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8420010_TT5_p198-213 8/19/08 10:59 AM Page 198 Section 5 INTRODUCTION TO LAND NAVIGATION Key Points 1 Understanding Azimuths 2 Converting Azimuths 3 Determining Elevation 4 Calculating Distance on a Map Techniques Track Techniques Tactics and Tactics 8420010_TT5_p198-213 8/19/08 10:59 AM Page 199 Introduction to Land Navigation ■ 199 Introduction To accomplish your mission, you must be in the right place at the right time. Being in the right place requires you to navigate well. Knowing how to read a map is one thing—knowing how to use a map to navigate requires that you understand how to use azimuths, elevation, and map distance. In the previous section, you learned how to identify and interpret topographic symbols, colors, contour lines, and marginal information found on a military map. You also learned about the military grid reference system and how to plot grid coordinates using a military map and protractor. This section will expand your map-reading skills and introduce you to how the military navigates using a map, compass, and protractor. You will learn what an azimuth is and how to convert azimuths in order to navigate using a compass and map. You will also learn how to determine the elevation of the terrain by analyzing the contour lines and contour interval data from the marginal information on a military map. Lastly, you will learn to compute straight-line and road distance using the scale in the margin of the military map. Coupled with your learning from your orienteering and map reading lessons, you will have the basic knowledge to navigate from one point to another and arrive safely at your destination. In the following vignette, COL John Zierdt Jr., commander of the 1st Support Command during the first Gulf War, remembers how a group of Soldiers paid a serious price when they decided to rely on familiarity rather than put into practice basic map- reading and land-navigation skill required of all Soldiers. Captured During Desert Storm The driver had been on a particular route two or three times and thought he knew where he was going. Then instead of turning left, he kept going straight. They even saw the water on their right, which was a dead giveaway that they were going north rather than west. There were two HETs [heavy trucks] following each other. The guy, the one that was eventually captured, was in the lead vehicle, and stopped. And the guys behind him said, “You’re going the wrong way and we need to turn around.” He said, “I am not.” He says, “I’m going straight. You can follow me or turn around if you want.” So, they kept going straight. The next thing you knew they were in the middle of a firefight. The second vehicle got turned around in time [and] got out of there; the [first] vehicle got stuck and didn’t get turned around, and the two of them got captured. Department of the Army, XVIII Airborne Corps and US Army Center of Military History Tactics and Tactics Techniques Track Techniques 8420010_TT5_p198-213 8/19/08 10:59 AM Page 200 200 ■ SECTION 5 e Critical Thinking If the drivers of the two vehicles had looked at and oriented their maps, what might have told them they were headed in the wrong direction? What would you have done if you were in the second vehicle? Would you have continued to follow the first vehicle after you decided it was going the wrong way? What could you have said over the radio to the Soldiers in the first vehicle that may have triggered in their minds that they were, in fact, going in the wrong direction? Understanding Azimuths Everything in land navigation begins with an azimuth. An azimuth is a horizontal angle azimuth measured clockwise by degrees or mils between a reference direction and a line to an the horizontal angle, observed or designated point. There are three base directions or azimuths: true, grid, and measured clockwise by magnetic. degrees or mils between a reference direction The Army uses azimuths to express direction. Direction is determined from your and the line to an start point, or where you are, outward toward your desired destination, or your intended observed or designated target. Because you use north (0 or 360 degrees) as your base line, 270 degrees away from point—there are three north will always be due west. base (reference) directions or azimuths: Think of yourself as standing in the middle of a Nebraska cornfield. You are facing true, grid, and magnetic north. The horizon stretches around you in a great 360-degree circle. If you travel an azimuth azimuth of zero degrees—or 360 degrees—or due north—you will wind up in Canada. If you turn to your right and travel on an azimuth of 90 degrees—due east—you will wind up in the Atlantic Ocean, probably off the coast of New Jersey. An azimuth of 180 degrees—due south—will take you into Mexico, and an azimuth of 270 degrees—due west—will take you to the Pacific, just off the coast of Northern The terms azimuth and direction are California. interchangeable. Determining a Grid Azimuth Using a Protractor There are two ways you can determine an azimuth. You can use a map to determine a grid azimuth, or you can use a compass to determine a magnetic azimuth. Regardless of the technique, you will learn in this chapter how to convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth and a magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth. You will first use a map and learn how to determine a grid azimuth. The steps in this process should be very familiar if you have ever taken a geometry class. grid azimuth To begin, select a start point on the map. Mark it as point A. Identify an end point on the angle between grid your map. Mark it as point B. Using the edge of your protractor, draw a straight pencil north and a line drawn line between points A and B. The line is your azimuth. Now you must determine the grid on the map azimuth of that line—the angle between the line and grid north. When you lay your protractor down on your map, make sure you place it right side up; verify this by checking to see that the writing on the protractor is not backward. If your protractor is wrong side up, you will get grid azimuths that are 180 degrees off from the 8420010_TT5_p198-213 8/19/08 10:59 AM Page 201 Introduction to Land Navigation ■ 201 Although having the mils scale on the outside of the protractor may seem confusing now, don’t get into the habit of cutting the mils scale off your protractor. Later in your military career, your military occupational specialty (MOS) may require you to state azimuths in mils as well as degrees. Figure 5.1 Army Protractor (GTA 5-2-12, 1981) correct grid azimuth. Also, make sure the 0- or 360-degree mark of your protractor is toward the top (or north) of your map, and make sure the 90-degree mark is toward the right (or east) of your map. If you place your protractor down incorrectly on your map, the grid azimuth that you determine will be a minimum of 90 degrees off and as much as 270 degrees off the actual azimuth. Follow these three steps to determine your grid azimuth from the arbitrary points A and B (Figure 5.2): 1. Place the index of your protractor (the place where the etched vertical line and the etched horizontal line meet) at the point where the line you drew on your map crosses a vertical, north-south grid line. 2. Keeping the index at this point, line up the 0-to-180-degree line, or base line, of the protractor on the vertical, north-south grid line. 3. Follow your line outward to the degree scale of your protractor. Read the value of the angle from the protractor. This is your grid azimuth from point A to point B expressed in degrees. Next, you will plot an azimuth from a known point on a map. Imagine you receive an order to move from your current position in a given direction. Plotting the azimuth on your map will allow you to see the terrain and objects you will need to navigate through along the entire length of your azimuth. The steps are as follows: 8420010_TT5_p198-213 8/19/08 10:59 AM Page 202 202 ■ SECTION 5 Figure 5.2 Measuring an Azimuth 1. Place your protractor on the map with the index mark at the center of the known point and the base line parallel to a vertical, north-south grid line. This is the same method 2. Using your pencil, make a small tick mark on the map at the edge of the you will use to determine the grid protractor at the desired azimuth. Remember that your protractor will have azimuth between any degrees on the inner scale and mils on the outer scale. Ensure the tick mark on two points on the map. the map is beside the desired azimuth in degrees and not mils. 3. Lift and reposition the protractor so you can use its side as a straightedge. Draw a line connecting the known point and the tick mark on the map. This is your grid direction line—your azimuth. 8420010_TT5_p198-213 8/19/08 10:59 AM Page 203 Introduction to Land Navigation ■ 203 Determining a Back Azimuth A back azimuth is simply the opposite direction to your azimuth.
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