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Report on the English Birthrate UNIVERSITY OF LONDON FRANCIS GALTON LABORATORY FOR NATIONAL EUGENICS EUGENICS LABORATORY MEMOIRS. XIX. AND XX. REPORT ON THE ENGLISH BIRTHRATE PART I. ENGLAND NORTH OF THE HUMBER BY ETHEL M. ELDERTON, GALTON FELLOW. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON WITH TWO DIAGRAMS AND TWENTY PLATES i , ^ iMiaaiMWv»j! ...v, 'CAMBRIDGE UNIVEllSITY PRESS 0. F. OLAT, Manaobr LONDON : FETTER LANE, B.C. EDINBURGH : 100, PRINCES STREI B. K. LEWISj 136, OOWEB 8TBEKT, LONDON, W.C. BOMBAIT, CALCUTTA AND MADRAS WBIU>ON JLTfD niBLBY LTD., 28, ESSEX 8TBEET, iIACMILI.A!J AND CO., LIMITEC TOKYO: THBIIABDBJBN-KAEIS" - ' 1914 Privr y. shiiu itij^ 1 : UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE The Francis Gallon Eugenics Laboratory. This Laboratory was founded by Sir Francis Galton and is under the direction of Professor Karl Peakson, F.R.S. National JJugenics is the study of agencies under social control, thai tnay improve or impair tlie racial qualities of future generations, either physically or mentally. Assistant Director : David Heron, M.A., D.Sc. Galton Research Fellow : Ethel M. Librarian : Bakrington. Sec. Elderton. Assistant : Miss M. C. B. Cave. Amy Hon. H. Gertrude Jones. • It was the intention of the Founder, that the Laboratory should serve (i) as a storehouse of statistical material bearing on the mental and physical conditions in man, and on the (ii) as centre for the publication relation of these conditions to inheritance and environment ; a or other form of distribution of information concerning National Eugenics; (iii) as a school for training and assisting research-workei-s in the special problems of National Eugenics. Short courses are provided for those who are engaged in social, medical or anthropometric work. The Biometric Laboratory. This Laboratory was established to forward the statistical study of Biological Problems. Uiiiil the plienomena of any branch of knowledge have been subjected to measurpmpid mid number, it cannot assume the status and dignity of a science. —Francis Galton. Director: Professor Karl Pearson, F.R.S. Suff: Herbert Q. Soper, M.A., Adelaide G. Davin, B.Sc. Crewdson-Benington Student in Craniometry: Eveline Y. Tiiomp.son. The Laboratory is assisted by a giant from the Worshipful Company of Drapers. It provides a complete training in statistical method and assists research workers engaged on biometric problems. Published by the Cambridge University Press. BIOMETRIKA. A JOniJXAL FOR T^TTF STATISTICAL STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS. Edited by Karl Pearson. Vol.. X, P.\nT 1. l.i' I. Congenital Anomalies in a Native African K.n.e. bv .^h•^cl.u^lm-v^— 1 u .-•iua_\ I'ioliil jc-S, a Reply Hugh S. Staxnos, M.D. LonA (With Plates I—VI Professor 1\ By'D. Noel Paton, F.R.S. and 19 figui-e« in the text.) 'ii) The !ii,^,,.oi.t.w ...idy of Dietaries, a Rejoinder. My Karl Pearson, F.R.S. (iii) Note on the essential II. Tables of Pois-son's Exponential Binomial Limii ( oiiditioiis that a Population breeding at random should H. E. Soi'EK, M.A. I le 11. stable SUtc. By Karl Pearson, F.R.S. (iv) The III. Poisson's Law of Small Numbers. By LdcyWhitakeh, On iTiMU :,ii,m of Spiu"ious Correlation due to Position in B.Sc. (With Plate VII.) -^[lace. By "Student." (v) On certain Errors IV. The Kelationsbii) l>etween Weight of the Seed Plftnto. --„ "I to Multii)le O^rrelation occasionally made by and the Characteristics of the Plant produced. II. B) thase who have not adequately studied the subject. By .]. Arthur Harris, Ph.D. (Withfour Diagrams in text.) Kakl Pearson, F.R.S. (vi) Formidae for the Deter- V. On the Probability that two ludependcut Distributiou.s niiuHtion of the Capacity of the Negro Skull from Ex- of Frequency ai-e really Samples of the same Popvila- teiiinl Meiisureuients. By L. Isserlis, B.A. (vii) Note tion, with s).>ocial Reference to Recent Work on the on a Negro Piebald. By C. D. Mavnard. (With Identity of Trvpanosome Strains. Bj' Kabl Pearson, Plate X.) (viii) Note on Infantile Mortality and Em- F.R.S. (With If) Diagrams in the text.) ployment of Women. By Ethel M. Eldertok." ' VI. On Homotyposis and Allied Charactera in Eggs of the ment by Professor F. M. Urban. Common Tern. By William Rowan, K. M. Parker, Corrigendum. B.Sc. and Julia Bell, M.A. (With Plates VIII (in colours) and IX.) The subscription price, payable in advance, is 30s. net per volume (pose tree;; single numbers 10s. net. Volumes I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX (1902—13) complete, 30«. 7iet per volume. Bound in Buckram 34«. Gd. net per volume. Vol. IX, Parts I and II, 20«. net. Index to Volumes I to V, 2«. tiel. Subscriptions may be sent to C. F. Clay, Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, London, E.G., either dii-ect or through any bookseller, and communications respecting advei-tisements should also be addressed to C F. Clay. Till further notice, new subscribers to liiometrika may obtain Vols. I—IX together for £\0 net—or bound in Buckram for £12 net. Now i-eody: Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians. Edited by Karl Pearson, F.R.S. University Press, Cambridge. Price 9s. net. Diagram I. The Individual Registration Districts of England, North of the Humber. REPORT ON THE ENGLISH BIRTHRATE PART I. ENGLAND, NORTH OF THE HUMBER BY ETHEL M. ELDERTON, GALTON FELLOW, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Published by the Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, E.G. 4 1914 H rpiHIS memoir was in type before the outbreak of war, and the grave question -*- arose as to whether its pubUeation at the present time was justifiable. The nation, some will feel, has enough immediate trouble to deal with. It appeared to me, however, that just in such a time of stress men's minds are likely to be turned from the pursuit of pleasure and thus be more in the mood to consider what tends to our efficiency as a nation. Whether victory or defeat lies before us, the war will make the topic here discussed even more urgent than before. It is the great national problem of our future, and therefore I have determined not to postpone publication. This Report may have fewer readers than in a time of peace, but it will find those readers more prepared to weigh justly national needs against personal indulgence. KARL PEARSON. Galton Laboeatoky, August 20, 1914. ERRATA Plate VII. For North Bierlj' read North Bierley. „ Warfedale ,, Wharfedale. CONTENTS page Prefatory Note vii I. Introductory 1 II. On the Condition of England in 1851 and in 1901 11 III. On the Changes in the Birthrate in the Counties . 16 IV. Consideration of the Individual Counties . 20 A. The County of Lancashire I. The County as a Whole 20 II. The Individual Registration Districts 28 B. The County op Cheshire I. The County as a Whole 70 II. The Individual Registration Districts 74 C. Yorkshire, West Riding I. The Riding as a Whole 88 II. The Individual Registration Districts 95 D. Yorkshire, East Riding I. The Riding as a Whole 126 II. The Individual Registration Districts 130 E. Yorkshire, North Riding I. The Riding as a Whole 143 II. The Individual Registration Districts 147 F. AND G. The Counties of Cumberland and Westmorland I. The Counties as Wholes 159, 160 II. The Individual Registration Districts 163, 170 H. The County of Durham I. The County as a Whole 173 II. The Individual Registration Districts 177 I. The County of Northumberland I. The County as a Whole 190 II. The Individual Registration Districts 194 V. The Fall in the Birthrate and Industrial Conditions A. The Counties as Wholes .... 205 B. The Individual Registration Districts 208 VI. The Fall in the Birthrate and Social Conditions 216 VII. Summary of Conclusions as to the Fall in the Birthrate in the North of England 232 Appendix I. On the Wages of the Chief Industries in the North of England 239 Appendix II. Note on certain Medicines sold as Remedies for "Female Irregu- larities " 246 LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND PLATES Diagram I. Map of the Registration Districts North of the Humber .... Frontispiece Facing page Diagram II. Chart of Marriages and Births and Dividends in Sheffield .... 12 Plate I. Lancashire .............. 28 Ulverston, Blackburn, Fylde, Lancaster, and HasUngden. Plate II. Lancashire {continued) ............ 37 Burnley, Bury, Ormskirk, Chorley, Clitheroe, and Oldham. Plate III. Lancashire (continued) ............ 47 Barton-upon-Irwell, Garstang, Ashton-under-Lyne, Rochdale, Bolton, and Lunesdale. Plate IV. Lancashire {continued) ............ 55 Barrow-in-Fumess, Preston, Wigan, Salford, Chorlton, and Leigh. Plate V. Lancashire {concluded) ............ 63 Warrington, Prescot, West Derby with Toxteth Park, Manchester with Prestwich, and Liverpool. Plate V. Cheshire 63 Altrincham, Macclesfield, and Stockport. Plate VI. Cheshire {concluded) ............ 80 Birkenhead, Congleton, Northwich, Runcorn, Nantwich, Wirral, and Chester. Plate VII. Yorkshire, West Riding 95 Sedbergh with Settle, Halifax, Bradford with North Bierley, Skipton with Wharfedale, and Todmorden. Plate VIII. Yorkshire, West Riding {continued) ......... 100 Dewsbury, Keighley, Huddersfield, Hunslet with Holbeck and Bramley, and Wortley. Plate IX. Yorkshire, West Riding {continued) ......... 110 Wakefield, Saddleworth, Ripon, Leeds, Ecclesall-Bierlow, Rotherham, Knaresborough with Great Ouseburn and Wetherby. Plate X. Yorkshire, West Ridmg {concluded) ......... 118 Tadcaster with Selby, Sheffield, Pateley Bridge, Bamsley, Doncaster, Pontefract, Goole with Thome, and Hemsworth. Plate XI. Yorkshire, East Riding 130 Bridlington with Driffield, Patrington with Skirlaugh, Sculcoates, York, Beverley, Hull, and Pocklington with Howden. Plate XII. Yorkshire, North Ridmg 147 Guisborough, Whitby, Northallerton with Thirsk, Malton, and Scarborough. Plate XIII. Yorkshire, North Riding {concluded) 153 Stokesley, Reeth with Richmond, Middlesbrough, Helmsley with Pickering and Easing- wold, Aysgarth with Leybum and Bedale. Plate XIII. Westmorland 153 Kendal, East and West Wards. Plate XIV. Cumberland 163 Bootle, Whitehaven, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wigton.
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