Université De Montréal a Spectroscopic Survey of the WNL

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Université De Montréal a Spectroscopic Survey of the WNL Université de Montréal A Spectroscopic Survey of the WNL Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: General Properties and Binary Status par Olivier Schnurr Département de physique Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophi Doctor (Ph.D.) en physique Juillet, 2007 ©Olivier Schnurr, 2007 Qc 3 05L) 2oCN o Université de Montréal Direction des bihhotbèques AVIS L’auteur e autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted e nonexciusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does flot represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: A Spectroscopic Survey of the WNL Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: General Properties and Binary Status présenté par: Olivier Schnurr a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Pierre Bastien, Président-rapporteur Anthony F.J. Moffat, Co-directeur de recherche Nicole St-Louis, Co-directrice de recherche Gilles Fontaine, Membre du jury Gregor Rauw, Examinateur externe Thèse acceptée le: Sommaire Cette thèse présente les résultats d’un relevé spectroscopique detaillé de 41 des 47 étoiles Wolf-Rayet (WR) tardives et riches en azote (les étoiles dites WNL) connues dans le Grand Nuage de Magellan (LMC). Pour étudier les six étoiles WNL manquantes, qui se trouvent toutes dans le centre de l’amas stellaire extrêmement dense R136, dans 30 Dor, nous avons dû utiliser la spectroscopie proche infrarouge assistée d’une optique adaptative. Les résultats de cette étude-là seront publiés ailleurs. Notre relevé conclut l’effort du groupe des étoiles massives de Montréal au cours des dix dernières années pour observer en spectroscopie toutes les étoiles WR dans les Nuages de. Magellan afin d’identifier celles qui sont binaires à partir de variations en vitesse radiale (Va). La nature binaire des WR a été le sujet de débats depuis qu’on ait reconnu leur nature évoluée, vers la fin des années mille neuf cent soixante. Les modèles d’évolution stellaire prédisaient une fréquence de binaires WR croissante avec une métallicité décroissante, car les progéniteures ne pourraient pas atteindre la phase WR si elles étaient simples. Notre étude observationelle avait pour but de vérifier cette prédiction. Après une description générale de l’importance des étoiles massives dans le contexte de l’as trophysique moderne, nous décrivons nos observations. Ensuite, nous expliquons nos méthodes d’analyse incluant la calibration des données et le choix de standards de VR. Nous incluons dans notre analyse des données photométriques ainsi que des données rayons-X. Nous iden tifions quatre nouvelles binaires, ce qui donne un total de seulement neuf WNL binaires connues, une valeur trop modeste par rapport aux prédictions. Par conséquent, nous rejetons l’hypothèse que la binarité joue un rôle plus important à faible métallicité pour la formation d’une WR. G II Curieusement, au moins quelques étoiles WNL riches en hydrogène ne semblent pas être des étoiles WR évoluées, mais plutôt des étoiles non-évoluées, extrêmement massives et lu mineuses. En effet, il a multiples y preuves que quelques-unes d’entre elles soient les étoiles les plus massives connues. Huit des neuf binaires identifiées contiennent une WNL de ce type supermassif, ce qui rendra possible la détermination de leur masse à partir d’orbites Képleriennes. Ce dernier point est décisif pour la calibration de modèles stellaires. Une des binaires de notre échantillon, R145, a été étudiée avec plus de détails. Après avoir combiné nos données avec d’autres données publiées et non-publiées, nous établissons, pour la permière fois, l’ensemble des paramètres orbitaux pour ce système, y compris l’angle d’inclinaison orbitale. Nous trouvons alors que R145 contient l’étoile la plus massive connue jusqu’à présent. Mots clefs: étoiles: massives, étoiles: Wolf-Rayet, étoiles: évolution, étoiles individuelles: R145 o Abstract This thesis presents the resuits of an intense, spectroscopic survey of 41 of the 47 known, late-type, nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) which could be observed with ground-based, optical telescopes. For the study of the remaining 6 WNL located in the extremely dense central object of 30 Dor, R136, adaptive-optics assisted, near-infrared spectroscopy was required. The resuits of this study will be published elsewhere. Dur survey concludes tue decade-long effort of the Montréal Massive-Star Group to mo nitor alt known WR stars in the Magellanic Clouds for radial-velocity (RV) variations due to binarity, a point which has been debated since the true, evolved nature of WR stars lias been recognized in the late 1960s. From model calculations, it was expected that with decrea sing metallicity, the binary frequency among WR stars increases, or otherwise the progenitor stars could flot have turned into a WR star. Dur survey set out to observationally test this assumption. After summarizing the general importance of massive stars, we describe the spectroscopic observations of our program stars. We then detail the data analysis process, which encompasses careful calibration and proper choice of RV standards. We also include publicly available, visible and X-ray photometric data in our analysis. We are able to identify four previously unknown binaries in our sample, bringing the total number of known WNL binaries in the LMC to only nine. As a direct resuit, we question the assumption that binarity is required to form WR stars at lower metallicity. At least some of the hydrogen-containing WNL stars in our sample seem not to be genuine, evolved, helium-burning WR stars, but rather unevolved, hydrogen-burning objects. There is ample evidence that some of these stars are the most massive stars known. As a second and o iv most remarkable resuit, ail but one of our fine binaries harbor such extreme objects; this greatiy enlarges the sampie of such known binaries, and paves the way for an independent mass determination via Kepierian orbits in further studies, sorne of which we have aiready initiated. The resuits of those studies will be crucial for calibrating stellar models. One of these binaries, R145, is then studied in greater detaii, combining previousiy pubiished and unpubiishd data with ours, to present, for the first time, a full set of orbitai parameters for both components of the binary system. Since we also determine the orbitai inclination angle, we are abie to derive the absolute masses of this extreme object. It is found that R145 very likely harbors the most massive star known and properly “weighed” so far. Key Words: stars: massive, stars: Woif-Rayet, stars: evoiution, stars: individuai: R145. o Table of Contents Sommaire Abstract iii Table of Contents y List of Figures viii List of Tables xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Aspects of Massive Stars 1 1.2 How Do Wolf-Rayet Stars Form7 2 1.3 WR Stars and Binarity 6 2 A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY 0F WNL STARS IN THE LMC $ 2.1 Abstract 9 2.2 Introduction 9 2.3 Observations 15 2.3.1 Spectroscopic Data 15 2.3.2 Photometric Data 18 2.3.3 X-ray Data 18 2.4 Data Reduction 19 V TABLE 0F CONTENTS vi 2.5 Data Analysis and Resuits 20 2.5.1 Radial-Velocity Measurements 20 2.5.2 Standard Stars and Systematic Shifts Between Observatories 24 2.5.3 Scatter and Weights 47 2.5.4 Random Variability and Significance Levels 48 2.5.5 Cyclical Variability and Period Analysis 52 2.5.6 Binaries: The Remaining Orbital Parameters 66 2.5.7 Mass Functions 73 2.5.8 Wind-Wind Collisions and Line-Profile Variations 78 2.5.9 Systemic Velocities and Runaway Stars 91 2.5.10 Mean Spectra and Spectral Re-Classification 100 2.5.11 Analysis of the Photometric Data 114 2.5.12 Analysis of the X-Ray Data 116 2.5.13 Stellar Properties and Correlations Among the Data 129 2.6 Discussion 140 2.6.1 Binary Detectability and Statistical Corrections 140 2.6.2 Binary Frequencies at Different Metallicities 144 2.6.3 Binary Frequencies Among the Different Samples 147 2.6.4 Implications for Stellar Evolution 150 2.6.5 Comments on Foelimi et al.’s (2003b) Classification 155 2.6.6 Rotation andBinarity 158 2.7 Summary and Conclusion 160 3 FIRST ORBITAL SOLUTION FOR THE MASSIVE BINARY R145 162 3.1 Abstract 163 3.2 Introduction 163 3.3 Observations and Data Reduction • 166 3.3.1 Spectroscopy 166 3.3.2 Polarimetry 166 3.4 Data Analysis and Resuits 167 TABLE 0F CONTENTS vii 3.4.1 Spectroscopie Data 167 3.4.2 Search For Periodicities in the RV Curves 174 3.4.3 Polarimetric Data 177 3.4.4 Search for the Companion in R145 .
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