The Crafoord Prize 1982–2009 Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund - - - - The Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund back row: jan-erik roos, margareta nilsson, lennart nilsson, arne ardeberg, walter fischer, adam dahlgren, front row: gunnar öquist, rashid sunyaev, maxim kontsevich, h.m. king carl xvi gustaf, edward witten, ebba fischer, bo sundqvist The Fund was established in 1980 by a donation to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord. The Crafoord Prize was awarded for the first time in 1982. The purpose of the Fund is to promote basic scientific research worldwide in the following disciplines: astronomy and geosciences biosciences polyarthritis mathematics Support to research takes the form of an international prize awarded annually to outstandig scientists, and of research grants to individuals or institutions in Sweden. Both awards and grants are made according to the following order: year 1: Astronomy and Mathematics year 2: Geosciences year 3: Biosciences year 4: Mathematics and Astronomy year 5: Geosciences year 6: Biosciences et.c. 2 3 Astronomy & Mat hematics Geosci ences Biosciences Astronomy & Mat hematics Geosciences Biosciences Astro The prize in Polyarthritis is awarded only when a special committee has shown that scientific progress in this field has been such that an award is justified. The Crafoord Prize Laureates Part of the Fund is reserved for appropriate research projects at the Academy’s institutes. in Polyarthritis 2009 The Crafoord prize presently amounts to USD 500,000. In addition to the prize, financial support is granted to other researchers in the same field in which the prize is awarded for that year. Nominations The Academy invites scientists from all over the world to nominate candidates for the prize. Nominations are submitted to the Academy during the spring prior to the year in which the decision is to be made. The received nominations are then reviewed and assessed by a prize committee consisting of members charles dinarello tadamitsu kishimoto from the appropriate Academy classes. The prize should be awarded to one Charles Dinarello. Born in 1943 Tadamitsu Kishimoto. Born in recipient, but may, if necessary, be divided among up to three recipients. At in Boston, MA, USA. M.D. 1969 at 1939 in Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan. the same time, grant allocations are announced, and may be applied for both Boston University, MA, USA. Since M.D. in 1964 and Ph.D. of Medicine by individuals and by institutions in Sweden. Grant applications can be made 1996 Professor of Medicine, Univer- in 1969, both at Osaka University for scientific equipment and research, publication of scientific works, scientific sity of Colorado School of Medicine, Medical School, Japan. Since 2003 conferences and symposia, studies outside of Sweden for Swedish researchers, Denver, USA. Professor and Chair at the Depart- and activities to further research within the field of research covered by the prize. ment of Medicine III, Osaka Univer- sity Medical School, Osaka, Japan. On the basis of reports from the Prize Committee and the appropriate Academy class, decisions concerning laureate(s) and grant discipline are made by the Toshio Hirano. Born in 1947 in Academy in mid January of the year in which the prize is to be awarded. Osaka, Japan. M.D. in 1972 and Ph.D. of Medical Science in 1979, both at Osaka University, Japan. Since 2008 Professor and Dean at Crafoord Days the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan. The Crafoord Prize is presented at a ceremony held by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during the Crafoord Days in May. toshio hirano During the Crafoord Days the Academy organizes an international scien- tific symposium on a subject from the chosen discipline of the year, and the laureate(s) gives a public lecture, the Crafoord Lecture. “for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases” 4 5 Prizes awarded The Crafoord Prize has been awarded: 2008 Maxim Kontsevich, IHÉS, France, and , Edward Witten eugene c . butcher (left) and timothy a. springer (right) carl r. woese Institute for Advan- ced Study, USA, for 2004 Eugene C. Butcher, Stanford University, USA, and Timothy A. their important con- Springer, Harvard Medical School, USA, for their studies on the tributions to mathe- molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in matics inspired by maxim kontsevich (left) and edward witten (right) health and disease. modern theoretical physics, and Rashid Alievich Sunyaev, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Germany, for his decisive contribu- 2003 Carl R. Woese, University of Illinois, USA, for his discovery of a third tions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes domain of life. and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the 2002 Dan P. McKenzie, University of Cambridge, UK, for fundamental background radiation. contributions to the understanding of the dynamics of the lithosphere, particularly plate tectonics, sedimentary basin formation and mantle melting. 2007 Robert L. Trivers, Rutgers University, USA, for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation. 2001 Alain Connes, IHÉS and Collège de France, Paris, for his penetra- ting work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of the non-commutative geometry. 2006 Wallace S. Broecker, Lamont-Doherty robert l. trivers Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA, for his innovative and pioneering 2000 Ravinder N. Maini and Marc Feldmann, both of the Kennedy Insti- research on the operation of the global carbon tute of Rheumatology, London, UK, for their definition of TNF-alpha cycle within the ocean atmosphere-biosphere as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis. system, and its interaction with climate. 1999 John Maynard Smith, University of Sussex, Great Britain, , 2005 James E. Gunn and P. James E. Peebles, Ernst Mayr Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA, Princeton University, USA, and Sir Martin wallace s. broecker and George C. Williams, State University J. Rees, Cambridge of New York, USA, for their fundamental University, UK, for contributions to the conceptual development contributions towards of evolutionary biology. understanding the ernst mayr large-scale structure of the Universe. 1998 Don L. Anderson, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA, and Adam M. Dziewonski, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA, for their fundamental contributions to our knowledge of p. james e. peebles (left) and lord martin j. rees (right) the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth. 6 7 1997 Fred Hoyle, UK and Edwin E. Salpeter, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1991 Allan R. Sandage, The Observatories of NY, USA, for their pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear the Carnegie Institution of Washington, processes in stars and stellar evolution. USA, for his very important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations 1996 Lord Robert M. May, University of Oxford, of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, UK, for his pioneering ecological research the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble concerning theoretical analysis of the dyna- relation), and its evolution over time. mics of populations, communities and eco- allan r. sandage systems. 1990 Paul R. Ehrlich, Stanford University, USA, , Københavns Universitet, for his research on the dynamics and genetics 1995 Willi Dansgaard lord robert m. may Denmark, and Nicholas Shackleton, of fragmented populations and the importance University of Cambridge, UK, for their of the distribution pattern for their survival fundamental work on developing and apply- probabilities, and Edward O. Wilson, ing isotope geological analysis methods for Harvard University, USA, for the theory of the study of climatic variations during the island biogeography and other research on Quaternary period. species diversity and community dynamics paul r. ehrlich on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation. 1994 Simon Donaldson, University of Oxford, UK, for his fundamental investigations in willi dansgaard (left) and 1989 James van Allen, University of Iowa, USA, for his pioneering explo- four-dimensional geometry through application nicholas shackleton (right) ration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles of instantons, in particular his discovery of new differential invariants, trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts – the and Shing-Tung Yau, Harvard University, USA, for his development Van Allen belts – around our planet Earth. of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading to the solution of several outstanding problems. 1988 Pierre Deligne, Institute for Advanced Study, USA, and Alexandre Grothen- 1993 Seymour Benzer, California Institute of dieck, Université des Sciences et Techni- Technology, USA, for his pioneering genetical ques du Languedoc, France, for their and neurophysiological studies on behaviou- fundamental research in algebraic geometry. ral mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila mela (Mr Grothendieck declined his prize.) nogaster, and William D. Hamilton, University of Oxford, UK, for his theories 1987 Eugene P. Odum, University of Georgia, concerning kin selection and genetic relation- USA, and Howard T. Odum, University ship as a prerequisite for the evolution of of Florida, USA, for their pioneering contri-