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Herbal Remedies for Cardiovascular Diseases

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Herbal Remedies for Cardiovascular Diseases Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 64(1), September - October 2020; Article No. 25, Pages: 133-138 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Herbal Remedies for Cardiovascular Diseases Aparna Nath1*, Anusree S2, Dr.Silvia Navis3, Dr. Prasobh G R4 1. Final year B pharm student, Sreekrishna College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Kerala, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Sreekrishna College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Kerala, India. 3. HOD Department of Pharmacology, Sreekrishna College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Kerala, India. 4. Principal, Sreekrishna College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Kerala, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 22-06-2020; Revised: 19-08-2020; Accepted: 27-08-2020. DOI: 10.47583/ijpsrr.2020.v64i01.025 ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and include a broad range of diseases, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, thromboembolism, coronary heart disease, heart failure, endocarditis, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and many other conditions. CVDs are the leading cause of death globally. The most opted treatment for CVDs remains conventional drug therapies for example diuretics, vasodilators, anticoagulants, anti-platelet agents and β-blockers. But still herbal medication are high in their value and this option is now becoming a world wide procedure in many disease treatments including heart diseases. In this review, few herbal medications with their action on the cardiovascular system has been enlisted and shows their use as a cardiovascular medicine. Compared with conventional medications, herbal medications do not require clinical studies before their marketing or formal approval from regulatory agencies, and for this reason their efficacy and safety are rarely proven Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, herbal remedies, cardiac tonic. INTRODUCTION specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently. In he cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and heart failure, the heart may not provide tissues with blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease is defined as adequate blood for metabolic needs, and cardiac-related any serious, abnormal condition of the heart or T elevation of pulmonary or systemic venous pressures may blood vessels (arteries, veins). Cardiovascular diseases are result in organ congestion. This condition can result from currently the leading cause of death in industrialized abnormalities of systolic or diastolic function or, both. countries and include a broad range of diseases, including Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, thromboembolism, mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from coronary heart disease, heart failure, endocarditis, stroke, flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason for peripheral vascular disease and many other conditions. this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the CVDs are the leading cause of death globally. A recent blood vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can research from the World Health Organization estimated also be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain that around 18 million people died from CVDs and by 2030 or from blood clots. The cause of heart attacks and strokes mortality figures may reach 23.3 million1. The underlying are usually the presence of a combination of risk factors, pathology of CVD is atheromatous vascular disease, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical leading to other disorders such as CAD, cerebrovascular inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, hypertension, disease, peripheral vascular disease, and development of diabetes and hyperlipidaemia.2 It can be difficult to heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia's. The most opted recognize heart failure in infants and young children. treatment for CVDs remains conventional drug therapies Symptoms may include: poor feeding, excessive sweating, for example diuretics, vasodilators, anticoagulants, anti- difficulty in breathing. These symptoms can easily be platelet agents and β-blockers. Most of the risk factors for misunderstood as colic or a respiratory infection. Poor cardiovascular disease and stroke are modifiable or growth and low blood pressure can also be signs of heart entirely preventable. By modifying risk factors, we can failure in children. Elderly patients are more prone than decrease the chances of getting diseases. Modifiable risk are younger ones to develop CVD symptoms in response to factors include tobacco use, high blood pressure, physical the stress of systemic disorders or relatively modest inactivity, high blood cholesterol, obesity, heavy alcohol cardiovascular insults. consumption, and poor nutrition. Non-modifiable risk factors are age and family history. The herbal medicines can be beneficial for some heart diseases. Along with the increased use of herbal medicines, Congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition useful information about the interactions of these that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. supplements and medications should be given to the While often referred to simply as “heart failure,” CHF International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 133 Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net ©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 64(1), September - October 2020; Article No. 25, Pages: 133-138 ISSN 0976 – 044X patients to prevent the complications resulting from their economic condition for heart work: strong systolic interactions that are sometimes very critical. There are contractions change into periods of “rest” (diastole), which many plants that have therapeutic effects, may prevent facilitate restoration of energetic resources of the cardiovascular diseases, and influence hypolipidemia, myocardium. blood pressure and heart failure through antioxidant, anti- Digitalis medicines strengthen the force of the heartbeat clotting, hypotensive, anti-atherosclerosis, heart rate- by increasing the amount of calcium in the heart’s cells regulating and vasodilating properties. The plants may also (Calcium stimulates the heartbeat). When the medicine have a negative impact on the performance of the heart reaches the heart muscle, it binds to sodium and and blood vessels, including the development of potassium receptors. These receptors control the amount arrhythmia, blood pressure and similar effects on the of calcium in the heart muscle by stopping the calcium sympathetic nervous currents that cause interference in from leaving the cells. As calcium builds up in the cells, it the activity of the heart.3 A number of herbs contain causes a stronger heartbeat. Digitalis medicines control potent cardioactive glycosides, which have positive irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmias) by slowing the inotropic actions on the heart. The drugs digitoxin, derived signals that start in the SA node. This, in turn, reduces the from either D purpurea (foxglove) or Digitalis lanata, and number of signals that travel through the AV node thus digoxin, derived from D lanata alone, have been used in reducing arrhythmias.6 Digoxin also increases the force of the treatment of congestive heart failure for many contraction of the muscle of the heart by inhibiting the decades. Cardiac glycosides have a low therapeutic index, activity of an enzyme (ATPase) that controls movement of and the dose must be adjusted to the needs of each calcium, sodium, and potassium into heart muscle. patient. The only way to control dosage is to use Calcium controls the force of contraction. Inhibiting standardized powdered digitalis, digitoxin, or digoxin. Thus ATPase increases calcium in heart muscle and therefore treating congestive heart failure with nonstandardized increases the force of heart contractions. Digoxin also herbal drugs would be dangerous. slows electrical conduction between the atria and the Some common plant sources of cardiac glycosides include ventricles of the heart and is useful in treating abnormally D purpurea (foxglove), Adonis microcarpa and Adonis rapid atrial rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, vernalis (adonis), Apocynum cannabinum (black Indian and atrial tachycardia. During rapid atrial rhythms, hemp), Asclepias curassavica (redheaded cotton bush), electrical signals from the atria cause rapid contractions of Asclepias friticosa (ballooncotton), Calotropis precera the ventricles which are inefficient in pumping blood (king's crown), Carissa spectabilis (wintersweet), Cerebra containing oxygen and nutrients to the body, causing manghas (sea mango), Cheiranthus cheiri (wallflower), symptoms of weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, and Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley, convallaria), even chest pain. Digoxin alleviates these symptoms by Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine), Helleborus niger blocking the electrical conduction between the atria and (black hellebore), Helleborus viridus, Nerium oleander ventricles, thus slowing ventricular contractions.7 Digitalis (oleander), Plumeria rubra (frangipani), Selenicerus is used in the treatment of various heart conditions like grandiflorus (cactus grandiflorus), Strophanthus hispidus Atrial fibrillation,
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