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Copyrighted Material Contents 1. Basic Issues: How to Approach the Freud’s Continuing Theorizing Study of Personality Theories 1 about Hypnosis 42 Compromise Formation: A Useful Metaphor: The Meaning of Symptoms 42 The Mask and the Person Beneath 1 Sexual Motives as the Basis of Conflict: Beginning the Study of Personality: Origins of the Hypothesis 44 A Personal Note 2 Freud’s Integrity Questioned— One Truth or Many Perspectives? 3 and the Questioner Questioned 47 Personality Theories as Creative Solutions Personal Sources of the Hypothesis: to Personal Problems 5 Freud’s Self-Analysis 49 What About Abnormal Psychology? 6 Psychosexual Development: Personology Or Personality Theory? 8 Oedipus and Electra 53 Impact of Culture and Society 9 The Complete Oedipal Complex 58 Three Major Tools Psychosexual Stages: for Evaluating Personality Theories 10 Libidinal Organization 63 Additional Dimensions Evaluating Clinical Psychoanalysis 67 of Personality Theories 12 Summary 69 Some Welcoming Words 14 For Further Reading 70 For Further Reading 14 Glossary 71 Glossary 14 3. Sigmund Freud / Psychoanalysis: The Dynamic Model of the Mind 74 2. Sigmund Freud / Psychoanalysis: The Clinical Evidence 15 About Freud’s Model of the Mind 74 About Freud’s Clinical Psychoanalysis 15 Dreams as Wish Fulfillment 75 Personal Sources: Freud’s Father A Personal Aside: and Mother Dreams 76 Why Study Freud’s Ideas? 16 Manifest and Latent Dream Content: The Hysterical Neurosis The Mask 80 of Bertha Pappenheim 17 Four Processes of Dream Work 81 “Clouds”: Self-Induced Hypnosis 19 Study of the Dream: Theoretical Yield 84 Hypnosis and Hysteria: The Reality Principle 88 From Pathology to Cure 24 The Meanings of the Unconscious Frau Emmy Von N. 28 in Psychoanalysis 89 First Clue in the DiscoveryCOPYRIGHTED of Free Association: Metapsychology MATERIAL of Repression 91 Freud Learns to Listen 30 Instincts of the Unconscious 93 The Theoretical Yield Characteristics of Instincts 93 from Frau Emmy’s Therapy 32 Dualistic Division of the Instincts: The Evolution of Method: Hunger versus Love 94 Fraulein¨ Von R. 33 Behaviors Beyond the Pleasure Principle: Second Clue to the Free Association Method: The Clinical Evidence 97 The Pressure or Concentration Reduction of the Pleasure Principle Technique 34 to a Pleasure “Tendency” 98 The Theoretical Yield Revision of Instinct Theory: from Fraulein¨ Ilona Weiss’s Therapy 39 Eros and Death 100 AFinalClue The Final Structural Model of the Mind 103 to the Free Association Method 41 The Id 104 xiii xiv Contents The Ego 104 Jung’s Concept of Libido 152 The Superego 106 The Principles of Equivalence and Id, Ego, Superego Interactions 109 Entropy 152 Freud’s Changing Conceptions of Anxiety 110 Learning from Ancient Mythology 153 Evaluating Theoretical Psychoanalysis 113 Visionary and Creative or Just Crazy? 154 Summary 116 Jung and Freud: From Admiration For Further Reading 117 to Bitterness 159 Glossary 118 Jung’s Philosophical Background 160 Structure of the Psyche: Ego, Personal, 4. Alfred Adler / Individual Psychology 121 and Collective Unconscious 160 Archetypes and Their Origins 162 Adler’s Individual Psychology 121 Archetypes, Popular Culture, and Society 166 Adler’s Boyhood Difficulties: Illness, Rejection, Jungian Attitude Types: Freud the Extrovert and the Fear of Death 122 and Adler the Introvert 166 Freud and Adler: Dissent over the Fundamental The Functions of the Psyche 167 Human Motive 123 The Extrovert Types 168 Adler’s Differences with Freud 124 The Introvert Types 170 On Human Nature—Adler, the Na¨ıve Optimist, The Process of Individuation 171 or Freud, the Realistic Pessimist? 125 Development of the Self: A Teleological View From Minus to Plus Self-Estimates 126 of Life 172 Masculine Protest: Not for Men Only 128 Evaluating Carl Jung 174 Social Interest and Summary 176 Adler’s Religious Values 129 For Further Reading 177 Individuality, Social Interest and Style of Life: Glossary 177 Vaihinger’s Idea of Fictional Finalism 129 Combining Vaihinger’s Ideas with His Own Theory 130 The Neurotic Personality: Overdoing the Search for Perfection 131 6. Anna Freud / Widening the Scope Social Interest and the Tasks of Life 135 of Psychoanalysis: Ego Psychology 179 Individuality, Social Interest, and Style of Life 137 About Ego Psychology 179 Early Recollections as Indicators of Style of Life 138 Legitimizing Ego Psychology 180 Ordinal Position within the Family as Indicator Personal Sources: From Being Unwanted of Style of Life 139 to Becoming Indispensable 180 Evaluating Alfred Adler 141 Widening the Scope of Analysis: Summary 143 Little Patients’ Problems 185 For Further Reading 144 Making the Child Analyzable: Glossary 145 The Preparatory Phase 186 The Child Analysis: Proper Techniques 188 5. Carl Gustav Jung / The Theoretical Yield: New Meanings Analytical Psychology 147 for Familiar Analytic Concepts 192 The Ego Defends Itself: Profiles of Mastery and Vulnerability 199 About Jung’s Analytical Psychology 147 A Final Word on Anna Freud 204 Experimental Study The Legacy of Anna Freud 204 of Word Associations 148 Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Ego Emotional Complex Indicators 149 Psychologists 205 Discovering a Case of Criminally Negligent Summary 205 Homicide through the Word Association For Further Reading 206 Test 150 Glossary 206 Contents xv 7. Melanie Klein & Donald W. Winnicott / Evaluating Object Relations Theory 261 The Psychoanalytic Heritage: Summary 262 Object Relations Theories 208 For Further Reading 265 Glossary 265 About Object Relations Theories 208 MELANIE KLEIN What are Psychoanalytic Object Relations 8. Erik Homburger Erikson / Theories? 209 Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology: Psychoanalysis as Pedagogy: Educating The Centrality of Identity 267 Erich 209 Klein’s Discovery of “Phantasy” 209 About Erikson’s Ego Psychology 267 Development of the Object World 211 Infantile Sadism and the Oedipus Identity’s Architect 268 Complex 212 Life History Sources How It All Turns Out: Klein’s First Theory of of the Identity Hypothesis 270 the Superego 215 Clinical Sources of the Identity Hypothesis: Anxiety: First Modifications of Klein’s War Veterans 271 Developmental Theory 217 Anthropological Sources of the Identity Hate Versus Guilt: Repairing the Ravages of Hypothesis: The Oglala Sioux 273 Sadism 219 The Ego Identity Hypothesis and Psychoanalytic Paranoic and Depressive Positions: Klein’s First Theory 274 Theory 220 Psychosocial Development: Manic and Depressive Positions in Adult An Epigenetic Sequence 275 Psychopathology 221 Viewing Erikson’s Epigenetic Theory Love, Guilt, and Reparation 224 of Identity Formation 276 Projection + Identification = Splitting The Life Cycle: Eight Stages Revisited 225 of Human Development 278 Reparation: The Link between Positions 229 Acquiring a Sense of Trust versus Mistrust: Envy and Gratitude: The Forever Generous, Hope 280 Tolerant, and Bountiful Breast 230 Acquiring a Sense of Autonomy versus Shame Defending Against Envy: The Most Deadly of and Doubt: Will 281 Sins 232 Acquiring a Sense of Initiative versus Guilt: Some Personal Sources of Klein’s Vision of the Purpose 283 Infant’s World 234 Acquiring a Sense of Industry versus Inferiority: A Final Word on Melanie Klein 237 Competence 284 Acquiring a Sense of Identity versus D. W. WINNICOTT Role Confusion: Fidelity 285 A Commonsensical and Creative Child Acquiring a Sense of Intimacy versus Isolation: Analyst 237 Love 287 Unconventional Psychoanalysis: The Pediatric Acquiring a Sense of Generativity versus Consultation Model 240 Stagnation: Care 288 Early Theory: The Kleinian Influence 245 Acquiring Ego Integrity versus Despair: Primitive Personality Development: Wisdom 289 Winnicott Style 247 Applying Erikson’s Stage Theory 291 Environmental Emphasis: “There’s No Such Some Concluding Remarks Thing as a Baby” 249 on Erikson 291 Exploring Deeper Questions 257 Evaluating Erik Erikson 292 Personal Sources from Winnicott’s Summary 293 Childhood 258 For Further Reading 294 A Final Word on D. W. Winnicott 261 Glossary 294 xvi Contents 9. Harry Stack Sullivan / 11. Gordon W. Allport / Humanistic Trait Interpersonal Theory 298 and Self Theory 346 About Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory 298 About Allport’s Humanistic Trait and Self Theory 346 Three Modes of Experience: Prototaxic, Parataxic, Syntaxic 299 Was Young Allport Misunderstood The Development of Personality: by Freud Himself? 347 An Interpersonal Emphasis 301 “How Shall a Psychological Life History Differentiation of Self Be Written?” 348 from the Universe 302 Toward a Personalistic Psychology 349 Personal Sources of Sullivan’s Emphasis Personal Sources of Allport’s Emphasis on Human Relationships 303 on Uniqueness and Independence 350 Personifications of Self: Good-Me, Bad-Me, Personality: Allport’s Definition 352 Not-Me 309 Personal Documents: An Idiographic Approach The Self-System: Security Operations 311 to Life History 356 Selective Inattention 313 An Illustrative Case: Analysis of Jenny Gove Me-You Personifications 313 Masterson’s Letters 358 Developmental Epochs: From Infancy Criticisms and Allport’s Responses 361 to Late Adolescence 314 “Traits Revisited”: Heuristic Realism 362 Evaluating Harry Stack Sullivan 318 The Mature, Healthy Personality 362 Summary 319 Functional Autonomy: Allport’s Theory For Further Reading 320 of Motivation 366 Glossary 320 Evaluating Gordon Allport 368 Summary 369 For Further Reading 370 Glossary 371 10. Karen Horney / Psychoanalytic Social Psychology 322 12. Rollo May / Existential Phenomenology 373 About Horney’s Social Psychoanalytic Approach 322 About Rollo May’s Existential
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