Military VOLUME XLIII NUMBER 1

Military VOLUME XLIII NUMBER 1 Review JANUARY 1963 FORTY YEARS of MILITARY SERVICE The Media of Earth's Armed Forces, Part I: Hiding Military Light ,3 Col Anthony l. Wermuth, USA Systems Analysis and Decision Making Alain C. Enthoven 7 Southeast Asia: A Mosaic Wg Cdr M. Chopra, Indian Air force, Ret 18 Mass Warfare Ma; Gen Chou Shih.lou, Republic 01 China 28 The North Pacific: 1941-43 louis Morlan 34 International Cooperation in Army Research and Development 48 Col John W. Barnes, USA ROAD Division Command and Staff Relationships 57 Col James M. Snyder, USA Mobility in River-Crossing Operations Hans Bergerholf 63 The Engineers and Forward Area Mobility 71 Col K. H. Stevens, British Army Israeli Military Intelligence leo Heiman 79 Diplomacy and Espionage Antonin Buzek 85 The Second Battle of Trenton 89 Michael D. Tozzi and Rebecca B. Muehleck Military Notes 97 Military Books 107 Annual Award Winners 112 The Military Review, a publication of the UNITED STATES ARMY, provides a forum for the expression of military thought and a medium for the dissemination, of Army doctrine of the division and higher levels. The VIEWS expressed in this magazine ARE THE AUTHORS' and not neces sarily those of the US Army or the Command and General Stall' College. Editor in Chief ( Col Kenneth E. Lag Assistant Editor Lt Col Albert N. Garland Features Editor Lt Col Cleo S. Freed Layout Editor 1 1st Lt Russell W. Munsan, Jr. Spanish-American Editor I Lt Cal Juan R. Melendez Asst Spanish·American Editor Maj Jase E. Tizal. Associate Editor Cal Daniel E. Halpin Army War Callege Executive Officer Maj Lorenzo D. Laughlin Production Officer Lt Cal Louis Ruiz Staff Artist Charles A. Moore MILITARY REVIEW-Published .monthly by iI. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leav· enworth. Kansas. in English. Spanish. and Portuguese. Use of funds for printing of this publication lIas. been approved by Headquarters. Department of the Anny, 3 July 19.62. Second-class postage paid at Fort Leavenworth. Kansas. Subscription rates: $3.60 (US currency) a year in t}le United States, UniWd States military post offices. and those countries which are members (If the Phn..American Postal Union (including Spain): U.60 a year in all other countries. Address subscrip· tion mail to the :Book Department, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort Leavenworth, Kansp.s. Colonel Anthony L Wermnth, United States Army THE MEDIA OF EARTH'S ARMED FORCES Part I: Hiding Military Light oN THE threshold of space, the soldier may well pause to reappraise some of the strategic the ory on which he has been relying for at least a decade. Is it still good and true? Was it all good and true? Will it be? Books on strategy are coming out like streetcars during rush hour-there'll be another one along in 10 minutes. They juggle much the same facts and argume'nts, emphasizing some and ignoring others, perhaps scoffing at a few, perhaps belaboring a few others beyond their worth, introducing one or more fresh viewpoints. Each adds an increment of clarification to study of the over-all problems, and those who write later are indebted to those who have written earlier. I cheerfully acknowledge my own great debt to a host of commentators on This article plus its two sequels are drawn troms book·length manuscript. "At Least One More Generation:' by the author. The eomplete manuscript is on file in the Library of the United States Anny War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. lanuary' 1963 3 HIDING MILITARY LIGHT ~ security affairs, both in and out of easy, and to some extent, it is impol. or uniform, including those with whom sible, to avoid repeating some points inl I have not, agreed. made by other participants in this pa Nevertheless, despite all that has great debate. it been said so far, no modern work on . The second difficulty is suffered by ti~ strategy has provided so definitive a practically all military writing on or treatment that we need not look fur joint matters: the great diffiCUlty in w( ther for the elusive last word on the overcoming one's personal and insti· sy subject. Much more needs to be said, tutional leanings of commitment, in su and some of what has been said and favor of dispassionate, balanced dis· iii ignored, needs saying again-perhaps cussion. This condition will probabiy again and again. exist for some time; for there is as In any field that remains as umier yet no joint agency with terms of Ci tain as military affairs, it is conven reference adequate to sponsor unclass tional to preface one's discussion with ified, truly joint military writings. el the assurance that it has been under The third difficulty is more spurious Cl a taken without bias and with whole than genuine, for it is largely self· h some objectivity. In a sense such as, induced: the belief in some quarters surances are nonsense. Few authors t hat objectivity requires restraint fail to find great and overriding merit from comment on controversial mat in the history and reasoning of or ters. This questionaple attitude should ganizations with whiclt they have been be rejected iQ.- favor o£ the approach associated. Doubtless, my own contri that tries to examine both sides of a bution will be similarly conditioned; question; that neither seeks contro for he who ventures into the open sea versy nor shrinks from it; that with. of broad strategic discussion will be out bias calls spades spades; that calls fortunate indeed 'to navigate success' good spades good; and (here is where fully past three omnipresent difficul. Nice Nelly departs) that does not reo ties. • frain from calling a bad spade bad. Impediments In his book The FaUwe of Atomic . The first of these difficulties is al Strategy and a New Proposal for the most insurmountable: the practical Defense of the West, the military ana impossibility of even reading all of lyst F. O. Miksche observes that: the important cur r e n t published ... many people regard criticism thought on these matters. It is not as offensive, or at least disturbing. Colonel Anthony L. Wermuth is They remind one of the doctor in with the US Army Element, Supreme Moliere's Le Malade Imaginaire, who Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. hated anyone who preferred to cure A graduate and former faculty mem himself in his own way r~ther than ber of the United States Army War die according to the advice of the College, he has held various command medical faculty. and staff assignments, including over In the pursuit of truth, untruth seas duty in World War II and service may have to be removed from the road. in Korea. A 1957 and 1960 MILITARY In the great debate on national strat .REVIEW Annual Award winner, his latest article, "Bittersweet Roots of egy and within obvious bounds of pro· Policy," appeared in the August 1962 priety for professional soldiers, no issue. ideas should be considered off-limits 4 Military Review ~i1itarY th~ or impolitic to discuss. If a concept (It to separate the and I involving the life or del\th of a large eivilian aspects. In such circumstanoes part of the Nation is worth its salt, it becomes more and more anaehronis it ought to bear searching examina tic for the military man to insist that tion, no matter whence it originates the whole thing is "his' business." Par or who espouses it. To do otherwise tiCUlarly is nuclear usage not solely would be like discussing the solar a military problem; how, when, why sY$tem but refusing to discu~s the to use nuclear weapons are national sun, 0," the basis that it ought to be, questions with which military men are like Pompeia, beyong discussion. not completely equipped to deal. The So much for impedimellts. responsibility is not exclusive. Nor is any other group self-con Civilian c\tributions tained in its i;pmpetence to appdise 1he serious student of current strat and advise on strategic matters. Those egy cannot fail to note that numerous who must decide can do so intelli contributions are made by civilians, gently only on tpe basis of balanced' apost-World War II phenomenon that views contributed from many relevant has generated a variety of attitudes sources. Many specialists have 'valu inside and outside military circles. In able thingc' to say'. Whether the con side. some resent this development, tributor in soIl\ll nelds is in or out' of as though poachers have been let loose uniform makes little difference. In in the ancestral estates. kfter all, it fact, some specialists are in uniform is sometimes argued, these are mili while others in the same field are ci tary questions. It is also pointed out vilians. In my view, all are welcome that civilians do not have the same and much appreciated. Anyone who kind of responsibility for national de disagrees with a hypothesis should fense as do soldiers, and hence often argue with the 'purpose of refuting advance irresponsible advice. the hypothesis, if he can, and not with Outside the military, some views the purpose of disqualifying the au are admirable, some not. Some civil thor because he happens to be, or not, ians feel that, war being too impor in uniform. tant to be left to the generals, it ~is To be sure, the military will always high time intellectual quality was be in the center of strategic discus brought to the study of these prob sions. And if crisis fades (which is lems.

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