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Descendents of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

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Umar Salman Rao O’Level Islamiat Notes Umar Salman Rao 1 Umar Salman Rao Table of Contents • Preface Section One Passages from the Holy Quran Section Two History and Importance of the Holy Quran Section Three Arabia Before Islam Section Four Biographical Account of the Lifef the Holy Prophet (PBUH) • Chapter 1 Early Life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) • Chapter 2 From Call to Migration • Chapter 3 Foundation of the Republic of Madina • Chapter 4 Wars with the Quraish • Chapter 5 Expulsion of Jews frm Madina • Chapter 6 Treaty of Hudaybia • Chapter 7 Unification of Northern Arabia • Chapter 8 Letters of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to different Rulers asking them to Embrace Islam • Chapter 9 Fall of Makkah • Chapter 10 Supermacy of Islam in Central and Southern Arabia • Chapter 11 Last days of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) • Chapter 12 Some Outstanding Qualities of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) • Chapter 13 Behavior of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) Towards Others • Chapter 14 Government and Society under Muhammad (PBUH) • Chapter 15 Relations of the 1st Islamic State of Madina under the Holy Prophet (PBUH) with other States Section Five The First Islamic Community of Madina • Chapter 1 Umm-ul-Momineen 2 Umar Salman Rao • Chapter 2 Descendents of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) • Chapter 3 Asharah Mubasharah • Chapter 4 Scribes of Divine Revelation • Chapter 5 Muhajirin and Ansar • Chapter 6 Important Personalities during the Lifetime of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) at Makkah and Madina • Chapter 7 Imamat and Khilafat in Shi’ite Thought Section Six The Four Pious Caliphs • Chapter 1 Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr • Chapter 2 Caliphate of Hazrat Umar Farooq • Chapter 3 Caliphate of Hazrat Usman • Chapter 4 Caliphate of Hazrat Ali Section Seven Six Articles of Faith • Chapter 1 Unity or Oneness of Allah • Chapter 2 The Angels • Chapter 3 The Books of Allah • Chapter 4 Prophet and Prophethood • Chapter 5 The Day of Judgement • Chapter 6 Belief in the Divine Preordainment And Divine Decrees Section Eight Five Pillars of Islam • Chapter 1 Witness (Shahada) • Chapter 2 Prayers (Salat) • Chapter 3 Zakat • Chapter 4 Fasting (Saum) • Chapter 5 Hajj (Pilgrimage) Section Nine Rights of Allah and Men 3 Umar Salman Rao Section Ten Jihad Section Eleven Women in Islam Section Twelve Rights of Non-Muslims in Islam Section Thirteen History and Importance of Ahadis Section Fourteen Selected Ahadis 4 Umar Salman Rao Section one Passages from the Holy Quran (1) Ayat-ul-Kursi (2:255) Allah! There is no deity but He (none has the right to be worshipped but He), the Ever living, the One Who sustains and protects all, neither over takes Him slumber nor sleep, To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, who is there that could intercede with Him except by His Own permission. He knows all what is in front of them and also what is hidden from them and they cannot comprehend anything of His knowledge except what He wills. His kingdom extends over the heavens and the earth, and He feels no fatigue in guarding them both, and He is the most High and the most Great. (2:255) Explanation: • Allah is One, Absolute and Eternal. No one else shares any of His attributes and Authority with Him. • He is Omnipotent, All Powerful and Supreme, the Mightiest who created this universe comprising of billions of galaxies, stars and planets. Being the Sovereign Lord of the Universe, He administers it single-handedly, without the assistance of anyone else or interference from any quarter. • All what is there in the universe belongs to Him alone and to no one else. • Allah Almighty is Omniscient. His knowledge in all manifestations and dimensions is absolute, perfect and complete, all-encompassing and all-embracing. He knows the hidden and the manifest, past and present and also what lies ahead, to the minutest possible details. • No one has the power to intercede with Allah on someone’s behalf, not even the most powerful of prophets, unless one is permitted by Him to do so. 5 Umar Salman Rao • It is He alone who maintains and sustains heavens and earth and everything contained therein, and while doing so, He neither requires rest nor He ever tires or feels fatigued. • This verse emphatically cuts across the doctrine of Holy Trinity as preached by the Christians or the two-god (Ahura Mazda and Ahriman) concept of Magians or the worship of multitude of gods and goddesses by the pagans. It also belies the stand of the atheists who maintain that this universe came into being as a result of some accident and would continue to function in a mechanical manner till it completes its circle of life and dissolves into oblivion. • The Holy Quran at other places speaks of Allah in these words: • “Say: He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; and there is none equal or comparable to Him.” (112:1-4) • There is nothing whatever like unto Him and He is the All-Hearing, the All- Seeing.” (42:11) • “He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor of all things, the Bestower of forms. To Him belong the Best Names. All that is in the heavens and the earth glorify Him. And He is All-Mighty, the All-wise.” (59:23-4) (2) Surah An’aam (6:101-103) 101. To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: how can He have a son when he has no consort? 102. He created all things, and He has full knowledge of all things. That is Allah, Your Lord! There is no god but He, the Creator of all things: then worship Him: and he has power to dispose of all affairs. 103. No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things. (6:101-103) Explanation: • All What you see in the universe has been created by Allah alone, and no one else. As He is the creator, the Sustainer and Protector of all heavens and earth, He alone is worthy of being worshipped, for He shares with no one the Sovereignty and Lordship of His universe. • Allah is One, Eternal and Absolute; He has no wife nor has He the begotten any son. Those who say to the contrary derogate His attributes, glory and uniqueness. 6 Umar Salman Rao • Allah is omnipotent, All Powerful and Supreme. Human vision can not comprehend Him but He comprehends everything because His knowledge in all dimensions and manifestations is absolute, perfect and complete • As He is indefinable, unfathomable and inaccessible to human perception, His presence can be felt and visualized only by seeing and probing the super excellence and perfection of the immeasurably vast universe which He has created. • Allah says at other places in the Holy Quran that: • “Say: “Behold all that is in the heavens and on earth; but neither signs nor warners benefit those who believe not.” (10:101) • “Say He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute, He begets not, nor is He begotten; and there is none equal or comparable to Him.” (112:1-4) (3) Surah Fussilat or Surah Ha the Meem Al-Sajda (41:37- 39) äô×#Öô]æû‚örö‰û]æø†ôÛøÏø×ûÖôŸøæø‹ôÛûŽ$×Öô]æû‚ö³rö³ŠûiøŸø½†öÛøÏøÖû]æø‹öÛûŽ$Ö]æø…ö^ãøß$Ö]æøØönûÖ$]äô³jômF!àû³Úôæø ØônûÖ$^eôäüÖøáøçûvöfôùŠømöÔøeôù…ø‚øßûÂôàømû„ôÖ$^Êø]æû†ö³føÓû³jø‰û]áô^ô³Êøo áøæû‚öföÃûiøåö^m$]ôÜûjößûÒöáû]ôà$ãöÏø×ø³ìøpû„ô³Ö$] ðø«ÛøÖû]^ãønû×øÂø^ßøÖûˆøÞû]ø�ƒø^ôÊøè÷Ãø�ô^ìøšø…ûŸø]ûp†ø³iøÔøÞ$]ø?ä´³jô³³mþF!àû³Úôæøo áøçûÛöòøŠûmøŸøÜûâöæø…ô^ãøß$³Ö]æø àømû„ôÖ$]á$]ôo †ºmû‚ôÎø0oû�øØôùÒöo³×F³Âøäü³Þ$]ô½oiFçûÛøÖû]oôvûÛö³Öø^³âø^³nøuû]ø?pû„ô³Ö$]á$]ô½ kûeø…øæøl ûˆ$jøâû] ½èôÛønFÏôÖû]Ýøçûm$^ß÷Úô!?oûiô^ûm$àûÚ$Ýû]ø†ºnûìø…ô^ß$Ö]oÊôoÏF×ûm%àû³Ûø³Êø]ø½ ^ßønû×øÂøáøçûËøíûmøŸø^ßøjô³mþF!?oûÊôáøæû‚övô×û³mö (41:37-39)†ºnû’ôeøáøçû×öÛøÃûiø^ÛøeäüÞ$]ôŸÜûjöòû�ô^Úø]çû×öÛøÂû]ô ô 37. Among His sings are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who created them, if it is Him you wish to serve. 38. But if people are arrogant, in the presence of your Lord are those who celebrate His praises by night and by day. And they never grow tired. 39. And among His signs is this: you see the earth barren and desolate, but when We send down rain to it, it is stirred to life and yields increase. Truly, He who gives life to the earth can surely give life to those who are dead, for He has power over all things. (41:37-39) Explanation: • The sun and the moon and day and night are signs of Allah and being His creation, wield no authority or power on their own. 7 Umar Salman Rao • It is not the signs of Allah but Allah Himself who alone should be worshipped because He is the sole Creator and Sustainer of all what exists in this immeasurably vast universe of which He is the sovereign Lord. • If transgressors of the Power and Authority of Allah continue to exhibit arrogance and defiance (by ridiculing and casting doubt on revelation), it is they who would be at loss and not Allah. In Surah Al-Qamar 54:2, Allah says: “And if they see a sign, they turn away and say: This is continuous magic.” In the same Surah at 54:43, it is revealed: “Are your disbelievers (O Quraish) better than the nations of Nuh, Lut, Salih and the people of Fir’aun who were destroyed?” • Contrary to what such people do and say, there are men and angels who celebrate Allah’s praise and glory day and night and they hardly ever get tired in it.
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  • 152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 to 1700): SPAIN by Mauricio Drelichman the University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 E

    152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 to 1700): SPAIN by Mauricio Drelichman the University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 E

    152. EUROPEAN STATE FINANCE (1348 TO 1700): SPAIN By Mauricio Drelichman The University of British Columbia and CIFAR 997-1873 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 2G2 Canada [email protected] Forthcoming in Gerard Caprio (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization Elsevier Synopsis In the early modern era, Spain went from being a fractious European backwater to rule over one of the largest empires in history. By 1700, it had once again sunk into relative obscurity. This article surveys the political institutions and the public finance instruments that made such a remarkable historical trajectory possible. Table of Contents Introduction Political organization a) Crown and Kingdom b) Nobility c) The Church d) Dominions and Colonies Revenues a) Direct taxes b) Indirect taxes c) American silver Debt a) Juros b) Asientos c) Bankruptcies Keywords Bankruptcy, Bonds, Castile, Debt, Default, Habsburgs, Loans, Revenue, Silver, Spain JEL Codes N23, N43, F34, H1, H2 Glossary Alcabala: A sales tax, technically amounting to 10% of all transactions in the kingdom of Castile, but almost always collected at a lower rate. It was the most important source of Crown revenue. Arrendamiento: A tax farming arrangement whereby the Crown gave a private party the right to collect a tax in exchange for a lump sump payment. The tax farmer was entitled to keep any tax proceeds exceeding the payment to the Crown. Asiento: A short-term loan between the Crown and international financiers. Cortes: The representative assembly of the cities of Castile. Encabezamiento: An agreement between the Crown and the Cortes, allowing the cities to manage tax collection in their own territories in exchange for a lump sum payment.