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Digiost – Band 4 Christian Pletzing / Marcus Velke (Hg.) Lager – Repatriierung – Integration Beiträge zur Displaced Persons-Forschung Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded fromDigiOst PubFactory at 01/11/2019 – 02:09:37AM Band 4 via free access DigiOst – Band 4 Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access DigiOst Herausgegeben für Collegium Carolinum, München Herder-Institut, Marburg Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung, Regensburg von Martin Schulze Wessel Peter Haslinger Ulf Brunnbauer Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access Christian Pletzing / Marcus Velke (Hg.) Lager – Repatriierung – Integration. Beiträge zur Displaced Persons-Forschung Leipzig 2016 DigiOst – Band 4 Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access DigiOst – Band 4 Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft Gisonenweg 5-7 D–35037 Marburg ▶ www.herder-institut.de im Auftrag des Fachrepositoriums für Osteuropastudien OstDok ▶ www.vifaost.de/ostdok/ Bereitgestellt und langzeitarchiviert durch die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-ostdok-x-205-8 Empfohlene Zitierweise der digitalen Fassung Christian Pletzing / Marcus Velke (Hg.): Lager – Repatriierung – Integration. Beiträge zur Displaced Persons-Forschung. München 2016. URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-ostdok-x-205-8 Umschlag Umschlaggestaltung: Christopher Triplett, KI-Media Marburg - London Bild 1 und 2: Lager Valga bei Nürnberg und Aschaffenburger Lager, Bildarchiv Herder-Insti- tut Marburg, Sammlung Hintzer Nr. 154910 und 155300. Bild 3: Trutzhain, Synagogenbara- cke 1946, Foto von Ulrich Knufinke 2007. Bild 4: Katholische Prozession im D P-Lager Lü- beck-Lohmühle, Sammlung Barbara Bunge, Archiv der Academia Baltica Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International Biblion Media GmbH ▶ www.biblion.de/digiost in Kooperation mit Kubon & Sagner GmbH München – Berlin – Leipzig – Washington/D.C. ▶ http://digital.kubon-sagner.com/digiost ISBN (Print) 978-3-86688-506-6 ISBN (eBook) 978-3-86688-507-3 Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access Inhalt Christian Pletzing / Marcus Velke Statt eines Vorwortes: Lernen aus der Geschichte? Zur Relevanz der Displaced Persons-Forschung ............................................................................... 7 Christian Höschler Von der Selbstverwaltung zum Repatriierungsstillstand. Ehemalige Soldaten der königlich-jugoslawischen Armee als Displaced Persons in Bad Aibling, 1946-1947 ................................................................................... 19 Iris Helbing Kinderzentren für polnische Kinder und Jugendliche in der britischen Besatzungszone ..................................................................................................... 47 Ulrich Knufinke Synagogenräume der Displaced Persons und ihre Gestaltung ....................... 71 Berit Pleitner / Christian Pletzing Polnische Displaced Persons in Lübeck. Schüler erforschen transnationale Regionalgeschichte ................................................................... 101 Maciej Chrostowski Der Weg polnischer Displaced Persons aus Lübeck nach Stettin – Aus- reise aus Deutschland, Ankunft und Ansiedlung in Polen ............................ 121 Aivar Jürgenson Lagerleben und Weiterreise nach Argentinien – Erinnerungen estnischer DPs ..................................................................................................... 155 Gintarė Malinauskaitė Filming Own Memory: Jonas Mekas and His Double Displacement .......... 183 DIGIOST 4 | v Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access Geert Franzenburg Dievs, svētī Latviju! - Gott segne Lettland! Die Rolle der lutherischen Tradition bei der Exilbewältigung am Beispiel Lettlands .............................. 203 Marcus Velke Baltisches Exil in Bonn: Der Baltische Christliche Studentenbund (BCSB) .................................................................................................................. 231 Jürgen Schaser Der Übergang der DP-Verantwortlichkeit auf die deutschen Behörden in Mannheim ....................................................................................................... 305 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................... 329 Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren ...................................................... 333 DIGIOST 4 | vi Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access Christian Pletzing / Marcus Velke Statt eines Vorwortes: Lernen aus der Geschichte? Zur Relevanz der Displaced Persons-Forschung Die Erforschung der Displaced Persons steht weder im deutschsprachigen Raum noch international im Mittelpunkt der Historiographie. Wenn es um die Erforschung der deutschen Nachkriegszeit geht, bilden im Allgemeinen das alltägliche Überleben der besiegten Deutschen, die Integration der Hei- matvertriebenen und Flüchtlinge sowie der Prozess zur Ausbildung staatli- cher Strukturen in den westlichen Besatzungszonen Schwerpunkte der For- schung,1 DPs werden dabei marginalisiert. Dabei kommt ihrer Geschichte eine Scharnierfunktion für die europäische Nachkriegsgeschichte zu, stehen DPs doch am Übergang von der Epoche des Nationalsozialismus über die di- rekte Nachkriegszeit hin zum „Kalten Krieg“: Zu dessen Ausbruch trugen auch die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen der UdSSR und den westlichen Al- liierten über die Frage der Repatriierung oder Nichtrepatriierung von DPs bei, deren Herkunftsstaaten nun Teil des sowjetischen Machtbereiches ge- worden waren.2 1 Holian: Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism, 20f. Der Historiker Eckart Conze beispielsweise erwähnt in seiner Gesamtdarstellung der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 2009 immerhin einmal DPs als „Menschen nicht- deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit, die sich in der Folge des Krieges in Deutschland befan- den, darunter Zwangsarbeiter, KZ-Häftlinge und politisch Verfolgte aus den Ländern, die nun unter kommunistische Herrschaft gerieten.“; vgl. Conze: Suche nach Sicher- heit, 24. 2 Cohen: In War’s Wake, 10; Cohen: Conclusion, 386; Gousseff: L’Est et l’Ouest, 38, 52f. DIGIOST 4 | 7 Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access Pletzing / Velke, Statt eines Vorwortes Angesichts der aktuellen Flüchtlingsthematik in Deutschland und der Eu- ropäischen Union scheint Displaced Persons-Forschung aktuell wie nie zu sein. Vieles von dem, was den aufmerksamen Zeitgenossinnen und Zeitge- nossen im Zusammenhang mit der „Flüchtlingskrise“ derzeit im öffentlichen Diskurs begegnet, errinnert – bei allen Unterschieden – an verschiedenste As- pekte der Geschichte der DPs in Deutschland seit 1945. Hier einige Beispiele: Heute wie damals standen die Verantwortlichen vor der Aufgabe, eine sehr große Zahl an Menschen möglichst schnell unterbringen zu müssen. Al- lerdings unterscheidet sich die Anzahl an DPs, die die Alliierten bei ihrem Vormarsch ins „Großdeutsche Reich“ vorfanden, signifikant von der der Flüchtlinge, die heute nach Deutschland kommen. Im Jahr 2015 flohen etwa 1,1 Millionen Menschen aus dem bürgerkriegsgeplagten Syrien und anderen Teilen der Welt nach Deutschland,3 in ein reiches Land mit funktionierendem Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem. Bei Kriegsende 1945 befanden sich etwa 11 Millionen DPs auf dem Gebiet des kriegsverwüsteten „Großdeutschen Reichs“, davon allein um die 6,5 Millionen in den westalliierten Besatzungs- zonen.4 Zur Einrichtung von anfänglich nur als temporäre Anlagen vorgese- henen Assembly Centres wurden Kasernen, Baracken, Bauernhöfe, Gaststät- ten, Klöster und Stifte, Krankenhäuser, Schulen, Fabriken und sogar ge- räumte deutsche Ortschaften bzw. Stadtteile konfisziert. Die Stadt Haren im Emsland, die zu einem polnischen DP-Camp wurde, oder das baden-würt- tembergische Geislingen an der Steige, das drei ganze Stadtteile für die Bil- dung eines estnischen DP-Lagers zur Verfügung stellen musste, sind zwei auch heute noch bekannte Beispiele für die (Teil-)Räumung deutscher Ort- schaften zugunsten von DPs.5 Aber auch ehemalige Kriegsgefangenenlager 3 lpb BW: Flüchtlinge; o.A.: 1,1 Millionen Flüchtlinge; o.A.: So viele Flüchtlinge kamen nach Deutschland. 4 Wiesemann / Brandes: DPs, 212. 5 Jacobmeyer: Vom Zwangsarbeiter, 25, 27; Köhn: Lage der Lager, 88; Schröder: DPs in DIGIOST 4 | 8 Christian Pletzing and Marcus Velke - 978-3-86688-507-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:09:37AM via free access Pletzing / Velke, Statt eines Vorwortes und KZs wurden für die Unterbringung von DPs herangezogen – zum einen aus Erwägungen heraus, den Aufenthalt in den Lagern nicht allzu attraktiv zu gestalten und die angestrebte Repatriierung nicht zu gefährden,6 zum ande- ren sicherlich aber auch aus schierer Platznot. Das befreite KZ Bergen-Belsen, das zu einem jüdischen und vorübergehend auch zu einem polnischen DP- Lager wurde, ist hierfür sicherlich das bekannteste Beispiel.7 Die heutigen Flüchtlinge in Deutschland sind gezwungen, monatelang in
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