Universidade Nova De Lisboa Instituto De Higiene E Medicina Tropical

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Universidade Nova De Lisboa Instituto De Higiene E Medicina Tropical Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Estudos ecológicos e moleculares dos hospedeiros intermediários Planorbarius metidjensis e Bulinus truncatus de Portugal Ribeira de Boina-Algarve Maria Manuela Palmeiro Calado Lisboa 2008 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Estudos ecológicos e moleculares dos hospedeiros intermediários Planorbarius metidjensis e Bulinus truncatus de Portugal Maria Manuela Palmeiro Calado Dissertação de Candidatura ao Grau de Doutor no Ramo das Ciências Biomédicas, Especialidade de Parasitologia, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Lisboa 2008 ORIENTADORA Professora Doutora Maria Amélia Grácio Profª Catedrática da Unidade de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médicas CO-ORIENTADOR DR. David Rollinson Museu de História Natural de Londres COMISSÃO TUTORIAL Professora Doutora Maria Amélia Grácio Profª Catedrática da Unidade de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médicas DR. David Rollinson Museu de História Natural de Londres Professor Doutor Francisco Antunes Prof. Catedrático da Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa “De facto não fracassei ao tentar cerca de 10.000 vezes, desenvolver um acumulador. Simplesmente, encontrei 10.000 maneiras que não funcionam.” Thomas A. Edison. Dedico À Sara Ao João Ao Fernando A meus pais Agradecimentos À Professora Doutora Maria Amélia Grácio, Directora da Unidade de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médicas, do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, agradeço por me ter ensinado a conhecer e a descobrir esta grandiosa área do saber que é a Malacologia. Agradeço- lhe também, a orientação da tese e todo o empenho que pôs, desde a primeira hora até à sua concretização. O meu reconhecimento também pela leitura critica e rigorosa do manuscrito e pelas condições que me proporcionou para a preparação do mesmo. Ao Dr. David Rollinson, meu co-orientador, o meu agradecimento pela disponibilidade que sempre me mostrou aquando das minhas deslocações ao Museu de História Natural de Londres, no âmbito da minha tese e nas orientações definidas para o plano de trabalhos. Ao Richard Kane vai o meu agradecimento muito especial pelo tempo que disponibilizou durante os trabalhos de laboratório aquando das minhas deslocações ao Museu de História Natural de Londres. Ao Professor Doutor Ricardo Parreira, da Unidade de Virologia o meu agradecimento muito especial pelo empenho e prontidão que demonstrou na tentativa de solucionar o que parecia não ter solução. Ao Professor Doutor Celso Cunha, Director da Unidade de Biologia Molecular um agradecimento muito especial pela sua disponibilidade nos esclarecimentos das dúvidas que foram surgindo no decurso deste trabalho e também pelas facilidades logísticas e de equipamento que me foram cedidas para a realização de uma parte prática deste trabalho. Também quero agradecer ao Professor Doutor Pedro Cravo a sua disponibilidade no esclarecimento de algumas dúvidas que surgiram durante a análise de dados. Ao Dr. João Pinto e à Dr.ª Sofia Cortes um agradecimento pelo tempo perdido na explicação sobre o funcionamento dos programas de análise de dados. Ao Professor Doutor António Grácio, Director da Unidade de Entomologia Médica, um agradecimento por ter disponibilizado os meios técnicos que permitiram a obtenção de algumas das fotografias apresentadas neste trabalho. Ao Professor Doutor Paulo Almeida, da Unidade de Entomologia Médica, o meu agradecimento pelas explicações prestadas na análise de alguns dos dados apresentados nesta tese. Agradecimentos À Professora Doutora Luzia Gonçalves, da Unidade de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística do IHMT, pelo valioso contributo que deu na análise estatística dos dados apresentados nesta tese. À Dr.ª Ana Paula Martins, responsável pelo Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, do Hospital de Santa Cruz e à sua equipa técnica o meu agradecimento pelo apoio técnico e logístico disponibilizado na obtenção dos cortes histológicos. À Mestre Helga Guimarães, um especial obrigado, pela colaboração prestada durante a realização deste trabalho. À Doutora Susana Baptista um obrigado pelo apoio prestado na análise dos dados, disponibilizando os seus conhecimentos na área dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. Às minhas colegas de Unidade, Professora Doutora Silvana Belo, Investigadora Alcione Trinca o meu obrigado especial pelo apoio dado nos momentos de abatimento e de menor fulgor, dando animo para seguir em frente. À Técnica principal Isabel Clemente, pela ajuda proporcionada sempre que foi o caso e de grande estima. Ao Mestre Pedro Ferreira, um agradecimento pelo apoio técnico na execução das fotografias. Ao Sr. Luís Marto, um obrigado pelo apoio técnico prestado na execução das fotografias. Ao casal Cabrita Gonçalves, um agradecimento muito especial, por todo o apoio prestado durante as deslocações ao Algarve para a realização do trabalho de campo. Por último e não menos importante, uma palavra muito especial aos meus filhos, Sara e João pelas horas que não passamos juntos, e a Fernando, pela força e confiança que sempre me demonstrou. A meus pais, que sem eles nada disto era possível o meu muito Obrigado. E todos os que de uma forma directa ou indirecta contribuíram para que este trabalho fosse uma realidade o meu muito obrigada. Apoios Financeiros APOIOS FINANCEIROS: • do Projecto POCTI/ESP/42532/2001, financiado pela fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) – Responsável cientifico: Profª Doutora Maria Amélia Grácio. • da Unidade de Parasitologia e Microbiologia Médicas do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (UPMM/IHMT) – Unidade de Financiamento plurianual da FCT. • do “Natural History Museum de Londres” – estágios por concurso internacional, no Centro de Referência da OMS para a identificação e caracterização de moluscos hospedeiros intermediários de agentes patogénicos - “Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories” - Responsável Doutor David Rollinson. União Europeia FSE/FEDER Índice Geral Lista de Abreviaturas …………………………………………………………..… xii Índice de Figuras ……………………………………………………………...….. xiii Índice de Tabelas ……………………………………………………………...…. xvi Resumo ………………………………………………………………………..….. 1 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 4 Objectivos ……………………………………………………………………...... 7 Capítulo 1- Introdução Geral 1. Breves dados históricos sobre os moluscos …………………………………… 11 2. Moluscos hospedeiros intermediários com importância em Medicina ………... 12 2.1. Generalidades sobre a classe Gastropoda ……………………....................... 12 2.2. Taxonomia da classe Gastropoda ………………………………………….... 13 3. Considerações gerais sobre Planorbarius metidjensis (Forbes, 1838) e Bulinus truncatus (Audouin, 1827) de Portugal ……………………………... 14 3.1. Classificação taxonómica de Planorbarius metidjensis …………………….. 14 3.2. Características morfológicas de P. metidjensis ……………………………... 14 3.2.1. Estrutura da concha ……………………………………………………..... 14 3.2.2. Características da rádula ………………………………..………............... 16 3.3. Importância de Planorbarius metidjensis em Medicina ................................. 17 3.4. Considerações gerais sobre Bulinus truncatus …………………………........ 17 3.4.1. Classificação taxonómica de B. truncatus ……………………………...... 17 3.4.2. Distribuição geográfica e características gerais .......................................... 18 3.4.3. Importância de Bulinus truncatus em Medicina ......................................... 20 4. Distribuição geográfica de P. metidjensis e B. truncatus .................................... 20 4.1. No mundo ……………………………………………………………….…... 20 4.2. Em Portugal ………………………………………………………………..... 20 5. A schistosomose ………………………………………………………….….… 21 5.1. A schistosomose no mundo …………………………………………...…….. 21 5.2. A schistosomose em Portugal: breve retrospectiva histórica .......................... 21 6. Ciclo de transmissão de Schistosoma spp …………………………………..…. 23 7. Relação Parasita/Molusco ……………………………………………………. 25 7.1. Interacção Schistosoma spp/Molusco……………………………………….. 25 7.2. Breves referências à teoria da co-evolução ………………............................. 26 7.3. Compatibilidade Parasita-Molusco……………….......................................... 28 7.4. A especificidade do hospedeiro e a infecção ……………………………...... 29 7.5. Sobrevivência e longevidade dos moluscos ……………………………….... 31 8. Estratégias moleculares aplicadas ao estudo de moluscos……………………... 32 8.1. Caracterização genética ……………………………………………………... 33 8.2. Marcadores moleculares ……………………………………………….....… 33 8.2.1. ADN mitocondrial ……………………………………………………....... 34 8.2.2. RAPD (Amplificação Aleatória de Polimorfismos de ADN) ………......... 35 8.2.3. Operões do ARN ribossomal ...................................................................... 36 Capitulo 2. Distribuição geográfica e caracterização dos habitats de Planorbarius metidjensis de Portugal 2.1. Introdução …………………………………………………………………... 38 2.2. Material e Métodos ………………………………………………………..... 39 2.3. Resultados …………………………………………………………………... 41 2.3.1. Distribuição geográfica e identificação dos habitats …………………….. 41 2.3.2. Caracterização dos habitats …………………………………………...….. 45 2.3.2.1. Natureza do habitat ………………………………………………....…. 45 2.3.2.2. Tipos físicos dos habitats …………………………………………........ 48 2.3.2.3. Carácter do habitat …………………………………………………...... 50 2.3.3. Aspectos bio-ecológicos dos habitats …………………………………..... 51 2.4. Discussão e conclusões ………………………………………………….….. 56 Capitulo 3. Características morfométricas e a sua variação na população de moluscos de água doce Planorbarius metidjensis de Portugal 3.1. Introdução ………………………………………………………………..…. 61 3.2. Matéria
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