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1946 Washington Redskins. Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources "1946 Washington Redskins." Pro-Football-Reference.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. <http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/was/1946.htm> This chart will back up my thesis because it is the record of the 1946 season of the Washington Redskins, 16 years before the team integrated its players, it will show how the team did before they integrated their players. Finishing third in NFL East Division with a record of 5-5-1 it proves that they did not do so well with their team segregated. "1966 Washington Redskins." Pro-Football-Reference.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. <http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/was/1969.htm> This chart will also back up my thesis because it is the record of the 1969 season of the Washington Redskins seven years after the team integrated its players. I am using this primary source because it proves that the team did better after they integrated. Finishing second in the NFL Capital Division with a record of 7-5-2 proves that African Americans were beneficial to the team. Career Stats of Tony Dungy (http://www.profootballhof.com/enshrinement/2014-semifinalist-profile-tony-dungy.aspx) This source will support my thesis since Tony Dungy was the first African American to win a superbowl, showing the effects of integrating the sport. He has been qualified for the semifinalists class of 2014 and was the head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Indianapolis Colts. Under his coaching the Buccaneers became the NFC Central Division Champs in 1999, from 2003-2005, under his coaching, became the AFC South Division champs, and in 2006 the Colts became the AFC South Division, AFC, and the Super Bowl XLI champs. He used his experience and put his personal opinions aside for the benefit of the team. Commenendatioion frorom ththe Members of ththe Ohihio House of Repreresesentntatativives and Senatatee <http://www.profootballhof.com/story/2006/5/8/2072/> This source will support my thesis through showing that Bill Willis was commended on breaking the color barrier and was acknowledged for the improvement of the team. He was one of four players in 1946 to “break the barrier” and is credited for it since he is the only survivor of the four. He was able to do this one year before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in the MLB and this was a time period of discrimination against African Americans. George Preston Marshall . Digital image. Vintage Football Card Gallery. Nearmint's Vintage Football Cards, n.d. Web. 28 May 2014. <<http://www.footballcardgallery.com/1975_Fleer_Immortal_Roll/67/George_Preston_Marshall _75.jpg>.>. This image was used to display who George Preston Marshall was on our timeline when he introduced the unofficial ban in the NFL. Joe Lillard . Digital image. Professional Football Hall of Fame. Professional Football Hall of Fame, n.d. Web. 28 May 2014. <<http://www.profootballhof.com/UserFiles/image/Lillard-Joe-FF-Lead.jpg>.>. This photograph was used to provide a visual to show who Joe Lillard was in our timeline. Joe Lillard was one of the last African American football players in the NFL. Michael Richman. Digital image. Redskin Historian. Michael Richman, n.d. Web. 28 May 2014. <http://washingtonredskinsfootballvault.com/media/presskit/MR-photo-Encyclopedia.jpg>. Michael Richman is a historian that specializes in the history of the Washington Redskins whom we interviewed to get more insight on our project topic. This image was used as a profile photograph to show who he is. Nat Northington. 1965. Photograph. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. I chose this photograph because it is a photograph of it is a picture of Nat Northington and he was one of the players that broke the color barrier and helped his team to a great season. Nat Northington was like the Bill Willis or Jackie Robinson of college football. He was one of the few players in the college league that broke the color barrier. This will support my research in showing when and how African American athletes were integrated into football teams. Passing of National Football League Games. 1949. Photograph. Audio Visual Collection, n.p. This photo shows how the president and government were ok with the segregation at that time but, that all changed when JFK came into office. He threatened George Preston Marshall if he didn't integrate his team. President Eisenhower was ok with the unofficial ban made by George Preston Marshall and other team owners in 1934. But when JFK came into office, he did all he can to make sure that all teams in the NFL were integrated and all players were treated fairly. This supports my research in showing that George Preston Marshall was on the same terms as President Eisenhower and was not stopped in his discrimination against African American players. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Al Blozis (7 of 30).0). n.d. Photograph. Pro Football Hall of Fame, Canton. NFL. Web. 4 December 2013. <http://www.nfl.com/photos/09000d5d80857a52/09000d5d8085761f> This source will support my thesis by showing the publicity around the game between the Washington Redskins and NY Giants which was one of the major factors contributing to the team’s integration. Every game that the Giants and Redskins played, the Giants would destroy the Redskins and they would enjoy playing the Redskins because they would beat them every time. The people liked to see the Giants play the Redskins because the Redskins would get humiliated, especially in New York. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Bobby Mitchell . 1962. Photograph. Pro Football Hall of Fame, Canton, Ohio. This photograph is important because he is one of the players that broke the color barrier in college football. This player along with Nat Northington were two of the few who broke the color barrier. He did not have as much as an impact as Nat Northington, but he still did have an impact on college football and the color barrier. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Kenny Washington-Los Angeles Rams-File Photos (8 of 13). 1948. Photograph. Pro Football Hall of Fame, Canton. NFL. Web. 2 December 2013. <http://www.nfl.com/photos/09000d5d806c9789/09000d5d806c97ed> This photograph depicts African American football player Kenny Washington of the Los Angeles Rams on field during the team’s 31-14 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers. Washington (number 13) is running with the football in order to make a down and he is being tackled by number 55, a white player, of the Steelers. This signifies the integration of the NFL in the year 1946 when Kenny washington broke the color barrier as he signed with the Los Angeles Rams. The photographer is not named specifically, however the photo was taken by the Pro Football Hall of Fame. This influences the context of the photograph since the photographer captured Washington in medias res almost being brought down by a player on the opposing team. The image shows him in action representing that African American players have made it into the league and are helping lead their teams to victory. This is biased since it only shows one specific african american athlete that had become famous at the time, but it does not depict how other players are stuck on the benches or any other players on the field. Also, the Pro Football Hall of Fame wanted to promote the fact that it had become integrated, so this photographer supports the integration as opposed to supporting the segregated teams. This photograph will support my thesis by showing that african american players improved the teams and increased their popularity among fans. The photo was taken because it pertained to the contemporary interests occurring at this time. Therefore, it shows the support for African American players integrating into the league. by further examining this information I can connect this photograph to my thesis. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Fritz Pollard-Akron Pros-File Photos (6 of 13). 1916. Photograph. Pro Football Hall of Fame,Canton. NFL. Web. 3 December 2013. <http://www.nfl.com/photos/09000d5d806c9789/09000d5d806c97e3> This photograph is of Frederick Douglass “Fritz” Pollard, one of the first two african american players drafted into the NFL in 1920 to the Akron Pros. In the photo Pollard is posing as though he is going to throw the football as a quarterback in the starting position. This was captured while he was still enrolled in Brown University in the year 1916. It is now housed in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in honour of Fritz Pollard’s achievements throughout his career. After being deemed “co-coach” by the Pros, Pollard became the first African American head coach for professional football and coached for the Pros. The football that he is holding is exemplary of the time period that this photo was taken. Notice that the ball is abnormally round for a football since there were no regulations on the equipment of the game yet. The bias of this photo is in its intended use for the promotion of african american players into college football and also promoting the team’s new players. The photographer had Pollard pose in an active stance as opposed to sitting on a bench or going over plays with his coach. This photograph will support my thesis by showing that african american players were capable of playing alongside athletes of other ethnicities. Also, this shows as evidence that african americans were successfully playing on NFL teams before the league was segregated in 1933. Ray Kemp. Digital image. Pittsburgh Sports Report . Pittsburgh Sports Report, n.d.
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