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Home , Crafoord Prize, Edward Witten, Tadamitsu Kishimoto

The 1982–2009

Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund - - -

- The Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund

back row: jan-erik roos, margareta nilsson, lennart nilsson, arne ardeberg, walter fischer, adam dahlgren, front row: gunnar öquist, rashid sunyaev, , h.m. king carl xvi gustaf, , ebba fischer, bo sundqvist

The Fund was established in 1980 by a donation to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord. The Crafoord Prize was awarded for the first time in 1982. The purpose of the Fund is to promote basic scientific research worldwide in the following disciplines:

astronomy and geosciences biosciences polyarthritis mathematics Support to research takes the form of an international prize awarded annually to outstandig scientists, and of research grants to individuals or institutions in Sweden. Both awards and grants are made according to the following order:

year 1: Astronomy and Mathematics year 2: Geosciences year 3: Biosciences year 4: Mathematics and Astronomy year 5: Geosciences year 6: Biosciences et.c.

2 3 Astronomy & Mat hematics Geosci ences Biosciences Astronomy & Mat hematics Geosciences Biosciences Astro The prize in Polyarthritis is awarded only when a special committee has shown that scientific progress in this field has been such that an award is justified. The Crafoord Prize Laureates Part of the Fund is reserved for appropriate research projects at the Academy’s institutes. in Polyarthritis 2009

The Crafoord prize presently amounts to USD 500,000. In addition to the prize, financial support is granted to other researchers in the same field in which the prize is awarded for that year.

Nominations

The Academy invites scientists from all over the world to nominate candidates for the prize. Nominations are submitted to the Academy during the spring prior to the year in which the decision is to be made. The received nominations are then reviewed and assessed by a prize committee consisting of members charles dinarello tadamitsu kishimoto from the appropriate Academy classes. The prize should be awarded to one Charles Dinarello. Born in 1943 Tadamitsu Kishimoto. Born in recipient, but may, if necessary, be divided among up to three recipients. At in Boston, MA, USA. M.D. 1969 at 1939 in Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan. the same time, grant allocations are announced, and may be applied for both Boston University, MA, USA. Since M.D. in 1964 and Ph.D. of Medicine by individuals and by institutions in Sweden. Grant applications can be made 1996 Professor of Medicine, Univer- in 1969, both at for scientific equipment and research, publication of scientific works, scientific sity of Colorado School of Medicine, Medical School, Japan. Since 2003 conferences and symposia, studies outside of Sweden for Swedish researchers, Denver, USA. Professor and Chair at the Depart- and activities to further research within the field of research covered by the prize. ment of Medicine III, Osaka Univer- sity Medical School, Osaka, Japan. On the basis of reports from the Prize Committee and the appropriate Academy class, decisions concerning laureate(s) and grant discipline are made by the Toshio Hirano. Born in 1947 in Academy in mid January of the year in which the prize is to be awarded. Osaka, Japan. M.D. in 1972 and Ph.D. of Medical Science in 1979, both at Osaka University, Japan. Since 2008 Professor and Dean at Crafoord Days the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan. The Crafoord Prize is presented at a ceremony held by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during the Crafoord Days in May.

toshio hirano During the Crafoord Days the Academy organizes an international scien- tific symposium on a subject from the chosen discipline of the year, and the laureate(s) gives a public lecture, the Crafoord Lecture. “for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases”

4 5 Prizes awarded

The Crafoord Prize has been awarded:

2008 Maxim Kontsevich, IHÉS, France, and , Edward Witten eugene c . butcher (left) and timothy a. springer (right) carl r. woese Institute for Advan- ced Study, USA, for 2004 Eugene C. Butcher, Stanford University, USA, and Timothy A. their important con- Springer, Harvard Medical School, USA, for their studies on the tributions to mathe- molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in matics inspired by maxim kontsevich (left) and edward witten (right) health and disease. modern theoretical , and Rashid Alievich Sunyaev, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Germany, for his decisive contribu- 2003 Carl R. Woese, University of Illinois, USA, for his discovery of a third tions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes domain of life. and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the 2002 Dan P. McKenzie, University of Cambridge, UK, for fundamental background radiation. contributions to the understanding of the dynamics of the lithosphere, particularly plate tectonics, sedimentary basin formation and mantle melting. 2007 Robert L. Trivers, Rutgers University, USA, for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation. 2001 , IHÉS and Collège de France, Paris, for his penetra- ting work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of the non-commutative geometry. 2006 Wallace S. Broecker, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, robert l. trivers USA, for his innovative and pioneering 2000 Ravinder N. Maini and , both of the Kennedy Insti- research on the operation of the global carbon tute of Rheumatology, London, UK, for their definition of TNF-alpha cycle within the ocean atmosphere-biosphere as a therapeutic target in . system, and its interaction with climate. 1999 , , Great Britain, , 2005 James E. Gunn and P. James E. Peebles, , Cambridge MA, USA, , USA, and Sir Martin wallace s. broecker and , State University J. Rees, Cambridge George C. Williams University, UK, for of New York, USA, for their fundamental contributions towards contributions to the conceptual development of evolutionary . understanding the ernst mayr large-scale structure of the Universe. 1998 Don L. Anderson, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA, and Adam M. Dziewonski, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA, for their fundamental contributions to our knowledge of

p. james e. peebles (left) and lord martin j. rees (right) the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth.

6 7 1997 , UK and Edwin E. Salpeter, , Ithaca, 1991 Allan R. Sandage, The Observatories of NY, USA, for their pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear the Carnegie Institution of Washington, processes in stars and stellar evolution. USA, for his very important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations 1996 Lord Robert M. May, , of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, UK, for his pioneering ecological research the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble concerning theoretical analysis of the dyna- relation), and its evolution over time.

mics of populations, communities and eco- allan r. sandage systems. 1990 Paul R. Ehrlich, Stanford University, USA, , Københavns Universitet, for his research on the dynamics and genetics 1995 Willi Dansgaard lord robert m. may Denmark, and Nicholas Shackleton, of fragmented populations and the importance University of Cambridge, UK, for their of the distribution pattern for their survival fundamental work on developing and apply- probabilities, and Edward O. Wilson, ing isotope geological analysis methods for Harvard University, USA, for the theory of the study of climatic variations during the island biogeography and other research on Quaternary period. species diversity and community dynamics paul r. ehrlich on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation. 1994 , University of Oxford, UK, for his fundamental investigations in willi dansgaard (left) and 1989 James van Allen, University of Iowa, USA, for his pioneering explo- four-dimensional geometry through application nicholas shackleton (right) ration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles of , in particular his discovery of new differential invariants, trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts – the and Shing-Tung Yau, Harvard University, USA, for his development Van Allen belts – around our planet Earth. of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading to the solution of several outstanding problems. 1988 , Institute for Advanced Study, USA, and Alexandre Grothen- 1993 , California Institute of dieck, Université des Sciences et Techni- Technology, USA, for his pioneering genetical ques du Languedoc, France, for their and neurophysiological studies on behaviou- fundamental research in algebraic geometry. ral mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila mela (Mr Grothendieck declined his prize.) nogaster, and William D. Hamilton, University of Oxford, UK, for his theories 1987 Eugene P. Odum, University of Georgia, concerning kin selection and genetic relation- USA, and Howard T. Odum, University ship as a prerequisite for the evolution of of Florida, USA, for their pioneering contri- seymour benzer altruistic behavior. butions within the field of ecosystem ecology.

1992 Adolf Seilacher, Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontolo- 1986 Claude J. Allégre, Université de Paris, gie, Germany, for his innovative research concerning the evolution of France, and , eugene p. odum (above) and Gerald J. Wasserburg howard t. odum life in interaction with the environment as documented in the geo- California Institute of Technology, USA, logical record. for their pioneering studies of isotope geochemical relations and the geological interpretations that these results permit.

8 9 1985 , Jr., Princeton University, USA, for his fundamental pioneering studies Anna-Greta and of practically every aspect of the interstellar medium, culminating in the results obtained Holger Crafoord using the Copernicus satellite. Holger Crafoord (1908–1982) was promi- 1984 Daniel H. Janzen, University of Pennsyl- nent in Swedish industry and commerce. vania, USA, for his imaginative and stimu- lyman spitzer He began his career with AB Åkerlund lating studies on co-evolution which has & Rausing and devoted a larger part of inspired many researchers to further work in this field. his working life to this company. In 1964, Holger Crafoord founded Gambro AB 1983 Edvard N. Lorenz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, and in Lund, Sweden, where the technique Henry Stommel, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA, for of manufacturing the artificial kidney was their fundamental contributions to the field of geophysical hydrodyna- developed. This remarkable dialyser soon mics, which in a unique way have contributed became world famous. Since then, a series to a deeper understanding of the large-scale of medical instruments has been introduced motions of the atmosphere and the sea. on the world market making Gambro a leading company in this field. 1982 Vladimir I. Arnold, Moscow State Uni- versity, Soviet Union, and , In 1980, Holger Crafoord founded the holger and anna-greta crafoord Courant Institute, USA, for their outstan Crafoord Foundation, which annually ding achievements in the theory of non-linear contributes greatly to the Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund. differential equations. Holger Crafoord became an honorary doctor of economics in 1972 and in 1976 an honorary doctor of medicine at the University of Lund.

Anna-Greta Crafoord (1914–1994) took, as Holger Crafoord’s wife, part in the development of Gambro AB. Through generous donations and a strong com- mitment in the society around her, she contributed to the scientific and cultural vladimir i. arnold (above) and life. In 1986 she founded the Anna-Greta Crafoord foundation for rheumatolo- louis nirenberg gical research and in 1987 Anna- Greta Crafoord became an honorary doctor of medicine at the University of Lund.

Over the years, the Crafoords have furthered both science and culture in many ways and it is noteworthy that research in the natural sciences has received an important measure of support from the Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.

10 11 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is The Academy has about 400 Swedish members an independent, non-governmental organisa- and 175 foreign members. The Swedish members tion whose aim is to promote the sciences and are active within Classes and Committees. They strengthen their influence in society. Traditio- initiate investigations, responses to government nally, the Academy takes a special responsibility proposals, conferences and seminars. Once a for the natural sciences and mathematics, but month the Academy holds a General Meeting in its work it strives to increase exchanges and in connection with this a public lecture (for between different disciplines. more information, please visit www.kva.se).

The activities of the Academy are aimed mainly The Academy´s own institutes offer unique re- at: search environments for climate research, botany, ecological economics, the history of science, • spreading knowledge of discoveries and astrophysics, mathematics and other subjects. problems in current research Besides the prominent Crafoord Prize, the • providing support for young researchers Academy awards annually a number of prizes, the best known of which are the Nobel Prizes in Phy- rewarding outstanding contributions in • sics and Chemistry and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize research in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. • stimulating interest in mathematics and Other important prizes are the Söderberg Prize the natural sciences in schools and the Göran Gustafsson Prizes. The latter are awarded to outstanding young researchers and • spreading scientific and popular-scientific are a unique combination of a personal prize and information in various forms a research grant. The Academy also supports re- searchers who have been researching actively offering unique research environments • for five to ten years after taking their doctorate • maintaining contact with foreign acade- by providing a salary for five years through the mies, learned societies and other interna- support of external foundations. tional scientific organisations Through its various Committees the Academy • representing the sciences in society also works for the development of a society based on scientific grounds. Great interest is carrying out independent analyses and • paid to educational issues and a major school evaluations, based on scientific grounds, development program, NTA (Natural Sciences of issues of importance for society and Technology for All), is organised in colla- boration with the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.

box 50005, se-104 05 stockholm, sweden the crafoord prize is awarded by tel: +46 8 673 95 00 fax: +46 8 15 56 70 the royal swedish academy of sciences [email protected] | www.kva.se