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Patterns of Craniometric Variation in Modern Thai Populations: Applications in Forensic Anthropology and Implications for Population History

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PATTERNS OF CRANIOMETRIC VARIATION IN MODERN THAI POPULATIONS: APPLICATIONS IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION HISTORY By LAUREL ELIZABETH FREAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Laurel Elizabeth Freas 2 To my family, who have always believed and understood, even—and perhaps, most especially— when I have not 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Though often held as the embodiment of solitary scholarly endeavor, anyone who has ever written a doctoral dissertation knows that the bound and printed pages are but the ―tip of the iceberg,‖ beneath which lies a mountain of quiet, tireless labor and generous, yet largely silent, assistance on the parts of many, many people. For this dissertation, I extend my deepest thanks to the following: My deepest debt of gratitude is owed to the members of my superlative advisory committee, Michael Warren (chair), David Daegling, John Krigbaum and Martha Burt, for providing a steadying hand, an endless supply of encouraging words, and the occasional motivating kick to the hindquarters, always right on time when I needed them most. If I am a better anthropologist today, it is for having learned at their elbows and stood on their shoulders. I am additionally forever indebted to Mike for his outstanding mentorship, for being my biggest cheerleader and tireless advocate, for his generous support of my many, many trips to Thailand and, most of all, for his patient understanding of the peculiar workings of my brain, and for always knowing exactly what I needed to hear. It has been a very, very long road from first-year graduate student to this completed dissertation, and he has never once allowed me to falter along the path. I am equally indebted to the people of Thailand, for the extraordinary generosity, hospitality, and friendship they have continuously extended to this farang in their midst. Chief among these are Dr. Porntip Rojanasunan and her staff at the Central Institute of Forensic Sciences, for first suggesting this research project, and for opening the first doors; and Dr. Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh and her faculty in the Department of Anatomy at Chiang Mai University, for her generous provision of unlimited access to her department‘s splendid skeletal collection, and for their constant support during my research trips. Additional special thanks are owed to Dr. 4 Pasuk for her enthusiasm for this project, for her indomitable spirit, for her kindness shown to a student far from home, and for her friendship. A huge goes also to her students, Aun, Khempith and Nim, for the countless dinners, bowling games, daytime sightseeing trips, and nighttime motorbike rides around Chiang Mai that they shared with me. Thanks are also owed to Dr. Sukkid Yasothornsrikul and Ajarn Chanasorn Poodendaen at Naresuan University, who, in addition to access to their university‘s skeletal collections also provided my first critical introductions into the Thai academic community. Dr. Panya Tuamsuk provided generous access to his collections at Khon Kaen University, allowing me to salvage the core question of this dissertation just when it seemed all was lost. And, finally, I owe an immeasurable debt of gratitude to Noon for being my indefatigable tour guide, translator, cultural emissary, language coach, dinner company, research assistant and, above all else, my friend. Gratitude in endless measure is owed to the gang from the Pound Lab—Carlos, Nico, Katie, Traci and Ron—for tailgatoring, MarioKart (Diddy Kong for the win!), Red vs. Blue, and jamming out on the lab floor; for the countless hours at the maceration hoods, the inside jokes (―Baby, stop!‖), and the secret agent names; for their boundless patience with me at those times when I was really, really cranky—which was a lot; and for always having my back. They have been my second family, always there to pick me up, dust me off, and push me on down the road when the going got tough. Other members of my second family, to whom similar thanks are owed, include Carrie, Joe, Foxy, Derek, and Owen, who know that when the going gets weird, the weird turn pro. If I have survived this with my sanity intact, it is through no strength of my own, but because of all of them. Many thanks go to Elizabeth Walters and Joe Hefner, for their tireless help with the minutiae of proper usage (both the grammatical and the statistical kinds), 5 for reading rough drafts and providing encouraging and thoughtful comments, and for at least having pretended to enjoy the chore! Gracious thanks are owed to the many parties who provided generous financial support for this project. This research has been supported in part by the Ellis R. Kerley Forensic Sciences Foundation, the University of Florida‘s Department of Anthropology. Additional travel support and access to the collections at Khon Kaen was provided by the Joint Prisoner of War/Missing In Action (POW/MIA) Accounting Command‘s Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL).1 Last, but certainly not least, I own an immeasurable debt of gratitude to my family, for more things than I can possibly enumerate here. A partial list includes their unflagging support and unwavering confidence in me; their fearlessness in encouraging me to follow a path that has taken me far from home, and the sacrifices they have made that I might follow that path; and for their lessons that to do is to do whole-heartedly. Most of all, I thank them for giving me roots and wings. 1 The opinions contained herein are solely those of the author and do not reflect the opinions or official position of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command or the Department of Defense. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF QUESTION .....................................................15 2 PREHISTORY AND POPULATION HISTORY IN THAILAND, PART I: THE BASIC CULTURAL OUTLINE ............................................................................................24 The Pleistocene to the Paleolithic ...........................................................................................27 Holocene Hunter-Gatherers ....................................................................................................29 The Arrival of Agriculture ......................................................................................................43 The Metal Age ........................................................................................................................48 The Bronze Age ...............................................................................................................48 The Iron Age ....................................................................................................................53 The Rise of the State ...............................................................................................................56 3 PREHISTORY AND POPULATION HISTORY IN THAILAND, PART II: THE VARIED LINES OF EVIDENCE ..........................................................................................67 Archaeology ............................................................................................................................77 Linguistics ...............................................................................................................................82 Population Genetics ................................................................................................................98 Physical Anthropology .........................................................................................................112 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS .........................................................................................150 The Samples ..........................................................................................................................151 Statistical Methods ................................................................................................................152 Basic Assumptions ........................................................................................................153 Data transformations and non-parametric approaches ...........................................156 Multivariate Statistical Analyses ...................................................................................158 Analysis of variance ...............................................................................................163 Discriminant function analysis ...............................................................................164 Final Considerations ......................................................................................................171 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................179 7 Discriminant Function Analysis – By Sex............................................................................179
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