Monterey Pop Y El Idilio Hippy: Cine-Rock Y Construcción Del Imaginario Rebelde*

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Monterey Pop Y El Idilio Hippy: Cine-Rock Y Construcción Del Imaginario Rebelde* Juan Carlos Fernández Serrato MONTEREY POP y el idiliO HIPPY: Cine-rOCk y COnstruCCión del imaginariO rebelde* 1. Cuando Donn Alan Pennebaker dos en 1966 o 65 Revisted [D. A. Pen- (Evanston, Illinois, 1925) filmó en 1960 nebaker], una hora de grabaciones pu- el revolucionario Primary su importan- blicadas en 2007, junto a la reedición cia en la historia del cine documental de Dont Look Back) fueron un acierto quedó decidida. Casi podría decirse al recoger al Dylan eléctrico justo en que la obra de Pennebaker se levanta el momento en el que se convierte como una de las más atentas miradas a en un icono pop y cambia para siem- la crisis cultural postmoderna, desde la pre la imagen de la música folk nor- ilusión de J. F. Kennedy, el primer polí- teamericana. Pennebaker documentó tico de la era pop, hasta la frivolité de la a otros mitos del rock’n’roll a lo largo alta pastelería de Kings of Pastry (Chris de su carrera de cineasta: Jimi Hendrix Hegedus, D.A. Pennebaker, 2009); pero, con especial perspicacia y manejando tras el acierto histórico de las primarias descartes de Monterey Pop (Jimi Plays demócratas de 1960, será a través del Monterey, 1986), John Lennon junto a documental rock como Pennebaker fi- Yoko Ono en el histórico concierto de jará su mirada más profunda sobre uno 1969 de la Plastic Ono Band en Toronto, de los polos fundamentales del cambio Alice Cooper, David Bowie o uno de los cultural que se abre hacia la década estandartes del tecno-pop de los años 1950. ochenta, Depeche Mode (en la también Las tempranas películas sobre Bob ejemplar 101). Sin embargo, es en su Dylan (Dont Look Back [D. A. Penne- obra documental sobre los dos gran- baker], filmada en 1965 y estrenada des festivales de la era hippy, Monterey dos años después, Eat the Document Pop (1968) y Woodstock Diary (1994), [Bob Dylan, 1972], rodada en 1966, donde Pennebaker ofrece un retrato Something’s Happening [Edgar Beatty, ideológico más articulado de lo que fue 1967], sobre materiales también filma- la contracultura norteamericana de los 58 L’ ATALANTE JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2012 MONTEREY POP Y EL IDILIO HIPPY: CINE-ROCK Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL IMAGINARIO REBELDE años sesenta vista con ojos de creyente. de grabación como instrumento musi- de festival, fue un encargo de los orga- Por su dispersión y su montaje acu- cal), descubrió a artistas luego señeros nizadores, dado el prestigio que obtuvo mulativo, Woodstock Diary no deja de como Janis Joplin, llevó a la cima a Jimi con su trabajo en Dont Look Back, sobre ser un testimonio musical y con cierta Hendrix, casi un desconocido para el Bob Dylan. Por entonces, Pennebaker importancia histórica, dada la trascen- público norteamericano por entonces, estaba considerado como uno de los dencia del acontecimiento, pero repite, normalizó la incrustación de la música documentalistas más innovadores y, con menor fortuna, el planteamiento tradicional hindú en el pop occiden- desde luego, había sido capaz de ver la fílmico ensayado en Monterey Pop. tal con la presencia del sitarista Ravi importancia de las transformaciones Shankar, incluso atendió a la música musicales del pop a mediados de los 2. El festival de Monterey (Califor- pop africana al incorporar al cartel al sesenta, las que elevaron los géneros de nia) ha sido considerado como uno de trompetista de jazz sudafricano Hugh la música de masas mucho más allá de los eventos clave en la eclosión de la Masekela y su concepto de fusión mu- un fenómeno comercial fabricado para contracultura del verano del amor. La sical, anticipo de lo que andando el teenagers o una muestra descontrolada reunión de las principales figuras del tiempo iba a llamarse world music. de rebeldía confusa. Su mirada com- naciente pop hippy en una celebración El documental de Pennebaker, que prensiva era lo que buscaban Pariser y colectiva que duró tres días (del 16 al solo recogió en el montaje final a trece Taylor para convertir el underground en 18 de junio) de 1967 y cuyos beneficios de las treintaidós formaciones musica- un gran negocio y a su servicio pusie- fueron donados a organizaciones de ca- les que actuaron durante los tres días ridad, supuso en sí mismo un síntoma del rechazo de las estrellas del nuevo Bob Dylan. Fotografía de Jerry Schatzberg negocio al sistema capitalista y, contra- dictoriamente, el escaparate (fue el pri- mer macrofestival de la historia que al- canzó difusión mundial) que convirtió las músicas underground en una indus- tria cultural más que rentable para el sistema económico de mercado. De he- cho uno de los impulsores del festival fue John Phillips, líder de The Mamas and The Papas y coautor de uno de los mayores éxitos de ventas de la historia del pop, la canción California Dreamin', hit-single de 1965; pero no hay que ol- vidar que también fueron responsables de la celebración del festival el produc- tor Alan Pariser y el publicista Derek Taylor. Monterey dio el espaldarazo comer- cial a la tercera renovación generacio- nal en el rock’n’roll norteamericano, consagró la psicodelia, el folk rock y el blues rock como los grandes géneros del discurso musical pop anglosajón hasta la llegada del punk rock a finales de los setenta, marcó el fin del domi- nio que desde comienzos de la década de los sesenta venían ostentando los sonidos británicos (los propios Beatles ya habían asimilado las lecciones de la psicodelia norteamericana en Rubber Soul y Revolver, antes de entregar a co- mienzos de 1967 el revolucionario Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band que desvelaba las posibilidades del estudio JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2012 L’ ATALANTE 59 CUADERNO · ROCK Y CINE. LA MÚSICA POPULAR COMO DISCURSO FÍLMICO ron la mejor tecnología de grabación de contenido. Lo que se nos ofrece es un tos y escenas ofrecidas en el montaje la época. alegato, un testimonio comprometido, final construye un universo de sentido La selección musical presente en el un producto fílmico inspirado por el en todo acorde con lo que los músicos filme resulta sumamente interesante: mismo espíritu hippy que anima a los representan en tanto agentes textua- junto a desconocidos como Janis Jo- músicos y a los asistentes al festival. La lizadores de una nueva cultura, de un plin y, en cierto modo, Jimi Hendrix mirada de Pennebaker no es la mirada nuevo discurso simbólico: la era pop (aunque venía recomendado por Paul distanciada de un profesional del docu- y el espíritu libertario y hedonista del McCartney y ya gozaba de cierta popu- mento audiovisual, ni la mirada crítica hippismo. laridad en Gran Bretaña) o músicos ex- de un intelectual que analiza mientras Desde el punto de vista de la orga- perimentales que se habían estrenado observa, para comunicar más tarde un nización de los motivos temáticos, el no hacía mucho en el panorama musi- objeto reescrito desde una perspectiva documental combina dos registros: por cal rock, como Jefferson Airplain o Con- diferente a la de su creación primera. una parte el documento de lo que ocu- try Joe And The Fish, aparecen limpios El cineasta se complace en cada plano rre entre los asistentes al evento y por iconos de folk-pop universitario, como en la operación de identificar la cámara otra el registro de las actuaciones mu- Simon & Garfunkel, estrellas del mains- con lo que está registrando. sicales. No siempre son coincidentes tream californiano como The Mamas Si bien es cierto que se mantiene ambos en cuanto a la visión del espíritu and The Papas, históricos del combate el enfoque espontáneo (la cámara al hippy que proyectan las imágenes del cuerpo a cuerpo del rythm & blues britá- hombro se utiliza con profusión) del montaje final. nico, como Eric Burdon & The Animals, documentalista que sabe encontrar el En cuanto a la descripción del am- o exitosos vendedores de la rebeldía momento que hay que grabar, no lo es biente que rodeaba al festival de Mon- mod, como The Who. El equilibrio en- menos que, especialmente en el regis- terey, el film deja claro desde su mismo tre éxito de ventas, prestigio y riesgo de tro de las actuaciones musicales, el en- comienzo que se trata de que el aconte- lo nuevo permite que en Monterey Pop foque busca traducir en el movimiento cimiento sea algo así como un idilio pas- se construya una imagen compleja de de cámara la esencia musical de lo que toril desarrollado en un locus amoenus. la nueva cultura musical hippy, que va se está representando en el escenario Tras los títulos de crédito, la primera de lo accesible para el mercado musical y la personalidad de quienes ejecutan secuencia se abre con un par de chicas masivo a lo difícil (Ravi Shankar) o a lo las canciones (primerísimos planos del sonrientes sentadas en una valla de ma- provocador (Hendrix, The Who), aun- rostro extático de Hugh Masekela, los dera, una de ellas, contenta, proclama que siempre apostando en la selección planos de detalle de los pies de Janis a cámara que allí solo espera encontrar de temas por la innovación musical. No Joplin taloneando en un nerviosismo «buenas vibraciones que pueden estar se puede negar que los organizadores apasionado que acompaña la desga- flotando por todas partes»¹. A conti- creían en la renovación de los estilos rrada interpretación de la cantante, las nuación, Pennebaker construye un do- pop y en la capacidad de la psicodelia manos virtuosas de Ravi Shankar, por cumento más que sintomático de esa para impulsar un movimiento cultural ejemplo). Los planos que recogen el mirada interpretante y cómplice. Gente con miras más amplias que la simple ambiente del público son más reposa- joven y guapa paseando por el césped fabricación de hits de con los pies consumo rápido.
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