Appendix: Flow Short Scale

Items of the Flow Short Scale by Rheinberg, Vollmeyer, and Engeser (2003; cf. Engeser & Rheinberg, 2008). Items 1–10 measure the components of fl ow experience. The items 11, 12, and 13 measure the perceived importance or perceived out- come importance (cf. Abuhamdeh, Chap. 6 of this volume). The fl ow items could be separated into two factors: (1) fl uency of performance (items 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9) and (2) absorption by activity (items 1, 3, 6, 10). With the additional items, demand, skills, and the perceived fi t of demands and skills are measured (cf. Keller and Landhäußer, Chap. 3 of this volume).

Not at all Partly Very much 1. I feel just the right amount of challenge 2. My thoughts/activities run ﬂ uidly and smoothly 3. I do not notice time passing 4. I have no difﬁ culty concentrating 5. My mind is completely clear 6. I am totally absorbed in what I am doing 7. The right thoughts/movements occur of their own accord 8. I know what I have to do each step of the way 9. I feel that I have everything under control 10. I am completely lost in thought 11. Something important to me is at stake here 12. I must not make any mistakes here 13. I am worried about failing

S. Engeser (ed.), Advances in Flow Research, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1, 201 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 202 Appendix: Flow Short Scale

• Compared to all other activities which I partake easy difficult in, this one is …

low high • I think that my competence in this area is …

too just too low right high • For me personally, the current demands are … References

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A Autotelic Ability , 16, 55, 62, 77, 81, 93, 94, 98, 116, personality , 14, 72, 140, 149, 152, 159, 118, 126, 140, 149, 156, 158–161, 166, 165–186, 189, 190, 195 170, 171, 175, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185, quality , 67, 69, 70, 84 186, 189, 195 Avoidance orientations , 171 Above average , 36, 54–57, 62, 63, 72, 75, 79 Absolute difference model , 37–38 Academic performance , 80 B Achievement Behaviorism , 8, 9 fl ow , 88, 176–180, 184 Boredom , 2, 9, 10, 26–29, 33, 67, 71, 72, 75, fl ow motive , 170–171, 173–175, 183 78, 95, 116, 125, 142, 144, 157, 163, motivation , 11, 22, 40, 61, 79, 179 170, 192 motive , 58, 64, 90–92, 94, 99, 102, 104, Bottom-up , 77, 85, 197 105, 169–175, 183, 189 Boundary conditions , 52, 53, 63, 168–169, orientation , 60, 61 183, 185, 189 situations , 87–89, 188, 195 Brain , 141, 149–152, 154, 157–163, 197 Action opportunities , 89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 100–104, 106, 107, 188 C orientation , 61, 67, 72, 135, 170, 178, 181 Cardiovascular measures , 143, 156–158, 189 Activity-oriented approach , 69, 70 Causal effects , 66, 83 Activity-specifi c incentives , 12–13 Centering of attention , 2–4, 27, 130 Addiction , 6, 125–129, 134, 152, 189 CET. See Cognitive evaluation theory (CET) Affective , 8, 21, 57, 65–85, 88, 131, 143, 148, Channel model , 34–36, 38, 39, 54, 56, 159, 171–174, 176, 179, 180, 188 144, 145 Affi liation-intimacy motive , 90–93, 95–100, Classical test theory , 41, 44 104–107, 173, 183 Classifi cation system , 34, 36, 50 Affi liative situations , 96, 98, 106 Clear goals , 3, 52, 53, 63, 89, 133 Aggregation of experience Clinical , 18, 22, 129, 198 sampling data , 32, 37 Clustering , 78 Antecedents , 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, Cognitive , 46, 65–85, 112, 134, 141–145, 148, 61–63, 84 149, 151, 154, 159, 162, 164, 176, 179, Anxiety , 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 26–29, 33, 72, 116, 188, 197–198 125, 126, 144, 163, 192, 198 Cognitive capacity , 77, 197 Approach orientations , 61, 169, 171 Cognitive evaluation theory Arts , 18, 22, 133 (CET) , 109–121, 189 Autonomy orientation , 61 Combat fl ow , 131–132

227 228 Index

Compatibility effect , 60, 76 E Compensatory model of work motivation and EDA. See Electrodermal activity (EDA) volition , 94 Educational , 17, 22, 125 Competence , 10, 61, 69, 79, 92–96, 104, 106, Effort , 2, 76, 88, 93, 106, 117, 129, 140, 142, 107, 109–117, 119–121, 126, 130, 134, 143, 146, 148–150, 152–154, 157–160, 155, 189, 201 162, 163, 170 Competition , 81, 102 Electrodermal activity (EDA) , 141–143, Complexity , 27, 45, 48, 167, 188, 189, 192 158–159, 161 Componential approach , 27, 40–49, 192, 193 Electromyography , 152–153 Components , 2–8, 12, 14, 18–20, 40, 41, 43, Emotional dialectics , 181 49, 62, 67–69, 72, 76, 79, 82, 84, 93, Enjoyment , 2, 6, 8–12, 16, 21, 39, 52, 57, 60, 94, 99, 128, 130, 135, 159, 171–175, 64, 67, 68, 70–75, 82, 109–121, 140, 183, 192–194, 196, 201 149, 152, 163, 166, 189 Conditions , 4, 5, 17–20, 34, 35, 37, 50–53, 56, Environmental characteristic , 59, 131 58, 60–64, 67, 70, 75, 76, 78, 83, 94, ESF. See Experience sampling form (ESF) 110, 112, 129, 132, 133, 135, 140, 148, ESM. See Experience sampling 158, 163, 168–170, 178, 183–185, 189 method (ESM) Conﬁ rmatory factor analysis , 39 Ethic , 134–135 Confounding variables , 84 Experience ﬂ uctuation model , 34–36, 49, 50 Consequence , 60, 66, 69–74, 84, 118, 130, Experience of time , 3, 52, 64 134, 143, 144, 155 Experience sampling form (ESF) , 14, 15, 19, Construct validity , 39–41, 47, 48 30–33, 97, 98, 196 Consumer behavior , 17 Experience sampling method (ESM) , 7, 14, Continuous , 47, 120, 193 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 30–33, 35–37, 40, phenomenon , 192, 193 43, 45–48, 70, 72, 73, 75, 83, 88, 89, Correlational , 7, 19, 53, 66, 73, 74, 79, 80, 97, 98, 110, 111, 121, 167, 175, 82–84, 197 196–197 Correspondence of means and ends Experimental , 20, 54, 56, 66, 67, 71–73, 75, approach , 69 76, 78, 81–84, 141–143, 152, 153, 158, Cortisol , 142, 143, 153–158, 161, 164, 189 162, 180, 197 Creativity , 8, 15–17, 22, 80, 114, 124, 141, 188 Explicit motives , 88, 92–95, 105, 106 Cross-sectional , 19, 82, 197 Extension memory , 176, 178–179

D F Daily experience , 14–15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 27, Fear of failure , 61, 169, 173, 179, 184, 195 30–40, 45, 47, 48, 50, 88, 188 Feeling of control , 2–5, 10, 12, 19, 20, 27, 52, Day reconstruction method (DRM) , 45, 499 62, 64, 125, 130 Deep concentration , 77, 150 Fit , 37, 43, 52–64, 67, 71, 72, 75, 76, 79, 84, Deep fl ow , 28, 29, 45, 57, 58, 76, 192, 197 104, 190, 193, 201 Defi nition , 2, 4, 6, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 69, 70, Flow 124, 142, 144, 148, 150, 159–160, 166, channel , 7, 36, 54–56, 72, 144, 145 171, 179 complexity , 27 Demands , 2, 27, 52, 66, 92, 116, 141, 170, 190 in groups , 18, 88, 99–100, 105 Depletion , 62, 64, 77, 169 indicator , 140 Deprivation , 10, 133, 198 intensity , 29, 45, 48, 56–58, 62, 129, 192 Development , 2, 9, 11, 37, 43, 45–47, 73, 113, model , 9, 10, 18, 50–64, 117, 166, 169, 120, 167, 168, 182–184, 195, 199 188, 190, 192, 193, 198, 199 Dialectical principle , 167, 180–183 personality , 168 Disinterested interest , 167 prevalence , 27, 29, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48 Dispositional fl ow scale-2 , 41, 42, 168, 175 questionnaire , 24, 25, 27, 47, 48, Dopamine , 141, 143, 151–152, 161, 162 168, 192 DRM. See Day reconstruction method (DRM) short scale , 3, 56, 82, 196, 201 Dynamical system theory , 46 state scale-2 , 41, 42 Index 229

theory , 9–11, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33–37, 39, 44, Intrinsic motivation , 22, 39, 52, 60, 61, 68–71, 46, 47, 52–54, 57, 63, 68, 74, 78, 84, 73, 74, 84, 112–114, 116, 117, 88, 104, 109–121, 133, 144, 147, 161, 119–121, 133, 165, 188, 189, 194 163, 168, 170, 176, 178–179, 183, 189 Involvement , 16, 32, 33, 39, 52, 64, 67–73, 75, Flow-affect-relationship , 74–75 82, 97, 114, 117–118, 121, 124, 157 Flow hypothesis of motivational competence , 92–96, 106 Free-choice task , 71 L Frequency , 29, 57–58, 64, 74, 76, 81, 157, Latent construct , 41, 44, 45 167, 168, 175, 191–194 Leadership , 60, 103, 105 Functional analysis , 179 Learning , 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 69, 80, 82, Functional approach , 176–177, 190 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 111, 112, 124, 129, Funktionslust , 11 134, 136, 141, 171–173, 180 environments , 83 Leisure , 12–14, 16, 17, 22, 27, 32–34, 41, 48, G 112, 124, 129, 133, 196, 199 Game addiction , 128–129 Life satisfaction , 73–77, 83, 196 Games , 9, 20, 65, 79, 82, 111, 112, 117–120, Longitudinal , 19, 76, 82–84, 195–197 125, 126, 143, 152, 183, 195 Loss of self-consciousness , 2, 3, 11, 15, 27, Goal , 2, 5, 20, 30, 33, 46, 53, 59, 60, 69, 96, 41, 52, 166, 168, 193, 194 110–112, 118, 121, 125, 130, 134, 166, 167, 169, 171, 184 M Measurement , 17–19, 22–50, 63, 66, 70, 73, H 81, 135, 167–168, 171–174, 183, 188, Happiness , 7–8, 15, 21, 22, 32, 33, 39, 73–76, 193, 196 129, 134, 140 method , 23–26, 29–32, 40–41, 45–48 Heart rate , 156, 157 Media use , 17, 22 Heart rate variability (HRV) , 62, 143, 157 Merging of action and awareness , 2–4, 27, 40, Hierarchical linear modeling , 37 49, 66, 128, 149, 165 Human–computer interaction , 17, 22, Metacognition , 46 128, 142 Metaskills , 167 Mission , 2, 21 Motivation , 5, 30, 52, 66, 90, 111, 124, 145, I 165, 190 Immediate feedback , 5, 128, 133 Motivational orientation , 67, 111, 112, 116, Immersion , 2, 4, 20, 21 190, 196 Implicit motives , 89, 90, 92–96, 104–106, 176, Multilevel modeling , 37 183 Music , 13, 16, 18, 22, 75, 79, 80, 82, 97, 99, Incentives , 6, 12–15, 59, 88–92, 94–98, 133, 135, 153, 157 100–102, 104–107, 167, 169, 174, 199 Intensity , 25, 29, 30, 41, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 56–59, 61, 62, 64, 74, 76, 129, 141, N 148, 154, 167, 168, 175, 191–194 Need for achievement , 75, 169, 195 Intention , 110, 119, 176, 177, 179, 185 Negative memory , 176–179, 182, 184 affect , 76, 93, 152, 171, 172, 174, 176, 184 Interest , 2, 8, 11, 17–19, 21, 22, 30, 39, 69, 70, consequences , 18, 31, 112, 127–130, 134, 72–73, 115, 120, 126, 128, 140, 142, 135, 137, 140 143, 150, 158, 166, 167, 171, 172, 174, 181, 184, 190, 196, 198, 199 Internal locus of control , 61, 67, 72, 170, 181 O Internet addiction , 128–129 Octant model , 34, 54, 56, 63, 72, 76 Interview , 9, 13, 19, 117, 191 Operant motive test (OMT) , 90, 171–175, 183 230 Index

Opportunities , 5, 9, 10, 16, 39, 89, 91–107, Relaxation , 7, 27, 72, 73, 156, 158, 161, 164, 167, 181, 185, 188, 198 184, 195, 196 Optimal challenge , 36–39, 45, 109, 110, 112, Religious experiences , 18, 22 114–120, 144, 148, 160, 163, 184, 189 Restored positive affect , 181, 183 Optimal experience , 2, 6–7, 17, 21, 45, 83, Revised model , 54, 58–59, 166 110, 111, 121, 133 Reward/Rewarding , 2, 5, 7, 9–11, 15, 16, 18, Optimal motivational , 124 20–22, 52, 58, 66, 68, 78–79, 88–90, Optimal stimulation , 10 98, 102, 104, 105, 110, 117, 126, 127, Overload , 67, 71, 72, 78, 157, 170 129–134, 136, 137, 151–152, 156, 162, 166, 180, 192, 194, 195 Risk-taking , 125, 129–131, 169, 189 P Peak experience , 22, 45, 127 Perceived autonomy , 109, 119–120, 189 S Perceived competence , 109, 110, 112–117, Self-consciousness , 1–3, 11–12, 15, 19, 27, 41, 119–121, 189 44, 52, 61, 62, 64, 66, 77, 97, 128, 166, Performance , 2, 6, 7, 17–19, 21, 22, 45, 65–84, 168, 193, 194 87, 88, 90, 91, 95, 112–118, 121, 124, Self-determination approach , 69 126–128, 133, 134, 142, 144, 146, Self-regulation , 46, 77, 169–170, 189 148–152, 154, 156–159, 167, 168, 171, Self-regulatory abilities , 170 181, 182, 185, 188, 194, 197–198, 201 Skills , 5, 6, 9–11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, Personal causation , 11 28–30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 47–48, 50, Personality , 1, 8, 13, 14, 18, 22, 39, 48, 51–53, 52–59, 61–64, 66–67, 70–73, 75, 76, 58, 61, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 92, 106, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 87–92, 95, 98, 99, 135, 140, 150, 159, 165–185, 189, 190, 104–106, 109–111, 115, 117, 118, 126, 195 129–130, 137, 143, 144, 148, 149, 157, Personality systems interaction (PSI) , 159, 166, 167, 170, 185, 188, 190, 193, 176–179, 183, 184 195, 198, 201 Personalized power motive , 101–102 Skills-demands-compatibility , 53, 157 Person characteristics , 59 Socialized power motive , 101–104 Physiology , 141, 143, 148–151, 154, 162, 193 Social situations , 88, 96–105, 107, 188 Play , 8–11, 13, 22, 58, 64, 81–82, 89, 100, Sports , 3, 6, 7, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22, 40, 79–82, 112, 118, 166, 167, 179, 188, 198 88, 94, 99, 100, 112, 124, 130, 133, Positive affect , 73–77, 85, 101, 102, 113, 197, 199 128, 142, 152, 162, 171–185, Standardization of experience 188, 190 sampling data , 45 Power Standardized questionnaire , 19, 31, 41 motive , 90–93, 95, 100–104, 188 State-oriented , 170 situations , 88, 100–104, 107 Stress , 7, 13, 93, 140, 142–147, 150, 153–156, Precondition , 66–68, 70, 72–74, 79, 84, 85 158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 189, 196 Precursors , 10–12, 21 Structure , 5, 9, 10, 21, 31, 45, 48, 52, 53, 58, Processing styles , 77–78, 85, 197 64, 78, 95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, Psychophysiology , 139–147, 156, 161, 162 188, 190, 197, 198

Q T Quadrant model , 32–34, 36, 49, 50, 54, 89 Top-down , 78, 85, 197 Trait , 3, 27, 39–49, 61, 135, 140, 159, 166–170, 175, 176, 180–186 R Transformation of time , 66, 166, 168 Reasons for action , 9, 194–195 Reduced positive affect , 177, 180–181, 184 Regression modeling approach , 36–40, 188 U Regulatory ﬁ t , 57, 59, 60, 64, 190 Unambiguous feedback , 3, 41, 49, 52, 53, Regulatory mode theory , 60 63, 87 Index 231

V W Validity , 19, 30, 39–41, 45, 48, 83, 175–176, Well-being , 15–18, 22, 51, 74, 93, 95, 102, 188–190 128, 133, 134, 169, 181, 185, 188 Value , 16, 31–34, 52, 56–64, 84, 97, 125, 133, 134, 188, 190–191, 196 Volitional depletion , 169 Y Yes-or-no phenomenon , 191, 192