DOCSLIB.ORG

The Multidimensionality of Well-Being: Theory, Measurement and Empirical Investigations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Multidimensionality of Well-Being: Theory, Measurement and Empirical Investigations The multidimensionality of well-being: Theory, measurement and empirical investigations Submitted by Myles-Jay Linton to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Studies In August 2017 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. 1 ABSTRACT Background: Well-being within this thesis is defined as the multidimensional quality of a person’s life, which can be broken down into ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ forms. Despite persistent study, researchers fail to agree on the meaning of well-being or how it should be studied. Aim: The first half of the thesis aims to examine the meaning, measurement and theory of well-being. The second half of the thesis aims to investigate the factors associated with subjective well-being (SWB), and the influence of attributes of well-being on preferences for the future. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify measures of well- being for use in adults (general population). The dimensions within these measures were organised into a framework using thematic analysis. Further, the theories underpinning these measures were identified and described. Fixed- effect regression models were used to study the factors important for SWB using data from a longitudinal (1996 – 2013) cohort of middle aged-older adults in the United States (n = 2049). Finally, preferences for life in the future were estimated in a sample of young ‘emergent adults’ (n =140) in the United Kingdom, using discrete choice experiments (DCEs). Results: The systematic review identified 99 measures of well-being, which included 196 distinct dimensions. These measures were influenced by a diverse range of theories (n = 98). Mental health, social integration and satisfaction with work had a significant impact on each of the SWB outcome variables (life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect) in the fixed-effects analysis. The DCE indicated that stated preferences for life in the future among emergent 2 adults were particularly driven by the prospect of social support from family and an aversion to experiencing mental health difficulties. Conclusion: This thesis has investigated inconsistencies in how well-being is understood, measured and studied. In response to this, a framework has been developed which organises the many measures available around key themes. Following on from the fixed-effects analysis and the DCE, future empirical research should be undertaken to investigate the interdependence of well-being and mental health. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables .................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ................................................................................................. 10 Acronyms ........................................................................................................ 11 Dissemination ................................................................................................. 12 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 13 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 13 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Background .................................................................................................. 14 1.2.1. Significance of the topic ......................................................................... 14 1.2.2. Challenges and knowledge gaps ........................................................... 16 1.3. The purpose of this thesis ............................................................................. 17 1.4. Research aims .............................................................................................. 18 1.4.1. Disciplinary, theoretical and methodological approach ........................... 20 1.5. Thesis overview ............................................................................................ 21 2. CHAPTER 2: WHAT DOES ‘WELL-BEING’ MEAN? ............................... 24 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 24 2.2. Well-being – Definitions within dictionaries ................................................... 24 2.3. Well-being - Definitions in the academic literature......................................... 28 2.3.1. Subjective and objective forms of well-being.......................................... 28 2.3.2. Synonyms of well-being ......................................................................... 29 2.4. This thesis’s operational definition of well-being ........................................... 34 2.5. Discussion .................................................................................................... 35 2.5.1. How should well-being be defined? ....................................................... 35 2.5.2. Difficulties defining well-being ................................................................ 36 2.5.3. Practical considerations ......................................................................... 37 2.5.4. Limitations ............................................................................................. 38 2.5.5. The use of terms within the thesis .......................................................... 39 2.5.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 39 3. CHAPTER 3: A REVIEW OF WELL-BEING MEASURES: DIMENSIONS, DEVELOPMENTS OVER TIME AND A THEMATIC FRAMEWORK .............. 41 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 41 3.1.1. Measures of well-being .......................................................................... 41 3.1.2. Why is well-being measured? ................................................................ 42 3.1.3. Existing reviews on the measurement of well-being ............................... 43 4 3.1.4. Ongoing difficulties and challenges in the measurement of well-being ... 45 3.1.5. The current review ................................................................................. 46 3.1.6. Aims ...................................................................................................... 47 3.2. Methods ........................................................................................................ 47 3.2.1. Search strategy ..................................................................................... 47 3.2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria .............................................................. 48 3.2.3. Data extraction ...................................................................................... 48 3.2.4. Thematic analysis .................................................................................. 48 3.3. Results ......................................................................................................... 49 3.3.1. Identification of instruments ................................................................... 49 3.3.2. Instrument characteristics ...................................................................... 55 3.3.3. Dimensions of well-being ....................................................................... 58 3.3.4. Thematic framework .............................................................................. 59 3.4. Discussion .................................................................................................... 66 3.4.1. Main findings ......................................................................................... 66 3.4.2. Ongoing issues in the measurement of well-being ................................. 68 3.4.3. Limitations ............................................................................................. 71 3.4.4. Further research .................................................................................... 72 3.4.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 74 4. CHAPTER 4: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE THEORIES UNDERLYING MEASURES OF WELL-BEING ....................................................................... 75 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 75 4.1.1. Theories of well-being ............................................................................ 75 4.1.2. Existing reviews into theories of well-being ............................................ 76 4.1.3. Existing challenges ................................................................................ 77 4.1.4. The current review ................................................................................. 78 4.1.5. Aims ...................................................................................................... 79 4.2. Methods .......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A CAUSAL ANALYSIS on Leaders' Founding MENTALITY:A
    International Journal of Management, IT & Engineering Vol. 7 Issue 4, April 2017, ISSN: 2249-0558 Impact Factor: 7.119 Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A A Causal Analysis on Leaders’ founding Mentality:A Leadership Perspective Prof Dr.C.Karthikeyan* Abstract Founder’s Mentality is a very fragile framework that describes how companies fail while on the growth trajectory. The path from start-up is not a straight line that only 1 in 9 companies show sustainable growth for Ten Plus years. This growth paradox creates complexity and complexity slowly in turn kills growth. Most companies which fail to reach their corporate growth objectives actually blame themselves, not the market conditions for their non-growth. There are various causative factors, known or unknown, visible or invisible, obvious or confusing factors which come as killers on Leaders Founding Mentality who were once the stalwarts start to become worn out without even aware of what is happening and why is it happening. This causal analysis study is to analyze from previous research and current trending research reports the various factor impacting on Leadership. Keywords: Founding Mentality, Killer, Leadership, Complexity, Failure, Corporate, Growth, Causal * Director-Adithya School of Business, Adithya Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai 264 International journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] ISSN: 2249-0558Impact Factor: 7.119 Introduction: The leader’s problem or mentality starts with obstacles of complexity, bureaucracy, lack of talent etc which research says are the root causes of failure.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Possible Selves
    This is a repository copy of Imagining the future: a cross-cultural perspective on possible selves. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/96346/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Rathbone, CJ, Salgado, S, Akan, M et al. (2 more authors) (2016) Imagining the future: a cross-cultural perspective on possible selves. Consciousness and Cognition, 42. pp. 113-124. ISSN 1053-8100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.008 © 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ CROSS-CULTURAL POSSIBLE SELVES Imagining the future: a cross-cultural perspective on possible selves Clare J.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Analysis of Internalizing Symptoms and Happiness
    RUNNING HEAD: NETWORK ANALYSIS OF INTERNALIZING SYMPTOMS AND HAPPINESS Which Internalizing Symptoms Are Most Strongly Associated with Happiness? A Network Analysis of Indian and Kenyan Adolescents Akash R. Wasil*1, Sarah Gillespie2, Suh Jung Park1, Katherine E. Venturo-Conerly3,4, Tom L. Osborn3,4, Robert J. DeRubeis1, John R. Weisz3, & Payton J. Jones3 1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 2Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 3Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; 4Shamiri Institute, Nairobi, Kenya *Corresponding Author: Akash R. Wasil, University of Pennsylvania, 425 S University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Email: [email protected] Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by grants from the Harvard University Center for African Studies, the Harvard College Research Program, the Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, and the Alex G. Booth Fellowship. The first and last authors receive support from the National Science Foundation. Abstract 2 NETWORK ANALYSIS OF INTERNALIZING SYMPTOMS AND HAPPINESS Background: Individual symptoms of mood disorders have been shown to have unique associations with other symptoms. However, little is known about which symptoms are most strongly associated with a) other internalizing symptoms and b) “positive” indicators of mental health, such as happiness. Methods: To better understand these relationships, we applied network analyses in a sample of Indian adolescents (Study 1; n=1,080) and replicated these analyses in a pre-registered study with Kenyan adolescents (Study 2; n=2,176). Participants from both samples completed the same measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and happiness.
    [Show full text]
  • Myths of Positive Psychology: Deceptive Manoeuvres and Pseudoscience
    Articles Papeles del Psicólogo / Psychologist Papers, 2016. Vol. 37(2), pp. 134-142 http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es http://www.psychologistpapers.com MYTHS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: DECEPTIVE MANOEUVRES AND PSEUDOSCIENCE Luis Fernández-Ríos y Manuel Vilariño Universidad de Santiago de Compostela La Psicología Positiva (PsP) ha tenido un gran auge en los últimos veinte años. El objetivo del presente trabajo es enumerar una serie de mitos y maniobras argumentales falaces que siembran serias dudas acerca de lo novedoso y original de la PsP. En su discurso destaca lo pseudocientífico y una cierta deshonestidad intelectual. Además, disemina a través de redes sociales, libros y revistas especializadas, un conocimiento, se supone que empíricamente fundamentado, pero que en realidad está plagado de afirmaciones tautológicas, conocimientos superficiales y conclusiones evidentes. Todo el conocimiento generado por la PsP pone de manifiesto lo que aporta el sentido común sensato, y la razonable sabiduría tradicional. En conclusión, para esto, no hace falta la PsP y, además, se convierte, en cierta medida, en académica y socialmente innecesaria, irrelevante y prescindible. El trabajo finaliza con una serie de consideraciones acerca del incierto futuro de la siempre controvertida PsP. Palabras clave: Psicología crítica, Crítica de la Psicología Positiva, Maniobras estratégicas en discurso argumentativo, Mitos de la Psicología, Pseudociencia y Psicología Positive Psychology (PP) has experienced a huge boom in the last twenty years. The aim of this study is to list a number of myths and fallacious argumentative manoeuvres which sow serious doubts about the novelty and originality of PP. The PP discourse is notably pseudoscientific and has a certain intellectual dishonesty.
    [Show full text]
  • Metacognition, Self-Criticism As Predictors of Fear of Happiness Among College Students
    The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 8, Issue 1, DIP: 18.01.062/20200801 DOI: 10.25215/0801.062 http://www.ijip.in | January- March, 2020 Research Paper Metacognition, self-criticism as predictors of fear of happiness among college students Divyanshi Garg1*, Monica Sharma2 ABSTRACT Background: Whether it is a transition from high school to university or the pressure to excel in the college degree, college is one of the stressful and overwhelming phases of a student life. A research study was formulated along the same lines. Aim: To investigate the predictive value of Metacognition and Self-criticism on Fear of Happiness among college students. Methods: The sample of 80 college students was employed, comprising of 40 male and 40 female students. The Fear of Happiness Scale (Joshanloo, 2013), Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MIA; Schraw & Dennison, 1994), The Forms of Self criticizing/ Attacking & Self- Reassuring Scale (FSCRS; Gilbert et al., 2004) tools were employed. Results: The results indicated a significant predictor value of Declarative Knowledge (Metacognition) and Evaluation (Metacognition) on Fear of Happiness. Keywords: Metacognition, Self-criticism, Fear of Happiness Starting university or excelling at school is not only a period of intense transition, but if not adapted well, can be counterproductive to the mental health of the student. Therefore understanding the underlying structures of maladaptive cognitions in the students can aid the researchers to find a ‘solution’ for the same. The term “metacognition” was originally formulated by John Flavell (1976). Flavell described metacognition as “cognition about cognitive phenomenon”, or to put it simply it is thinking about thinking.
    [Show full text]
  • Fear of Happiness - Exploring Happiness in Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures
    Fear of Happiness - Exploring Happiness in Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures By Hazal Muhtar Faculty Advisor: Dr. Patricia M. Rodriguez Mosquera A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology Middletown, Connecticut May 2016 Abstract Cultures emphasize varying orientations (e.g., individualism and collectivism) which lead to notable variances in the way people feel, think, and behave. For example, research has shown that fear of happiness—the belief that happiness leads to negative consequences and should be avoided—is stronger in collectivistic cultures. In the present studies, we compared two cultural groups that vary in collectivistic and individualistic orientation: Asian Americans and European Americans. Both studies were designed to determine fear of happiness levels across these groups, and also to observe any existing correlations between fear of happiness and other psychological variables. Specifically, in Study I, we asked 29 Asian American and 49 European American undergraduates to answer a series of questions designed to measure their levels of fear of happiness, cultural orientation, subjective well-being and happiness, personality, affect, and views on free-will vs. determinism. In Study II, we expanded the participant pool to 275— 118 Asian American and 147 European American non-student adults—and measured the same constructs with the addition of perceived social image. Our main hypothesis was that Asian Americans would display higher levels of fear of happiness than European Americans and thus cultural group would have an effect on fear of happiness. While the results from Study I confirmed our hypothesis, and Asian Americans experienced higher levels in their fear of happiness, the same results were not found in Study II.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliability and Validity Studies of Externality of Happiness Scale Among Turkish Adults
    European Scientific Journal May 2018 edition Vol.14, No.14 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Reliability and Validity Studies of Externality of Happiness Scale Among Turkish Adults Murat Yildirim, MSc, PhD Student Ufuk Barmanpek, MA, PhD Student Ahmad A. H. Farag, MA, PhD Student University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom Doi: 10.19044/esj.2018.v14n14p1 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n14p1 Abstract Externality of happiness is a psychological construct that refers to the degree to which individuals perceive their level of happiness as beyond their control and mostly dependent to external factors. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Externality of Happiness scale (EOH) among a Turkish adult sample. A total of 230 participants (152 males and 78 females; mean age = 37.8 years, SD = 9.1) completed self-report measures of externality of happiness, life satisfaction, flouring, self-esteem, and fear of happiness. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor structure for the EOH. The EOH was found to be negatively correlated with life satisfaction, flourishing, and self-esteem and positively correlated with fear of happiness. The scale also showed incremental value over self-esteem in predicting life satisfaction. Furthermore, the scale was found to be discriminated from fear of happiness. Moreover, evidence was provided for internal-consistency reliability. Overall, the findings suggested that Turkish version of EOH had adequate reliability and validity scores and that it can be used as a useful measurement tool to assess externality of happiness beliefs in future clinical practice and research.
    [Show full text]
  • Enanpad 2017 São Paulo / SP - 01 a 04 De Outubro De 2017
    EnANPAD 2017 São Paulo / SP - 01 a 04 de Outubro de 2017 Happiness and Consumer Behavior in the Marketing Field: A Literature Overview and Research Agenda Proposition Autoria Cecilia M Lobo de Araujo - [email protected] Mestr e Dout em Admin de Empresas /FGV/EAESP - Fundação Getulio Vargas/Esc de Admin de Empresas de São Paulo Resumo A systematic review of the literature that relates happiness and consumer behavior in the marketing field is made, 235 articles are classified and 36 are content analyzed. It is presented the most important aspects of the field: most influent journals, evolution of the number of publications across time, influent authors, utilized methodologies of research, target groups studied, happiness definition and measures utilized, popular topics of the field and most salient discussions. A research agenda is proposed focused on identified needs and motivated questions raised by the review. An experiment, that explore higher level of satisfaction between consumption alternatives in order to maximize happiness through consumption, developed with American undergraduate students, and published at the Journal of Consumer Research, is a typical articles of the field. The needs to explore alternative consumer targets and increase the use of qualitative methodologies are identified and Happiness as a subject matter that needs to have explored its “dark side” is one of the research propositions. EnANPAD 2017 São Paulo / SP - 01 a 04 de Outubro de 2017 Happiness and Consumer Behavior in the Marketing Field: A Literature Overview and Research Agenda Proposition Abstract A systematic review of the literature that relates happiness and consumer behavior in the marketing field is made, 235 articles are classified and 36 are content analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Negative Reflections About Positive Psychology
    JHPXXX10.1177/0022167818794551Journal of Humanistic PsychologyYakushko and Blodgett 794551research-article2018 Article Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1 –28 Negative Reflections © The Author(s) 2018 Article reuse guidelines: About Positive sagepub.com/journals-permissions https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818794551DOI: 10.1177/0022167818794551 Psychology: On journals.sagepub.com/home/jhp Constraining the Field to a Focus on Happiness and Personal Achievement Oksana Yakushko, PhD1 and Eva Blodgett, MS1,2 Abstract “Positive” psychology has gained a dominant voice within and outside the field of psychology. Although critiques of this perspective have been rendered, including by humanistic psychologists, psychology scholars have offered minimum space for critical reflections of this movement in contrast to its critiques existing inside and outside the academia in other fields. Therefore, this contribution seeks to explicate emerging systematic critiques of positive psychology by scholars and practitioners from within mental health fields as well as from philosophy, medicine, education, business, and cultural studies and to highlight sociocultural discussions of positive movement by the culture critics. Last, we offer reflections on positive psychology as immigrant professionals from non-Western backgrounds with an emphasis on existential and humanities-based perspectives. We also highlight that the tenets and experiments based on “positive” psychological practices may have especially detrimental effect on marginalized individuals and communities. This contribution seeks to invite a critical dialogue in the field 1Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, USA 2Rose City Center, Pasadena, CA, USA Corresponding Author: Oksana Yakushko, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 249 Lambert Road, Carpinteria, CA 93013, USA. Email: [email protected] 2 Journal of Humanistic Psychology 00(0) regarding positive psychology within and outside humanistic psychology and psychology in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Hope Mediate and Moderate the Relationship Between Happiness Aversion and Depressive Symptoms?
    Open Journal of Depression, 2020, 9, 1-16 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojd ISSN Online: 2169-9674 ISSN Print: 2169-9658 Does Hope Mediate and Moderate the Relationship between Happiness Aversion and Depressive Symptoms? Rebecca A. Bloore1* , Paul E. Jose1, Mohsen Joshanloo2 1Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 2Keimung University, Daegu, South Korea How to cite this paper: Bloore, R. A., Jose, Abstract P. E., & Joshanloo, M. (2020). Does Hope Mediate and Moderate the Relationship The literature is beginning to document how and for whom “fear of happi- between Happiness Aversion and Depres- ness” (happiness aversion, i.e. the expectation that being happy can have sive Symptoms? Open Journal of Depres- negative consequences) is predictive of psychological outcomes. We sought to sion, 9, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojd.2020.91001 determine whether hope, an important protective factor against depressive symptoms, might mediate and moderate the relationship between happiness Received: December 23, 2019 aversion and depression. In a dataset of 588 undergraduate psychology stu- Accepted: January 18, 2020 Published: January 21, 2020 dents, evidence was found that hope functioned as a mediator as well as a buffer in the relationship between happiness aversion and depression. In ad- Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and dition, exploratory analysis of a small longitudinal dataset (N = 74) suggested Scientific Research Publishing Inc. that hope also played the same roles in the relationship between fear of hap- This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International piness and depression over time. These findings suggest that interventions License (CC BY 4.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Individual Differences, Links with Emotional Responses, and Implications for Psychological Health
    Judging emotions as good or bad: Individual differences, links with emotional responses, and implications for psychological health By Emily C. Willroth A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Iris Mauss, Chair Professor Oliver John Professor Clayton Critcher Spring 2019 1 Abstract Judging emotions as good or bad: Individual differences, links with emotional responses, and implications for psychological health By Emily C. Willroth Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology University of California, Berkeley Professor Iris Mauss, Chair People are not impassive bystanders to their emotional experiences. Instead, people tend to judge their emotions as good or bad. In this research, I examined individual differences in emotion judgments and their implications for emotional responses and psychological health. In Study 1 (N = 1,136), I developed a questionnaire to assess four types of habitual emotion judgments. The four types of emotion judgments differed according to the valence of the emotion being judged (positive or negative) and the valence of the judgment (positive or negative). In Study 2 (81 participants and 2,999 observations), I examined the relationship between habitual emotion judgments and emotion judgments in daily life. Emotion judgments were common in daily life and were predicted by habitual emotion judgments. In Study 3 (same participants as in Study 1), I examined cross-sectional associations between habitual emotion judgments and psychological health. Positive judgments of positive emotions were associated with greater psychological health and negative judgments of negative emotions were associated with poorer psychological health, above and beyond other types of emotion judgments and key confounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Happiness Goal Orientations and Their Associations with Well-Being
    Happiness Goal Orientations and their Associations with Well-Being Julia Krasko1, Vera M. Schweitzer2, and Maike Luhmann1 1Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Psychology, Germany 2WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, Düsseldorf, Germany Note This is the final accepted version, November 25, 2020 (Journal of Well-Being Assessment). This postprint may differ slightly from the final, copy-edited version of this article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41543-020-00029-x Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Julia Krasko, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany, e-mail: [email protected]. Preparation of this manuscript was supported by grant #57313 awarded to Maike Luhmann by the Happiness & Well-Being Project, a joint program by the St. Louis University and the Templeton Foundation. We would like to thank Vivien Janowicz, Markus Krause, and Marie von Rogal for their help with this manuscript. HAPPINESS GOAL ORIENTATIONS 2 Abstract Previous research has provided contradicting findings on whether valuing and pursuing happiness is beneficial or detrimental to one’s level of well-being. These contradicting findings might be resolved by considering these so-called Happiness Goal Orientations (HGO) as a multidimensional construct. The goals of this paper were (1) to present a new multidimensional scale to measure HGO and (2) to investigate whether the different dimensions of the scale are differentially related to well-being. Inspired by theories that distinguish between different dimensions of motivational systems and goal pursuit, we developed and validated the HGO Scale in four independent studies. The scale distinguishes two dimensions: Happiness-Related Strivings represent the propensity to move actively and persistently toward the desired level of happiness.
    [Show full text]