236 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [September 2, 1878.

KASHMIR. dans are mostly Sunis, the number of Shias being very small. Some Sufies exist and an old sect called Ch&k. ^ Surgeon-Major G. C. By Ross, The Pandits and Mullahs are ignorant and the people sunk Bengal Medical Service. in the grossest superstition. to It ( Continued from page 209.) Language.?The language is peculiar Kashmir. contains Sanscrit to in a the amount of twenty-five words People.?The Kashmiris are remarkably handsome one hundred, forty fifteen Hindustani, and robust race. Their physique, character being Persian, physically ten Arabic, Thibetan, &c. It is marked by its form a very marked contrast to the rest of Turki, uncouth rusticity, yet the people are eminently musical, the races of British India. the songs of the boatmen especially being extremely Kashmiris proper may be divided into Mahomedans and melodious. the " Pundits," who are the Hindu remainder, who have Government.?The Monarch is the ultimate court of escaped conversion into Mahomedanism. They are all and Kashmir is ruled by a Dewan or Governor, Brahmans. appeal, assisted by high officers of State?a Financial and The Mahomedans are divided into several classes,?the " Revenue Commissioner and an Accountant General. The boatmen Hanjies," shawl weavers, goldsmiths, metal Chief Court is presided over by a Judge assisted by a workers, &c.; there is also the Batul caste, which is pro- Naik. The jurisdiction of this Court is restricted to bably a non-Aryan aboriginal relic. They are the workers Civil and Criminal cases only, Revenue suits going to in leather, musicians and nautch girls. the Governor. The different grades of Courts are?Tehsil- The Mahomedans and Hindus are an Aryan race of light 24 ; Wazirs or Commissioners, five, assisted complexion, robust and handsome. dars, Deputy by a Revenue and a Judicial Assistant, the City Court The clothing consists of a long loose gown, made of and the Sudder Adawlat. home-spun wool, short pyjamas and a skull cap with The TehsiJdar has 200 to 400 sepoys under him ; the turban. Coolies and shikaries wear a cummerband and to The an account of " Thanadar 40 50. Kardar, who keeps knickerbockers with putties"?bandages?round the leg. the crops, is allotted a certain number of villages ; the The ordinary shoe is worn in the towns ; and in the Mokaddam over each village, who keeps an account of the country grass chupplies made of rice straw. crops, with the Putwari, a Pundit. In each village there Every Kashmiri, no matter what age, condition, or sex, are 1 to 4 Shagdars, who watch the crops while growing, carries about in the cold weather a portable stove, called a Sargaul is over these Shagdars, one to every ten a Jcangri. This is a small earthen pot enclosed in wicker villages, a Hindu generally. And finally a Trazadar, who work, with a handle and filled with charcoal; they slip weighs the grain and a Hurkara or Police constable, one one arm inside out of its sleeve and hold the Jcangri to every twenty villages ; he is over the Dims or police- underneath their great loose gowns, then squat down. men, one in each village, who are quartered on the This arrangement is very efficacious, but productive of inhabitants. The above is a sketch of the method of severe burns and epithelioma. revenue collecting and general government. Their character is very pronounced, but Englishmen Serious crimes are infrequent. Security of life and only come across the trade and servant class who are property is very remarkable throughout His Highness's cowards and Yet are notoriously liars, noisy. they dominions. cheerful, excellent ser- hard-working, very intelligent, Capital punishment does not exist; there are two jails vants and clever at handicrafts, and as mountaineers the in Srinagar ; the prisoners are employed mainly at husk- villagers and shikaries are probably unequalled. ing rice, carpet-weaving, cotton cloth, &c. The scale In connection with the races of Kashmir the Dogra of diet is one seer of rice with dhall and vegetables and Sikh must be mentioned, who form the soldiery. daily and meat once a week. The seer is one-fourth less There is also another some- foreign element, although than the British. a what blended, Durdni-Pathan settlement in one of Education?is restricted to Persian, Sanscrit and Ara- the valleys?Machipura. bic. Great ignorance and superstition exist. The hills are grazed upon the flocks and herds by Medical.?There is a dispensary at Srinagar with two of the race of Gujers, who exist here as well as in other Hospital Assistants in it, educated at Lahore, but the parts of India. people wont go to it, whereas the attendance at the Language, and Literature.?The has Religion, religion Medical Mission is nearly 200 daily. been changed. In remote years it was that repeatedly Postal.?A post exists between Murree and Srinagar, of the or Snake-gods. Budhism was introduced Nagas half of the British charge for India being extracted, and Asoka in 250 B. C., and castes adapted his by by Jaloka, 1 anna on each English or Europe letter. successor. I Revenue?is derived from all sources; no product The Brahminical or Hindu was into religion brought being considered too insignificant, no person too poor to B. 0. 73 and vogue by Abhimanyas, ; snake-worship I contribute'to the State. It amounts now, it is said, to again revived under Gonerda III. ?400,000. The Kashmiris that Mahomedanism was say intro- All land is the property of the ruler, three-fourths of the duced 700 antecedent to that years ago?a period of produce being appropriated by him; two-thirds taken in the first Mahomedan ruler. Shams-i-din, kind and one-third in money. There are now several sects of Hindus. The Mahome- The Government share of grain is lodged in store-houses, September 2, 1878.] KASHMIR.?BY SURGEON-MAJOR G. C. ROSS. 237

of men?16 where it is sold at Government rates. No cultivator is The army consists 20,000 batteries, 2 of 24 Regiments of one of allowed to offer the produce of his farm at a lower rate, Regiments Cavalry, Infantry, and Miners, and Irregulars. or often to sell it at all, until the Government corn has Sappers of and been sold. The army is mostly composed Dogras Punjabi and hill-men. In addition to the money taxes on the different Hindus, some Ghilgities grains, armed a there is also another which is It drills and is not badly ; quantity of levied annually upon each well, " Sniders and Enfields been the house in the Dehat" of from 4 to 20 annas. Of fruit having presented by English Government. three-fourths of the annual produce is taken by Govern- The revenue is collected by the soldiery. ment. There is an annual tax of 1 anna per head on sheep principally The is 9 chilkies a month,?four being stopped for and goats, and from all villages producing over 500 pay rations and but the men live in the kharwars of grains, two or three are taken annually and equipment, generally villages at free quarters. half their value returned in coin?one pony and one looi The powers of the are not they or home-spun blanket are also taken annually under the fighting army great, dread active service in the and did not same conditions. For each milch cow half a seer of ghee is hills, distinguish themselves in 1857 at Delhi for but taken ; from one to ten fowls are taken from each house, anything looting. History.?From the year 266 B. when it is said that according to the number of its inhabitants. 0., the physical aspect of the valley was to A. D. In the Lidder and Ward wan, two-thirds of the honey pro- changed, 1014, the country was governed by Hindu and Tartar duce are taken. Tame bees are kept by the zemindars there. In 1015 Mahmud of Ghazni Kashmir. The produce of the waters also belongs to Government. princes. conquered In 1305 a Hindu prince was on the throne. In 1326 an The singara nut yields a very large revenue, which is army of Turks invaded, and the Hindu farmed out, and fishing without a license is prohibited. dynasties perished in the person of a Queen who committed suicide rather The reeds of the Anchar produce, it is said, 4,000 chilkies than marry her conqueror Shums-u-din. annually. In Thibet, Oabul and were added to The stamp duty on shawls is 26 ?/0 of the estimated 1356, Kashgar the of Kashmir ; about this period Sikander value. The import of wool is taxed, and a charge made kingdom surnamed Bhutshikan, the Iconoclast, destroyed the upon every shop or workman connected with the manu- beautiful Pandu The was in its facture of 37 per head. temples. country prime in 1423 under who built en- All trades are taxed?butchers, bakers, boatmen, vendors Zein-ul-abdin, Srinagar, arts, commenced the shawl trade, papier mache, of fowl, sweepers! public notaries, even the prostitutes. couraged paper-making, &c. All Mahomedans pay taxes except the tailors; most of glass-making, But from his that of Solomon in the the necessaries of life are Government monopolies?salt, reign?resembling misrule which followed?to 1537 and tea, kot (the aromatic costus) brick-making. 25 ?/0 ad-va- anarchy, intrigue murder and the Delhi Emperor turned lorem is levied on all boats being built; even the wretched prevailed, Humayun his attention to the but until Akbar's time no coolie impressed for the travellers' baggage is mulcted country; was made. He Kashmir in one-half. A tax called ashgul is levied on the Maho- footing conquered totally 1587, from which date it became an integral portion of medans for the support of the Hindu priests, also during the empire. the cholera epidemic of 1867 a large revenue was made Mogul In 1588-92 Akbar and his minister Toda Mull visited by the sale of charms. the valley, when the fort of Hari Parbat was These most oppressive restrictions and taxes are only built, and the dress of the people changed from the ancient imposed within the valley, from whence escape is impossi- tunic to the effeminate night-gown of the present ble. If free exit was granted, it is probable most of the day. Jehangir and Nur Mahal spent much of their time in inhabitants would fly, as many have done. It is no Kashmir. They built the Shalimar and Nishat that a portion of the land is out gardens, wonder, therefore, great the a planted Nazim, Manus gar- of cultivation, and that famines occur in country?an Bal, Achibal, Vemag dens. Jehangir died near Shah Jehan and his actual terrestrial paradise?blessed by bountiful nature Rajaori. climate. In son Aurungzeb also visited the and Bernier with every advantage of water, soil and valley, followed in the latter's train. 1865 a severe famine occurred, and grain had to be im- The country was a Naib, who ported from the arid Punjab. always governed by looked upon his from its uncertain tenure, Coinage.?The coins in use are copper and silver. The appointment, as a means of value of the "silver" Chilki-rupee was fixed at 10 annas extorting money. In 1712 Ahmed Shah Abdali annexed the country to British, but by an edict of the in one day, the Maharajah, course a and misrule and rebellion of followed, 15th October 1871, it was suddenly reduced to 8 annas, and Afghanistan, until when the " Lion of the Punjab,' Ranjit Sing, new coin issued worth 10 annas. No effort having been made 1819, on the 15th drove out the Duranis and captured the to call in the old currency, by this unscrupulous policy the July, cost of restoring the debased coinage fell on the unfortu- country. The remainder of the history is the of Bri- nate people. The new Chilki is better than the old, which History tish India. was nothing but washed copper. It bears the monogram After when the Khalsa was over- J. H. S, introduced by Gulab Singh. The coins are Sobraon, power was sold to the of for fabricated by hard labour, are unequal, and not of equal thrown, Kashmir Rajah Jamu weight. The pieces of battered copper called pice are ?1.000,000 sterling. Kashmir is held His ss Maha- never of the same relative value five days together. At present by Highne MEDICAL GAZETTE. 1878. 933 THE INDIAN [September 2,

who succeeded rajali Rundbhir Sing, G. C. S. I., &c., &c., River.?The river is eighty yards wide, average depth 18 Gulab on an on the death of his father Maharajah Sing feet; embankment of cut limestone formerly existed ; the 2nd August 1857. this is nearly all destroyed. Srinagar.?Srinagar, Lat. 34? 5', Long. 74? 50', eleva- Bridges?are traditionally ascribed to the period of tion 5,250 feet, the capital of Kashmir, is situated on the independent Mahomedan rule, from A. D. 1326-1587. Jhelum about midway from either end of the valley. They are thus constructed: ? " is from are Name.?The derivation either Surya" the Piles first driven to make a foundation ; undressed " of " the fortunate." 25 feet sun, or Sri" the wife Vishnu, deodar logs, long and 2? or 3 in girth, are laid is built on a of land 2 feet Site.?The town strip dry which about apart horizontally, layer on layer ; each alter- stretches north and south, and is intersected by the nate layer being at right angles to the one above it : in Jhelum. On the outskirts it is environed by shallow this way the piers are raised to 25 or 30 feet. They are lakes and swamps. The Jhelum makes a long bend in its ninety feet apart, and are spanned by long poles, with course through the town, and the latter is likewise inter- a roadway. sected by numerous canals and water-courses. The piers are protected by abutments of stones and an Some of these are over Fort.?The Hari-Parbat, isolated hill crowned by piles. bridges 200 years old, a fort, dominates the city from its north-east corner, and and there are seven of them in Srinagar. it is likewise commanded from the south-east, at a Canals.?The river is supplemented by a network distance of two miles, by another hill called the Takht-i- of canals, viz., the Kuth-i-kol on the left bank; the Sulaiman. The town extends for about three miles along Mar and the Rainwari with their branches on the right. both sides of the Jhelum, but is little more than a mile The Kuth-i-Kal leaves the river at the palace and across at its broadest point; the greater portion is situated then bifurcates ; the western branch, the Sona Kol, is on the right bank. small and narrow, it skirts the town north-west, and The town has been likened to Venice from the intersect- eventually empties itself into the Dudh-Qanga, a small ing canals and houses built sheer from the water's edge. river running from the Pansal Eange, and which joins Houses.?These latter are chiefly constructed of bricks the Jhelum below of the 7th bridge. The main branch built up in frames of wood, the walls seldom exceeding goes northerly, passing by old siarats and gardens and a single brick in thickness. empties into the Jhelum above that bridge. This canal They are generally two and three stories high, and are is only navigable from April to July when the Jhelum is mostly in a ruinous condition, with broken doors and in flood, for the rest of the year it consists of faetid shattered lattices, walls out of the perpendicular, and puddles. roofs threatening to fall ; these last are made by layers On the right bank the Tsont-i-kol or the Dol Canal of birch-bark covered with earth, which is again hidden leaves the river opposite the palace, it is there thirty yards by a vegetation of grass and flowers. wide and as deep as the Jhelum itself, and is always The houses of the better classes are commonly detached, navigable; at the upper end it communicates with the and surrounded by a wall and garden communicating Dal through flood gates which remain open only as long with a canal. as the cm-rent sets from the lake, and when this condi- The genera! character of Srinagar is that of a confused tion is reversed, i. e., when the Jhelum is in flood, they mass of ill-favored buildings forming a complicated shut, so preventing inundations of the lower parts of the labyrinth of narrow and dirty lanes, badly payed, and city. This canal is banked with splendid poplars, and a centre full seen having small gutter in the of filth, banked the Chenar Bagh ; in it may be myriads of ducks and on each a the up side by border of mire. geese (wild ones pinioned), property of the Maha- Bazars.?There are several bazars ; that called the The of this canal is about one and a half ' rajah. length Maharaj Gunj,' lately constructed, is a large quadrangle mile. A branch runs from the Water Gate southwards to- near the right bank above the 5th bridge. wards the Jhelum, but is stopped by an embankment at is City.?The city divided into twelve zillahs or parish- that end, it is therefore impassible except during heavy the care es, each under of a kotwal and a zilladar. These floods. This bounds the encamping grounds allotted to into are sub-divided mahullas, 277 in number?a minute European visitors to the north-east, and is always a which would be of division, and infinite use for sanitary foetid, horrible nulla. Water gates to allow of flooding it arrangements. would be very advantageous both as regards the health Population.?The census taken in 1866 shewed? of the place, and as allowing a short cut. If the canal

.. ?? .. the Zillahs, J2) Mahomedans I ?ea 44,356 was open without them, Dal Gate would remain .. 277) (Women .. 43,414 Mahullas, to the 87,770 closed owing difference in level. Men 1 I ... Houses, ..20.304 Hindus 13)292 known as the Rainwari runs from Women ... The network canals, Shops, ... 1,037 1 | 11,565 24,857 the Water Gate towards the city : it is joined by a small Total .. 112,627 canal fr,om the Cind river, originally intended by its the Trade?is very limited, though people are constructor, Zein-ul-abdin, to supply the Jamma Masjid, but for ingenious and industrious ; probably, the Euro- and also by branches from the Dal lake, from whence a pean visitors, three-fourths of the population would boat can go to the Anchar lake, passing the Dilawar starve, they being now almost the sole purchasers of the Khan Bagh, the old place where Moorcroft, Henderson, various articles of gold and silver, copper, iron, leather, Baron Hiigel and Vigue were put up ; it is a great route &c., produced. for market boats, most of the vegetable gardens existing September 2, 1878.] KASHMIR.?BY SURGEON-MAJOR G. C. ROSS. 239

of Shall the great king, at the expense of one at this side. These canals are crossed by very ancient Akbar, crore and one lakh Rupees (?1,100,000) ; that 200 bridges of single pointed masonry arches. The most masons were and that they and all their important branch called the Mar, or Snake canal, is navi- employed, assistants were all ; that it was built in the year of gable always except in November and December for large paid 1006 D. that there never was a boats, and grain is brought by it into the heart of the Hejira (A.. 1597); nor ever will and it is king like this of kings, be, that city. A journey along very curious ; it is narrow, its king the name was Koja Mahomed Hussain, walls of massive stone, bridges, old gh&ts, ruins of temples superintendent's a slave of Akbar. supplying the materials, betoken great antiquity, and The Fort can be reached by two roads, one on the north the lofty houses seeming to topple over, all form a very side, rideable, the other on the south side, steep and quaint and curious picture, but for the abominable' rugged. The consists of two wings, stench arising from the filthy water, which quite destroys Fort, stone-built, the outline of the and also of a the idea of the picturesque. following crest, separate building below the western the walls are of stone30 Public Buildings.?None of them are of any merit; the wing; feet high, and 3 feet thick. The south face alone is pierced Jamma Masjid, a very large square Chinese-looking for musquetry. Barracks for a small are built edifice, built by Shah Jehan ; the Shah Hamudan Masjid garrison inside against the walls, on the roof of which the of the same type, built by and named after a Syud who soldiers can stand to fire the The lived in the days of Timur-Lang?cir. 1360 ; the Ali through loopholes. fort armament is antiquated, and the whole affair would Masjid built by Sultan Hussain, cir. 1471. These mos- and deodar. probably tumble down if heavy guns were fired from it. ques are constructed of masonry splendid The is a one There is a fine old ruined mosque built by the tutor of position strong naturally, being protected more or less all round by marshes and lakes. Jehangir, on the side of the Hari Parbat Hill, with Water inhabitants of obtain marble pillars and gates, all in a state of destruction. supply.?The Srinagar their waters from the nearest or the river. Aud near it the shrine of Shah Hamzeh. potable canal, " There are a few wells in the in used The No Masjid was built by the Light of the world" city, gardens, only for irrigation purposes. The water of the Jhelum is Nur Jehan, but on account of her sex, though the finest foul, with the impurities, not building in Srinagar, is not used for devotional purposes. fearfully being charged of the but also of the towns and The Bulbul Lankar is said to be the first mosque built only city, villages. it is of however and the in Kashmir, and to contain the ashes of Fakir Bulbul Above, highly thought people also say that the fish in it are the best for eating. Shah, by whom, tradition asserts, Mahomedanism was From the latrine which obtains, some introduced into the country. The Mosque of Hazrat Bal floating system idea may be had of what the water is. is on the Dal, in which a hair of Mahomed's beard is pre- There are but few near and served in crystal. springs Srinagar, they, except the Chashma Shalii, give but a scanty supply : Forts.?Srinagar is open to attack from the south by this is on the of a hill about one and a half' the line of the Dudh-Ganga river and. the high road from slope mile from the its waters are very pure and Shupiyan; it is not defended by wall or ditch, and the city; delicious. There is also another spring near it, much strong places are the Fort of the Palace Sher-Garri only in the of Thid. A called and the liari Parbat Fort. smaller, village spring the Drogjun Poker is situated at the south-west foot The Palace is a heterogeneous mass of dilapidated of the Takht-i-Sulaiman, but is also small. There is houses, containing that lamentable looking abode, the a small tank fed by a spring near the Ali palace, with its equally hideous Hindu temple. It is Masjid; and in the suburbs of Naoshera, to the north of the city, of no strength, the outer walls tumble down, and a few are two springs, the Vetsar Nag and both of shells would cause the masses of pine huts to blaze. Wantebawan, which are appropriated by the Hindus. The Fort is a rectangular enclosure 400 by 200 yards, Antiquities.?Remarkable their as in the on the below the 1st by absence, lying left bank of the river, bridge ; " 15th century Sikander the Iconoclast" demolished all at the north end the Kuth-i-kol canal flows, the south the Hindu temples. The so-called embankments lining face is separated by a raised causeway and glacis from the river are largely composed of plinths, cornices, pedi- the suburbs and bazar; on the west the ground is open ; ments and friezes, ail of beautiful limestone. on the east is the Jhelum. Hari Parbat, an isolated hill The most ancient building now remaining is probably rising out of the water almost like an island, derives its the tomb of King Zein-ul-abdin, Cir. 1442, who was name from Hari or of whom there is a rock- Vishnu, the eighth and most renowned of the Mahomedan kings cut sculpture on the side of the slope. of Kashmir. The tomb is of brick, octagonal, ornamented This hill lies between the Dal and Anchar lakes, and with Saracenic arches and surmounted with a dome, rises about 250 feet above the level of the plain: it is surrounded by four smaller ones. of trap formation and quite bare. The hill is surrounded The hill called the Takht-i-Sulaiman rises about a mile by a stone wall built by this is 28 feet Akbar; high to the south-east of the city between the Jhelum and and 13 thick, but is somewhat in and formerly ruins, Dal; it rises to the height of 6,240 feet?1,000 above the enclosed the royal city of Nagar Nagar. The wall is plain. The formation of the hill is trap and a at intervals of rock, strengthened fifty yards by bastions 34feet on beautiful amygdaloid is found the top, which juts out high, and loopholed ; at present there are but three gate- in every direction through the grass and wild rose ways, over two of them are inscriptions in Persian, to the efEect bushes. that this Kila of Nag-i-Nagar was built by order MEDICAL 240 THE INDIAN GAZETTE. [September 2, 1878.

is The temple on its summit is very ancient, and sup- ry and above that a so-called house for the Civil Surgeon posed to have been built by Jaloka, the son of the great on duty, most inadequate to the latter's requirements, for, was the Bhuddi8t convert Asoka, Cir. 200 B. C. This one or two excepted, it is the worst house in the place. first erection. The temple was rebuilt and dedicated to These last-mentioned houses stand close to the river Mahadeva by Raja Gopaditya, A. D. 238-253. and thus narrow the promenade, which is wide and of a with four sides for- with The general figure is that cone, bordered willow trees farther up. med by the rectangular adjustment of eight gable-shaped A large plot of land has been given by the Kashmir about 25 feet rests on slabs of masonry. The cone, high, Government for the use of the visitors, and for the whose wall is 10 or 12 feet an octagonal raised platform, purposes of Polo and Cricket. There is also a lawn ten- on which it is and whose circum- above the rock built, nis court near the Library, and several rowing boats, be about 100 feet a handsome of ference may ; flight including a four oar and a pair oar racing gigs. as is of leads to door. steps, the temple limestone, up the The encamping grounds used by visitors, are the The interior is circular and 14 feet in diameter ; roof Chenar Bagh on the Dal canal, the Island, the Ram flat, 11 feet high ; walls, 8 feet thick, are covered with Moonshi Bagh a mile up the river, besides those gardens gypsum white plaster. The roof is supported by four already noticed. " octagonal limestone pillars. There is a lingam" in All these places have this year, 1877, been too over- the centre on a platform of black stone and around crowded, and the barracks in the Moonshi Bagh have it a serpent coiled. An inscription states that this not added to the salubrity of the place, by collecting was made by one Hadji Hashsti in the year 54 Samut, hordes of servants within a small compass. i. e., about 1870 years ago. Gulab Sing made a road, The Cemetery is in the Shaikh Bagh, consecrated which still exists, up to the top from the city side, by the Bishop of Calcutta in May 1865, where the composed mostly of wide stone steps. The view residence of the chaplain also is, who performs Divine from the top is splendid ; below, the city and lakes Service in the upper story of the house. with the Hill Hari Parbat in the distance, the Woolar The Resident resides in Srinagar for six and a half lake to the north and west, and to the south the months, removing though to Gulmag during July and Jhelum forming those remarkable curves from which the August when the former becomes unhealthy. There is a celebrated pattern has been taken. native agent, a Babu appointed by the Kashmir Govern- History.?The present city of Srinagar was built by ment to look after the multitudinous wants of the King Pravasa Senas II. in the beginning of the 6th European visitors. century A. D., but for three centuries later, the ancient Srinagar has become quite a fashionable station, and capital of the same name was standing on the spot now much to the detriment of its healthiness. known as Pandrathan, three miles above on the river, that name being a corruption of the Sanscrit Puranadhish- thana, old capital, which was deserted about A. D. J 960 on its destruction by fire, when the present city was permanently occupied. European Quarter?is situated on the right bank of the Jhelum, between the Takht-i-Sulaiman and the south- east corner of the city. It is a grassy plain one and a half mile long and half a mile broad, containing numerous gardens and enclosures, and is bisected from south-west to north-east by the Poplar avenue. It is in fact an island, bounded on the south and west by the Jhelum ; the Tsont-i-kol (canal) on the north, and by its Sonawar branch on the east. Along the river at a height of from feet eight to ten above the water behind an embankment, several are built bungalows and three ranges of barracks. in the The houses Moonshi Bagh are of a superior description, built of stone and wood, and generally of two stories both alike, with a large front room and three " smaller back rooms. The Barracks" have accommoda- tion for three families in each block. There is ample camp room behind on turf. The bachelors pitch their tents in three orchard gardens ?the Hari Sing Bagh, Goormuk Sing and Tara Sing Baghs. There are three Parsee shops well supplied with stores and wines ; a post office and a library. The Resident's house, a fine roomy mansion standing in its own grounds of some ten acres, is just above the island, and is a most comfortable abode ; next above it is a Hospital with quarters for a sick officer, then the libra-