2018 INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
November 4-6, 2018 Fort Myers, Florida, USA
www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/pepper2018
November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA Table of Contents
5...... Welcome Letter
6...... Planning Committee
7...... Sponsor Recognition
9...... Abstract Compilation
64 ...... Notes
3
November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA Welcome Letter Greetings!
I would like to wish you a warm Florida welcome to the 24th International Pepper Conference in beautiful Fort Myers, FL!
It is appropriate that the conference has returned to Florida where it first had its origins. Dr. Ben Villalon and Dr. Tom Zitter first kicked around the idea of holding a meeting to draw together pepper researchers for the exchange of information and germplasm in 1972. The conference has come a long way since then and has emerged as the premier venue for the dissemination and exchange of information on Capsicum.
For the past 46 years, the International Pepper Conference has been held every other year in major pepper producing regions. The conference brings together pepper researchers, scientists, breeders, horticulturists, pathologists, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists, and virologists, in addition to extension agents, seed and chemical company representatives, major processors, growers, and chile aficionados from around the world providing a venue for the exchange of information and knowledge on Capsicum spp. In recent years, interest and demand for peppers has increased dramatically worldwide and peppers have achieved major economic significance in the global market.
The University of Florida is proud to host this event and welcome our colleagues from around the globe. We feel confident that we have been successful in putting together a program you will find informative, challenging and exciting. The diversity of papers and posters presented at this conference and the wide array of presenters will bring together the latest advances in the field from around the globe, and will undoubtedly provide something for everyone in attendance.
We know from past workshops that in addition to the exchange of information and ideas, the development of personal friendships and collaborative efforts between colleagues from around the world working on common issues is equally important. For this reason, you will note that we have included some down time between formal sessions so both new and old friends will have plenty of time to meet and mingle and trade ideas and innovations. Although some of the participants have been active with the pepper conference from the beginning, they remain willing to share and welcome new ideas and collaborators into their midst and we are sure you will want to meet and get to know them. We hope that you will find that this is a close and sharing community of friends with a common interest that unites us all.
In addition to the welcoming reception, we have planned group lunches, a Monday evening social and dinner and a Tuesday evening closing dinner banquet, which will give us all the opportunity to relax away from the structure of the meeting place and enjoy great food, drink and company. Monday will feature a full day of scientific presentations, while Tuesday will consist of an all-day tour of local industry research facilities and commercial pepper production South Florida style. The International Pepper Conference is not a formal association with voting members. By virtue of attending the conference, you are part of this informal organization and at our closing dinner banquet we will present Lifetime Achievement Awards and select the venue of the next International Pepper Conference in 2020.
We are grateful to all of our many and generous sponsors, who have joined in supporting this conference. I would also like to thank the committee members, speakers and poster presenters without whom there would be no conference. A sincere thanks is also due to Beth Miller-Tipton and her staff at the UF/IFAS Office of Conferences and Institutes as they have left no stone unturned in making sure that our conference is not only successful, but will be a fun time for everyone as well.
As you know, Florida is major tourist destination and we hope will find the time to visit the beaches and attractions like Disney, Universal Studios, and Sea World as well as see the “real” side of Florida and its great natural beauty. I am glad you were able to attend and hope you have an enjoyable and productive time together in this beautiful venue and return home with fresh ideas, strengthened collaborations and friendships, and renewed enthusiasm for all things Capsicum.
Sincerely,
Gene McAvoy, Director Regional Vegetable Extension Agent IV UF/IFAS Hendry County Cooperative Extension Labelle, FL USA | Email: [email protected]
5 The 24th International Pepper Conference Planning Committee
Mr. Gene McAvoy Conference Chair, UF/IFAS Regional Vegetable Extension Agent IV
Dr. Phil Stansly Professor, UF/IFAS SWFREC
Mr. Ted Winsberg Green Cay Farms
Dr. Monica Ozores-Hampton Immokalee, Florida
Mr. Roberto Cordero Seminis Seed
Mr. Bryan Zingel Sakata Seed USA
Dr. Gary Vallad UF/IFAS GCREC
Dr. Scott Adkins USDA ARS
Mr. Bob Conrad Harris Moran
Ms. Rachel Ribbick-Broadbent Fort Myers, Florida
6 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA Sponsor Recognition
Thank you to our valued sponsors. Without their support, this conference would not be possible.
Habanero Sponsor
Limagrain HM Clause | Vilmorin | Mikado | Hazera Seeds of Growth
Sakata
Syngenta
University of Florida/IFAS
Cayenne Sponsors
Paladin by Arkema
TRECE Incorporated
UF/IFAS Hendry County Extension
University of Florida Office of Research
Serrano Sponsors
Bayer
California Pepper Commission
Enza Zaden
7
November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
Abstract Compilation
Abstracts are alphabetical by presenting author’s last name. Presenting author names appear in bold.
9
November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
INTERACTION BETWEEN RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI AND MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA ON CAPSICUM ANNUUM FROM SEQUENTIALLY INFESTED SOIL Ahmed A. Al-Hammouri1, W. Lindemann2, S. Thomas3, S. Sanogo3, J. Maruthavanan2, and R. Steiner4 1Department of Land Management & Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan 2Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA 3Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA 4Applied Statistics Group, Department of Economics and Internkline tional Business. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani have been isolated from chile fields in New Mexico. Our hypothesis investigated whether sequential inoculation of R. solani and M. incognita had a synergistic effect on chile injury in greenhouse experiments. Meloidogyne incognita was inoculated at a rate of 5,000 eggs per plant and R. solani was inoculated at a rate of five R. solani agar pellets (each 1-cm in diameter). Plant height, fruit number, and plant physiological measurements were recorded for chile two weeks before termination of each experiment. The frequency of recovery of R. solani and non-Rhizoctonia from tap roots and stem segments, M. incognita egg counts and reproduction factor and plant dry weight were measured for chile at the termination of each experiment. Generally, there were inconsistent effects of the interaction of R. solani and M. incognita for most measurements in the sequential inoculations. Higher frequencies of R. solani were observed when R. solani preceded M. incognita than when M. incognita preceded R. solani in one experiment. The effect of the sequential inoculation on several measured parameters was often significant. Consequently, results suggest that sequential inoculation of R. solani and M. incognita had a minor effect on chile growth and R. solani.
Presenter Bio: Dr. Al-Hammouri is an assistant professor in the department of land management and environment with more than 7 years of experience in teaching principles of plant production, principles of plant protection, and other courses. His research interest focuses on inhibiting soilborne fungal pathogens of vegetables in general by using biofumigation.
11 The 24th International Pepper Conference
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CAPSICUM BACCATUM FROM THE PRIMARY ORIGIN CENTER Teresa Avila1, Ximena Reyes1, and Maarten van Zonneveld2 1Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani, Cochabamba, Bolivia 2Bioversity International, Costa Rica Office, Turrialba, Costa Rica
Crop diversity can be a basis for differentiated market products. The diversity of Capsicum baccatum remains under-researched as well as many traditional varieties whit distinguished values that are of interest to breeders, growers and consumers.
Bolivia constitutes the primary center of cultivated Capsicum diversity. Bolivia also is one of America’s wild pepper hotspots, where the fruits of several wild pepper species are consumed as food and used for medical purposes. Capsicum baccatum is a highly diverse species that offers abundant phenotypic variation, although its genetic diversity remains little studied. The goal of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of a collection of C. baccatum maintained by the Pairumani Center for Phytoecogenetic Research that consists of 205 accessions of landraces and wild peppers.
A morphological characterization of the samples was carried out using the Descriptors of Capsicum spp. of IPGRI, current Bioversity International. The characterization showed wide morphological variability including commercially valuable traits such as fruits color, shape and size. In the collection, they were accessions not classified taxonomicall y, the study allowed to identify them in C. baccatum var. pendulum or C. baccatum var. baccatum. Several accessions of supposedly wild C. baccatum var. baccatum locally called “arivivis” have been revealed to be, in fact, small-fruited landraces of the cultivated C. baccatum var. pendulum. Accessions with intermediate morphological characteristics between both varieties of C. baccatum were observed, they were confirmed in the molecular study constituting possible hybrids. C. baccatum var. pendulum is widely cultivated and processed for consumption, while C. baccatum var. baccatum is not cultivated but it´s sold in local markets and harvested by extractive means. A subset of accessions of the collection was selected by biochemical characterization of fruits.
The genetic diversity and population structure were estimated using 18 microsatellites markers. High levels of polymorphism were found, whit a total de 90 alleles identified and an average of 5 alleles per market. This high degree of genetic diversity provides opportunities and challenges for plants breeders. However, no clear population structure was observed.
The genebank collection in the center of cultivated Capsicum diversity provide the necessary variation for selection. The information of this study will be used to develop strategies for conservation, domestication and breeding.
Presenter Bio: Mrs. Avila is a senior research with more than 20 years of experience in biotechnology and management and conservation of genetic resources.
12 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
HOT PEPPERS: XI. DEVELOPING A COLOUR STANDARDS FOR CARIBBEAN HOT PEPPERS (CAPSICUM CHINENSIS L.) Puran Bridgemohan1, Majeed Mohammed2, Ronell S. H Bridgemohan3 and Zareef Mohammed4 Biosciences A ric lt re and ood echnolo y he niversity of rinidad and oba o aterloo esearch am s ara ichaima rinidad e artment of ood rod ction ac lty of ood and A ric lt re niversity of the est ndies rinidad eor ia olle e and tate niversity A A tate niversity of ew or lattsb r A
he aribbean is the rod cer of some of the most n ent red hot e ers Capsicum chinensis . b t its hysio chemical ality arameters s ch as colo r stability and n ency in artic lar are ns bstantiated. A aribbean hot e er vis al colo r standard and the relative n ency of the fresh and rocessed rod cts has been develo ed and validated based on the standards set by A A for red colo r i mentation and n ency. he aribbean has two very hot e ers with very hi h ca saicinoids viz rinidad cor ion . m and arvalho . m which also e hibits e ally hi h heat based on the coville test and res ectively . he A A val e for the rocessed e er A A nits and the fresh mat re hot fr it A A nits were also com ted. he st dy fo nd arvalho hot e ers can be sed for ind strial rocessin as mash fla es or owder witho t loss of colo r or n ency com ared to all the other tested c ltivars. A color chart and a table of n ency in now available to rod cers and rocessors.
resenter Bio ran Brid emohan is a ro cientist. e is an Associate rofessor in a ric lt re and en ineerin systems at niversity of rinidad and oba o former irector of esearch and rinci al cientist of the aroni esearch tation and blished over e ers in e er a ronomy and ost harvest. r. ran has boo cha ter in e er hyto chemistry and is art of team which wor ed on the rinidad cor ion and arvalho e ers chemistry. is c rrent interest incl des rod ct develo ment and ost harvest rocessin .
13 The 24th International Pepper Conference
HOT PEPPERS: XII. TOWARDS A QUALITY ASSURANCE MODEL FOR CARIBBEAN HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM CHINENSIS L.) FRESH FRUITS AND PROCESSED PRODUCTS Puran Bridgemohan1, Majeed Mohammed2, Ronell S. H Bridgemohan3 and Zareef Mohammed4 Biosciences A ric lt re and ood echnolo y he niversity of rinidad and oba o aterloo esearch am s ara ichaima rinidad e artment of ood rod ction ac lty of ood and A ric lt re niversity of the est ndies rinidad eor ia olle e and tate niversity A A tate niversity of ew or lattsb r A
he s stainable c ltivation and international mar etin of aribbean hot e er fr its and rocessed rod cts needs to maintain consistency for n ency color and fr it characteristics. his will allow them to be more viable and com etitive and also to maintain the ni e eo brand of the different island e ers. his a er ro osed a ality Ass rance model A which is redicated on the s m relationshi of fr it colo r r it mor holo y and elative n ency . he model f rther ascribed for each main factor the alitative and antitative s b factors that contrib ted to it. he a model sed colorimetric testin microbial eval ation and analysis for colo r fr it mor holo ical characteristics ca saicin content and ris of s oila e for both fresh and rocessed rod cts. he standard for aribbean fresh hot e ers was validated it on both fresh and rocessed rod cts and now ready for commercial eval ation.
resenter Bio ran Brid emohan is a ro cientist. e is an Associate rofessor in a ric lt re and en ineerin systems at niversity of rinidad and oba o former irector of esearch and rinci al cientist of the aroni esearch tation and blished over e ers in e er a ronomy and ost harvest. r. ran has boo cha ter in e er hyto chemistry and is art of team which wor ed on the rinidad cor ion and arvalho e ers chemistry. is c rrent interest incl des rod ct develo ment and ost harvest rocessin .
14 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
IN VITRO GERMINATION OF ORNAMENTAL PEPPER (CAPSICUM CHINENSE L.) Mailson M. do Rêgo1, Riselane L.A. Bruno2, and Elizanilda R. do Rêgo3 e artamento de i ncias Bol icas niversidade ederal da ara ba Areia ara ba Bra il. e artamento de itotecnia e i ncias Ambientais niversidade ederal da ara ba Areia ara ba Bra il e artamento de i ncias ndamentais e ociais niversidade ederal da ara ba Areia ara ba Bra il
he in vitro seed recalcitrance in Capsicum s ecies is hi h when com ared with other olanaceae s ecies as tobacco tomato and otato. his wor aimed to eval ate in vitro and in vivo seed ermination of Capsicum chinense B . All seeds were disinfested and laced to erminate in etri dishes on a filter a er moistened with distilled deioni ed and a toclaved water five seeds er late. After days seeds were decoated by transversely c ttin at the o osite side of the radicle and laced on medi m. he e eriment was cond cted in a com letely randomi ed desi n. After inoc lation the flas s with the seeds were e t in the rowth room at a tem erat re. val ation of ermination was made daily. Another intact seeds were sown in olystyrene trays tryrofoam containin commercial s bstrate lantma and laced for ermination in a reenho se. he seeds sown in trays did not erminate. he dissected seeds showed . infected . have not develo ed and . reachin ad lthood. In vitro c lt re enabled ermination ercenta e.
resenter Bio r. iselane is rofessor of eed cience at niversidade ederal da ara ba and she has e tensive e erience with the seed hysiolo y.
15 The 24th International Pepper Conference
RESPONSE MECHANISMS IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CAPSICUM CHINENSE JACQ. AND THE OOMYCETE PYTHIUM ULTIMUM Yahaira Cab-Guillén1, Julissa Ek-Ramos2, J. Armando Muñoz-Sanchez1, and S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor1 entro de nvesti aci n ient fica de cat n A. . cat n ico niversidad A t noma de evo e n onterrey ico
hili habanero Capsicum chinense ac . is an im ortant rod ct from e ico that is e orted. n o r co ntry catan is considered as a center of rod ction for this cro d e to its economic im ortance not only for the re ional astronomy b t also for its se in the elaboration of dr s cosmetics aints and tear as. owever all cro s are s sce tible to several environmental factors res ltin in critical disease as a conse ence they resent red ction in the rod ction and the ality of the fr it. ecifically C. chinense shows s sce tibility to the infection with the oomycete Pythium ultimum. his atho en is an ind cer of roots dam in off and wiltin in the seedlin sta e or in ad lt lants ca sin rod ction losses in a ro imately in e ico. he st dies on the s ecific res onse of C. chinense cells infected with P. ultimum are still scarce. herefore we are interested in the si nal transd ction athway described in the res onse rod ced d rin the infection with P. ultimum. n this wor an in vitro infection system of cell lar s s ensions of C. chinense was develo ed. he infection was determined thro h the cell viability and by the mor holo ical chan es in the cells sin microsco y. n addition we resent evidence that P. ultimum can ind ce the acc m lation of salicylic acid A in the cell lar s s ensions of C. chinense ac . also to the ind ction of enes e ression related to atho enesis PR1 in the different eriods after infection was observed. hese res lts s est the ossibility that a defense res onse is bein tri ered where A artici ates as a si nal molec le in res onse to P. ultimum.
resenter Bio c ahaira ab ill n is a st dent from the ro ram of Biochemistry and olec lar Biolo y. he has e tensive e erience with in vitro c lt re of a sic m chinense and stress factors in lant tiss e c lt re.
16 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
CONTROL OF BROAD MITE, WHITEFLY AND SPIDER MITES IN OPEN FIELD PEPPER AND EGGPLANT WITH PREDACEOUS MITES Philip A. Stansly and José A. Castillo e artment of ntomolo y and ematolo y niversity of lorida A mmo alee A
he broad mite P. latus the s ider mites Tetranychus urticae and T. evansi and the whitefly B. tabaci are serio s ests of e er and e lant in lorida and elsewhere. Biolo ical control of these and other ests sin redaceo s mites is commonly racticed in reenho se ve etable rod ction. Amblyseis cucumeris is sed for broad mite and thri s control A. swirskii for broad mite whitefly and thri s and A. californicus for broad mites and s ider mites. owever little has been re orted re ardin the effectiveness of these hytoseiid mites in o en field e er and e lant rod ction. e eval ated A. cucumeris and A. swirskii in ‘Serrano’ pepper and e lant in e erimental plots in southwest Florida and assessed control of broadmite in ‘bell’ pepper on a commercial farm in the same re ion. Both mites rovided si nificant levels of control of broad mite on both cro s altho h A. swirskii re ired fewer releases and rovided better control when both redaceo s mites were com ared directly. n addition A. swirskii controlled B. tabaci which is an es ecially im ortant est of e lant in this re ion. Both e er and e lant receivin A. swirskii yielded si nificantly more fr it than ntreated lants or even e lants receivin two acaricide s rays. owever A. swirskii did not rovide ade ate control of the s ider mites Tetranychus spp im ortant ests of this cro in so th lorida. herefore a mi t re of A. swirskii and A. californicus was tested in e lant. inal data indicated ersistence of both mites well into the cro cycle when released at lantin with conse ent s ression of all three ests.
Additional Information: irst a thor hili A. tansly assed away e tember .
17 The 24th International Pepper Conference
IS CAPSAICIN TOXIC FOR INSECTS? Yosra Chabaane, and Betty Benrey aborator of olutionar ntomolo – ni ersit of euch tel Swit erland
he role of secondar metabolites in plant defense is widel reco ni ed n chili peppers one of the main compounds associated with defense is capsaicin also responsible for the pun enc trait here is ample e idence that capsaicin protects plants a ainst patho ens and fun i owe er a thorou h re iew of the literature failed to re eal ri orous studies on the to ic effect of capsaicin for insect herbi ores
n this stud we determined the effect of capsaicin on the performance of two eneralist herbi ores Spodoptora latifacisia and Spodoptora exigua that ha e been shown to feed on lea es and fruits of chili peppers ar ae were reared on three artificial diet treatments control without capsaicin low capsaicin ppm and hi h capsaicin diet ppm hese concentrations mimic those naturall present in the sweet bell pepper mild poblano ariet and in the pun ent ca enne ariet e found that the le el of capsaicin si nificantl affected the performance of both herbi ore species Sur i al pupation rate and adult emer ence were to lower on the hi h capsaicin diet compared to the low capsaicin and control respecti el owe er performance on the low capsaicin diet was hi her than in the control hese results su est that at low le els capsaicin mi ht enhance insect performance b actin as a feedin stimulant et this idea still needs to be e amined e perimentall
urrentl we are conductin e periments with the natural chili fruits and followin the same procedure used with the artificial diet he results of our stud are e pected to increase our understandin on the role of capsaicin in plant defense a ainst insect herbi ores and its potential implications for pest control
resenter io s habaane is a first ear h student in the laborator of olutionar ntomolo at the ni ersit of euch tel ri inall from unisia she obtained her aster of Science de ree at the ni ersit of euchatel in fter that she wor ed as a research assistant at Swit erland as an ntern and onsultant at F tal and roduct ana er at ne t rotein in unisia er h research focuses on the conse uences of domestication of chili pepper on plant insect interactions
18 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
USE OF BIOPESTICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS OF PEPPER Vijay Kumar Choppakatla
Beauveria bassiana Bacillus
is a source of technical information about BioSafe’s products and technologies for sales/distributor
19 The 24th International Pepper Conference
BREEDING (PEPPERS) FROM A FARMER'S PERSPECTIVE Edward Curry urr arms earce ri ona S
ur ourne in practical breeding began some plus ears ago t as the earl part of the s the green chile industr as ell on its a in the south estern nited States oung handsome intelligent common sense t pe pepper breeder b the name of hillip illa mo ed from eto Seed ompan to eublien orporation in nard alifornia here he as as ed to impro e ields fla or and disease resistance in naheim t pe chile
t the same time t o other oung men ith similar passions for this fruit called chile ere ta ing similar journeys just in slightly different segments of a young and developing industry of "chile”. r Ben illalon ho spent and dedicated much time to de eloping a s eet alapeno and a mechanical har est s stem both agronmoic and genetic as ell as mechanical r ertt ood ho at the same time as completing hat ould be one class short of a doctorate in genetics and as or ing hard to impro e papari a for the then oung deh dration industr
ll three men ere or ing to ards a common goal of impro ing their particular part of this group of oung industries de eloping around this called chile ach one carried similar passions or ethic and dri e to improve the genetic base of their unique pepper of choice. Each used Gregor Mendel’s basic methods with, ith each of them adding ne ideas and flares of their o n ma ing as ell and each contributing er distinct gene impro ement s to their specific parts of this er uni ue industr of Capsicum annums ll three used er deliberate methods of practical crossing of chiles ith distinct parental differences to recombine gene pac ages from hich impro ements could be selected
Because of my mother and father’s love and dedication to this crop called "chile the surrounded themsel es ith these men herein lies the beginning of m lo e for impro ement of chile as ears old and follo ing ertt ood and hil illa in the field listening learning and reali ing the importance of selecting specific plants for gro ing out the follo ing season to continue a er base method of impro ing a gene pool oda some ears later due to help of each of these men and r e continue to use B S S to furnish our industr ith the best ields fla or and impro ements in green chile papari as ca enne and man more ot to e clude ri ona and ri ona of hich consecuti el became the standard of the green hile industr ith se eral ne t pes being tested as this is penned
resenter Bio Ed’s love for chiles began at a very early age when his parents planted their first chile crop in 1957. He essentially gre up in the chile fields is passion for chiles continued to gro into hat e entuall became a lifelong interest in chile genetics or ears he or ed closel ith his partner hil illa a ell no n chile breeder in de eloping ne and impro ed h brids that can be produced ith uniform ualit fla or and heat areful plant breeding also resulted in impro ing certain strains of chiles that are no producing nearl double their a erage ield he seed from these h brid chiles come ith pedigrees and ith care and feeding guidelines to ensure that growers using Curry’s seeds earn the best yield possible. Ed Curry continues to or e tensi el in chile genetics n the farming industr it is said that the genetic origins for – percent of the chiles gro n commercially in the U.S. can be traced back to Curry’s farm in Arizona. The Curry Seed & Chile Company supplies chile seed to gro ers in the South estern S and in se eral states in e ico
20 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
PEPPERHUB, A PEPPER INFORMATICS HUB FOR THE CHILI PEPPER RESEARCH COMMUNITY Feng Liu1,3, Huiyang Yu2,3, Yingtian Deng2,3, Jingyuan Zheng1, Minglei Liu2, Lijun Ou1, Bozhi Yang1, Xiongze Dai1, Yanqing Ma1, Shengyu Feng2, Shuang He2, Xuefeng Li1, Zhuqing Zhang1, Wenchao Chen1, Shudong Zhou1, Rong Chen2, Minmin Liu2, Sha Yang1, Ruimin Wei1, Huadong Li2, Feng Li2*, Bo Ouyang2* and Xuexiao Zou1* 1 nstitute of egetable esearch, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China ey aboratory of Horticultural lant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, uhan, China These authors contributed equally to this article
epper is among the most widely cultivated and consumed vegetables in the world, with annual production reaching to million tons in 11 www.fao. org . epper fruits have significant diversity in morphology and color, and they provide good models for fruit developmental biology aran and van der naap, 7 ivera et al., 1 . ike all other crops, pepper plants are often confronted with different pathogens and pests ernezny et al., , and diverse abiotic stress conditions, which necessitate basic studies on the mechanisms of pepper plants responding to various stimuli to facilitate breeding efforts for tolerant cultivars.
Centralized and specialized informatic webservers, such as Sol genomics www.solgenomics.net have integrated the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data for Solanaceae plants, provided convenient public platforms for the research communities. espite its significant agricultural importance and interesting fruit biology, development of genetic resources and informatics platforms for pepper research has lagged far behind that of other crop plants such as rice and tomato. The release of three draft pepper genomes constituted a milestone in the development of genetic resources for the pepper research community im et al., 1 in et al., 1 . Although some of the data are accessible from public databases, a comprehensive informatics platform remains to be developed to cover different aspects of omics data, and to be friendly to biologists without bioinformatics e pertise.
Here we present the epper nformatics Hub epperHub , which consists of five main modules, including Genome pepper genome database , Transcriptome pepper transcriptome database , s ome pepper small A database , ariome pepper genetic variation , and roteome pepper proteome database . epperHub provides an integrative public platform for sharing and analyzing research data. Undoubtedly, epperHub will accelerate research in pepper functional genomics and would serve as a valuable resource for studying fruit developmental biology and stress responses in general. epperHub is available at http www.hnivr.org pepperhub.
resenter Bio r. eng is an associate researcher in horticultural vegetable genetic breeding and molecular biology, especially focus on the important functional genes in peppers.
21 The 24th International Pepper Conference
IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS AND CHEMICAL DESCRIPTORS OF TASTE AND AROMA IN NATIVE PERUVIAN CHILI PEPPERS THROUGH A METABOLOMIC APPROACH Fabio Espichan J1, Rosario Rojas1, Guillaume Marti2, Fredy Quispe3, and Edgard Asencios1 1Universidad eruana Cayetano Heredia, acultad de Ciencias y ilosof a, ima, E U Universit aul Sabatier Toulouse , acult de harmacie, A CE nstituto acional de nnovaci n Agraria, ima, E U
The genus Capsicum involve species, including 5 that have been domesticated Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum and C. pubescens. Although the genus Capsicum has been studied from a ta onomic point of view, there are still some problems related to the ta onomic delimitation of the genus and its species. C. annuum, C. chinense and C. frutescens form a ta onomic comple whose discrimination between species and varieties is still difficult to carry out. The flavor and aroma are attractive attributes of importance to the consumers of chili peppers, the knowledge of their attributes will allow the improvement of the quality. n the present work we report the metabolomic study of 5 varieties of eruvian native peppers "Ayucllo" and " ed Tomatito" C. baccatum "Miscucho" and " ulce rojo" C. chinense and "Charapita amarillo" C. frutescens . The agronomic research was carried out in three localities of eru Chiclayo, Chincha and Huaral. Two datasets were obtained by two analytical platforms GCMS, UH C H MS along a sensory dataset. The sensory analysis was carried out by a trained tasting panel constituted by 9 tasters using ten descriptors of flavor and aroma. The acquisition of non targeted metabolomic data by GCMS was carried out by solid phase microe traction S ME and ionization by electronic impact E . UH C H MS was performed in two ionization modes ES and on reversed phase column. The multivariate analysis by rincipal components CA clustered samples according to their species for both GC and C MS approaches. iscriminant analysis by S A rthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis highlighted characteristic biomarkers of each species. A Multiple actorial Analysis M A was used to filter the most well modeled sensory descriptors in consensus with the perceptions of the panelists and to correlate the tendencies between flavor and aroma descriptors linked to the three species. To correlate the GCMS, UH C H MS, and sensory datasets a Multi Block Holistic ntegration Analysis was set up using the AB approach. ur results displayed the common or correlated information among the three datasets GCMS, CMS and sensory analysis , optimally identifying key omic variables, which e plained and classified reliably subgroups or phenotypes of interest. The validation of the model was carried out through cross validation p value . 1 , using the Mahalanobis distance classification criterion.
resenter Bio M.Sc. abio Espichan is a h student in ife Sciences, the present work was carried as part of his doctoral thesis.
22 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE IN CAPSICUM ANNUUM WITH RHIZOBIUM RHIZOGENES- TRANSFORMED ROOTS INOCULATED WITH BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS AND PATHOGENS Jaime Sagredo-Beltrán1, Yumiko De la Cruz-Rodríguez1, Alejandro Alvarado-Gutiérrez1, Miguel Alvarado- Rodríguez2, and Saúl Fraire-Velázquez1 1Unidad Acad mica de Ciencias Biol gicas, Universidad Aut noma de acatecas, acatecas, M ico Unidad Acad mica de Agronom a, Universidad Aut noma de acatecas, acatecas, M ico
The root systems in plants co occur with a high diversity of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi as native inhabitants of soils. Commonly, a number of microorganisms in the soil interact with plants through the colonization in the rhizosphere, the interaction in some cases beneficial for both, the plant and microorganism. The transformation of roots of plants using Rhizobium rhizogenes entails an increase in lateral branching and a greater size of the radical system, a desirable characteristic in crop species in terms of a mayor area to e plore the soil for nutrient absorption and water uptake. ther level of this scenario is the interaction between plant with transformed roots and biocontrol agents with the object to counteract phytopathogens. n chili pepper, a major problem is the root rot and wilt where the prominent causal agents are Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani.
The object in this work is to analyze the variability in the response in “mirasol” chili pepper plants with Rhizobium rhizogenes transformed roots when inoculated with bacterial or fungal biocontrol agents and afterward with two root rot causal pathogens. The e periments included three R. rhizogenes strains used to transform the roots, three bacterial strains and a binucleate R. solani avirulent strain as biocontrol agents, all of these in independent e periments, and P. capsici and R. solani virulent strains simultaneously. isease inde , dry weight accumulation and the e pression of two defense genes were quantified to assess the plant response.
n results, from in vitro e periments, in all plants with transformed roots the inde disease equivalent as plants with normal roots bacterial biocontrol agents in plants with transformed roots protect differentially against pathogens, correlating with dry biomass accumulation. n greenhouse e periments, all the biocontrol agents including bacteria and the avirulent R. solani strain protect notably with statistical differences against the phytopathogens in comparison to control treatment, also correlating with dry biomass accumulation. n the defense gene e pression in plant, two genes 1 and sesquiterpene cyclase shows notable differences between the R. rhizogenes strain used to transform the root, and more notable in comparison to plants with not transformed roots. n conclusions, the genotypes of the R. rhizogenes strain used to transform and in the bacterial strain used to protect the plant against pathogens, contribute each one notably and differently in the protection against pathogens.
resenter Bio r. Sa l raire is a senior researcher with 15 years of e perience in research in plant microorganism interactions, and currently focusing in genomics of bacterial biocontrol agents to counteract phytopathogens.
23 The 24th International Pepper Conference
GENOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN FOUR NATIVE BACTERIAL STRAINS ACTING AS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS AND BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST ROOT PATHOGENS IN CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. Jaime Sagredo-Beltrán1, Yumiko De la Cruz-Rodríguez1, Alejandro Alvarado-Gutiérrez1, Julio Vega-Arreguín2, Miguel Alvarado-Rodríguez2, Saúl Fraire-Velázquez1 ni a ca mica e iencias iol icas niversi a t noma e acatecas acatecas ico ni a ca mica e ronom a niversi a t noma e acatecas acatecas ico
ith the increasin social press re to pro ce arm oo s ree o pestici es besi es the nee to sa e ar o r environment incl in the bio iversity the biocontrol o phytopatho ens is an option that arrive to stay The a vances in biolo ical sciences with the omics tools have allowe ecipherin eneral an speci ic enomic characteristics in o tstan in or anisms in this case o a ric lt ral relevance n Capsicum annuum a notable an persistent isease is the root rot an wilt ca se irstly by Phytophthora capsici Fusarium solani Fusarium oxysporum an Rhizoctonia solani The object o this work is the isolation o soil an rhizospheric native bacterial strains with the o tstan in properties o biocontrol a ainst o r root rot ca sal patho ens in C. annuum an the enome se encin an biolo ical nction s escription as notable traits in the more o tstan in bacterial strains
n twenty si s ccess l scr tinize bacterial strains anta onists to root rot ca sal patho ens in chili pepper hal o them e hibit rien ly interaction when inoc late in roots o the pepper plant o r anta onize to at least three o the o r phytopatho ens teste P. capsici F. solani F. oxysporum an R. solani the o r strains are o tstan in in in oleacetic aci biosynthesis an one is si erophore pro cer The enomes o these o r bacteria were se ence n comparative enomic analysis these bacteria correspon to Bacillus en s with a enome size ran in aro n containin in avera e enes ll o these Bacillus sp strains co nt with enes with anti n al nctions incl in nonribosomal pepti e synthetases implie in the pro ction o the antibiotic anticapsin beta l canase probably involve in cell wall e ra ation in n i BacA b tane iol eshy ro enase b tane iol as in cer o systemic resistance in plants the CheA CheC an CheY enes involve in chemota is s rely makin easier the way to the plant root colonization one Bacillus sp strain with lycine betaine transporter system correlatin with o tstan in properties in salt stress n concl sion in bacterial strains with inhibition a ainst root rot ca sal patho ens o these with rien ly interaction in root in pepper plants o r anta onists to at least o these patho ens an in these o r microor anisms the se ence enomes an comparative enomic analysis shows these bacteria pertain to species o Bacillus en s rthermore the se ence enomes e hibit enes with the biolo ical nctions o antibiotic pro ction a ainst n s chemota is activation in plant an halotolerance
resenter io r raire is a senior researcher with years o e perience in research in plant microor anism interactions an c rrently oc sin in enomics o bacterial biocontrol a ents to co nteract phytopatho ens
24 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
AN EXPERIMENTAL SHAKE METHOD OF BELL PEPPER FRUIT REMOVAL YIELDS INFORMATION USEFUL IN BREEDING FOR MECHANICAL HARVEST Glen Fischer, Robert Heisey and Nathan Sano ali ornia epper ommission in ba
s the cost o labor in ali ornia contin es to climb it is clear that the pepper in stry will have to move to mechanical harvest o bell pepper or the processin in stry eppers estine or resh market wo l also be harveste mechanically i the ality o the pro ct were to be acceptable
rrently abo t one o rth o the reen an mat re bell peppers estine or processin are harveste mechanically by machines which are mostly mo i ie tomato harvesters The ali ornia epper ommission is n in a research project aime at evelopin metho olo y we can se to eval ate removal characteristics o bell pepper r it to etermine i we can bree a pepper plant with r it removal characteristics which wo l make the r its easier to remove by machine with less ama e to the po s
e are also intereste in eterminin i shake technolo y can be a apte to a harvest machine to improve the han lin o the r it rin mechanical harvestin
ee companies were aske to contrib te any o their bell pepper varieties to the trial e speci ie that the varieties i not have to be ali ornia a apte varieties lants rom o r o these trials one reen r it three red) were subjected to the “shake” method of fruit removal, with a modified paint can shaker ata has been collecte an will be analyze to etermine i any o these c rrently available varieties have an easy etachment characteristic which wo l be se l in improvin mechanical harvest o bell pepper
resenter io r eisey is chairman o the ali ornia epper ommission esearch ommittee e has more than years o e perience as a pepper an tomato bree er c rrently with nite enetics ee s in ollister
25 The 24th International Pepper Conference
DOUBLED HAPLOID BREEDING TECHNOLOGY FOR PEPPER Marco Vennik, Wessel Holtman, and Bert van Duijn ta oras , eiden, he etherlands
or pepper Capsicum spp ) doubled haploid technolo is used b numerous breeders all over the world n a sin le step homo ous plants can be produced from microspores in tissue culture n comparison, traditional back crossin takes several enerations, and even then plants are still not homo ous sin doubled haploid technolo , the breedin pro ress is accelerated enormousl , new varieties can be released much faster in the market and faster anticipation towards demands of customers is possible urthermore, eneration of homo ous parent lines enables seed production of identical and homo enous elite off sprin h brids) he elite offsprin cannot be further propa ated b seed without losin the elite characteristics his offers h brid variet protection because the parents of the elite h brids are onl in possession of the owner
hou h benefits of usin doubled haploids are obvious, in the production of doubled haploids often poor andro enic responses are encountered for man enot pes everal studies show a stron dependenc of the andro enic response on enot pe, t pe of pretreatment and rowth medium composition he e act underl in mechanism of andro enesis induction has not et been elucidated, which makes its application not self evident
ta oras is a research compan pursuin research and application of doubled haploid technolo for man ears rotocols were developed for several species, includin ve etable crops and ornamentals n this respect, recalcitrant behavior of pepper, and poor andro enic response for specific enot pes was reco ni ed herefore, ta oras initiated research activities to increase the efficienc of doubled haploid pepper plant production, aimin at applicabilit of the techni ue for all enot pes uch effort has been e pended to understand the issues, while enhanced understandin is now available as services to the industr n doin so, ta oras offers production of doubled haploid pepper plants on demand, while screenin of enot pes enables pepper breeders to visuali e characteristics of a wide ran e of their enetic pool
resenter io r oltman is a researcher with more than ears of e perience in applied plant science research projects n his current position as a commercial mana er he links demands from seed companies to research activities at ta oras
26 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
MANAGING (?) PEPPER WEEVIL IN NEW JERSEY Joseph Ingerson-Mahar ut ers niversit , ew runswick, ,
ew erse has a lon histor of sporadic pepper weevil infestations nl recentl ) have we been able to determine how pepper weevils arrive in the state and how the spread field to field ince chemical control onl suppresses the field population, have been lookin at all possible non chemical options includin crop placement, sanitation, and cooperation from processors to mana e weevils urrentl , am lookin at the use of vacuums to remove infested aborted fruit developin a means to estimate crop loss and strate ic placement of pheromone traps
resenter io consultant in ichi an from to ut ers ield rops ent to and ut ers e etable enior ro ram oordinator since ntomolo , , ichi an tate niversit h ntomolo , , ut ers niversit
27 The 24th International Pepper Conference
MANAGEMENT OF THRIPS, VECTOR OF TOSPOVIRUS AFFECTING PEPPER IN SOUTH FLORIDA R. A. Khan and D. R. Seal niversit of lorida , ropical esearch and ducation enter, omestead, ,
lorida ranks first in the nation in rowin about , acres of pepper epper is rown in south lorida as a fresh market winter ve etable epper is susceptible to various pests and disease patho ens Tomato chlorotic spot virus is one of the emer in tospoviruses in south lorida he virus has been detected in tomato and pepper in south lorida, causin ield loss, and in tomato, pepper, jimsonweed and lettuce in uerto ico hrips are the efficient vector of tosviruses and transmit the disease in a persistent propa ative manner estern flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis) and common blossom thrips F. schultzei) are two known vectors of in lorida nce the earl immature sta e of thrips ac uire the virus from an infected plant durin feedin , the developed adults can be viruliferous up to the life time and can transmit the disease to a new health plant n this present stud , we used pepper, bean, s uash, cucumber, e plant and okra as associated plants treatments) of tomato to observe the effect of these ve etable plants in introducin and its vector thrips in tomato he treatments were evaluated for thrips abundance b collectin leaf and flower samples i her number of thrips various species) was observed in both flower and leaf samples of s uash, cucumber and e plant omparativel hi her number of adult vector thrips common blossom thrips and western flower thrips) were found in pepper flowers than the pepper leaf omatoes planted with pepper showed hi her number of infestation compared to other ve etable treatments nformation from this stud will be helpful for the rowers to mana e both and its vector thrips
resenter io afia han is a raduate esearch ssistant, doin h research on tospovirus Tomato chlorotic spot virus), its vector and hosts plants for ears in iami ade ount
28 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
SCREENING BELL PEPPERS FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT (XANTHOMONAS SPP) Wesley L. nd C. Andrew Wyenandt2 ut es ooperative tension, illville, , ut ers niversit , rid eton, ,
acterial leaf spot ), caused b the patho ens Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, X. perforans, X. gardneri, and X. vesicatoria, is the second most important disease on peppers in ew erse isease development is favored b hi h humidit , hard drivin rains, vi orous plant rowth, infected stakes and workin in the field when plants are wet here are eleven ) races of identified in the nited tates ost commercial bell pepper cultivars rown in ew erse are resistant to races which have been the main races found in the orthern nited tates n , rowers reported resistant cultivars to races were bein infected with series of screenin trials were carried out to determine if other races were present in the state t was determined that race four was found in southern New Jersey, but not in the North. Since 2004, cultivars (e.g., ‘Turnpike’, ‘PS0994 1819’, ‘Vanguard’ and ‘Tomcat’) have been released with resistance to race 4.
n , rowers noticed showin up on cultivars which were resistant to races ifferential studies were established to determine if additional races were present in ew erse lots were setup in the southern and northern re ions of the state with cultivars with resistance to different races s in previous differential studies, it was determined that other races were prevalent in outh erse , but not orth erse he onl cultivars that did not e press an s mptoms were those resistant to all races aces and could not be distin uished from one another since the are closel related his screenin trial has been repeated twice with similar results
n , we started screenin cultivars and advanced breedin lines for resistance to all races of bacterial leaf spot n , the trial was carried out in a grower’s field where BLS has been a problem for several years. Plots were established on black plastic mulch with one drip line, plants at inches in double rows and ft between beds center to center ll cultural practices such as stakin t in , fertili ation and pest mana ement was carried out b the rower
Based on seed company information, the entries ‘9325’, ‘CLX 1108’, ‘Tracer’, ‘Raven’ and Prowler had resistance or intermediate resistance to all known races; ‘Paladin’ no resistance; ‘Turnpike’ resistant to 0 and ‘Revolution’ resistant to 1 and he plots were rated on a weekl basis for he first was observed on July 18 in the following entries: ‘Paladin’, ‘Turnpike’, and ‘Revolution’. By the end of the harvest season all entries except ‘9325’ and ‘CLX 1108’ had BLS symptoms. All the symptoms were on leaves and none observed on the fruit durin harvest
The entries were harvested five times and graded for size. ‘Turnpike’ had statistically more bo es of e tra lar e peppers and had the reatest number of total bo es per acre owever, for total bo es it was not statisticall different from ‘Paladin’, ‘Prowler’, or ‘CLX 1108’. The line ‘CLX 1108’ showed no BLS symptoms by the end of the trial he other entr with no s mptoms had the lowest ield
resenter io r line is a ooperative tension ent and ssociate rofessor with more than ears of e perience in pepper crop mana ement and cultivar selection
29 The 24th International Pepper Conference
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A COMMERCIAL FULLY AUTOMATED FRESH GREEN CHILE AND JALAPENO DESTEMMER Nag Kodali eStem Cell, LLC, Pelham, N , SA
The chile pepper industry is under tremendous pressure due to mounting harvesting costs and a diminishing manual labor pool. The cost of manual labor to harvest the crop constitutes approximately 50 of the total cost of farming chile peppers. Chile researchers, farmers and processors have been actively trying for many years to help the industry switch from manual harvesting to mechanical harvesting ust to keep the industry alive. or the processing industry, manual laborers pick chile fruit without the stem as canning is normally completed within 24 hours from the time the chile leaves the field. echanical harvesters do a reasonably good ob of picking peppers, albeit with stem in place. Therefore, an automated mechanical destemmer is an absolute necessity for the farmers to widely embrace mechanical harvesting.
This presentation discusses the development and field trials of a fully automated green chile and alapeno destemmer that is ready for commercial deployment by the industry. The development of the destemmer that occurred over the last five years as it progressed from a concept into four successive prototypes and the final product will be described. The destemmer s mechanism of gently detaching the stems from the pods at high throughput rates resulting in whole, unopened, destemmed pods will be presented. Retention of the complete structural integrity of the pod after destemming is critical as broken or cut pods are susceptible to moisture loss, degradation and reduced uality. n addition, undamaged pods allow canneries more processing time. The destemmer s field trials on multiple varieties of green chile, alapenos and anchos in New exico, Arizona and California will be shown and the results discussed. Advantages of a completely mechanical destemming machine vis a vis an imaging and sensor based machine will also be discussed.
inancial support from the New exico Chile Association, the New exico State niversity and the New exico Chile Commission is gratefully acknowledged. perational assistance provided by d Curry of Curry Seed and Chile Company, and technical advice from arvin Clary of Clary Ag Service are well appreciated.
Presenter Bio: Nag odali has been working on the design, fabrication and testing of a mechanical chile destemmer since 2012 in close association with the New exico Chile Association, the New exico State niversity and the Curry Seed and Chile Company. e was issued four patents on this topic by the SPTA. rom 2000 to 2012, he developed database applications for nowledge anagement, nc. and served as its irector of nformation Technology. Prior to 2000, r. odali worked as a post doctoral research associate and a visiting assistant professor at the niversity of assachusetts – Lowell and the niversity of Toledo, hio. Nag holds a Ph. . in organic chemistry from the ndian nstitute of Technology, umbai, ndia, and an BA from ale niversity.
30 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
COMPARISON OF TYPHLODROMIPS MONTDORENSIS TO OTHER PHYTOSEIID MITES FOR THE SHORT-SEASON SUPPRESSION OF THRIPS ON GREENHOUSE PEPPER Roselyne M. Labbe, Dana Gagnier, and Les Shipp
Frankliniella occidentalis Typhlodromips montdorensis T. montdorensis T. montdorensis Amblyseius swirskii Amblydromalus limonicus Neoseiulus cucumeris T. montdorensis A. swirskii A. limonicus N. cucumeris
Labbe’s current work focuses on the development of new tools for the Typhlodromips montdorensis
31 The 24th International Pepper Conference
PARASITOIDS OF THE PEPPER WEEVIL ACROSS NORTH AMERICA: IDENTITY, BEHAVIOR AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIAL Roselyne M. Labbe, Dana Gagnier, Rebecca Rizzato and Catalina Fernandez arrow esearch and evelopment entre r culture and r ood anada arrow ntar o anada
he pepper weev l Anthonomus eugenii ano s an mportant crop pest n orth mer ca where t poses on o n challen es to commerc al pepper product on ecentl the pepper weev l has been encountered as far north as anada normall follow n mportat on n w ntert me when local product on s nsuff c ent to meet market demand ue to the cr pt c b olo of th s spec es n wh ch larvae are protected w th n the pepper fru t tar et n th s l fe sta e for mana ement throu h convent onal means s a challen e owever paras to ds that attack the pepper weev l ma confer a de ree of suppress on of these mmature l fe sta es and ma be useful for the nte rated mana ement of th s pest on pepper crops n follow n reports of local and trans ent populat ons of the pepper weev l a f eld surve was conducted n ntar o to f nd natural enem es that ma contr bute to ts control he surve d scovered a d vers t of paras to ds that ma use the pepper weev l as a host nclud n members of three h menopteran fam l es teromal dae racon dae and upelm dae ome paras to d spec es dent f ed have prev ousl been known to attack the pepper weev l n e co and the n ted tates but are new records to anada thers are known paras to ds of con ener c spec es such as the cotton boll weev l Anthonomus grandis ollow n these f nd n s we now report on tr als that have be un to further our understand n of the b olo and control potent al of Jaliscoa hunteri the dom nant paras to d of the pepper weev l now found throu hout orth mer ca
resenter o r osel ne Labbe s a esearch c ent st n reenhouse ntomolo at the arrow esearch and evelopment entre at r culture and r ood anada r Labbe has worked to develop reenhouse b olo cal control and novel pest mana ement strate es for crops such as pepper s nce when she f rst stud ed the ntra u ld nteract ons amon b olo cal control a ents used to suppress reenhouse pests he has prev ousl worked to understand and med ate the molecular mechan sms of res stance n reenhouse crop pests Dr. Labbe’s current work focuses on the development of new tools for the nte rated control of pests nclud n the pepper weev l and western flower thr ps throu h mult ple pro ects she has e ther led or collaborated nclud n surve s for paras to d wasps that attack the pepper weev l e plor n the use of supplemental foods for mproved predator m te suppress on on pepper crops and evaluat n new a ents such as the predator m te Typhlodromips montdorensis he also stud es the mpact of supplemental l ht n on reenhouse arthropods and s work n to dent f new b ocontrol a ents for the suppress on of nvas ve and emer n crop pests n orth mer can reenhouse crops
32 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
ASSESSMENT OF RECONSTITUTION OF THE RECURRENT PARENT (CMS A-LINES) GENOME BY USING MOLECULAR MARKERS Om Prakash Meena1, Major Singh Dhaliwal2, Salesh Kumar Jindal1 Department of e etable c ence un ab r cultural n vers t Ludh ana nd a D rectorate of esearch un ab r cultural n vers t Ludh ana nd a
he homolo between newl developed three c toplasm c male ster le and the r correspond n l nes alloplasm c ma nta ner was assessed b us n markers. he purpose was to ascerta n whether enome of the recurrent parent has been full recovered after c cles of backcross n and select on. or th s purpose markers cover n the whole Capsicum enome were screened. ut of markers screened markers . were ampl f ed n and l nes markers . n and l nes and markers . n D D and D D l nes. lmost all the ampl f ed markers showed monomorph c bands between the and the l nes. etween D and D l ne pol morph c band n patterns were observed b two markers for chromosome and and b one marker for chromosome . ne marker showed pol morph c bands between and l ne for chromosome and one marker pms between and l ne for chromosome but the percenta e of marker wh ch showed the pol morph c bands were ne l ble . n and l ne . n and l ne and . n D D and l ne . he probable reasons for pol morph sm between the and the r correspond n l nes could be attr buted to e ther some enet c dra between l nes or due to the technolo cal l m tat ons. fter f ve c cles of backcross n and select on the enome recover of the recurrent parent n and D was est mated to be . . and . respect vel measured b percenta e of the monomorph c marker rat os. nce the l nes are ma nta ned b backcross n w th the respect ve ma nta ner l nes enome the recurrent parent w ll be recovered w th add t onal one or two backcrosses.
resenter o Dr eena obta ned h s h.D. de ree n at un ab r cultural n vers t Ludh ana nd a. nce December he s work n as esearch ellow n the Department of e etable c ence Ludh ana. e has publ shed research and two rev ew art cles n peer rev ewed ournals and authored one book one book chapter and three ma a ne art cles. e also developed enet c stocks ncorporat n c toplasm c male ster l t ene n ch l pepper.
33 The 24th International Pepper Conference
EVALUATION OF 37 DIFFERENT PEPPER CULTIVARS IN SOUTH FLORIDA, 2014 - 2018 Christian F. Miller1, Gene McAvoy2, Richard Raid3, and Monica Ozores Hampton4 n vers t of lor da est alm each L n vers t of lor da La elle L n vers t of lor da elle lade L n vers t of lor da mmokalee L
espons ble for of the total . . value for fresh market bell peppers Florida’s 13,500 acres of planted bell peppers s second onl to al forn a. he relat vel warm and dr w nter cl mate of south lor da makes the re on an deal locat on for ve etable product on. he subtrop cal env ronment s however conduc ve to ear round pest populat ons and d sease development. onse uentl the pepper ndustr rel es on the release of new res stant cult vars to replace older var et es suffer n from eld and ual t decl ne. surve of area pepper rowers revealed sw tch n from d sease suscept ble to res stant cult vars resulted n an avera e sav n s of per acre per crop due to h her elds and reduced pest c de appl cat ons.
acter al leaf spot L caused b the bacter um Xanthomonas euvesicatoria has trad t onall been one of the most ser ous d seases of pepper n south lor da. he n vers t of lor da tens on erv ce therefore conducts annual bell pepper cult var tr als w th the cooperat on of local commerc al rowers to evaluate eld performance and d sease res stance. nce last reported to the nternat onal epper onference n d fferent bell pepper cult vars were evaluated b n south lor da.
here feas ble two harvests were collected to determ ne eld b s e cate or es. ostharvest ual t tra ts such as number of lobes pepper len th w dth and th ckness were also evaluated. o s mptoms of L were detected on an evaluated cult var desp te cond t ons conduc ve for d sease development.
ver the – tr als total marketable eld from the f rst harvest ran ed from Blitz to 7141 lb bu acre. second and f nal harvest was conducted for two of the four cult var tr als and resulted n a eld ran e between Bayonet and Aristotle bu acre.
ual t character st cs nclud n fru t len th w dth and th ckness were measured n nches w th len th ran n from . n Samurai to . n 9325 . dth ran ed from . n RPP 43212 to . n Touchdown . th . n Aristotle had the reatest th ckness thou h several cult vars reached a m n mal th ckness of . n. everal cult vars t ed at . for number of lobes per fru t thou h XPP-2622 was h hest w th . .
hese data summar e four cult var tr als conducted on commerc al pepper f elds at d fferent south lor da locat ons from – . rowers are encoura ed to take nto account the var ab l t of weather plant n dates and harvest data collected from mult ple tr als when select n cult vars to plant.
resenter o Dr. ller s the ommerc al e etable tens on ent for the n vers t of lor da n alm each ount lor da. nce hr st an has collaborated w th other tens on spec al sts on research pro ects relevant to the susta nab l t prof tab l t and compet t veness of pepper rowers and has ears of hort cultural e per ence.
34 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
UNDERSTANDING THE SEASON LONG INCIDENCE OF PEPPER WEEVIL IN THE SANTA CLARA AND SAN BENITO PEPPER PRODUCTION AREAS Aparna Gazula1, Elisa Mineo1, and Shimat V. Joseph 2 1 ni ersit of alifornia ooperati e tension anta lara o nt , an ose, , epart ent of nto olo , ni ersit of eor ia, riffin, ,
epper ee il is a serio s t reat to pepper prod ction in anta lara and an enito co nties in alifornia n alifornia, t is pest is no n to ca se serio s proble s in so t ern pepper prod ction re ions for an ears b t not in pepper fields of anta lara and an enito co nties o nderstand t e e tent of t e pest proble and its seasonal incidence and ab ndance, si t t ree and si t pepper fields ere onitored in t e anta lara an enito prod ction re ion fro a to o e ber in 01 and 01 , respecti el ero one baited ello stic traps ere deplo ed in ro er fields and ere assessed ee l es lts s o t e pepper ee il infestation as ore intense in 01 t an in 01 as 1,10 and 3,100 ad lts ere capt red in 01 and 01 , respecti el econd, it appears t at t ere are t o pea s of ad lt incidence d rin t e prod ction season first pea in t e be innin of t e season in ne and t e second aro nd epte ber ctober rin t e spra period fro ne to st, ee il co nts ere lo t o ee ils per field tartin in st, ic o erlaps it decrease in insecticidal application, fields beca e ea il infested ntil t e end of ctober in 01 and id o e ber in 01 e pea infestation le els of t e season s ifted fro epte ber in 01 330 to ctober in 01 3 Fro ctober on ards, se ere fr it drop as obser ed in so e infested fields pon inspection, dropped fr its ere fo nd to be infested it ario s sta es of pepper ee il e ee il nfestations increasin eac ear o er t e period 015 01 and t e presence of t e ee il in t e fields at t e be innin of t e season lead s to belie e t at t e pest o er inters and as establis ed in t is re ion
resenter io ineo is a r pecialist at t e in t e all far ro ra , ic pro ides researc based s pport to ro ers on pest, irri ation and n trient ana e ent as ell as food safet in s all scale far s
35 The 24th International Pepper Conference
HOT PEPPER IX: MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING AND CHILLING INJURY TOLERANCE OF TWELVE ORNAMENTAL PEPPER GENOTYPES Majeed Mohammed1, Puran Bridgemohan2, Ronell S.H Bridgemohan3 and Zareef Mohammed4 1 epart ent of Food rod ction, Fac lt of Food and ric lt re, ni ersit of t e est ndies, rinidad iosciences ric lt re and Food ec nolo , e ni ersit of rinidad and oba o aterloo esearc a p s, arapic ai a, rinidad 3 eor ia olle e and tate ni ersit , , ni ersit of ia i,
rna ental pepper fr its are s sceptible to p siolo ical disorders t at infl ence fr it alit on t e ost i portant of t ese is t eir s sceptibilit to c illin in r is proble li its t e se of lo stora e te perat re to ana e post ar est alit , and serio sl affects t e abilit of andlers to store or transport fr its o er lon distances, beca se te perat res t at are lo eno to dela senescence a also be da a in to t e fr it al ation of t el e 1 orna ental pepper enot pes as in esti ated to deter ine t eir relati e sensiti it to c illin in r , ar etable alit and deca Fi e fr its fro eac enot pe ere seal pac a ed in 0 035 t ic lo densit pol et lene ba s , and stored at 0 and 0 5 relati e idit and s bse entl transferred for an additional da at 0 si ilar allocation of fr its fro eac enot pe as stored in air as control at 0 lt o fr its ere s pple ented it odified at osp ere pac a in , t e ad ent of c illin in r s pto de elop ent, ar etable alit and deca incidence aried a on t e 1 enot pes enot pes 3 and acco nted for t e best s elf life it fr its sec rin ar etable al es of and respecti el after 15 da s at 0 ic as al ost t o folds reater co pared to t eir co nterparts stored at 0 ile t e sa e t o enot pes ere c illin tolerant after contin o s stora e of 15 da s at 0 , ob io s s pto s of c illin in r s c as pittin , ste and cal discoloration and seed dar enin ere anifested e en after 1 da e pos re to 0 t t e sa e ti e, t e a orit of enot pes partic larl 1, , 5, and in partic lar and 11 s cc bed to se ere c illin in r d e to t e i incidence of deca do inated it bacterial soft rot econdar infections ind ced b a ra ated it ltiple infections f rt er co pro ised ar etable alit and sabilit of enot pes and 11 ic ere e ent all identified it t e i est sensiti it to c illin in r espite a in a odified at osp ere pac a e to store fr its enot pic c aracteristics appeared to be t e a or li itin factor in t e deter ination of c illin in r s sceptibilit and ar etable alit of orna ental peppers
36 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
HOT PEPPER X: ASSESSMENT OF POSTHARVEST LOSSES OF HOT PEPPERS AT SEVEN MARKET OUTLETS IN TRINIDAD Majeed Mohammed1, Puran Bridgemohan2, Ronell S.H. Bridgemohan 3 and Zareef Mohammed4 1 epart ent of Food rod ction, Fac lt of Food and ric lt re, ni ersit of t e est ndies, rinidad iosciences ric lt re and Food ec nolo , e ni ersit of rinidad and oba o aterloo esearc a p s, arapic ai a, rinidad 3 eor ia olle e and tate ni ersit , , ni ersit of ia i,
ot pepper fr its are i l peris able res ltin in losses at different sta es in t e post ar est andlin s ste ssess ent of alitati e and antitati e losses at critical control points in t e al e c ain is necessar to opti i e alit and red ce losses ost ar est losses ere eas red sin t e o odit ste ssess ent et odolo for ot peppers at se en ar et o tlets in rinidad ost ar est losses of ot peppers ere i est at roadside ar ets co pared to t ose at ot er o tlets in t e dr and et seasons respecti el osses in t e est season at roadside o tlets ere reater t an t ose recorded in t e dr season e o tlet it t e second i est losses in ot peppers as s per ar ets it c ain stores it 1 in t e dr season and in t e et season olesale ar ets s o ed t e lo est losses in bot seasons sical da a es s c as split and decapped pedicels and calices, fr it crac s and to a lesser e tent br isin occ rred ore often in olesale ar ets t an in t e ot er o tlets in t e dr season siolo ical da a e d e to c illin in r e pressed isibl as dar ened pedicels and calices, seed discolo ration, transl cenc of pericarp and pittin ere ost e ident fro sa ples ta en at roadside o tlets and at s per ar ets it and it o t c ain stores s a res lt, losses d e to p siolo ical da a es ere i er at roadside o tlets in bot seasons co pared it t ose fro p sical and pat olo ical da a es respecti el t er p siolo ical disorders s c as desiccation, s nscald and defor ed fr its ere pre alent at t e ot er o tlets at olo ical losses d e to nt racnose, bacterial soft rots and ir s ind ced infection fro t rips and ite attac s, ere ore pre alent, and t erefore acco nted for i er incidence of losses, in t e et t an in dr seasons at eac ar et o tlet nt racnose infected fr its initiated in t e field ic ere barel isible at ar est beca e ore ob io s at later sta es in t e andlin s ste and e ent all res lted in a total loss e et odolo pro ided t e te plate for identification of t e d na ics and lo istical factors nderlinin t e ca ses of losses as ell as correcti e actions to ini i e s c losses
37 The 24th International Pepper Conference
IS POSSIBLE TO ADVANCE BREEDING PROGRAM OF ORNAMENTAL CHILI PEPPERS: BY IN VITRO CULTURE OF ZYGOTIC IMMATURE EMBRYOS? Priscila A. Barroso1, Mailson M. do Rêgo2, Joelson G. Crispim3, Maria P. S. Damasceno2, Elizanilda R. do Rêgo aborator of lant reedin and rocessin of ata, a p s rofessor inobelina l as, Federal ni ersit of ia , o es s, ia , ra il aborator of iotec nolo and lant reedin , olle e of ric lt ral ciences, Federal ni ersit of ara ba, reia, ara ba, ra il 3Federal ral ni ersit of erna b co, ost rad ate ro ra in rono , ecife, erna b co, ra il
e i pro e ent of orna ental c ili peppers b bridi ation and cond ction of se re atin pop lations, re ire se eral c cles of self fertili ation to obtain p re lines F rt er ore, it is necessar t at fr its are f ll ripe, beca se t e er ination rate is er lo en fr its are ar ested i at re n t is sense, efforts to red ce self fertili ation c cles can accelerate t e breedin pro ra and red ce costs in t e c lti ar release e se of in itro c lt re of i at re otic e br os as been ainin i portance in breedin pro ra s en, t e ob ecti e of t is or as to e al ate t e efficienc of t e in itro c lt re of i at re otic e br os ste in t e red ction of t e i pro e ent c cle of orna ental c ili pepper ann in co parison to t e con entional s ste ree enot pes of orna ental c ile pepper ere sed F 001, F 00 and F 0 br os it 30 da s after t e first self fertili ation, ere c lt red in ras i e oo edi stren t , and at t e sa e ti e, seeds ere placed to er inate on co ercial s bstrate, and t en t e de elop ent p ases ere onitored in bot s ste s for co parison n t e con entional s ste , it ta es 1 da s of self fertili ation to fr it at ration, ile in t e ste , is re ired onl 153 da s, representin a red ction of da s per selection c cle 0 of t e ti e , red cin labor costs and inp ts, and decreasin t e ti e of t e release of c lti ars n concl sion, t e ste as efficient to red ce t e breedin c cles en co pared to t e con entional s ste in t e breedin pro ra of orna ental c ili peppers
resenter io ailson onteiro do o as a lant reeder since 1 and a e ade se of plant tiss e c lt re as an a iliar tool to t e orna ental pepper breedin pro ra , it anot er c lt re, so atic e br o enesis, in itro fertili ation, e br o resc e, and conser ation of enetic reso rces
38 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
NIMITZ®, A NON-FUMIGANT, CONTACT NEMATICIDE REGISTERED FOR USE IN CAPSICUM CROPS P. A. Navia Gine, D. J. Erasmus, and S. R. Eskelsen ric lt ral ol tions, alei , ort arolina,
is an efficacio s ne aticide pro idin control of plant parasitic ne atodes it ini al i pact on beneficial ne atodes n co parison to f igants, application of NIMITZ is simple, and "… represents a safer alternative for nematode control with a new mode of action and a much simpler and straightforward product label. n iron ental rotection enc , Federal oc et, l , 01 is labelled it a ‘CAUTION’ signal word. NIMITZ requires no Fumigant Management Plans, no 24 o r field onitorin , no b ffer ones, as a 1 r re entr inter al and ini al personal protecti e e ip ent
n addition to earlier re istrations for fr itin e etables and c c rbits in 01 , t e follo in crops ere added to t e label in ne 01 rop ro p , eaf e etables e cept rassica e etables , rop ro p 5, rassica ole leaf e etables, rop ro p 13 0 , o ro in berries, incl din stra berr , and tobacco ore recentl , in arc and pril of 01 , f rt er crops ere added to t e 0 label ese are rop ro p 1 , oot e etables e cept s ar beet s b ro p, incl din carrot and radis rop ro ps 1 , bero s and or e etables incl din potato and s eet potato rop ro p 11 10, o e Fr it rop ro p 1 1 , tone Fr it rop ro p 1 1 , ree ts rop ro p 13 0 , fr it, s all ine cli bin s b ro p incl din rapes and i i and arcane
e acti e in redient, fl ens lfone, as a ni e ode of action ic cate ori es t e prod ct it in a ne c e ical classification ca ses irre ersible ne aticidal acti it res ltin in plant parasitic ne atode ortalit it in to rs
pro ides co petiti e ne atode control en co pared to co ercial a ailable standard prod cts pplication options incl de c e i ation ia drip in ection and sprin ler and soil applied broadcast or banded spra follo ed b ec anical incorporation nd, dependin on t e crop, application is ade at plant, 10 da pre plant or at sprin and fall root fl s in perennial tree crops
is c rrentl re istered in 35 states and erto ico o additional states are pendin e ost recent Federal labelled crops a e been re istered in t ese states it alifornia state re istrations in pro ress
39 The 24th International Pepper Conference
MACRONUTRIENT MINERAL CONTENT OF CAPSICUM ANNUUM FRUITS FROM GENOTYPES RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO XANTHOMONAS EUVESICATORIA Sthefanny de Almeida Neto, Aminthia Pombo Sudré, Sergio Luis Cardoso, and Rosana Rodrigues Uni ersidade stadual do Norte Fluminense arc i eiro, io de aneiro, ra il
C ili peppers fruits a e ig itamin alues and are sources of ascor ic acid, carotenoids, tocop erols, fla onoids and capsaicinoids. Mineral elements constitute onl 4 to of t e total dr matter of t e fruits ut are essential for arious meta olic functions of t e plant. In addition, t e ma e in ol ed in defense mec anisms, increasing or decreasing t e resistance of plants to pat ogens. T is wor aimed to determine t e macronutrient mineral content of Capsicum annuum fruits from resistant U NF and suscepti le to X. euvesicatoria, one of t e pat ogens in ol ed in t e acterial spot disease. T e seeds were sown in tra s of pol st rene wit ermiculite as su strate, irrigated wit deioni ed water until t e appearance of two pairs of definiti e lea es and transplanted into plastic essels containing sand and ermiculite in a ratio of 2 . oagland solution was used for nutrition and added e er t ree da s. T e e perimental design was completel randomi ed wit two treatments a resistant U NF and suscepti le to X. euvesicatoria. T e fruits were collected at and 4 da s after t e ant esis AA , separated into two parts pericarp and seeds wit placenta and t en ept fro en in a free er at 2 oC. efore anal sis, eac fruit part was l op ili ed, macerated wit liquid nitrogen, weig ed and digested in nitric acid and t e samples mineral content were anal ed ICP O . ternal cali ration wit a range of . mg to mg Ca, Mg, P and and mg to 2 mg were used to t e quantitati e anal sis of t ese elements. A erages and standard de iation of t e results were o tained. T ere were significant differences in t e mineral content etween t e genot pes in pericarps of fruits collected AA. P osp orus and magnesium concentrations are ig er in and potassium concentration ig er in U NF in pericarps wit 4 AA, calcium concentration was ig er in w ile magnesium and potassium were ig er in U NF . Calcium and magnesium are present in ig er concentrations in and sulfur in ig er concentration in U NF , in t e seeds wit placenta for AA samples. For 4 AA samples, magnesium and potassium presented ig er concentrations in . T ere were significant differences in t e macronutrients mineral contents in pericarp and seeds wit placenta related to t e genot pe and to t e ripening stage of t e fruits. T ese differences ma e associated wit specific c aracteristics of t e genot pes and some elements in ol ed in a ios nt etic route related wit a defense mec anism of t e U NF genot pe. T e different le els of some elements in t e resistant genot pe ma e related wit some ios nt etic route to e associated wit t e genetic resistance to Xanthonomas euvesivatoria.
Presenter io t efann Almeida doctoral student in Natural ciences, emp asis on en ironmental c emistr , wor ing wit c ili peppers, potentiall to ic metals and acterial spot for 2 ears.
40 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
IDENTIFICATION, MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF SERIOUS PEST INSECTS OF PEPPERS IN FLORIDA AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO SMALL SCALE GROWERS Chinemenma Okoroji1, Muhammad Haseeb1, Pengxiang Wu1, Alejandro Bolques2, Jesusa C. Legaspi3 and Lambert H.B. Kanga1 Center for iological Control, College of Agriculture and Food ciences, Florida Agricultural and Mec anical Uni ersit , Talla assee, F , U A 2FAMU esearc and tension Center, uinc , F , U A U A, A , Talla assee, F , U A
In Florida, arious pepper culti ars are widel culti ated small scale farmers and are economicall important specialt crops. Pepper production in t e uns ine tate faces serious c allenges from arious pest insects. Among t em, pepper wee il, Anthonomus eugenii Cano Coleoptera Curculionidae western flower t rips, Frankliniella occidentalis T sanoptera T ripidae and sil erleaf w itefl , Bemisia argentifolii omoptera Ale rodidae are serious pest insects to control in ot con entional and organic production s stems. Indeed, t ese pests are generalist er i ore and t erefore enefit from a wide ariet of alternati e osts. estern flower t rips and sil erleaf w itefl are ectors of plant iruses t at can completel destro an entire field in t e spring and summer. ince 2 , we a e culti ated arious popular culti ars of peppers in our integrated pest management IPM demonstration site. A num er of field da s and wor s ops were conducted for small scale growers wit a iew to pro ide ands on training on pest identification, monitoring, and management of serious pest insects to increase t eir crop producti it and profita ilit . Also, commodit wise pest information spread s eets on pest identification, proper monitoring tools, and pest management were de eloped and distri uted among pepper growers. T ese tools elp growers in decision ma ing toward effecti e peppers IPM program.
Presenter io C inemenma O oro i is an undergraduate student in t e entomolog program in t e College of Agriculture and Food ciences, FAMU. Ms. O oro i as interest on t e commodit wise pest identification, monitoring, and management. e is part of t e U A, AF I, iPiP Integrated Pest Information Platform for tension and ducation Program in FAMU.
41 The 24th International Pepper Conference
POST-HARVEST EVALUATION OF PROMISSORY ACCESSIONS OF NATIVE CAPSICUM FROM NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRARIAN INNOVATION – PERU Fredy Quispe1, Mavel Marcelo1, José Chanamé1, and Rosario Rojas2 National Institute of Agrarian Inno ation, ima, P U 2Uni ersidad Peruana Ca etano eredia, ima, P U
T e c illi is a nati e genetic resource from Peru. Its color, aroma, fla or and pungenc are part of t e istor , food and customs in Peru. In recent ears, new e otic arieties suc as Papri a entered t e Peru ian mar et for its culti ation and e portation. owe er, actuall t ere are no impro ed arieties of nati e c illies for t eir production at t e field according to demands of gastronomic sector, for processing in t e food industr or its e portation. T e purpose of t e stud was to e aluate t e agronomic e a ior and post ar est c aracteristics of fi e promising nati e c illies t at is conser ed t e National Institute of Agrarian Inno ation from Peru.
T e stud egan wit t e preparation of t e seedlings of t e accessions Miscuc o P 4 , Tomatito ro o P 4 , C arapita amarillo P 2 , ulce ro o P and A ucllo P , for t eir culture under agro ecological conditions of t e perimental tations of onoso in uaral and ista Florida in C icla o, and t e Fundo Agroe port Topara Compan .
Post ar est anal es corresponding to nutritional composition, ioacti e compounds, itamin C, carotenoids, total p enolic compounds, total fla onoids and antio idant acti it PP and A T , as well as ot er qualit parameters in c illi were performed according to alidated met odologies.
T e c aracteristics of t e crop were con entional production to onoso and ista Florida, unli e Topara w ere t e production was organic. T e results at t e field a e s own morp ological differences in plant for fi e accessions, and for t e fruits ar ested in t e c aracters of weig t, lengt , widt , as well as ield among t e accessions and localities e aluated for t eir production.
egarding t e nutritional parameters, t e alues of as were etween . and . 2 , wit t e ig est alue for Miscuc o in C inc a. At t e protein le el, ulce ro o was ig er in uaral and C inc a, w ile Tomatito ro o in C icla o. T e fi er alues were ig est for C arapita in t e t ree locations. T e alues found for insolu le dietar fi er were etween 2 . and 2. 4 , w ile for solu le dietar fi er etween 2. 4 and . . In relation to total fat C arapita and A ucllo were ig est in t e t ree locations. For total carotenoids in t e 2 2 campaign, Tomatito ro o and ulce ro o stood out in t ree locations wit similar alues for t e 2 2 campaign in uaral and C inc a. it respect to itamin C t e alues were etween 4. and 24 . mg g sample, for t e 2 2 campaign, comparing t ese results wit t e 2 2 campaign, t e alues reac ed 4 . mg g sample, for C arapita. T e alues of color according to CI a scale a e s own ulce ro o as t e dar est fruits in C inc a 4. and C icla o .2 . T e total p enolic compounds, total fla onoids were superior for C arapita in t e t ree localities, as well as t eir antio idant acti it according to PP and A T . In conclusion t e fi e accessions of c illi a e s own interesting functional properties and nutritional composition to continue its reeding under certain agro ecological condition.
Presenter io Fred uispe aco o is a researc er from National Institute of Agrarian Inno ation INIA . e as e pertise in esearc ing and Tec nological e elopment T of Natural and Agro industrial products. e is a leader of Nutritional Area from enetic esources and iotec nolog i ision at INIA.
42 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
Elizanilda R do Rego, and Mailson M. do Rego a orator of iotec nolog and Plant reeding, Federal Uni ersit of Parai a, Areia, P , ra il
e elopment of a new ariet wit ig qualit traits is one of t e ma or goals of an reeding program and t e presence of genetic di ersit is t e principal criteria for success of selection and progress in a reeding program. T e Federal Uni ersit of Para a UFP in cooperation wit Ministr of ducation and ra ilian Council for esearc and Tec nologic e elopment CNPq as een de eloping a reeding program for ornamental peppers, wit t e goal to e aluate and select reeding lines and promote t e ridi ation among t e selected lines in order to distri ute to small farmers in ra ilian states. T e pepper program is composed of t ree stages searc ing, e aluation and selection of culti ars for growing in ase and longer post production life 2 mass selection with progenitor’s selection and 3) hybridization and evaluation of the single, triple and double hybrids and segregating generations. T e genetic di ersit etween and wit in different species as een e plored in t is reeding program, de eloping potted and garden peppers t pe using t e landraces eld in t e UFP pepper germplasm an Using mass selection and selection in ad anced generations F it was possi le to select new commercial lines. ig t new lines will e release in t e ne t ear wit increased s elf life as potted plant 2 da s and resistant to et lene leaf and fruit a scission. T is program as een a unique opportunit to gi e etter training to students and small farmers.
Presenter io Professor li anildaI is a senior researc wit more t an 2 ears of e perience reeding peppers, and s e as e tensi e e perience wit de eloping culti ars and se eral pu lis ed articles in t is area.
43 The 24th International Pepper Conference
Bala Rathinasbapathi1, Yang Yue1, Yanlin Wang1, Mackenzie De New1, Qingyuan Xiang1, Jingwei Fu1, Steven Sargent1, and Charles Sims2 orticultural ciences epart ent, niversity of lorida, ainesville, , ood cience and u an utrition epart ent, niversity of lorida, ainesville, ,
o understand the origin of novel traits related to fruit uality, we developed sib lines of Capsicum annuum selected fro single progeny of a cross between ‘Jalapeno’ and ‘Round of Hungary’, two varieties drastically differing in fruit shape, pungency and fruit size lants were advanced fro to by the single seed descent ethod ruit were harvested fro individual sib lines and the two varieties used as parents, grown under identical greenhouse conditions uantitative para eters related to fruit shape, color of ripe and unripe fruit, pericarp thic ness, rate of water loss, total soluble solids content, carotenoid levels and postharvest uality were collected everal fruit phenotypes observed in the derived lines were not found in the parental lines ‘Jalapeno’ and ‘Round of Hungary’. These new traits were: fruit shape ound, ong, eart, and heart fruit size s aller than fruit fro either parent fruit length longer than either parent pericarp thic ness thinner than either parent pericarp crin ling and ripe fruit color brighter red than either parent unripe fruit color lighter green than either parent n so e lines, change of fruit color during ripening was at a slower rate and ripe fruit flavor was distinguishable fro either parent ur results suggest that new co binations of alleles fro the two parents and their epistatic interactions are the basis for the observed new heritable phenotypes ur results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least so e of the fruit type variations naturally found in Capsicum annuum, i portant in defining horticultural types, evolved relatively rapidly by se ual reproduction between widely differing types his research has i plications for breeding to add novel fruit traits to Capsicum varieties
resenter io r athinasabapathi, professor of orticultural ciences at the niversity of lorida leads a progra to develop pepper varieties i proved for fruit uality and adapted to lorida growing conditions his pro ect involves undergraduate students in plant breeding research and co bines the ethods of science with ele ents of creativity for variety develop ent
44 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
Ximena Reyes1, Teresa Ávila1, Margoth Atahuachi2, and Ariel Choque1 entro de nvestigaciones itoecogen ticas de airu ani, ochaba ba, olivia niversidad ayor de an i n, Herbario artin rdenas, olivia
olivia is a country with diverse ecosyste s and varied cli atic and pedological conditions, constituting an i portant center of origin, do estication and diversification of any species.
n the case of the apsicu genus, there is a great diversity of species and varieties of native peppers, its orphological and genetic diversity is uite broad, since its range of distribution covers different ecological regions of the country. n the world the e istence of about species of apsicu has been reported, for olivia have been described, of which are wild type.
ost of the efforts for the revaluation of this crop focused on do esticated species, as apsicu baccatu , apsicu annu , apsicu pubescens, apsicu frutescens and apsicu chinense, being those that are ostly in co erce. There are also foreign varieties that have been entering the olivian ar et, as is the case of ayenne pepper, papri a and the “ancho” variety.
ecause little was reported in the botanical and syste atic part about olivian wild peppers, it s necessary to co ple ent this infor ation by studying ta ono ically the native peppers and the cultivars selected by the far ers. n the sa e way it s i portant to now their orphological and agrono ic characteristics, n order to revalue its genetic richness and favor the s all far er of the olivian ndes.
ately due to the growth of rural populations and co unities it has been observed that so e of the environ ents ost intervened by an in an unsustainable or environ entally friendly way, are precisely where wild peppers are found.
t is intended to show data of different collections and data of the habitats in which different species of wild chili are present. The infor ation will be used to the develop ent of future conservation, rescue and revalori ation wor s.
resenter io: ic. . Reyes, is a research whit ore years of e perience in biotechnology and anage ent and conservation of genetics resources.
45 The 24th International Pepper Conference
Cláudia S. C. Ribeiro1; Francisco J. B. Reifschneider2; and Sabrina I. C. Carvalho1 ra a e eta e ra ia ra i ra a ead arter ra ia ra i
he i inho itt e ea e er ro i very a reciated y ra i ian eca e o it di tinctive aro a and avor i e other Capsicum chinense e er ty e t it r it i eet. i a derived ro a red i inho e er e re atin c tivar . o r eneration o e ection and e in ere er or ed nti the ro enie ho ed no e re ation. rin each eneration e ection or a rono ic and roce in characteri tic re evant to the ind try a nderta en. e ection a a ed on ant and r it trait ch a ant hei ht and architect re r it ha e and i e at re r it co or oran e e hed no n ency hi h yie d and di ea e re i tance. i ha oran e e hed r it and yie d aro nd t ha ant ha in a harve tin eriod o i onth . r it n ency i circa covi e eat nit and r it are e tre e y aro atic ta ty and very cr nchy. i a deve o ed to eet oth the re h r it ar et and the roce in ind trie artic ar y or rod ction o e er re erve in addition to the otentia e in any o r et rod ct a a ce e ie avored oi and vine ar or even the orna enta e er niche. he oran e e hed co oration o the r it di erentiate i ro the other i inho e er c tivar ith reat otentia to eet ne niche that ee the deve o ent o di erentiated rod ct . i ant re ent inter ediate ro th ha it a ro i ate y . in hei ht and . in idth. he endent r it re ent trian ar ha e ooth r ace i ht reen co or hen i at re and oran e e h hen ri e ith . c on y . c ide and . in a thic ne . i ha ho n ie d re i tance to evera vir e e and and Meloidogyne incognita and re ent inter ediate re i tance to Oidiopsis sicula and acteria ot Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and X. gardneri . i i reco ended or o en ie d a e a reenho e creenho e c tivation it ha een re i tered and rotected in the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and ood Supply . ra a e eta e i rovide eed o i nder contract to intere ted eed rod cin co anie .
re enter io r. i eiro i re earcher at ra a or in in enetic reedin o e er ith ore than year o e erience in reedin o hot and e e er enetic re o rce o Capsicum . ant re i tance to di ea e and e er ind tria roce in .
46 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
EMBRAPA’S JALAPEÑO PEPPER BREE OR ME A AL AR ES Cláudia S. C. Ribeiro1; Lucas M. Gomes2; Francisco J. B. Reifschneider3; Matheus B. Abadia4; Túlio G. dos Prazeres4; Carlos F. Ragassi1; and Sabrina I. C. Carvalho1 ra a e eta e ra ia ra i edera niver ity o oi oi nia ra i ra a ead arter ra ia ra i o e e ra ia ra i
he c tivation o a a e o e er in ra i ha increa ed in the a t year ain y in re ion ne t to a ce roce in ind trie . ince the ra i ian ric t ra e earch or oration ra a ha cond cted a a a e o e er reedin ro ra hich ha een art y inanced y the rivate ector. he a a e o ty e cultivars ‘BRS Sarakura’ and ‘BRS Garça’ were released in 2009, resulting from a joint research project between ra a and a ra a aya i ento tda. ore than t o tho and ton o ara ra are rod ced ann a y in the entra re ion o ra i re on i e or aro nd o the tota e er a ce rod ced in the co ntry. o ever a or horta e in r ra area ha ca ed i ni icant rod ction o e and a ected a a e o e er ar er and roce in ind trie . he e o e er echanica harve ter ha een a or d ide a ternative to overco e the de iciency o a or in r ra area . he ain o ective o thi or a the e ection o a a e o e er ine ada ted to entra ra i ith characteri tic avora e to echani ed harve tin ith high pungency, concentrated fruit set/maturity. Embrapa’s Jalapeño pepper breeding for mechanical harvesting e an in and ant e ection ha een ain y a ed on ant hei ht c hei ht o ir t i rcation c erect ant ro th ha it erect and inter ediated recocity hi h yie d ant r it n ency . o ri and concentrated r it et. o r cyc e o individ a ant e ection ere advanced a ed on ro eny te t and o r e ected ine . . . and . are ein c tivated in ra ia and ata o or additiona te t that i e done in the rae i echanica harve ter o e t ar. he enetic otentia o the e ected ine or hi h hei ht o ir t i rcation a ociated to a ro er oi re aration and ni or antin o eed in a i ned and at the correct de th co d ena e echani ed harve tin o the r it .
re enter io r. i eiro i re earcher at ra a or in in enetic reedin o e er ith ore than year o e erience in reedin o hot and e e er enetic re o rce o Capsicum . ant re i tance to di ea e and e er ind tria roce in .
47 The 24th International Pepper Conference
EL O S OR AME AL E S A PEPPERS Emily Rodekohr, Lauren Brzozowski, Isabella Yannuzzi and Michael Mazourek ornell niversity, thaca, , S
e sought to create a kid friendly snacking pepper that utili ed the beautiful fruit and foliar variegation of ‘Fish’ peppers, without their pungency. he pedigree of these peppers combines genetics from ‘Fish’ for variegation, ‘Lipstick’ for non pungency and adaptability, ‘Czech Black’ for anthocyanin retention, and modern orno del oro types for disease resistance and plant architecture. n addition to developing new cultivars, we used the process to e plore different approaches to stabili e the variegation as part of orthern rganic egetable mprovement ollaborative we compared a pedigree breeding approach to recurrent selection in both local and multi regional environments on collaborator farms across the orthern S.
resenter Bio Emily Rodekohr manages trials and seed production in the a ourek rogram and is a ornell niversity graduate student with roots in the homeland of the ‘Fish’ pepper.
48 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
E RA E APPROA OR MA A PEPPER EE L ANTHONOMUS EUGENII A O OLEOP ERA R L O AE O AR O S PEPPER L ARS Dakshina R. Seal, Mohammad Razzak, Rafia A. Khan, Victoria Adeleye, Catherine M. Sabines and Shawbeta A. Seal i e sit Fl i a F pical esea ch a cati Ce te estea FL
eppe is a i p ta t e eta le c p he e a e al st th sa c lti a s l i e he a s eet e ell) to extreme hot (Scorpion), and large to small size. Florida’s hot climate and ideal soil condition is perfect for growing pepper. Florida grows 27% of nation’s total bell pepper valued at $220 million. he peppe ee il Anthonomus eugenii Ca is a si i ica t ke pest peppe s al st all c lti a s i Fl i a a else he e tsi e Fl i a eppe ee il ca ca se c p l ss i the a se ce a p pe a e ecti e a a e e t t l e he i sectici es a e se ti el e s a l se thei iel e t peppe ee il i estati eppe ee il i estati e i s he peppe pla ts sta t p ci s t a lt e el p e t takes place i si e s all s l e s a its the p ese t st e c cte a i s e pe i e ts si c e ti al a e ce isk i sectici es al ith se phe e a ell stick t aps t a a e peppe ee il e i te ate the a e e ti e t ls ith i l ical c t l a e ts a a ietal esista ce t e el p a s stai a le a a e e t p a c t lli peppe ee il
ese te Bi eal is a se i e t l ist i the pical esea ch a cati Ce te i e sit Fl i a F Fl i a is ai esea ch c s is t e el p i te ate pest a a e e t p a c t lli ke pests e eta le c ps
49 The 24th International Pepper Conference
A M LA O O MA RO R E S LEA ES O CAPSICUM ANNUUM S S EP BLE A RES S A O XANTHOMONAS EUVESICATORIA Aminthia P. S. da Silva, Sthefanny de A. Neto, Rosana Rodrigues, and Sergio Luis Cardoso niversidade stadual do orte Fluminense arc ibeiro, ampos dos o tacazes, , razil
acterial spot caused b Xanthomonas spp is one of the most important diseases in sweet and chili pepper in different production areas. inerals nutrients are associated with important functions in plants, including defense mechanisms. t is important to understand the pathos stem and its relationship to mineral nutrition. he aim of this wor was to anal ze the macronutrient content in two genot pes of Capsicum annuum var. annuum, one resistant ( F ) and another susceptible ( ) to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. hese two genot pes were sown in a pol st rene tra and ept in a growth chamber at 2 and 0% humidit . he tra s were irrigated once a da with deionized water until the appearance of definitive leaves. he seedlings were transplanted when the reached two pairs of definitive leaves for blac plastic pots installed in a greenhouse located at Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro campus, ampos dos o tacazes, , razil. Sand and vermiculite were used as substrate in the proportion of 2 . he experimental design was completel randomized with two treatments a) resistant F and b) susceptible to X. euvesicatoria, treated with oagland nutrient solution. eaves were collected at two different growth stages a) vegetative stage 2 da s after transplant ( ) and b) beginning of reproductive stage when 0% of plants of the same treatment had at least one mature fruit ( and 0 ). he leaves were collected between the second and fourth node of the stem apex, when the were full expanded. fterwards, collected leaves samples were l ophilized, macerated with li uid nitrogen, weighed, digested in nitric acid and anal zed for , , a, g, and S b S. xternal calibrations with the concentration range 0. mg to 0 mg ( , a, g and S) and mg to 200 mg ( ) were used to the uantitative anal sis of these elements. he average of the contents of each element in the leaves and the respective standard deviations were anal zed. ineral anal sis showed there were differences in the content of some elements present in the leaves of both genot pes. hese differences were more accentuated in leaves collected during the reproductive stage. For leaves collected at vegetative stage, the susceptible genot pe ( ) presented higher calcium content than those of the resistant one ( F ). For leaves collected at beginning of reproductive stage, the resistant genot pe ( F ) presented higher content of , , a, g and S. he different levels of some elements in the resistant genot pe ma indicated a possible involvement in a pre existing bios nthetic route to be associated with the genetic resistance to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. onsidering these preliminar results, further studies should be carried out to investigate the influence of these elements as pla ers in bacterial spot genetic resistance expression.
resenter io minthia is a doctoral student with experience in germplasm evaluation and utilization with emphasis in peppers and bacterial spot, has been wor ing with these topics for 2 ears.
50 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
RE E E PER E ES PEPPER EE L SO ER EOR A David Riley, and Alton Sparks niversit of eorgia, ifton ampus, ifton, , S
epper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii, is the e arthropod pest of pepper where it occurs. his insect has been a sporadic pest of pepper in southern eorgia and infestations have been largel attributed to man aided movement within individual fields. his situation appears to have possibl changed, with infestations becoming more common and widespread infestations in southern eorgia in the fall of 20 7. he 20 7 infestations followed two consecutive mild winters. n con unction with more common infestations in pepper, pepper weevil has become a fairl common occurrence in eggplant, with weevils reproducing in blooms, causing bloom abscission, and producing feeding scares on oung fruit.
n the fall of 20 7, multiple commercial fields in southern eorgia were lost to pepper weevil. nfestations were severe enough to allow eas collection of adult weevils from pepper foliage, despite multiple insecticide applications in these fields. nfested pods were collected from these fields and emergent adults were bioassa ed. he most significant finding was a lac of efficac of p rethroid insecticides, which were the standard insecticides being used for pepper weevil.
he winter of 20 7 20 presented multiple dates with freezing temperatures, and it was hoped that this would destro weevil food sources and eliminate weevil populations in southern eorgia – returning us to our “normal” situation. However, field surveys in late winter revealed live adults in old jalapeno fields. Pepper weevil pheromone traps were placed in commercial fields throughout southern eorgia to monitor the situation. dult weevils were caught in most fields prior to transplanting of peppers. hus, it was obvious that we did overwinter adult weevils throughout southern eorgia. heromone traps captures ceased once pepper plants were available in the fields.
resenter io r. Spar s is an Extension Entomologist with more than 30 years’ experience in vegetable IPM between positions in southern exas and eorgia.
51 The 24th International Pepper Conference
E PEPPER EE L PROBLEM PAS PRESE A RE Phil Stansly niversity of lorida I E , Immo alee, ,
Pepper weevil, Anthnomus eugenii was introduced to the from Mexico in the early 00s, commensurate with it congener the boll weevil. oth spread uic ly spread through the southern tier of the . Pepper weevil is a ey pest of all pepper cultivars in much of the outhern as well as Mexico, and the aribbean. Easily moved with infested fruit, it has extended its range northward where protected agriculture may provide refuge from winter conditions. arvae are protected within developing fruit and adults feed little on exterior tissues. herefore, control is difficult due ineffectiveness of insecticides and lac of effective natural enemies. ultural controls consist of shortening crop cycles, timely destruction of crop residues and fallows. hese measures can be undone by unseasonable weather, mar et conditions and weed hosts such as blac nightshade. It is unli ely that management in open field crops can be significantly improved with present day technology. Improvements through enhancement of biological control and host plant resistance are possible, but will re uired concerted efforts in research and development.
A Philip . tansly passed away eptember , 0 .
52 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
E E RES S A E O PEPPER A RA OSE LESSO S ROM OMA O John R. Stommel1, Umesh K. Reddy2, Carlos Lopez Ortiz2, Venkata Lakshmi Abburi2, and Padma Nimmakayala2 enetic Improvement of ruits and egetables aboratory, . . epartment of griculture, gricultural esearch ervice, eltsville, M , us . ouglass Institute and epartment of iology, est irginia tate niversity, Institute, ,
nthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a serious disease of olanaceous crops grown in orth merica. It is endemic in production regions of the Eastern and Midwestern nited tates and south central anada. In pepper, variable modes of inheritance for anthracnose resistance have been reported and variation in Colletotrichum pathotypes complicates breeding for durable host resistance. rossing barriers within Capsicum and segregation distortion hinder introgression of useful levels of resistance into C. annuum. e have selected an unadapted small fruited tomato line, designated 3 , that exhibits a high level of resistance to a broad range of Colletotrichum species that cause anthracnose on tomato as well as pepper. his resistant genotype is also resistant to Colletotrichum isolates responsible for rot of immature pepper. esistance in 3 was primarily additive with two to three genetic factors estimated to be segregating for resistance. etailed syntenic relationships between the tomato and pepper genomes have been described. lthough the pepper genome si e is approximately three times larger than that of tomato, gene order is well preserved within syntenic regions. etailed mar er based lin age maps of tomato and pepper, together with reference genomes for the respective crops have facilitated comparative mapping of loci associated with genes that influence morphological attributes as well as biosynthetic pathways. tili ing a recombinant inbred line population that we developed from a cross of 3 and a susceptible tomato line, genotype by se uencing was used to identify and map genomic regions associated with anthracnose lesion development. sing , 300 polymorphic Ps were identified of which Ps were mapped, spanning a length of cM. genetic map was constructed with a mar er density of . P per cM. esion development in fruit for individual I s was scored over two years. ur analysis resolved only three common s chromosomes 3, , and that showed significant effects for both years. or chromosomes , we located six pea s at the genomic region . Mb located between and 33 . Percent of variance explained by these pea s ranged from . to . 3. to .3 for the first year and . to 3.0 to .3 for the second year. n chromosome , we located pea s in a region with genome si e of Mb located between the position 3 3 and 3 . Percent of variance explained by these regions varied from . to . in the first year and . to . for the second year. s in other chromosomes , , 0 manifested strong year interaction, showing significant effects in the first year and no effect in the second year. ll s exhibited negative additive gene action indicating that these effects are manifested by susceptible genes. esearch is ongoing to identify candidate genes in these regions that are associated with lesion development see related presentation by hang et al. and identify corresponding genomic regions in pepper. trategies for utili ing this nowledge to improve anthracnose resistance in pepper will be discussed.
Presenter io r. ohn tommel is a esearch eneticist and serves as esearch eader for the , , enetic Improvement of ruits and egetables aboratory. His research focuses on breeding and genetics of tomato and pepper.
53 The 24th International Pepper Conference
O RRE E O PERS S E R SES CAPSICUM SPE ES Cesar Escalante1, Ricardo Iván Alcalá-Briseño 2, Sead Sabanadzovic3, Ryo Okada4, Rodrigo A. Valverde1 ept. of Plant Pathology and rop Physiology, ouisiana tate niversity gricultural enter, aton ouge, , ept. of Plant Pathology, niversity of lorida, ainesville, lorida, 3 ept. of iochemistry, Molecular iology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi tate niversity, Mississippi tate, aboratory of Molecular and ellular iology, aculty of griculture, o yo niversity of griculture and echnology, o yo, apan
Persistent viruses are viruses that infect plants without causing apparent disease or visible symptoms and are transmitted only vertically through seed at rates of nearly 00 . Indirect evidence suggests that these viruses are present in all cells of the plant. lthough persistent viruses have been reported in many economically important crops, little is nown about their origin or the effect they may have to their hosts. e have identified 0 persistent viruses in domesticated and wild Capsicum species which include C. annuum bell pepper, cayenne pepper, Hungarian wax, and jalape o , C. annuum var. glabrisculum hiltepin , C. frutescens tabasco and reenleaf tabasco , C. chinense habanero , C. baccatum aji and C. chacoense.
o detect and identify the persistent viruses, viral ds s were extracted from symptomless plants tissues, analy ed by gel electrophoresis, se uenced, and used in reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions P . iruses belonging to the families Endornaviridae, Partitiviridae, and Totiviridae were detected. hey included bell pepper endornavirus and several closely related endornaviruses, pepper cryptic virus , pepper cryptic virus , apsicum chacoense totivirus , and several other persistent viruses still under characteri ation. e investigated their fre uency in some capsicum genotypes and in some cases their relationship to other persistent viruses reported in other crop species. In the case of reenleaf tabasco, we also investigated endornavirus transmission through plant breeding.
ucleotide se uence comparisons suggest that some of these persistent viruses in capsicum are shared among different pepper cultivars and some belong to new virus species. he variety and relative high percentage of occurrence of these viruses in the genus Capsicum is uni ue among crop species that have been tested for persistent viruses. he effect that persistent viruses may have to capsicum hosts remains to be elucidated.
Presenter io r. alverde is a plant virologist with 30 years of experience on viral diseases of pepper and other vegetable crops. His area of expertise is detection and identification of plant viruses.
54 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
P S OLO AL RA S O E OR A R S E E A E OR A R S REE BELL PEPPER Cesar Escalante, and Rodrigo A. Valverde epartment of Plant Pathology and rop Physiology, ouisiana tate niversity gricultural enter, aton ouge, ,
Endornaviruses are persistent viruses that infect plants without causing apparent disease or visible symptoms and are transmitted through seed at rates of nearly 00 . lthough, endornaviruses have been reported in many economically important plant species, little is nown about their origin or the effect they have to their hosts. here are only limited studies on the association of endornaviruses with changes in the biology of the host. Endornaviruses activate the plant host gene silencing system and therefore, play an active role in the infected plant. In general, endornaviruses have been reported only in specific crop cultivars and this suggests that their occurrence may have been affected by crop domestication and modern plant breeding. ell pepper endornavirus PE has been reported in cultivated peppers. In commercial cultivars of bell pepper grown in the nited tates, this virus is found at infection rates of 00 . imilarly, another distinct endornavirus species, ucumis melo endornavirus mE , has been detected in all commercial melon cultivars tested in the nited tates. his could be an indication that PE and mE infecting bell pepper and melon respectively, provide unidentified beneficial effects to these crops.
wo bell pepper cv. Marengo near isogenic lines I s , one PE infected and the other PE free, have been developed and comparative studies have been conducted. he plant phenotype of the two lines was evaluated throughout the different developmental stages. ith the exception of fruit shape, differences in the phenotype were not observed between the PE infected and PE free lines. he plant height, total fresh weight, fruits per plant, and total fruit weight was higher in plants of the PE free line than in plants of the PE infected line although only the fruit weight was statistically significant. oth I s were used to conduct inoculations with roo not nematode but after evaluating the number of eggs and number of second stage juveniles, no statistical difference was found. he two lines were mechanically inoculated with an isolate of tobacco mild green mosaic virus. he PE free line reacted with systemic necrosis and mosaic while the PE infected line reacted only with mosaic. he two I s lines were also mechanically inoculated with pepper mild mottle virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, potato virus , and cucumber mosaic virus, and in all cases, plants showed similar symptoms.
esults obtained in this investigation suggest that PE may play a role in plant defense mechanisms against some plant viruses. evertheless, more comparative studies should be conducted evaluating other biotic and abiotic factors.
Presenter io r. alverde is a plant virologist with 30 years of experience on viral diseases of pepper and other vegetable crops. His area of expertise is detection and identification of plant viruses.
55 The 24th International Pepper Conference
AL E OMES BR BREE SOL O S Allen Van Deynze1, Amanda Hulse-Kemp1,2, Jareerat Chunthawodtiporn1,3, Armando Garcia-Llanos1, Kevin Stoffel1, Vincenzo Cassibba1, Shiyu Chen1 and Theresa A. Hill1 niversity of alifornia, avis, , , aleigh, , 3 asetsart niversity, ang o , hailand
enomics assisted plant breeding is evolving from loosely lin ed mar ers associated with traits to using mar ers to define uantitative traits, trac them across multiple breeding populations and design new products by creating novel mutations. he former wor s well for moving simply inherited traits across related populations. nfortunately, the majority of traits such as yield, tolerance to abiotic stresses and flavor are highly uantitative re uiring highly accurate genomes. imilarly, targeted mutagenesis re uires perfect se uence and annotation of genes and regulatory elements. Most crops have short reads genomes. e have shown that these are misassembled especially in centromeric regions and areas of low recombination. hese regions can ma e up to of the chromosome as in pepper. e will present analyses of pepper genomes, limitations and examples of their use with high density genetic maps to characteri e and introgress alleles for traits related to mechanical harvesting, disease resistance and fruit uality in breeding programs.
Presenter io r. llen an eyn e is the irector of esearch at the eed iotechnology enter and ssociate irector of the Plant reeding enter at niversity of alifornia, avis. He has a Ph in plant breeding from niversity of uelph, anada. s part of the SBC’s mission to serve as a liaison between public institutions and seed industry, Allen is responsible for developing, coordinating and conducting research and generating and disseminating scientific and informational content for the eed Biotechnology Center’s and Plant Breeding Center’s educational and outreach programs.
56 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
A A ES P OP ORA RES S A E BREE A OR ELL ERS Gregory Vogel1,2, Christine Smart2, Michael Mazourek1 Plant Breeding and enetics Section, School of ntegrative Plant Science, Cornell niversity, thaca, , SA Plant Pathology and Plant icrobe Biology Section, School of ntegrative Plant Science, Cornell niversity, eneva, , SA
Phytophthora blight, caused by the soilborne oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, results in severe economic losses for many pepper growers in ew or State isease symptoms include girdling lesions on roots and stems, fruit rot, wilting, and plant death looding events in recent years have enabled inoculum to spread to previously disease free fields and establish persistent se ual populations that are nearly impossible to eradicate As a result, the Cornell breeding program is targeting Phytophthora resistance as a ey trait in addition to earliness, large fruit si e, and good plant architecture uch of this wor has ta en place at the ew or State Agricultural periment Station Blight arm, a nine acre farm dedicated e clusively to Phytophthora field trials and long term studies of pathogen populations olecular mar ers assist with the transfer of target pungency levels for mar et classes as we diversify into hot and mild bac grounds wa , serrano, cherry, alape o, and sweet types ue to the wide degree of phenotypic variation observed in P. capsici populations, resistant breeding lines need to be challenged against highly aggressive isolates before release e have thus far screened isolates from our culture collection for virulence and identified one that causes significantly more disease on intermediately resistant bell cultivar Paladin uture wor will include field evaluations of breeding lines against this isolate and the development of pathogen mapping populations to identify avirulence genes that confer the ability to overcome host resistance
Presenter Bio regory ogel is a Ph candidate at Cornell niversity where he researches resistance to Phytophthora blight in peppers and s uash in addition to population genetics of the pathogen
57 The 24th International Pepper Conference
E E O PLA SPA O PLA A PO A R B ES OR ME A E AR ES O E ME O REE LE CAPSICUM ANNUUM Charles D Havlik1, Stephanie J. Walker1, Paul Funk2 and Mark A. Marsalis1 ew e ico State niversity, as Cruces, , SA S A Agricultural esearch Service Southwestern Cotton inning esearch ab, esilla Par , , SA
Closer plant spacing influences the plant growth habit of ew e ico chile by creating taller plants with fewer basal branches and higher fruit set main bifurcation hese plant attributes have been shown to increase mechanical harvest efficiency in previous studies however, plant spacing closer than the current standard of in between plants may adversely affect the si e of green chile pods periments conducted in and 2016 at New Mexico State University’s Los Lunas Agricultural Science Center investigated the impact of closer plant spacing on green chile fruit si e and mechanical harvest efficiency wo commercial ew e ico green chile cultivars, ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ (Biad Chili Company, Las Cruces, NM) and ‘AZ 1904’ (Curry Chile and Seed Company, Pearce, A , were direct seeded on Apr and Apr hree thinning treatments , and inch plant spacing were created in a randomi ed complete bloc design with five replications Plots were thinned on un and un he field was flood irrigated, fertili ed and cultivated as needed Plant measurements including height and width, height to main bifurcation, stem diameter, and number of basal branches were recorded immediately before harvest Plots were mechanically harvested on Sep and Aug using an tgar Series S S Bet ehem aglilit, srael chile harvester ruit characteristics were measured on a random subsample of mar etable green chile pods from each plot for fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, wall thickness and number of locules. ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ at the 4 inch thinning treatment had the tallest plants cm and also had the highest height to bifurcation at the and inch thinning treatments, cm and cm respectively Plant widths and basal branching were not significantly different by treatment or cultivar P Both cultivars had a higher bifurcation value as the spacing between plants decreased. Stem diameter was thicker in the ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ at the 12 inch thinning (15.80 mm) and thinner in the ‘AZ 1904’ at the 8 inch thinning. Fruit weight and length were significant along cultivar lines. ‘AZ 1904’ had heavier pods and ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ shorter. Fruit width and number of locules were not affected by thinning treatment ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ provided higher mechanically harvested green chile fruit yield than ‘AZ 1904’. ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ with the 4 inch thinning had the most marketable green yield of 28,160 lb/acre, 101.4% more than the lowest yielding ‘AZ 1904’ with the 12 inch thinning.
Presenter Bio r al er is the tension egetable Specialist at ew e ico State niversity where she concentrates on supporting commercial vegetable growers and related industries in enhancing sustainability and profitability of vegetable production in ew e ico
58 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
RESEAR PRO RESS O AR S ME A AL AR ES O E ME O PO PE REE LE Stephanie J. Walker, and Israel Joukhadar New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
New Mexico pod type green chile (Capsicum annuum L.) is a celebrated specialty crop that is rooted in the 191 release of ‘New Mexico No. 9’ by Fabian Garcia, the first Director of the NM Agricultural Experiment Station at the NM School of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now New Mexico State University). NM green chile is completely hand harvested however, the limited supply and expense of domestic labor threaten the long term viability of the industry. A transition to mechani ed harvest is critical to support and sustain commercial processing of the crop.
Short and intermediate term research efforts have focused on identifying harvesting e uipment, production practices, chile cultivars and plant attributes for best mechanical harvest efficiency. Long term efforts involved selective breeding to develop new cultivars more efficient for mechanical harvest by incorporating aligned beneficial traits, including taller plants with a higher primary branch angle, thicker stem diameter, and reduced basal branching.
he best of the advanced NM green chile breeding lines were evaluated in 201 for mechanical harvest efficiency, along with standard commercial varieties, ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ and ‘AZ 1904’. The mechanical harvest trial was conducted at the New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center in Los Lunas, NM. Plots were direct seeded on 4 Apr. 201 in a randomi ed complete block with seven replications, furrow irrigated, and managed in accordance with local production practices. ey plant measurements were taken immediately before harvest, then the plots were mechanically harvested on 29 Aug. 201 using an Etgar Series M SES 1010, double, open helix, chile harvester. Mechanically harvested material was sorted into marketable green fruit, damaged fruit, trash (sticks and leaves), red and diseased fruit. Field yield loss, including fruit dropped to the ground during harvest and fruit remaining on the plants, was also assessed.
esults indicated progress towards mechanical harvest efficiency in the breeding lines, particularly in significant reductions in field loss. Breeding lines tended to leave less fruit attached to the plant and dropped to the ground during mechanical harvest compared to the standard control cultivars. he best overall breeding was 54 1 which provided the highest marketable yield and harvest efficiency (81%), with significantly less field loss compared to ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ and ‘AZ 1904’.
Presenter Bio r. alker is the Extension egetable Specialist at New Mexico State University where she concentrates on supporting commercial vegetable growers and related industries in enhancing sustainability and profitability of vegetable production in New Mexico.
59 The 24th International Pepper Conference
RO O S MP O PA ER S O PEPPER EE L OLEOP ERA R L O AE O O OMMER AL PEPPER L ARS LOR A Pengxiang Wu 1,2,4, Muhammad Haseeb1, Chinemenma Okoroji 1, Lambert H.B. Kanga 1, Jesusa C. Legaspi3 and Runzhi Zhang 4 1 enter for iological ontrol, ollege of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A M niversity, Tallahassee, F , SA niversity of hinese Academy of Sciences, ei ing, hina SDA, A S, enter for Medical, Agricultural and eterinary Entomology, Tallahassee, F , SA 4State ey aboratory of ntegrated Management of Pest nsects and odents, nstitute of Zoology, hinese Academy of Sciences, ei ing, hina
Pepper weevil P , Anthonomus eugenii ano oleoptera urculionidae , is a serious pest of peppers in Florida and around the world. The species is native to Mexico. To determine the consumption patterns of P as a reference to develop pest management strategies, functional response, intraspecific competition and preference were evaluated under the laboratory condition. The species was reared and reproduced on the pepper plants at temperature , 40– 0 , and a photophase of 1 D. All adults of P examined in experiments were less than 1 h old and starved for 4 h. Adult weevils were introduced into plastic collapsible cages each measuring 11 4 99 cm and were made of plastic in ected white polypropylene. Three side panels were 4 x 4 mesh plastic screen, with openings of 1.1 mm x 0. mm. Fresh abanero and Jalape o peppers harvested from unsprayed open fields fruits were provided to weevils for feeding and to determine their feeding patterns. The study results showed that the pepper cultivar abanero had a higher weevil feeding resistance due to their less consumption, lower searching rate and longer handling time. Pepper weevils suffered intraspecific competition when both of the cultivars were offered for feeding. Fruit wall thicknesses, weights and si es were negatively correlated with the numbers of feeding puncture marks per fruit. This means, large si ed, thick walled and good uality fruits were more resistant to P feeding. This study confirmed that choosing pepper cultivars and si es for low susceptibility to P , and utili ing the intraspecific interactions between pepper weevils could help to devise effective pest management strategies.
Presenter io Mr. u is an exchange Ph.D. rd year student from hina. e is focusing on the development of preventive pest management strategies against the pepper weevil in Florida. e has published and presented his scientific findings in numerous meetings. e has interests in biological control and PM of specialty crops.
60 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
PEPPER A RA OSE RES S A E E OPPOR ES EMER ROM OS PA O E S ES Chong Zhang1,3, Sravanthi Guggilapu2, Judith Dumm1, Kamlesh Chauhan2, Christopher Clarke1, Richard Jones1, and John Stommel1
Colletotrichum
Colletotrichum
Solanaceous Colletotrichum C. scoviellei
Solanaceous
61 The 24th International Pepper Conference
SPE AL S BM SS O
E S E E O R O AL OO S OR EAL A O ER ELL ESS ORMA O Dr. Benigno Villalón
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A O LE EME S O SOME MA SEASE PRE E O S E S S
62 November 4–6, 2018 | Fort Myers, Florida, USA
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E , one’s diet is all about making choices. Since we all eat every day, why not choose foods S
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63 The 24th International Pepper Conference Notes
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