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Continue This article is about psychology. For a positive mental attitude, see . Scientific Research on the Positive Aspects of Human Experience That Make Life Worth Living Part series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic Types of Abnormal Behavioral Genetics Biological Cognitive/Cognitivism Comparative Cross-Cultural Cultural Differential Development of Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied Psychology Applied Behavior Analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Medical Forensic Industrial and Organizational Legal Medical Military Music Professional Professional Religion School Sports Traffic Lists Discipline Organization Psychology Publishing Research Techniques Theory Theory Topics Portalvte is a scientific study of the good life, or the positive aspects of human experience, that make life worth living. The discipline of positive psychology focuses on both individual and social well-being. Positive psychology began as a new field of psychology in 1998, when Martin Seligman chose it as a topic for his tenure as president of the American Psychological Association. This is a reaction to past practices that tend to focus on mental illness, while emphasizing non-adaptive behavior and negative thinking. It builds on the humanist movement of Abraham Maslow, Rollo May, James Bugental and Carl Rogers, who called for an emphasis on , well-being and positivity, thus creating the basis for what is now known as positive psychology. Positive psychology is associated with eudaimonia, good life, reflections on what has the greatest value in life - factors that make the greatest contribution to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Positive psychologists have suggested a number of ways in which individual happiness can be promoted. Social connections with spouses, family, friends and wider networks through work, clubs or community organizations are of particular importance, while exercise and meditation practice can also contribute to happiness. Happiness may increase with an increase in financial income, although it may plateau or even fall when no further benefits are made. Definition and basic assumptions Definition Martin Seligman and Mihai Csikszentmihalyi determine positive psychology as ... scientific research into positive human functioning and prosperity at various levels, which include biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural and global aspects of life. Positive psychology is associated with eudaimonia, good life or flourishing, living in accordance with what has the greatest value in life - the factors that contribute the most to Life. Without trying to define a good life, positive psychologists agree that you need to live a happy, engaged and meaningful life to experience a good life. Martin Seligman called good life using his branded strengths every day to achieve true happiness and abundant satisfaction. Positive psychology complements, without intending to replace or ignore, traditional areas of psychology. By emphasizing the study of positive human development, this area helps to balance other approaches that focus on disorder and which can only lead to limited understanding. Positive psychology also pays considerable attention to promoting positive self-esteem and self-esteem, although positive psychologists with a less humanistic inclination are less likely to focus on this issue. The basic premise of positive psychology is that people often reach for the future more than they are driven by the past. Changing our orientation for time can have a significant impact on how we think about the nature of happiness. Seligman identified other possible goals: families and schools that allow children to grow, jobs that aim to meet and high productivity, and teaching others about positive psychology. Those who practice positive psychology try psychological interventions that promote a positive attitude to their subjective experience, individual traits and life events. The aim is to minimize pathological thoughts that may arise in hopeless thinking, and, on the contrary, to develop a sense of optimism towards life. Positive psychologists seek to encourage of their past, excitement and optimism about their future experiences, as well as a sense of satisfaction and well-being in the present. Related concepts are happiness, well-being, quality of life, and meaningful life. According to Seligman and Peterson, positive psychology is associated with three issues: positive , positive individual traits, and positive institutions. Positive emotions are associated with being content with one's past, being happy in the present and having for the future. Positive individual traits are focused on their strengths and virtues. Finally, positive institutions are based on strengths in order to better the community of people. According to Peterson, positive psychologists are concerned about four topics: (1) positive experiences, (2) stable psychological traits, (3) positive relationships, and (4) positive institutions. According to Peterson, topics of to researchers in this field are: states of or , values, strengths, virtues, talents, and the ways in which they can promoted by social systems and institutions. Martin Seligman's story, psychology (especially her positive branch) can explore and promote ways to promote well-being in individuals and communities. Origin Although the official name positive psychology refers to a certain discipline in the field of psychology, exists only since 2000, the concepts that form its basis, are present in religious and philosophical discourse for thousands of years. In the field of psychology, while pre-citing the use of the term positive psychology, the researchers focused primarily on topics that will now be included under the auspices of positive psychology. The term positive psychology dates back at least to 1954, when the first edition of Maslow's Motivation and Personality was published with a final chapter titled To Positive Psychology. In the second edition (1970), he deleted this chapter, stating in the foreword that positive psychology is at least available today, though not very widely. There are signs that psychologists since the 1950s have increasingly focused on improving mental health rather than just treating mental illness. From the very beginning of psychology, the field turned to human experience using the Disease Model specifically by studying and identifying human dysfunction. Positive psychology began as a new field of psychology in 1998, when Martin Seligman chose it as a topic for his term as president of the American Psychological Association. In the first sentence of his book Authentic Happiness, Seligman argued, Over the past half century, psychology has been consumed by only one topic: mental illness, extending Maslow's comments. He urged psychologists to continue previous psychology missions to nurture talent and improve normalcy. The first Summit on Positive Psychology took place in 1999. The first International Conference on Positive Psychology was held in 2002. More attention was paid to the public in 2006, when, using the same framework, a course at Harvard University became particularly popular. In June 2009, the First World Congress on Positive Psychology was held at the University of Pennsylvania. The International Association for Positive Psychology (IPPA) is a newly established association that has expanded to thousands of members from 80 different countries. IPPA's missions include: (1) the further development of the science of positive psychology around the world and ensuring that the area continues to rest on this science (2) work for the effective and responsible application of positive psychology in various fields such as organizational psychology, counseling and clinical psychology, business, health, education and coaching, (3) promoting education and training in this area. The field of positive psychology is now the most developed in the United States and Western Europe. Despite the fact that the positive offers a new approach to learning positive emotions and behaviors, ideas, theories, research, and motivation to explore the positive side of human behavior as old as humanity. The influence of several humanistic psychologists, most notably Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Erich Fromm, has developed theories and practices related to human happiness and prosperity. Recently, positive psychologists have found empirical support for humanistic theories of prosperity. In addition, positive psychology has advanced in a number of new areas. In 1984, Diner published his tripartite model of subjective well-being, arguing that three different but often related components of well-being: frequent positive effects, rare negative effects and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction. In this model, cognitive, affective and contextual factors contribute to subjective well-being. According to Diner and Su, subjective well-being is ... based on the fact that the way everyone thinks and feels about their life is important. Carol Reiff's six-factor model of psychological well-being was originally published in 1989, and further testing of her factors was published in 1995. It postulates six factors that are key to well-being, namely self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental prowess, autonomy, and positive relationships with others. According to Cory Keayes, who collaborated with Carol Reiff and uses the term thriving as a central concept, mental well-being has three components, namely hedonic (c.q. subjective or emotional), psychological and social well-being. Hedonic well-being concerns the emotional aspects of well-being, while psychological and social well-being, c.q. eudaimonic well-being, concerns skills, abilities and optimal functioning. This tripartite model of mental well-being has received extensive empirical support across cultures. The influence in ancient history While the official name positive psychology has been around only for the past two decades, the concepts that form the basis of this field have been present in religious and philosophical discourse for thousands of years. In the field of psychology, the pre-use of the term positive psychology has seen researchers who focus primarily on topics that will now be included under the auspices of positive psychology. Some see positive psychology as a meeting of Eastern thought, such as Buddhism and Western psychodynamic approaches. Other examples of the rich historical roots of positive psychology are present in the teachings of Aristotle, who emphasized the importance of happiness and well-being, which he Eudaimonia. Theory and Methods Main Article: Well-being There is no accepted gold standard of theory in positive psychology, but the work of Seligman Seligman Quoted. So does the work of Csikszentmihalyi and old models of well-being, such as the six-factor model of psychological well-being of Carol Reiff and the tripartite model of Deaner's subjective well-being. The original theory: Three Ways to Happiness in True Happiness (2002) Seligman proposed three kinds of happy life that can be explored: 39 38 Pleasant Life: exploring a pleasant life, or living pleasure, considering how people optimally experience, forecast, and enjoy positive and emotions that are part of a normal and healthy lifestyle (e.g., relationships, interests, entertainment interests, etc.). Despite the attention, Martin Seligman says that this most transient element of happiness may be the least important. Good life: To study the beneficial effects of immersion, absorption and flow, which people experience when they are optimally engaged in their main activities, is the study of a good life, or life of participation. The flow is experienced when there is a positive match between the strength of the person and his current task, i.e. when the person feels confident in the performance of the chosen or assigned task. Meaningful life: Exploring meaningful life, or life of belonging, calls into question how people get a positive sense of well-being, belonging, meaning, and purpose from being a part and contributing back to something bigger and more permanent than themselves (e.g. nature, social groups, organizations, movements, traditions, belief systems). PERMA In Flourish (2011) Seligman argued that the last category offered by him three types of happy life, meaningful life, can be considered as 3 different categories. The result is the acronym PERMA: Positive Emotions, Participation, Relationships, Meaning and Purpose, and Achievement. This is mnemonic for the five elements of Martin Seligman's theory of well-being: Positive emotions include a wide range of feelings, not just happiness and . Included are emotions such as excitement, satisfaction, and , among others. These emotions are often seen as associated with positive outcomes, such as longer life and healthier social relationships. Participation means participation in activities that are based and based on one's own interests. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi explains true interaction as a stream, a state of deep effortless participation, a sense of intensity that leads to a of and clarity. The completed task should call for higher skill and be a little challenging and complex, but still possible. Participation involves and concentration on the task at hand and is judged subjectively about whether the person engaged was completely absorbed, losing self-awareness. Relationships are necessary to highlight positive emotions, whether work-related, family, romantic or As Christopher Christopher says simply: Other people matter. People receive, share and spread positivity among others through relationships. They are important not only in bad times, but also in good times. In fact, relationships can be strengthened by reacting positively to each other. Characteristically, most positive things happen in the presence of other people. Meaning is also known as the goal, and raises the question of why. Discover and figure out a clear why puts everything in context from work to relationships with other parts of life. Finding meaning is learning that there is more to it than me. Despite the potential difficulties, working with meaning forces people to continue to pursue the desired goal. Achievements are the pursuit of success and skill. Unlike other parts of PERMA, they are sometimes persecuted even when achievements do not lead to positive emotions, meaning, or relationships. This, as noted, achievements can activate other elements of PERMA, such as pride, under positive emotions. Achievements can be individual or community,community, fun or workable. Each of the five PERMA elements was selected on three criteria: it promotes well-being. She's being persecuted for herself. It is defined and measured independently of other elements. Character Strong and Virtue Home article: Character Strong and Virtue See also: The Nature of Education, the Values of Education and Values in Action Inventory of the Strengths and Virtues of Character Development Strong and Virtue (CSV) Guide (2004) represents Seligman and Peterson's first attempt to identify and classify a person's positive psychological traits. Similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of General Psychology, CSV provided a theoretical basis for helping to understand strengths and virtues and to develop the practical application of positive psychology. This guide identified six classes of virtue (i.e. basic virtues) that underlie the 24 measurable strengths of character. CsV suggested that these six virtues have a historical basis in the vast majority of cultures; Moreover, these virtues and strengths can lead to increased happiness when built on. Despite numerous caveats and caveats, this proposal of universality hints threefold: 1. The study of positive human qualities expands the scope of psychological research to include mental health, 2. Leaders of the positive movement of psychology challenge moral relativism, suggesting that people are evolutionarily predisposed to certain virtues, and 3. virtue has a biological basis. The organization of 6 virtues and 24 strengths is this: Wisdom and Knowledge: Creativity, , Openness, of Learning, Perspective, : courage, perseverance, integrity, integrity, Humanity's zest: love, , social intelligence Justice: citizenship, justice, leadership Temperance: forgiveness and mercy, humility, prudence, self-control Transcendence: appreciation of beauty and perfection, , hope, humor, spirituality Recent studies have defied the need for 6 virtues. Instead, the researchers hypothesized that the 24 strengths are more accurately grouped into just three or four categories: Intelligent Strengths, Interpersonal Strengths, and Temperance Strengths or Alternatively, Interpersonal Strengths, Resilience, Vitality, and Caution, and Their Classification, originated independently elsewhere in the literature on values. Paul Tabard described examples; they included Jeff Schrager's workshops to discover the habits of very creative people. Some studies show that the effects of well-being, which seem to be due to spirituality, are actually better characterized as being due to virtue. The main article flow: Flow (psychology) See also: Peak Experience In the 1970s Csikszentmihalyi began to study flow, a state of absorption where their abilities fit well at hand. The flow is characterized by intense concentration, loss of self-awareness, a sense that it is perfectly challenged (neither boring nor overwhelmed), and a sense that time is flying. The flow is inherently useful; it can also help achieve goals (such as winning a game) or improve skills (such as becoming a better chess player). Anyone can experience the flow, in different areas such as play, creativity and work. The flow is achieved when the task of the situation meets its personal abilities. Mismatched call for someone with low skills leads to a state of ; insufficient task for someone highly skilled leads to . Applications and Research Results Home article: Well-being contributing factors Research in Positive Psychology, Well-being, Eudaimony and Happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff, Kees and Seligman cover a wide range of topics including biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural and global aspects of life. A meta-analysis of 49 studies in 2009 showed that Positive Psychology Interventions (PPI) gave improvements in well-being and lower levels of , the PPI studied included writing thank-you letters, studying optimistic thinking, reproducing positive life experiences and communicating with others. In a later meta-analysis of 39 studies with 6,139 participants, the results were positive in 2012. Three to six months after PPI, the implications for subjective well-being and psychological well-being are still significant. However, the positive effect was weaker than in the 2009 meta-analysis, concluded that this was because they only used better studies. The PPIs they believed included counting blessings, blessings, practice by making personal goals, showing gratitude and focusing on personal strengths. Another PPI survey, published in 2018, found that more than 78% of interventional studies were conducted in Western countries. Ilona Boniwell, in her book Positive Psychology in the NutShell, presented the following summary of current research. Well-being is associated with optimism, extroversion, social connections (i.e. close friendships), marriage, engagement, religion or spirituality, leisure, good sleep and exercise, social class (through differences in lifestyle and better survival) and subjective health (what do you think about your health). Well-being is not related to age, physical attractiveness, money (once basic needs are met), gender (women are more likely to be depressed, but also more often joyful), educational level, presence of children (although they add meaning to life), transition to a sunny climate, crime prevention, housing and objective health (as doctors say). Sonia Lubomirskaya in her book How To Happiness says that to improve happiness, people must create new habits; they can seek new emotions, use diversity and time to prevent hedonic adaptation and recruit others to motivate and maintain while creating these new habits. Lubomirsky gives 12 activities of happiness, such as relishing life, learning to forgive and living in the present, each of which can become the basis for a new habit. In Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness, the authors Compton and Hoffman give the Predictors of Well-being high self-esteem, optimism, self-moderatement, sense of meaning in life, and positive relationships with others. Personality traits most associated with well-being are extroversion, acceptability and low levels of neuroticism. In the journal Professional Rehabilitation, Kreuzer and Mills argue that the principles of positive psychology should be implemented to help those recovering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). They make the case that TBI rehabilitation methods rely on to improve the individual by participating in everyday practice, a practice greatly linked to the principles of positive psychology. Their proposal to link positive psychology with professional rehabilitation of TBI (VR) also examines happiness and its correlation with improved mental health, including increased and performance, as well as others. Although the authors note that empirical evidence for positive psychology is limited, they specify that the emphasis of positive psychology on small successes, optimism and prosocial behavior is promising to improve the social and emotional well-being of TBI patients. Critic Kirk Schneider, editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, says it's positive can't explain past abhorrent behavior such as those committed by the Nazis Stalin's marches and clan meetings to identify just a few. He also pointed to research showing high positivity correlates with a positive illusion that effectively distorts reality. The degree of decline in high positivity (also known as prosperity) is that one can become incapable of psychological growth, incapable of self-reflective, and tend to adhere to racial biases. In contrast, negativity, sometimes indicative of mild to moderate depression, correlates with a lesser distortion of reality. Thus, negativity can play an important role in the dynamics of human prosperity. To illustrate, engaging in conflict and acknowledging the negativity involved, including some negative emotions such as , could better contribute to prosperity. Overall, Schneider gave perspective: Perhaps true happiness is not what you aspire to, but is the product of a well-lived life - and a well-lived life does not settle on a programmed or neatly calibrated. Seligman acknowledged in his work the point of positive illusion, and is a critic of just feeling good about himself other than reality and recognizes the importance of negativity/dysphoria. In 2003, Ian Semple, writing for The Guardian, noted that positive psychologists are also accused of burying their heads in the sand and ignoring the fact that depressed, even just unhappy people, have real problems to deal with. He also quoted Steven Volin, a clinical psychiatrist at George Washington University, who said that studying positive psychology is just a repetition of old ways of thinking, and that there is not much research to support the effectiveness of this method. Gable responds to criticism of their view of the world by saying that they simply bring balance toward psychology that is clearly understudied. To protect his point of view, Gable points to an imbalance conducive to research into negative psychological well-being in cognitive psychology, health psychology and social psychology. Barbara S. Hedd, a professor at Bowdoin College, argued that while positive psychology contributes to the field of psychology, it has its drawbacks. She suggested an understanding of topics such as the negative side effects of positive psychology, the negative in the positive movement of psychology, and the current division in psychology caused by various opinions of psychologists about positive psychology. In addition, she noted that there was no consistency in the role of negativity. She also raised questions with the simplistic approach adopted by some psychologists in the application of positive psychology. The one size approach is appropriate for everyone, perhaps not useful for the development of the positive area she suggested that individual differences be included in the Martin Jack also argues that positive psychology is not unique in its optimistic approach to finding optimal emotional well-being, stating that other forms of psychology, such as counseling and educational psychology, are also interested in positive performance by a person. He further notes that while positive psychology has encouraged schools to be more student-oriented and able to promote positive self-esteem among children, he that a lack of attention to self-control may prevent children from making a full contribution to society. Cm. also Precursors of the New Thought Maslow Hierarchy needs and motives (Henry Murray) Theory of Self-Determination Various Anatomy Epidemic Aversion to Happiness by Louise Burfitt-Dons Community Psychology Culture and Positive Psychology Value Life Positive Education Positive Neuroscience Positive Psychotherapy Positive Youth Development Post-Traumatic Growth Pragmatism Psychological Sustainability Rational Ignorance Second wave positive psychology Sex-positive movement Theory of Humor Notes and Maslow wrote: Science psychology was much more successful on the negative than on the positive side. He showed us a lot about a man's shortcomings, his illness, his sins, but little about his potential, his virtues, his achievable aspirations, or his full psychological growth. It's as if psychology has voluntarily limited itself to only half of its legal jurisdiction, darker, that is half. Cm. Related Concepts: Self-effect and game. 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Theoretical applications of positive psychology to professional rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. In the journal Of Professional Rehabilitation. 26 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1007/s10926-015-9608-z. ISSN 1573-3688. PMID 26373862. S2CID 19549504.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Peterson, Christopher (2006). Primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518833-2.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) ——— (2009). Positive psychology. Restoring children and young people. 18 (2): 3–7. ISSN 1089-5701.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Peterson, Christopher; Martin E. Seligman Strengths of character and virtue: Handbook and classification. Oxford: Oxford University Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-19-516701-6.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Seligman, Martin E. An optimistic child. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) ——— (2002). Genuine Happiness: Use a new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-2297-6.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) ——— (2004). Is it possible to teach happiness?. Daedalus. 133 (2): 80–87. doi:10.1162/001152604323049424. ISSN 1548-6192. S2CID 57570511.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) ——— (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-9076-0.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Seligman, Martin E. P; Xixentmihali, Mihai (2000). Positive Psychology: Introduction. American psychologist. 55 (1): 5–14. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.183.6660. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5. PMID 11392865.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Further reading of Argyll, Michael (2001). The psychology of happiness. London: Routledge. Benar, Bonnie (2004). Sustainability: What we've learned. San Francisco: WestEd. Biswas-Diner, Robert; Ed Diner; Tamir, Maya (2004). The psychology of subjective well-being. 133 (2): 18–25. doi:10.1162/001152604323049352. ISSN 1548-6192. S2CID 57564044. The Dalai Lama; Cutler, Howard K. (1998). The art of happiness. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-57322-111-5. Fromm, Eric (1973). The anatomy of human destructiveness. New York: New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-007596-4. Daniel Kahneman; Ed Diner; Schwartz, Norbert, eds. Well-being: The basics of hedonic psychology. New York: Publications of the Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-424-7. Corey L.M.; Heidt, Jonathan. Flourishing: Positive psychology and life well lived. Washington: American Psychological Association. 275-289. ISBN 978-1-55798-930-7. Kashdan, Todd (2009). Curious? Discover the missing ingredient for a fulfilling life. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-166118-1. McMahon, Darrin M. (2006). Happiness: History. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-886-6. Brent Dean Robbins (2008). What is a good life? Positive Psychology and The Renaissance of Humanistic Psychology (PDF). A humanistic psychologist. 36 (2): 96–112. doi:10.1080/08873260802110988. ISSN 1547-3333. Seligman, Martin (1990). He learned optimism: how to change my mind and my life. Free press. Snyder, C.R.; Shane J. Lopez (2001). Oxford University Press. Stebbins, R.A. (2015). Leisure and Positive Psychology: Linking Activity with Positive. Houndmills, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Phyllis, Phyllis; Gillespie, Kevin (2006). Ignatian spirituality and positive psychology (PDF). Way. 45 (4): 41–58. Received on July 11, 2018. External Links Wikiversity has educational resources about the positive psychology of origin of Christopher Peterson, What is positive psychology, and what is not it? 5 Founding Fathers and The History of Positive Psychology Father positive psychology and his two theories of happiness resources of the University of Pennsylvania, true happiness, the website of Martin Seligman Various Martin Seligman presentation on positive psychology (video) at the conference TED Karma of Happiness: Buddhist monk looks at the positive psychology Thanissaroik Bhkhu extracted from the well being theory seligman pdf. martin seligman well being theory. professor seligman's theory of well-being. five elements in professor seligman's theory of well-being

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