Castro. Al candidato a Magister, Biólogo Moisés Arquez Mendoza, por la colaboración brindada en la realización de actividades del laboratorio y por los consejos brindados durante la estancia en el laboratorio. Al Grupo de Investigación Evolución Sistemática y Ecología Molecular de la Universidad del Magdalena por brindarme los espacios físicos para poder trabajar. A mis compañeros de laboratorio Jaiber Solano, Edison Lea y la Bióloga Rosana Londoño que me ayudaron y apoyaron durante la fase de laboratorio. A mi parcero Giancarlos Mazenett por acompañarme en múltiples etapas del proyecto y de mi formación profesional por estar hay presente apoyando convirtiéndose en un parcero del alma y de profesión. A mis amigos Enndy Gonzales, Claudia Morales, Sebastián Hernández, Yina Amell, Leinis Rodriguez, y a todas esas personas que de una u otra manera estuvieron apoyándome en algún momento de mi carrera. A Alejandro Tatis, Rocio García y Moises Arques por colaborarme en la recolecta de muestras A la Universidad del Magdalena por la formación profesional brindada. A mi familia. 5 Evolución de las Especies de la Familia Neritidae del Caribe Colombiano Quintero-Galvis, 2012 CONTENIDO 1. RESUMEN ......................................................................................................... 12 2. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................. 13 3. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................. 16 3.1 ESTUDIOS DE GENOMA MITOCONDRIAL EN GASTROPODA: NERITIMORPHA ................. 17 3.2 ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA NERITIDAE EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO ............................. 18 3.2.1 Nerita fulgurans ................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Nerita tessellata ................................................................................................... 19 3.2.3 Nerita versicolor .................................................................................................. 20 3.2.4 Nerita peloronta ................................................................................................... 20 3.2.5 Neritina virginea.................................................................................................. 21 3.2.6 Neritina piratica .................................................................................................. 22 3.2.7 Neritina meleagris ............................................................................................... 22 3.2.8 Neritina usnea .................................................................................................... 23 3.2.9 Neritina punctulata .............................................................................................. 24 3.2.10 Puperita pupa ................................................................................................... 24 3.2.11 Smaragdia viridis ............................................................................................. 25 4. JUSTIFICACIÓN .............................................................................................. 26 5. OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................... 27 5.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL................................................................................................. 27 5.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS .......................................................................................... 27 6. METODOLOGÍA .............................................................................................. 28 6.1 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................................... 28 6.2 COLECTA DE LAS ESPECIES ...................................................................................... 28 6.3 EXTRACCIÓN DE ADN, AMPLIFICACIÓN Y SECUENCIACIÓN ....................................... 29 6.4 EDICIÓN SECUENCIA Y ALINEAMIENTO .................................................................... 30 6 Evolución de las Especies de la Familia Neritidae del Caribe Colombiano Quintero-Galvis, 2012 6.5 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SECUENCIAS .......................................................................... 31 6.6 OBTENCIÓN DE MODELOS EVOLUTIVOS ..................................................................... 32 6.7 ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO .......................................................................................... 32 6.8 ANÁLISIS CONSENSO (COI+16S) ............................................................................. 32 6.9 COLECCIÓN DE LAS SECUENCIAS .............................................................................. 33 6.10 ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO CON SECUENCIAS DE GENBANK ......................................... 37 6.11 EVOLUCIÓN DEL GRUPO RESPECTO A SU HÁBITAT EN BASE AL ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO 37 6.12 ANÁLISIS FACTOR DE BAYES ................................................................................... 38 7. RESULTADOS .................................................................................................. 39 7.1 COLECTA DE LAS ESPECIES ....................................................................................... 39 7.2 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAS SECUENCIAS ................................................................... 39 7.3 MODELO EVOLUTIVO ............................................................................................... 41 7.4 ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICOS DE LAS ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA NERITIDAE DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO ..................................................................................................................... 41 7.4.1 Análisis de Neighbor-Joinnig .............................................................................. 41 7.4.2 Análisis de Parsimonia (MP) ............................................................................... 42 7.4.3 Análisis Bayesiano (IB) ....................................................................................... 44 7.4.4 Análisis Bayesiano Consenso (COI+16S) ............................................................ 46 7.5 ANÁLISIS DE PARSIMONIA CONSENSO (COI+16S) .................................................... 48 7.6 ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO GLOBAL DE LA FAMILIA NERITIDAE .................................... 49 7.6.1 Análisis de Secuencias ........................................................................................ 49 7.6.1 Modelo Evolutivo ................................................................................................ 49 7.6.2 Análisis Bayesiano (IB) ....................................................................................... 49 7.6.3 Análisis de Parsimonia (MP) ............................................................................... 53 7.6.4 Análisis IB-MP Consenso (COI+16S) ................................................................. 56 7.6.5 Reconstrucción del Hábitat Familia Neritidae ...................................................... 56 7.7 ANÁLISIS FACTOR DE BAYES .................................................................................... 60 8. DISCUSIÓN ....................................................................................................... 61 7 Evolución de las Especies de la Familia Neritidae del Caribe Colombiano Quintero-Galvis,
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