2021 | Anthropo-Indialogs 1(1-2): 17-30 © ARF India. All Right Reserved URL : www.arfjournals.com

NAGARAJU CHIKKALA1 AND K. ANIL KUMAR2 1Programme Coordinator, AP Society for Social Audit Accountability and Tansparency (APSSAAT), Department of Rural Development, Govt of Andhra Pradesh, Guntur Email:[email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Discipline of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi Email:[email protected] Received: 14 Dec. 2020 / Revised: 18 Dec. 2020 / Accepted: 26 Dec. 2021 / Published: 15 January 2021

Abstract: In India, the Scheduled Tribes population is around 8.6% of the total population of the country. There is considerable progress of these communities in terms of many human development indicators. Acquisition of land for development projects have often become a major threat to the tribal people. Displacement of tribal people from their original habitats causing further marginalized. They are the worst sufferers since independence of development projects such as dams, industries, roads, quarrying and mining operations etc. It is largely this group that is paying for the development of India. A majority of the displaced people have not been properly resettled or given adequate compensation. Cash payment does not really compensate the tribals for the difficulties they experience in their lifestyle and ethos. The tribal people of Andhra Pradesh have been the disproportionate victims of dam displacement. With this backdrop, the present paper examines the issues of compensation and resettlement of Indira Sagar Project. An ethnographic study conducted in the village Devargondi. Anthropological tools and techniques were used in collection of primary data. Keywords: dam, displacement, tribals , resettlement, compensation, andhra pradesh

INTRODUCTION Development-induced displacement is increasing in depth and intensity all over the world and particularly in developing countries. Infrastructural development in the period 1990-2000 caused the displacement of 90-100 million (Cernea and McDowell, 2000). The greatest burden of displacement is caused by dam construction which is credited with the displacement of 40-80 million people (Cernea, 2000; WCD, 2000). Growing developmental projects have been causing massive acquisition of land and displacing millions of people in different parts of the world, including India. The development projects in today’s globalised world such as dams, industries, roads, mines, infrastructure, power plants, special economic zones, and new cities are intended to promote national, regional, and local development. It is said that for any development project the cost has to necessarily be borne by the displaced and affected population. 18 Anthropo-Indialogs

In most developing countries such as China, India, Zambia, Ghana large scale development projects have rendered increasingly sizeable population homeless, landless, jobless and food insecure, considering that their socio-economic asset base is often destroyed (Oliver-Smith 2009; Bond and Kirsch 2015). Globally, it is estimated that approximately 15 million people are forced to leave their homes to give way for huge development projects every year (Carnea and Mathur, 2008). A majority of the displaced people have not been properly resettled or given adequate compensation. For instance, in India 75 percent of displaced people have not been “rehabilitated” (Fernandes, W, 1991; Fernandes, Walter & Thukral. 1989). Their livelihoods have not been restored; in fact, the vast majority of development resettlers in India have become impoverished (Mahapatra, L. K. 1999). Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R hereafter) policies have been unable to avoid the impoverishment of the displaced population and restore the previous level of well-being (Cernea and Mathur, 2008). In India, the Scheduled Tribes population is around 8.6% of the total population of the country. There is considerable progress of these communities in terms of many human development indicators. Acquisition of land for development projects have often become a major threat to the tribal people. Displacement of tribal people from their original habitats causing further marginalized. They are the worst sufferers since independence of development projects such as dams, industries, roads, quarrying and mining operations etc. A recent estimate suggests that at least 55% of those displaced across India are tribal people (GoI 2004). It is largely this group that is paying for the development of India. A majority of the displaced people have not been properly resettled or given adequate compensation. Cash payment does not really compensate the tribals for the difficulties they experience in their lifestyle and ethos. The tribal people of Andhra Pradesh have been the disproportionate victims of dam displacement. With this backdrop, the present paper examines the issues of compensation and resettlement of Indira Sagar Project.

METHODOLOGY AND STUDY AREA The present study has made an attempt to find out the impact of involuntary displacement and rehabilitation of Indira Sagar Project (Polavaram) on the tribal community in Andhra Pradesh. An ethnographic method has been adopted to carry out this study. Before the main fieldwork, a pilot study conducted in project-affected areas. The pilot study was conducted for 15 days from 2nd to 16 in month of December, 2014. At the time of pilot study visited the villages that were in the first phase of relocation. The pilot study was helped to identify the study village and also helped in rapport building with the villagers. To Issues of Resettlement and Compensation of Indira Sagar Project in Andhra Pradesh 19 know the magnitude of displaced people and the implications of rehabilitation and resettlement policy, an empirical study conducted in west Godavari district. The fieldwork of research was conducted in February 2015 and continued till May 2015. The second phase of the fieldwork was conducted in November and December 2015. For the collection of primary data and to reach the objectives of the study, six months of fieldwork conducted in the project-affected area. The study of involuntary displacement is methodologically complex in nature. Therefore, multiple tools and techniques were used to study the various aspects of displacement, and rehabilitation. The following anthropological tools and techniques were used: • observation, • informal and formal discussion, • household interview, • case study, and • focus group discussion. Secondary data has been collected from books, articles, reports and available literature. The secondary data about project-affected area and people was derived from the records of revenue department, land acquisition, and resettlement and rehabilitation office.

INDIRA SAGAR PROJECT AND DISPLACEMENT OF POPULATION The Indira Sagar (known as Polavaram) project is a major multipurpose irrigation project which is constructed on Godavari River, close to Ramayyapeta village of Polavaram mandal in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. The Indira Sagar Project is the most awaited major irrigation project for many decades. Most Central and state-based political parties have given priority to construction of this project across the Godavari River. The construction of Indira Sagar dam is a political and controversial issue involving political parties, civil society organizations, independent researchers and NGOs. Though, many people are agitating against it and there is much opposition but finally work on the project has gained momentum in the year 2004. The Andhra Pradesh State Re-organization Act, 2014 declared the project as a national project in March 2014 (Government of India, 2014). According to the assessment report of Reddy, N.S (1996), total 276 villages are affected by the project housing 1, 77,275 people consisting 44,574 households. The project involves submerging 28,336 cattle sheds, 69,255 productive trees. Of these project-affected people, 47% are scheduled tribes and 14.4% are scheduled castes. And the IEA, 2005 mentioned based on the information extrapolated from the 2001 Census of India, total affected 20 Anthropo-Indialogs population is 1,70,000. Of the total, scheduled tribes (47%) and scheduled castes (14.4%) and the total affected villages are 157. It is reported that over 276 villages in the state of Andhra Pradesh are likely to be submerged. In Odisha 10 villages and in Chhattisgarh 7 villages are going to be submerged. The total submerging villages in this project are 293 (Reddy, N.S, 1996). According to a study by Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited based on the 2001 Census, a total of 2,36,834 people are affected by the project, of which the male constitute 1,17,321 and the female 1,19,513. Among them, 53.17 per are tribals. Tribals and dalits together account for 65.75 per cent of the displaced population.

ISSUES OF RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION The study village Devaragondi is a newly established resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) colony, constructed close to the Polavaram mandal headquarters which is 2 km from the village. The village is submerged by the Polavaram dam and it is the first village as a model village shifted from the old village which was located in the dam site. The Devaragondi village is a tribal village, inhabited Koya community. The villagers shifted from the old village to new R&R colony in 2012. Devaragondi is a revenue village which comes under Mamidiondi panchayat village, Mamidigondi panchayat consists two villages: Mamidigondi and Devaragondi. These two villagers have an informal internal agreement that the panchayat sarpanch is elected rotation wise; If the sarpanch is from Mamidigondi, the next sarpanch will be from Devaragondi. The total population in the village is 316 of which males constitutes 133 and females are 183. The Devaragondi village comprises 104 households (Actually, there were 115 households including newly married households but after shifting to the new R&R colony, 11 households, who were single, died due to ill health and displacement trauma). The 104 houses are pucca houses (buildings) constructed under R&R scheme. The primary occupation of most Koya tribe households (95) in the newly settled village is casual wage labour both agriculture and non-agriculture works, engaged in dam construction works, agriculture and other allied works. Five households have started petty business/ self- employed and two households are settled in government jobs. The secondary occupation is agriculture. Although, the villagers have received land-to- land compensation under R&R package for their loss of agriculture land in old village, the compensation land which they received is located nearly 20 km from the newly settled village. The villagers are facing difficulties for cultivation so most of the households have given their agriculture lands on lease to local farmers. For lease, the farmers will pay Rs. 15,000 to 20,000 per acre per a year. In the village, of 58 households who received agriculture land under R&R in new location: Issues of Resettlement and Compensation of Indira Sagar Project in Andhra Pradesh 21

• 38 households have leased out their fields to the outside farmers. • 18 households cultivate fields on their own, • One household is not cultivating his fields because it is submerged by the right canal. The major crops are maize, paddy, pulses and vegetables. The compensation lands which the villagers received under R&R is totally rain-fed cultivation and very recently, the farmers have received bore-wells under land development schemes but the bore-wells are not functioning due to rocky soil. The village Devaragondi situated in the project core zone area is affected by the project. The Dam preparatory activities started in this village in 2006. The right canal of the dam passes through this village. The twin tunnel passes through two neighboring villages Mamidigondi and Thotagondi. In mid-2005, the villagers came to know that the village was going to be submerged by the Dam and they had to leave their village and shift to the new location. When the news came in to the village through the notification displayed at the community centre, the villagers got scared and decided that they would not leave the village. They were scared about the challenges which they would face in the new location. They were clueless about the new location. Implementation of resettlement and rehabilitation process was started in 2007-2008 covering all the submerged villages in the first phase of R&R implementation, vide G.O. Ms. No. 68. Land-to-land compensation up to 6.25 acres was offered to the tribals for their loss of agriculture fields. For housing structures and loss of trees and other immovable assets, the compensation in lieu offered based on the cost analysis which was done by the experts of concern departments. For cost analysis, the Panchayat Raj, R&B engineers and housing boards were involved. The details of land-to-land compensation are furnished below:

Details of R&R Land for Land Compensation

Loss of Agriculture lands in acres Land to Land received in acres Land to be given in acres

192.81 163.11 29.7

Source: Field Data

The data show that out of total acquired agriculture land 192.81 acre, 85 per cent of land 163.11 acre have been received under land-to-land compensation and 15 per cent of the land 29.7 acre is yet to be received. The farmers are still waiting for their loss of remaining 22 Anthropo-Indialogs land. The reasons for the delay in giving land-to-land compensation for remaining loss of land is due to • scarcity of land, • dual names existing on the list and • lack of evidences and • entitlements problems. The consequences of displacement have driven the tribals into vulnerable conditions altering their traditional livelihoods. In the old village, the tribals had many resources and they could manage them skillfully. They were happy with their environment and they had never thought that they would be dislocated from their habitation and settle in new location. The Devaragondi village was the main submerged village. The displacement wave hit the village first among all submerged villages in the project area. The rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) process was initiated in 2005 in the project area. Out of nine submerged mandals, rehabilitation and resettlement was initiated in two mandals (Polavaram in West Godavari and Devipatnam in East Godavari) in the first phase. In the first phase, 14 villages have been covered under the provision of G.O.Ms No: 68, Andhra Pradesh Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2005 (GoAP, 2005). • The villages in West Godavari district are Mamidigondi, Devaragondi, Ramayyapeta, Chegondapalli, Singanapalli, Pydipaka and Thotagondi. • The villages in East Godavari District are: Anguluru, Paragasanipadu, Veeravarapulanka, Bodigudem, D. Ravilanka, Nelakota and Gandikota. The implementation of Rehabilitation and Resettlement to the Project Affected Population in seven mandals come in Khammam district, Telangana State, after bifurcation of the United Andhra Pradesh State, the ordinance was issued on 28 May 2015 under AP Reorganization Act 2014 that seven mandals from Telangana have been merged into Andhra Pradesh state for smooth R&R functioning (Government of India, 2014). • The mandals merged in West Godavari are Kukunooru, and Velerupadu. • The mandals merged in East Godavari districts are Chintoor, V.R.Puram, Kunavaram, and Burgampadu. In 2015-16, the second phase of R&R implementation started covering 134 villages in seven mandals. • The mandals from West Godavari districts are Polavaram, Kukunooru, and Velerupadu Issues of Resettlement and Compensation of Indira Sagar Project in Andhra Pradesh 23

• The mandals from East Godavari district are Devipatnam, Chintoor, V.R.Puram, and Kunavaram. The remaining two mandals (Badrachalam and Burgampadu from East Godavari) will be covered in third and fourth of R&R implementation. Of the nine submerged mandals, three are in West Godavari and six in West Godavari. • The mandals from West Godavari district are Polavaram, Kukunooru, and Velerupadu • The mandals from West Godavari district are Devipatnam, Chintoor, V.R.Puram, Kunavaram, Badrachalam and Burgampadu. In the second phase of R&R implementation, the Govt. of AP has issued G.O. Ms No. 389 adopting the provisions of LARR Act 2013. A new G.O. No.92 was issued by the government during 2017, directing another 90 tribal villages to evacuate immediately due to the danger of submergence. The NCST report, 2018 has mentioned that under second phase nearly 110 tribal villages (38 in West Godavari and 72 in East Godavari) were displaced to enable construction of Upper Coffer Dam. The displaced tribal families were to be rehabilitated as per new land acquisition Act of 2013 (The Gazette of India, 2014). The Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Policy of Government of Andhra Pradesh, 2005 (also called as the “Policy on the Rehabilitation and Resettlement for Project Affected Families – 2005”) came into effect through a G.O. Ms. No. 68 on 8th April 2005 issued by Irrigation and CAD (projects wing) department. This was in conformity with the national policy on R&R 2003. This policy also recommends land-to-land compensation in case of project-affected families (PAFs) belonging to ST community. This policy stands different from the earlier G.O.s only in providing wage compensation to landless people. Various projects during 1990 to 2005 revealed that the provisions of G.O. No. 64 of 1990 were never implemented in any irrigation project constructed during this period. Therefore, this policy is no different from earlier ones unless it is implemented in its true spirit (GoAP. 2005; 2006a; 2006b). In the course of time, however, the Andhra Pradesh R&R policy 2005 was modified several times for making it better – first in 2006 in response to the protests by the oustees of Gundlakamma reservoir project and another important one in 2009 to incorporate the provision of Social Impact Assessment in compliance with the National R&R policy 2007. However, for a policy to be a better one and successful, its proper implementation is also important. This implementation largely depends on the better and operational provisions, as well as the knowledge (and proper understanding) of the policy and the interest and 24 Anthropo-Indialogs concern among the project/government authorities and the officials connected with this implementation. Due to the negligence in its implementation in letter and spirit, presence of vested interests, and pressure tactics on the oustees mounted by the authorities, several problems arose in the process of resettlement and rehabilitation, leading to corruption, improper distribution of benefits, and deprivation of R&R to project affected families. These problems are in addition to the unexpected problems faced by the oustees due to their being uprooted from their roots and attempting to relocate and resettle them in totally alien areas (with a different culture, language, and social milieu), where the locals could treat them as “intruders.” In view of the above, the rehabilitation and rehabilitation policy of erstwhile Government of Andhra Pradesh could not safeguard the project-affected people in rural and tribal areas of the state. Thus, the earlier R&R policies (central and state) were obscure, problematic in operation, lack in certain crucial provisions, and their implementation depended on the interest and mercy of authorities as they were just “policies”. These problems are clearly visible in the major irrigation projects of the earlier Gundlakamma reservoir project in Prakasam district and the ongoing Polavaram project in West Godavari district, and to some extent in the medium irrigation projects of Bhupathipalem and Musurumilli projects in the Rampachodavaram Agency area of East Godavari district. The Indira Sagar project (Polavaram) was recognized as a national project in the year 2014. In this project the villagers were displaced phase wise and in the first phase 14 villages were displaced from West and East Godavari districts to the new location. The villagers were displaced according to the Andhra Pradesh R&R policy 2005. Till the 31st December 2013 they adopted the same policy for rehabilitation of the people. After the 31st of December 2013 from 1st January 2014 they adopted RFCTLARR 2013 Act 2013 for the rehabilitation of the remaining villagers. The first phase of displaced people from the 14 villages reported that they are not satisfied with the compensation of R&R policy 2005 because of the following reasons: 1. They were displaced from their ancestral homes and they were deprived of lands assets 2. They were not happy with the compensation and R&R package of Andhra Pradesh R&R policy 2005 3. There were many problems of implementation of resettlement and rehabilitation policy 4. People faced numerous problems at the rehabilitation centres 5. They were displaced very far from the original villages Issues of Resettlement and Compensation of Indira Sagar Project in Andhra Pradesh 25

6. Agricultural lands were provided to them very far from their homes. 7. The new location lacked proper infrastructural facilities at such as drinking water, electricity, roads, schools, and healthcare facilities. 8. They were not able to coping with other local people at the new location due to the differences in culture and socio-economic lifestyle 9. They had lost access to forest resources and products, 10. They felt that other villagers are relatively better because they were rehabilitated according to the RFCTLARR Act 2013

The Rehabilitation & Resettlement Package of Polavaram Project (G.O.MS No: 68)

Components Compensation Details Land Compensation For Scheduled Tribes (a) for land holdings up to 6.25 acres, land for land compensation is given; (b) for land holdings exceeding the 6.25 acres, cash compensation is given for the excess land (c) Cash compensation for land at the following rates: Rs 115,000 per acre for non-irrigated land; Rs. 130,000 per acre for cultivable land with canals and irrigation tanks; Rs. 145,000 rupees for land having deep borewells or small irrigation projects. For Non-Scheduled Tribes (a) Cash compensation for land at the following rates: Rs 115,000 per acre for non-irrigated land; Rs. 130,000 per acre for cultivable land with canals and irrigation tanks; Rs. 145,000 rupees for land having deep bore wells or small irrigation projects. House Construction & Relocation Site (a) Free House Site - 0.05 Cents (b) Rs 45,000 grant for house construction (c) Rs. 5,000 grant for Individual Toilet (d) The resettlement colony must be provided with basic amenities and infrastructure: drinking water, internal roads, drainage, electricity, primary school, playground, community hall, approach road, community center. Wage & Allowances (a) 750 days @ 85 Rs per day of minimum agricultural wage for loss of livelihood if after the acquisition of land the owner becomes landless; (b) 500 days @ 85 Rs per day of minimum agricultural wage as one-time financial assistance if after the acquisition of land the owner becomes marginal farmer; (c) 375 days @ 85 Rs per day of minimum agricultural wage as one-time financial assistance if after the acquisition of land the owner becomes small farmer; contd. table 26 Anthropo-Indialogs

(d) 625 days @ 85 Rs per day of minimum agricultural wage as one-time financial assistance for laborers; (e) 240 days @ 85 Rs per day of minimum agricultural wage as one-time financial assistance for each displaced family; (f) 500 days @ 85 Rs per day of minimum agricultural wage as compensation for the loss of customary rights and usage of forest produce;

Compensation for Immovable Assets (a) For loss of houses, based on the type of house the affected household will receive an amount up to Rs. 100,000 and above. For the house valuation, a separate team has been appointed by the R&R implementation authorities. The households who have lost their agriculture land would receive crop loss Rs. 5,000 to 15,000 per acres for three years. The compensation valued for the trees Rs. 150 to 1,000 based on the type of trees. Other (a) Rs 25,000 for income generating scheme grant. (b) Rs 5,000 grant for construction of a new cattle shed; (c) Rs 5,000 for transportation from the old to the new place,

Source: Field data & GoAP. (2005) The Right Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 Currently, the second phase of R&R is being implemented in 134 villages in seven mandals (Polavaram, Kukunooru, Velerupadu from West Godavari and Devipatnam, Chintoor, V.R.Puram, Kunavaram from East Godavari District) in West Godavari & East Godavari Districts. The plan of action for implementing R&R is scheduled to be completed in 2021. In the second phase of R&R implementation, the Govt. AP has issued G.O. Ms No. 389 adopting the provisions of LARR Act 2013. The remaining two mandals (Badrachalam and Burgampadu from East Godavari) and the implementation of R&R shall be completed in four phases. The list of submerged mandals is nine; three Mandals (Polavaram, Kukunooru and Velerupadu) under West Godavari and six Mandals (Devipatnam, Chintoor, V.R.Puram, Kunavaram, Badrachalam and Burgampadu) under East Godavari District.

The Policy enforced into implementation in the Project in 2014 and the provisions are

Components Amount Rs.

Livelihood Assistance for each family (one-time payment): 500000 Subsistence grant/allowance for aperiod of 12 months: 36000 For all families Additional for SC & ST 50000 Transportation cost for each family (one-time payment) 50000 Issues of Resettlement and Compensation of Indira Sagar Project in Andhra Pradesh 27

Artisan/Small traders and other grant (if any) One-time grant 25000 Additional Support to cattle sheds petty shops 25000 One-time resettlement allowance for each family 50000 Total 736000

Source: Field data, The Gazette of India. (2013), http://randrwestgodavari.com/r&r.html access on November 2, 2018

For construction of the houses of Adivasis the Government should allot Rs. 4.55 lakhs as per Government Order (G.O. Rt. No.641, Revenue Department) in which it enhanced the housing budget of Adivasis from Rs 2.80 lakh to 4.55 lakh rupees for a 275 sq feet house which the lower revenue officials choose to ignore. The R&R process has been initiated in the project area in 2005. To address the issues of displacement and justification of DPs, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has come up with the policy ‘G.O. Ms No 68’. The policy essentially addresses the need to provide succour to the asset-less rural poor, support the rehabilitation efforts of the resource-poor sections, namely, small and marginal farmers, SCs/STs and women who have been displaced, besides, it seeks to provide a broad canvas for an effective dialogue between the project-affected families and project-displaced families and the Administration for Resettlement & Rehabilitation. Initially, in the first phase of land acquisition and R&R activities, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has implemented vide G.O Ms No 68 and as per the G.O. the compensation has been paid to the DPs on loss of their fixed assets, land to land and R&R household monitoring benefits. In 2014, the second phase of land acquisition and R&R activities has been initiated, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has adopted a Central act called ‘The Right Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 and subsequently the G.O.AP issued vide G.O.M.s No 389 following the central act – RFCTLRR Act, 2013. The RFCTLRR Act has been enforced dated the 16th September 2013. The following checklist has been presented on the component of compensation package in respect of land acquired under the Act, the elements of Rehabilitation and Resettlement entitlements, provisions of infrastructural amendments etc.

The Comparison of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy of Government of Andhra Pradesh, 2005 and the RFCTLARR Act, 2013

Sl. Component Entitlements & Provisions No. G.O. Ms. No. 68 The RFCTLARR Act, 2013

Individual Entitlements 1 Provision of housing units in case of displacement 0.05 cents 0.05 cents 2 Household Compensation (Include all allowances) in Rs. 170,200/120,200 636,000/736,000 28 Anthropo-Indialogs

3 For House Construction in Rs. 40,000/50,000 Rs 2.80 lakhs to 4.55 4 Land for land (ST PDFs) Up to 6.25 acres Up to 6.25 acres 5 Compensation on loss of land per acre Rs in lakhs 1.15 to 1.85 lakh 7.5 to 10.5 lakh 6 Land development Through MGNREGA 7 Stamp duty and registration fee Free of cost Free of cost 8 Fishing rights Yes Yes 9 Loss of Assets (House, trees, cattle shed etc.) As per the assessment As per the assessment of of current market value current market value Community Entitlements: Basic Infrastructure Amenities & CPR 1 Basic Infrastructure Amenities (Drinking water, Health, As per G.O As per Act Education, Roads etc) 2 CPR (Common lands and Grazing lands As per G.O As per Act

Source: Field data, GoAP. (2005; The Gazette of India. (2013)

The above details gives the clear picture on the comparison of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Components and Entitlements & provisions of both Individual and Community under Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy of Government of Andhra Pradesh, 2005 and the Rights Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.

CONCLUSION The displaced families in the first phase were paid compensation on their loss of assets & household grant through G.O.Ms No 68 while currently the displaced families under second phase are being paid through the RFCTLARR Act 2013. The displaced people who received household compensation in the first phase are unhappy that they have received inadequate compensation compared to the displaced people of second phase. The displaced people from the 14 villages of West Godavari and East Godavari Districts are expecting benefits & provisions of the RFCTLARR Act 2013. Although the above policies came into existence in revised form there were problems in its implementation by the Central and State governments. For example, in Indira Sagar project the Government of Andhra Pradesh implemented 2005, 2007 and 2013 policy for rehabilitation and resettlement of displaced people. Villagers were not informed about the project displacement; they were not sensitized through meetings. Projects officials did not make any serious efforts to explain about the details of R&R package, not even bother to translate them in to local language. In many of the panchayat Gram Sabha was not convened. Officials not served any kind of notice to the households to vacate their places. Issues of Resettlement and Compensation of Indira Sagar Project in Andhra Pradesh 29

There was delay in payment of compensation. At time of acquisition of land they committed to complete the compensation package as early as possible but till today, some of the villagers have not received the package. Most of the displaced people reported that they faced many problems at the rehabilitation centres. The agricultural lands were not provided nearer their location. Overall officials did not properly implement the rehabilitation and resettlement policy in the study village. Several issues and concerns of the project displaced families in the study village and other affected villages in the project were noticed. The Government should rely and take necessary actions to address those problems of displaced population immediately and further, the Government should enhance the monitoring mechanism to fulfill lacuna in implementation of R&R policy in the project-affected area. Due to improper implementation of the policy, the affected population especially tribes are not fully compensated. Six households in the village were not paid any compensation because they were not included in the award list. Similar issues are also noticed in the other affected villages. Therefore, the Government should ensure that the every affected person should get R&R benefits without fail.

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