Sidney Hillman Lecture Series

'f ,,

•' ''

'·

1 • ' ,, { r ). '·,, . ' ' f ' '

The 1962·63 Sidney Hillman Ledure 1

ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS A Firsthand' Report From Latin America

'A Lecture by SENATOR HUBERT H. HUMPHREY At the University ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS A Firsthand Report From Latin America

A Lecture by the HONORABLE HUBERT H. HUMPHREY UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA Delivered at Northrop Memorial Auditorium, Minneapolis On Thursday, January 3, 1963

ON THE OCCASION OF THE lOOth ANNIVERSARY OF THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Introduction

By PRESIDENT 0. MEREDITH WILSON, University of Minnesota

THIS EVENING WE HONOR THE MEMORY of one of America's great labor leaders: Sidney Hillman, founder of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, one of the founders of the CIO, close friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and a distinguished servant of the people. At the same time, we observe the lOOth anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. It was on January l, 1863, that President Abraham Lincoln expressed the wish and the will of the government, that all citizens of the then not united states should be free, and that all should have the right to. the opportunities and the dignities implicit in democracy. One hundred years later, what Lincoln intended has not yet been fully achieved. This does not, however, prevent us from expressing our appreciation for the Proclamation and pledging our continued efforts to an improvement in our common respect for all mankind. It is appropriate here to refer to one of Abraham Lincoln's more SIDNEY HILLMAN, 1887-1946 remarkable statements. In doing so I must paraphrase somewhat freely. Speaking at the Baltimore Fair in the period immediately Founder and first president of the Amalgamated Cloth before his inauguration, Lincoln observed that the world was much ing Workers of America (A.F .L.-C .1.0.); a founder of in need of a definition of freedom; that few people understood its the Congress of Industrial Organizations; a pioneer in meaning. He went on to explain: the shepherd, seeing a wolf seize the development of labor banking, insurance, coopera the neck of his sheep, jumps to the sheep's defense, driving the tive housing, health insurance, and workers' education; wolf away. The sheep bleats thanksgiving because he is liberated, while the wolf cries tyrant, especially since the sheep was a black a friend and confidante of President Franklin D. one. This typical Lincoln parable is an expression of the problems Roosevelt; a wartime member of the War Manpower that face a free society as it struggles toward a definition of freedom Commission; Associate Director-General, Office of that respects all mankind. Production Management; Associate Director, War As we seek to achieve this definition, it is vitally important that Production Board. we have distinguished servants aware of both the importance of

3 • freedom and the difficulties of achieving it. We must, from time to time, re-express our ideals, and call attention again to the princi ples for which we stand. Hubert Humphrey is a distinguished ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS alumnus of this institution. He has received the highest awards that we can give to an alumnus. As a senator he has received the most distinguished award a congressman can receive from the A Firsthand Report American Political Science Association. But for us, he is most From Latin America important as an active, practicing member of government who is eternally inquisitive; who wants always to know why. In 1958, in Moscow, he confronted Khrushchev with the questions most important By HUBERT H. HUMPHREY at that time. It was he who pressed for a Peace Corps to serve Senator from Minnesota underdeveloped nations of the world; who walked hundr.eds of mi~es through the poverty-stricken sections of Latin Amenca, seekmg the truth about their needs and about the activities of the Alliance THERE IS no more fitting forum to discuss the topic that I have for Progress. We are very fortunate to have with us one who selected -- "The Unfinished Revolution" -- than this university comes so recently from a study of these problems, to tell us what campus which is dedicated to political freedom and to intellectual has been achieved and for what we may hope. I take great pleasure and academic freedom and inquiry. It is a challenging opportunity in presenting to you Senator Hubert H. Humphrey. to participate in the Sidney Hillman Lecture series. I knew Sidney Hillman, and I knew him well. I knew him as a respected and gifted leader of men, a labor leader, good citizen, and as a dedicated patriot. His life was the fulfillment of the unfinished business of democracy. He sought to give people greater opportunity. He sought the realization of true equality for all people under freedom. I address myself tonight to "The Unfinished Revolution" -- the American revolution that spreads throughout the world. I do not speak of the counter-revolution -- the revolution of reaction of Communist totalitarianism -- but, rather, of our revolution, the democratic revolution that seeks greater freedom and greater oppor· tunity for all mankind. I was forewarned by one of my associates that perhaps the word "revolution" might he out of place in the comfortable surroundings of mid-America, but I truly believe that we of the United States -- and particularly we of this generation - ought to sing forth the great melody and the lyrics of the American revolution. Too few people know about it, here or abroad, and it is our responsibility to know it and to speak of it. A hundred years ago the great President Lincoln unleashed a second great American revolution -- a revolution of political and social equality. It was documented in his Emancipation Proclama· tion -- the charter of freedom for a whole people. It was the mighty whip that struck down the inhuman institution of slavery. yet, though that proclamation was ratified by fire and sword, . a century later there are those who still resist it and repudiate even

4 5 graphically. Ther~ are the republics of what we call Latin America, in our time the true meaning of that great document. The exploita each different, each with its own culture, its own history, its own tion of man by fellow man, the denial of constitutional rights of ethnic characteristics, and differing economies. Now if the Alliance American citizens, will not be ended by a public statement -- even for Progress is to have any historical significance, it will be not by one as unequivocal as a Lincoln -- nor, again, even by the only because it succeeds in breaking with the past, but also because ordeal of a shattering civil war. Only through several generations it succeeds in achieving a peaceful revolution-- directed, inspired, of constant, persistent effort and daring leadership have we been and supported by those who believe that inequality, poverty, and able even to approach the promise of the Proclamation. That effort backwardness can be eliminated, can be overcome by the rational continues to this very hour, and it will continue until the last processes of political decision and economic development. It is vestige of discrimination based upon race, creed or color has well to remember that this continuing revolution -grows as much out vanished from the face of America. of the leadership of a Simon Bolivar, a Juarez, as out of a Washing There are, in fact, three great revolutions which have dominated ton or a Jefferson, as much from a San Martin as from a Lincoln. our history. The first was a revolution against foreign domination, The ·Alliance for Progress is a bold challenge to those who cry, the Revolution of Independence in 1776. The second, to which I with the Communists and other extremists, that mankind cannot be have alluded, was the revolution against the inhumanity of the of ignorance and poverty without the violent slavery system in the Civil War, and the third, more contemporary, freed from its bonds imposition of was the peaceful revolution of the 20th century, the economic and and bloody destruction of the existing system and the a cooperative social revolution that we have witnessed under the administrations a dictatorship. The Alianza para el Progreso is belief that the processes of constitutional of men like Theodore Roosevelt and his "Square Deal", Woodrow venture undertaken in the sufficiently swiftly and decisively to accomp Wilson and his "New Freedom", and Franklin Roosevelt and his democracy can move changes. I am committed "New Deal". In this revolution, the American people, particularly lish vital, urgent social and economic the workers and the farmers, were successful, through the democratic to the proposition, and this nation is committed to the proposition, process, in achieving a government more responsive to their needs that change -- radical change, revolutionary change -- can come Alliance is more than a and their wants. These revolutions have succeeded in creating a through orderly, peaceful processes. The it is far more than a declaration of intent. It is, system which has made the most marked advances in man's history proclamation and and must be, a program of action. Its success requires the allegiance toward freedom from the tyranny of autocratic government, from the of those who are motivated by democratic ideals; it demands partici lash of poverty, from the fear and prejudice of ignorance, and the women of decision and action -- people who savagery of the exploitation of man by man. We have, at least in pation by men and are committed to action. If it is this century, popularized our politics and humanized our economy. can make decisions, people who In recent years we have come to understand and to realize that to succeed, its leaders must feel a sense of urgency. They must daring. They must be willing to the competition between the totalitarian forces and those of the free be adventurous. They must be risk making mistakes. President Wilson and I were speaking earlier world cannot be measured solely in terms of military strength or this evening about our observations of the Latin American scene gross national product. It has also become a conflict of ideology, and we agreed that the greatest problem of all in the Latin American of philosophy, a combat between two radically different revolutions. the failure to act. Action must be the Two years ago the 35th President of the United States, John F. area is the delay in action, act, even when Kennedy, in cooperation with many leaders in this hemisphere, by-word, the watchword. We must not hesitate to charted a vast new program for the extension of this democratic we are not absolutely sure of all the data, because to delay is to revolution. There emerged, in fact, a new emancipation proclamation invite defeat. The problems the Alliance is designed to overcome calling for the freedom of millions of impoverished, illiterate, and will not yield to any ordinary, timid or conventional effort. trouble, violence and oppressed peoples throughout Latin America. We must understand that there would be -s and Let me pause to comment that the phrase "Latin America" is disorder in Latin America even if there were no Communist all too often used, and will be used tonight, in a somewhat inappr_o Castroites. The truth is that Castro's Communism is the effect priate manner. There is no Latin America, as such, except geo- rather than the cause of the deep discontent that has submerged

6 7 vast areas of the hemisphere to the South. As one observer puts We are only part of it, and if that Alliance is to succeed, we ---: it, most Latin Americans are born on dead-end streets and feel and by "we" I mean all of us in this hemisphere --must mobilize that they are doomed to live on them until the day they die. Lives and commit the resources of all of the nations of this hemisphere on of grinding poverty and voiceless desperation are commonplace. an heroic scale. And we can well ask our prosperous friends and I have seen them. Latin America is dynamite and some of it has compatriots of Western Europe to make their contribution, too, already exploded right on our doorstep. Castro and his Communists because the battle for freedom is fought on a world-wide front. are exploiting the tensions and the troubles of a corrupt and dying What Latin America really needs is a Sidney Hillman. It needs order. The destruction of Castro and his regime in Cuba alone will a Franklin Roosevelt. It needs and it cries out for whatever you not cure Latin America's illness for Latin America is very sick. wish to call it -- a "Square Deal", a "New Freedom", a "New And it has been sick for many, many years -- sick because of its Deal", or a "New Frontier". own failures, sick in part because of our neglect. Now let me report to y ou on what I saw in the past month. I am Just a few figures underscore the depth of the problems of Latin pleased to be able to say that the Alliance for Progress, which I America. Just prior to the time of the Alliance for Progress, Latin observed last year and upon which I commented rather critically, America could be measured in terms of more than two hundred has now started to move. It has begun rather well. It is now more million people in an area two and a half times as large as the than a document, more than a Presidential pronouncement, more than United States of America. This continent had received less than publicity. It is more than a plan. It is now taking shape in political 3% of the total economic aid of the United States from 1945 to and economic reform and in projects. It can be seen in new housing. 1960. Compare this with Europe, which had received 41% of our I have seen thousands of new homes for lower middle income people, aid, to the Far East with 17%%, to the Near East with almost 12%. for the poor, and for the poorest of the poor. Progress can be Two percent of the people in Latin American countries, if you put measured in new schools, in new health facilities, in new text them in an aggregate, own more than 50% of the total wealth. Two books, new roads, new industries. This is progress and there is an thirds to three-fourths of the people live in unbelievable, abject Alliance. The Alliance for Progress is no longer just a phrase. It poverty. Furthermore, the Latin American population is exploding is beginning to live. it doubled from 1920 to 1956. It is increasing at an overall rate of But apathy and inertia remain very strong in man y parts of Latin more than 2%% a year, and in some of the Central American Republics America. The very immensity, the overwhelming, the almost stagger that I recently visited it runs as high as 3% to 4%. The life span ing scale of the social and economic problems discourages many. is being extended, but life expectancy throughout South and Central The forces of privilege, entrenched oligarchies -- and they have America remains at less than 45 years, while here in the United these as well as the Communists-- fight every forward movement. States it is 70 years. We have, indeed, come to grips with a monster -- almost a pre The problems illustrated by these statistics are not surface historic monster-- the corroded and ugly product of the accumulated problems. They are not peripheral. They are deep and they are oppression and evil habits of centuries. enduring. They are caked in the centuries-old hard crust of tradition But, my fellow Americans, we have joined the fi ght. We have and privilege. They demand a coordinated attack by the most joined the battle with this monster, and I return from my second daring and ingenious men of our time using a commitment of human visit to Latin America in the past two years more encouraged and and material resources far beyond anything that we have contem ever more determined. Our recent travels took us into Venezuela, plated thus far. The commitment of resources, human and material, Panama, Costa Rica, to El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and we have made thus far can only be regarded as a beginning. I fear Mexico. I sense a growing recognition this year, among the key that unless we do far more we shall lose all that-we have achieved leaclershi p with whom I met in Latin America, that the Alliance for up to now. Progress is indeed a cooperative operation. There is increasing Such a commitment cannot and should not be undertaken by the understanding that local capital, local initiative, local planning, United States alone. We all need to be reminded again and again local sacrifice and hard work are required, and that the United States that the Alliance for Progress is an Alliance. It is a partnership. should not be expected -- as, indeed, is not its intention -- to 8 9 dominate the Alliance nor to pay all the bills. I made this crystal Our business men do a good job in these countries. But some ciear to every head of state that I was privileged to meet. I addr~ssed times I feel that American business fails to tell its own good the members of the Congress in Venezuela, the Congress m El story. We are not exploiters. In the main our people are considerate, Salvador and the Senate in the Republic of Mexico. I sat down by fair, pay well and establish high standards. I was very proud of the hour with their leaders, with their plannersJ with their econo the Peace Corps. The men and women of the Peace Corp are not mists, stressing always that we are a partner, but we have no all young, but they are youthful in spirit and conviction. They are· intention of paying all the bills. We are demanding reform. We doing an amazing job. I wish you could have seen the group of insist upon a degree of integrity in administration. We are not going nurses whom we met in Honduras, one of the countries in Central to permit our capital nor our manpower to be frittered away in America in the greatest need of help. I met a dear lady who was useless or ill-planned efforts. We are taking an active role in in her sixties, from the state of Washington, working up in the hills. promoting fiscal and political and economic reform. We are offering She was working like a corpsman, running a health institute, a little the best of our technical assistance and we are lending important mountain health center. Such men and women in the Peace Corps, amounts of capital. When I hear peop l e ta lk a b out " . " give-aways , in the AID and diplomatic missions, are doing great things for I say that such talk is a disservice to our country and to those who other people and for our country. We can be mighty proud of these are recipients of the aid. These are loans. Many times they are Americans. They are wiping out the stereotype of the Ugly American. what we call long-term, low interest loans, but they are repayable, They are fine, first class, trained, alert, and hard working. I speak and our Latin American friends are repaying on previous loans, just of all of these people, with few exceptions. There are few second as our European friends have done. raters. And the Latin Americans understand, by the high calibre A healthy relationship exists as a result of such frank talk. of our present representation in their countries, that we do respect A genuine feeling of partnership is growing between our representa them, that we are in earnest, that we do mean business, and that tives and the Latin American leadership. I might point out that we are serious about this Alliance. A few years ago I could not North Americans, as we are called, are generally respected and have made this statement, because it was a regrettable fact that in liked. We are not, of course, enlisted in a popularity contest. We all too many instances the Foreign Service of the State Department are a member of the Alliance because we believe that this is of the United States did not send its top people to Latin American essential to our national security and to our allies. But it is a fact countries. One singular accomplishment of President Kennedy and that President Kennedy is a very popular man in Latin America. Secretary of State Rusk is that top-grade people, with few exceptions, Of course, it is still fashionable for demagogues to profess a are geing selected for these important posts. This word gets around. distrust and an animosity toward the United States. In my opinion, I was pleased also to see the calibre of the men who are coming however, such professions fall into the category of political cliches to leadership in the countries that I visited. There is a kind of which have outrun political reality. I found nothing but the warmest new spirit, a "New Frontier" spirit, if you will, about many of and most enthusiastic welcome. In the drawing rooms of presidents these new leaders. They are young, most of them. They are and in the thick dust of the slums, the people pressed to tell me educated, they are trained, they are committed, and they are vigorous. how deeply they appreciated the initiative that our country has I met young· men trained at this University in the fields of education, and the action of President Kennedy. People came up to me almost in the fields of agriculture, and health -- proud to be graduates of in an emotional frenzy explaining in their way how grateful they the University of Minnesota. They are in key cabinet positions in were for the Alliance for Progress. These were often people who government; they are men in their thirties who are prepared to do could neither read nor write. But they understood. At long last battle with man's most ancient enemies, disease and poverty. somebody cared. They demonstrated their affection and respect for There is no spirit of manana in these governments. These men had the tough-minded men and women that we have representing us today some good experiences here in our universities and they have in the day-in and day-out contacts in these countries -- our carried those experiences back home. For the most part, they have ambassadors, the embassy staffs, our aid missions, our Peace a respect and an admiration for our political and economic institu Corps; yes. and our business, professional, and labor representatives. tions. We need to back such men and we need to encourage them. 10 ll to connect the roads among SIX Central American Republics. Our vital interests not only lie in the simple accomplishment think it will cost ten million dollars, and by that one effort alon·e, of higher living standards in Latin America. They also lie in the which can be accomplished in one year, you will have created a political stability which can be based only on economic and social network of high ways that will permit commerce between the nations. progress for the masses of the people and in their acceptance of Imagine if the roads in Minnesota stopped short of the Iowa border, the principle of orderly change in government. We must do more to and the Iowa roads stopped short of the Minnesota border. There encourage the growth of non-governmental, democratic institutions are countries in Central America which have not one railroad · not only through our government, but through the intensified efforts system, but 36, all separate, all different. Five and six different of United States business management, educators, doctors, and gauges of railroad track can be found in one little country. No other professional groups, our trade unions, or farm cooperatives. telecommunications connect the capitals when you call from San Voluntarism, as we know it -- the complex of voluntary agencies Salvador to San Jose, which is less than forty-five minutes by that we take for granted, the many organizations to which we plane. You are routed through Miami or New York. There are belong -- is not a tradition in the Spanish culture. But it can be huge regional hydroelectric power possibilities. One country now a healthy addition to that culture. We can do much more than we may have a shortage of power, and the next may have an excess of are doing to encourage private initiative, private investment. We power, and there are no interconnections. What a waste! Now the ought to be proud of our private investment. We ought to be proud leaders of Central America understand that this is a waste, and they of our private investment system, not apologetic about it. I have are moving to interconnect roads, railroads, power, telecommunica traveled in many areas of the world, and I have yet to see a system tions. All I say to my Government is "Hurry Up!" These people want that works better or that provides greater social justice than this action. I sometimes have a feeling that while we are aware that pluralistic economy of ours which combines government, private, they have great needs, in our own comfortable surroundings we and cooperative in vestment and management. We need to en courage cannot really feel that these are urgent. respect, not only for human rights, which is primary, but also for Fortunately, we in the United States are supporting this Central property rights. We need to encourage, and we are encouraging, American initiative for a Central American Common Market. Minne sensible fiscal planning, sound monetary systems, the income tax and sotans should be proud that Professor Arthur W. Marget of the property tax reforms that are so vital to any kind of stable and Department of Economics of this great University was the godfather, responsible government. the inspiration for the Common Market of Central America. His There are many hopeful signs that I can report to you in Latin widow is still in Guatemala City. He died speaking for it, working America. The movement for economic and eventual political for it. So I felt a very personal involvement as I met with Pedro integration of Central America is one. It is gathering momentum. Delgado and his staff of the Central American secretariet. Both we Yes, there is a powerful Common Market in Western Europe, but and they now have functioning regional institutions, manned by there is a Common Market, also, in Central America. At the Central able people, working together effectively, and I trust rapidly, toward American Bank headquarters at Tegucigalpa, Honduras, are men what promises to be an impressive achievement in the next several like Enrique Delgado, men who have, many of them, been trained years. Our programs of economic and technical assistance must and educated here -- men who are devoted to the ideal of an continue to emphasize economic and political integration in Central economic and political transformation of Central America. There America. I intend to make it my business this year to see to it is every reason to believe that the 11,000,000 Central Americans that priority is put upon regional integration and that loans and can succeed in interconnecting their highways and their communi projects designed for a country without any direct reference to what cation systems, their electrical power systems, in sharing their it will contribute to regional integration will take a lower priority. industrial and agricultural planning, in lowering their barriers to That message has already been conveyed to the high places of this trade. Would you believe it that in these little republics, roads government. will run out from the capital city up to a national boundary and quit? The Central Americans know that economic integration is their ECLA, the Economic Commission for Latin America, has made a basic hope for a higher standard of living. However, in South proposal -- a modest proposal running into a few million dollars-- 13 12 America, as contrasted with Central America, the development of a grader -- the first new textbooks m some of these countries in common market, or what they call a free trade area, and regional 50 years. This is another beginning. The plans call for low cost, planning have faltered badly. The Latin American nations now face non-propaganda-ridden textbooks, paperbacks, costing around nine, not only the united strength of the Soviet bloc, but also that of ten or eleven cents apiece for every school child in Central America Western Europe and its African partners. Individually, the countries through the elementary grades. This is an Alianza project. We are of Latin America are weak, and they are in no position either to identified with it. What a blessing! It is useless to build schools compete or bargain with the stronger, more prosperous Western if you have no teachers or books. At long last we are beginning to Europe, United States of Japan. We can perform no greater service understand that it is the books and the teachers that are even more for our neighbors in the South than to insist that in their political important than the structures. and economic planning they now place a high priority on economic As for the university student bodies, just ·a quick comment. integration and joint planning. Cooperating together, joining together Student bodies in the countries in which I traveled, at least on this in some form of common market supported by international trade trip, appear to be growing somewhat more sophisticated as to agreements, Latin America can become an economic power command Communist Party organization and techniques. Can you imagine ing respect in international market places. students bringing down governments? Well, they do in these Throughout Latin America the economic situation will continue countries. They go on strike. They cause a whole university to to d.epend largely upon the price of raw materials. Therefore, close. They fire and hire professors at will. Nevertheless, slowly, commodity agreements, on an international basis, are vital to the subtly, but surely, changes are being made. I talked with Dr. welfare and prosperity of these countries. A drop of a few cents a Ignacio Chavez, the Rector of the University of Mexico, which is a pound in coffee can wipe out in one year the effect of several years tremendous institution of approximately fifty-five or fifty-six of the Alliance for Progress. Raw material prices in recent years thousand regular students, another twenty thousand preparatory have dropped sharply, and these prices are directly reflected in the students -- a magnificent campus, superb facilities. Dr. Chavez budget deficits of country after country, in inflation and in lower is one of the leading heart specialists in the world. He knows of standards of living. The recent international coffee agreement, our own University and our own great heart hospital and medical signed at the United Nations, was well received in Latin America, school! He has many friends here on this campus. Changes are and it is recognized that our country, the United States, played an coming about on that campus. The professional student who never important role in obtaining this agreement. We need to do more of attends a class, but who can always be found in the leading ranks this. We need to fight for these people because they can be victim of the student riots and demonstrations, will either go to school and ized in the international market places. We must help our econom produce and get his grades or get out! What a happy day that will ically weak neighbors to the south to build their economies, not be in Latin America! I shall summarize by saying that there appears merely by our loans and grants and technical assistance, but also to be a slow but steady rollback of Communist influence among the by helping them to receive a fair price for what they produce. students and faculty members of Latin America. Ultimately the success of the Alliance for Progress may well be Now this is not to say that the Communist party is inactive or determined by the price structure of important commodities produced that it is not working in Latin America. It is, especially through in the Latin American areas. A nation, in the final analysis, must Fidel Castro's Cuba. Venezuela is its principal target in the Carib earn its own way by its own effort, its own production, based on bean Area. The Communists are working particularly hard in the fair prices, fair wages. rural areas throughout all of Latin America, where poverty ios the We are strongly encouraging a cooperative Central American deepest, where illiteracy and ignorance are the most prevalent, and effort in higher education. A strong beginning has been made. where we have done the least. I cannot understand what is wrong There is regional specialization, with universities opened now to with us. We have not been an industrialized nation so long. Have students from the entire region for special disciplines. We have we forgotten our rural background? Why are we so dedicated to encouraged the spectacularly successful effort to put textbooks building steel plants and so unwilling to do a job in agriculture this year into the hands of every Central American first and second where we excel? We have some competition in steel, but we have

14 15 none m agriculture any place in the world. Poverty in the rural failures in Cuba. In other words, I submit we need to join the fight areas is the hunting ground for Mr. Castro's bo ys. While Castro on every front -- political, economic, propaganda, educationaL himself has lost a great deal of prestige in recent months, tlie Above all, we need to produce some demonstrations within the Communists have not relaxed their drive of subversion, propaganda environment, the culture of Latin America, that are dramatic and and infiltration. I saw it in Venezuela. I wondered why a man who meaningful. was with us all the time was carrying a briefcase which he never Perhaps such a demonstration can be made in the Dominican. opened. I found later that he was carrying a submachine gun. Our Republic. Another can be made in Venezuela. lt is quite obvious ambassador is carefully guarded. It is a unique experience to wake that the Communists have made Venezuela their next major objective up and find gunmen protecting your hotel room. When you ask not in Latin America and I call upon my government and the American to have it done, you are told that it is necessary. Terrorism, my people to meet this Communist offensive head-on and destroy it. fellow Americans, is the order of the day in parts of Latin America. The government of President Betancourt in Venezuela is a progres But the governments of Latin America are much more aware today sive government. It is open and friendly to the United States, of the real Commun-ist threat than they were a year or two ago, and vigorously supporting us in all international councils. It respects more effective steps are being taken by democratically-elected 1 private property, private capital and investment. It encourages governments to curtail Cuban infiltration. Embassies have been J capital investment. And at the same time it sponsors the broadest closed to reduce Cuban propaganda and terrorism. It is now well social reforms and developments for its people. It has strong trade recognized that the threat of Communism is not its economic and unions, rural cooperatives -- all the things that we know about in social doctrine. The problem is that of combating a well-organized, this great state of Minnesota. It is a government that is acting disciplined, conspiratorial apparatus which does not hesitate at boldly after years of corrupt dictatorship, in the fields of housing, open and wholesale assassination. This requires effective policing, health and education, and in rural development. The Communists it requires courageous leadership and the loyalty of the security are determined to destroy this government because they know that forces. This conspiratorial activity must be met head-on. if constitutional democracy can succeed in its program of social But Communism can finally be defeated only by producing and economic development, Communism in Latin America will have obvious, constructive results through democratic processes - suffered a disastrous defeat. The stakes are high here. The results that are so apparent that they need no interpretation and no Communists know it and they are out to win. And they have money publicity to be understood. Yes, results like new schools, broader and zealous people ready to fight. land ownership, clean water, hospitals, roads, factories, and jobs They have unwitting, yet equally zealous, partners in the are the building blocks of such an effort. Communism is strong in extreme Right Wing -- who fight Betancourt as viciously as the certain parts of Latin America principally because freedom and Communists. The question is, do we in the United States fully all it represents is weak. ·Communism gains where the economy appreciate the significance of this battle? Where are our zealous falters and where leaders fail to lead. Now to be sure, economic people? Are we really using our strength and resources to win? progress must be planned across the board. But we must have more 1 Because, mark it down now, this is a battle. A Communist govern than just big plans. We .need dramatic demonstrations of what can J ment in Venezuela would control tremendous resources. Venezuela be accomplished under progressive democracy, particularly where a is potentially rich in oil, iron ore, timber, and in agricultural dictator has been removed and a free democratic government has production. It was bled white by corruption and dictatorship in the been established. For example, there is the Dominican Republic past, but it has great natural wealth. Venezuela is a land of with a new president, President-elect Bosch, elected in a free contrasts, but it is also a land of hope and opportunity for freedom. election. Here is the opportunity to demonstrate, within but a few Venezuela represents a bastion of strength in the Caribbean for the miles of Cuba·, what a progressive democracy can mean for the democracies. Cuba is the Communist spearhead. It is the base for people. We need a showcase of democratic achievement, and then political penetration, Communist penetration in this hemisphere, and we need to spread the good news actively. We can have people if Venezuela can be overwhelmed by Communist subversion from come to see that as well as shout the bad news of Communist Cuba, the Caribbean could become a Communist sea. Every Central

16 17 understandings and suspicion a nd distrust between our two peoples. American republic would be endangered. The Alliance for Progress to discover how little a citizen of the United could literally be destroyed. The energies of the people and the It was shocking th e character a nd achievements of the resources of the entire area would be dissipated in efforts to meet States really knows about and distressing subversion or attack, dissipated in fear and in political chaos rather modern Mexican people. And it was equally shocking in Mexico, in high and low places, than used to build a progressive and equitable society. Fear and to learn how little is understood and the cha nge in American institutions in the uncertainty could paralyze the leadership of all the Caribbean about the growth 20th century. Sometimes it seems th a t we in the United States have should Venezuela fall to the Communists. living in a kind of dream world, and bad dreams, too, in which We cannot afford to lose any more battles in Latin America. been we have known were the ignorant and slovenly And we must make it crystal clear that we do not intend to lose, the orily Mexicans movie. And perhaps in Mexico they that we are prepared to put huge resources into this struggle. villians of the old Hollywood bad dream in which 19th century We should make it clear and precise, too, that those who are have been living with another barons flaunt their wealth in the faces of th~ friendly partners of the United States and fulfill the commitments United States robber are pictured in one of the colorful, propaganda of the Alliance for Progress, the commitments of Puenta del Esta, poor -- as they Diego Rivera murals in Mexico City. We have not fully will receive our fullest assistance and support. Our Latin American saturated and appreciated the intelligence and maturity of the neighbors must also understand that we are determined, in fact, to understood I fear th a t they in turn have not help only those nations and peoples who are willing to chart a present Mexican leadership, and capitalist course of progressive social and economic change. It is one thing fully understood the extent to which the 19th century the pluralistic, to carry on normal diplomatic relations with governments that may economy of the United States has evolved into of the 1960s, nor that we not meet the standards of the Alliance for Progress. I can under humanitarian, and progressive society They do not, I think, fully understand stand the requirements, the needs of our government in that respect. have humanized the economy. which private investment must play in their own continued But we have no obligation -- indeed we have no right -- to use the role progress. American taxpayers' money to give financial support to governments may not have realized the grave that refuse to cooperate under the terms of the Alliance. While we in the United States of arable land forces There is a tendency in government to adjust to any given set problems which a relatively limited amount say that I feel the Mexicans of circumstances, and in recent months we have accommodated upon the Mexicans, I am constrained to significance of our highly productive ourselves, regrettably, to military juntas which violate the standards have not fully grasped the privately-owned family farms, backed up by voluntary of the Alliance and suppress democratic institutions. A case in system of and cooperatives. There is room for a more intensive point is Peru. I submit that we weaken the Alliance for Progress associations of ideas among the agriculturalists and the when we cooperate with any military junta that has overthrown a and broader exchange And it is so important. constitutional government and has repudiated a free election. I say economists of our two countries. in Mexico as a this as a friend of this Administration. And I say nothing here But the Alliance for Progress is being accepted by the United States. that I have not said in the highest councils of our own government. serious statement of cooperative intention movement will sponsor a three The Peruvian junta has yet to fulfill the political and the economic In fact, this week the Mexican labor 2,000 representa tives of organized reforms required by the Alliance. The Alliance for Progress will be day conference of more than to better understand, and to implement a mockery to the Peruvian people until political freedom and free labor in Mexico to discuss, people in Mexico -- not elections are restored. the Alliance for Progress. I went to the to Now in sharp contrast to the developments in Peru and, regret just to the governments, but to the campesinos, the farmers, and a little more of tably, in the Argentine, is the program of· our sister republic to the the workers --and asked them to try to understand do, to study it, to come to their own south across the Rio Grande. In Mexico a proud and vigorous what we are attempting to join it. Without exception there was a favorable leadership has been, for two generations, carrying through its own conclusions, to As I said to them, if it is not working in yo ur behalf, then social and economic revolution of significant proportions. Yet response. do so, because it is for you, and the only way you can make this revolution has been impeded, has been slowed down, by mis- make it 19 18 it perform is to understand it and have something to say about it. I industrialized, urbanized society, and we have a difficult time understand that after this three-day conference, the free labor move relating our experience to their current problems. Remember th Rt ment in Mexico wilt sponsor an international conference of all of more than half of the Latin Americans live in the rural areas. the Latin American countries designed to improve and strengthen Remember that these people can barely scratch out an existence. the Alliance for Progress. In the United States of America 9% of the people feed th-e rest of The Mexicans are ·accepting this Alliance as a serious effort us -- the greatest productivity of agriculture the world has ever· and they recognize, in the programs we are supporting in their known. In Latin America the problem of adequate food is a major country and the personnel we are sending there to work with them, day-by-day problem for millions and millions of people. Buy we are that we mean business. There is nothing quite so conducive to having trouble finding people who know how to teach the campesinos friendship and understanding, to overcoming inherited prejudices, the kind of farming that they need. We are too mechanized., too as the opportunity for two peoples and two nations to work together modern. We must find such men and put them to work raising the for their common good. And the Alliance for Progress, fortunately, standard of living of those farm families to increase the available permits us an even closer interchange of ideas and cooperat.i ve food supply and to help build private democratic institutions which effort with this mature and growing democracy on our southern can become the underpinning of a broader, more representative borders. democracy. The Alianza must see to it that agricultural credit on succeed unless it receives the The Alliance for Progress cannot reasonable terms is provided instead of the present system of 30% and Venezuela, in this area called the cooperation of Mexico and 40% and 50% interest, which is commonplace, where you have times that we are disgruntled with Carribbean. I know there are to pay back in three to six months. Our own farmers could not we want her to do. Mexico. Sometimes she does not do everything survive under those terms. We have to help -- to see that there a pride in its history -- a country But this is a proud country, with is good seed, fertilizer, and necessary machinery. We must provide smarts over the Mexican War and other United States that still supervised credit, working in cooperation with them, so that the loans of the past. We need to let the Mexicans know that we are affronts are m(!de to encourage profitable farming. I mean that we must not proud of all of our past actions. But, above all, we need to encourage the proven institutions of purchasing and marketing farm a modern political democracy in understand that Mexico represents cooperatives on a scale that we have not yet achieved . . design. Without this hemisphere, if not always to our fashion and Up until two years ago our government did not have a single partially Mexico's help and cooperation, our efforts can be only person working on farm cooperatives overseas. I dragged this fact successful. Finally, in Mexico as in Venezuela and throughout out of a witness from the State Department, and I asked why. The battlefield of Latin America, the rural areas will be the decisive answer was quite simple and is a matter of public record. It was be fought out on the democracy versus totalitarianism. The war will then the policy of our government not to encourage the development have tended to plateaus, in the mountains, in the back country. We of farm cooperatives in the United States, and if we encouraged assume it would be fought out in the cities. But the main battle them abroad, the word might get back; therefore, our people had field is in the rural areas. The announced objective of the Inter orders not to encourage their development abroad. I strongly believe national Communist Party apparatus -- announced in 1952 and that there can be no adequate rural development in Latin America forgotten by practically every American -- is to win the struggle without purchasing and marketing cooperatives. Land and capital areas. in the rural areas and they have been hard at work in these are simply too fragmented among the campesinos. Either collectiv work is beginning in In the capitals of Latin America, excellent ism or cooperation will have to be utilized in agriculture. And only in the housing, in education, in tax, and fiscal reforms. But out within the last 18 months have we launched any effort to stimulate country the campesinos -=- the peasants, the country people, the cooperative activity throughout the world. But now we are beginning. farmers --are often being neglected. We must put a higher priority We must also see to it that farm,-to-market roads are constructed. on rural development in the Alliance. We are just now beginning. We do not always have to build four lane concrete highways. What We have too many people running many of these projects who do not we need are plain gravel, farm-to-market roads. There are no big even know what a farm looks like. We have become a sophisticated, cars to drive on them in these rural areas. We need roads for carts

20 ~1 and, ultimately, a and donkeys, oxen, horses, perhaps trucks. The farmer's produce human beings who are sick, illiterate, unhappy has to get to market. Our ambassador to Panama, Joseph Farland, danger to the political structure. Throughout vast areas this for example, understood this clearly. He knew that if you are going situation exists. to improve the economy, you have to be able to cut back into the Latin America, despite a score of great cities, remains largely in country after country. Indeed, forest and get the food out and down where the people can buy it. rural. It remains essentially Indian the character of the life is closer Today, thanks to his persistence, the little Indian farmer in the in huge blocks of rural territory than to the 20th. Throughout vast areas there. mountains of Panama is supplying fruits and vegetables and other to the 17th century machinery, no products to the Panama Canal Zone. He has a market. They is no credit whatsoever, no roads, no electricity, no the ox and a whacked that road out of the woods -- a plain old country road, sanitation, and little or no water. Men working with a mere 20 or 30 minutes drive out the kind my granddaddy used to work on when he worked out his wooden plow can he seen in fields and thoroughly modern capitals. Rural poverty is taxes in South Dakota, with one of those scoops and one horse. At of the many large Now these are the people whom President Rivera of this stage such a road is a great advance for the campesinos. It everywhere. ones" -- families has tripled the income (that one road) of every farm vegetable El Salvador described to me as "the forgotten producer along the road at a cost of only a few thousand dollars. that science and government have passed by, people left in grinding We need also to launch a massive attack on rural illiteracy in toil, often in hunger, constantly in danger of death from a score of Latin America -- not only upon the illiteracy of being unable to diseases that modern medicine has conquered in the more advanced lose their children to read or write, but the illiteracy of being unable to understand the nations. These are the families who typically to smallpox, and pneumonia. These are the machine. We need to attack rural illiteracy. We do not need to dysentery, to cholera, as enslaved by their poverty. The build steel mills all over the world. If the Russians want to build people who can he truly described emancipation steel mills, let them build steel mills. If the mills work, the local Alianza, as they call it, can be and should he their political leaders will claim that they built them. If they do not work, proclamation. It should he their charter of hope. These teeming they can blame the Russians. What is more, most of these countries millions of rural people must he brought to understand its full cannot pay for steel mills, and we do not have the money to finance meaning. We shall lose their support if we permit the Alliance to a steel mill for everyone. We do have the capacity to train people become a device to make the rich richer and let the poor grow poorer the countryside more to be teachers. Illiteracy is now so deep and pervasive that it is or to make the cities become more affluent and in which they, the even extraordinarily difficult to spread the technical knowledge poverty-stricken. The Alianza must he a program the that we already have an improved agricultural production. campesinos, recognize that they have a great stake, and can see Until we break the back of this huge problem of rural poverty hope of their future. and backwardness in the Latin American countries, city slums will We of the United States can and should bring a message which them about our economic and continue to fill up with the refugees from that poverty. Why did strikes home to these people, by telling including our determined attack on racial discrimi 400,000 people come from the mountains of Peru to Lima, to live in social revolution racial bigotry is intolerable in these filth? I saw them; I was there. Because it is worse in the mountains. nation. Let me assure you, hears a handicap that is extra At least they thought if they got within sight of the capital, some areas. The United States of America body would have to take care of them. And somebody did, because ordinarily difficult so long as we carry the stain of racial discrimi the Communists were down there to organize them. Why did 350,000 nation and prejudice. No matter how much money we lend, no matter clean up our people come out of the mountains in Chile and live in the slums of how much technical assistance we give, until we can regardless of national origin, Santiago? When I was there I was told that it might he dangerous to own house and treat people as equals, until we can do that, we are dragging a mill go there. It was not dangerous; it was a challenge to see these race, color, or creed-- necks in our foreign policy. We are making an people, to go into their hovels, to extend them the hand of friend stone around our need to tell our Latin ship, to let them know that this country of ours cares about them. effort, and we are making progress. We Until something definitive can be done to alleviate rural poverty, American friends about our efforts to improve ourselves -- about what we are these cities in Latin America will continue to be inundated with our continuing attack on racial discrimination, about •) 22 2,.., ; .

doing in public health and housing, about our historic achievement to buy an ad to publish the resolutions of their convention of free in popular education, in the development of free trade unions, our trade unions in the press so that the people could be told. Our · voluntary associations, our rural cooperatives. What I am really British friends have a little more flexibility, They had the means available for their ambassador. Ours had to get four clearances saying is, let us not be afraid to be ourselves. We do not need to from Washington before anything could be done. boast; we just need to know what we are, and to convey this. I am happy to say that things are changing. Hundreds of Latin The country people of Latin America do not ask for much. They American workers have been trained in collective bargaining, in know that they cannot be catapulted into the atomic age overnight. parliamentary law, in union organizing activity by American trade But they will be ever grateful, and they will have made gigantic unionists. The American people should know that the AFL-CIO and progress, if they are able to lift themselves, with our help, from the its affiliated unions have contributed manpower·, much money, 17th century to the level on which the United States was in the first organizers, and technicians in the struggle against Communist part of the 20th century. They are living much as Columbus and the infiltration in the trade union movements in Latin America __ yes, conquistadors found them in vast areas of Guatemala, Honduras, and elsewhere. The Latin American free trade unions are gaining Panama, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. If we can, in a few years, because of this, but they need more help, and, frankly, they need help these neighbors of ours to reach the general level of health, more friendly attention from all walks of American life. There is a diet, and education that our midwestern rural families were able to need for greater understanding on the part of government and industry achieve 50, 60 or even 75 years ago, we shall have carried through as to. the importance of a free labor sector in these developing one of the great historic achievements of all mankind. And we shall countries. Of course, free trade unions are more difficult to bargain have done the maximum possible to ensure the eventual triumph of with than Communists-dominated unions, and, therefore, sometimes constitutional government throughout Latin America. Only from the free trade unions are not given the help that they ought to have. plateau of a basically healthy and progressive economy, comple The Communist-dominated union is a political instrument, sometimes mented by a strong free-trade union movement, can the superstructure difficult, sometimes cooperative, depending on what the party line of a 20th century democratic state be raised. is. I would only admonish our American business friends to remember The encouraging growth and development of free trade unions in that in the long run you are better off to bargain with a tough free Latin America deserves a comment. Much remains to be done to trade union. strengthen these unions, to help them rid their ranks of Communist May I conclude with this thought. Most of the news in the agents. But important progress is being made. For better than 20 United States about Latin America is the news of violence, disorder, years the Communists had free run of the labor unions, as they had deficits, assassinations, inflation, and revolution. This is what free run of the campuses of the Latin American universities. In all we print. This is what we read. This is why we are so unbelievably too many instances they have had free run of the pages of the press ignorant of what is really going on, and why we know so little of and the radio airwaves. I have seen newspapers in Latin America what they are doing. But we need to know the Latin American of out-and-out Communist newspapers - in which American industry today, not the character out of the fiction book of yesterday, We continued to carry 'ads, financing them in the name of profit, for a need to understand that there is a growing middle class in these long time. Only in the last two or three years have we made any countries. We need to know of its passionate devotion to consti systematic attempt to help the friends of freedom in Latin America tutional gov.ernment. We need to know that the Indian in the back fight back. I was in Ecuador a year ago when the free trade unions country is a good farmer if he is given a chance and a good worker were fighting for their very lives -- when most of the opposition in the factories if he is trained. And we need to know that great unions were Communist dominated. Do you know that not a single cities are being erected and tremendous industrial development is newspaper in Quito, Ecuador -- the capitol city -- would carry under way. Health centers are being built. Whole new universities the report of the free trade union conference? are coming up. In other words, we need to know some of the good The editors, you see -- all of whom were capitalists -- were news. Why not occasionally look with pride and respectful attention afraid of Communist reprisals. And I saw our ambassador, repre on the achievements of these sister republics? I had many a man senting the richest country on the face of the earth, tied up in such bureaucratic red tape, that he could not even offer them the money 25 24 and woman in Latin American countries say to me, "Senator, all the only reason we are interested in Latin America is because W!'l you Norteamericanos hear about us is our weaknesses, our trouble. are worried about Castro. There was some truth in that. But when You don't ever hear what we are trying to do." Now maybe it is not Castro is gone, there will still be the problems and the challenges true, but this is what they think. I remember my visit in Ecuador of Latin America before us. We do have, as free men and women, a right after the little revolution that took place there. The paper in proper concern for the expansion of the areas of freedom so they Mianii said Arosemena, the new President of Ecuador, had Communist may encompass more people. Our other concern is that of national· leanings. I read in the press on the East coast only a few days ago self-interest. It is a fact that if communism should take over vast about the election in the Dominican Republic: "Leftist Bosch areas of Latin America, our security would be directly threatened. elected." Well, now, let us understand this. If a leader is not a Our problems would be more difficult. We could not tolerate such a little bit left of center in Latin America, he cannot be elected. And mortal threat to the existence of our nation. We have, therefore, an "leftist" to us means one thing, and to Latin Americans something enlightened self-interest in seeking to establish and maintain a quite different. All too often we brand people before we even know favorable environment in which our ideals of freedom-- the common what they are. That is a good way to drive them to the radical ideals of the peoples of this hemisphere -- can grow and flourish. left -- and the Communists. Whatever may have been the cause of our renewed interest in Latin More than our money, these peoples in the areas of Latin America, that interest must not be permitted to wane. It must be America want our respect. They want our understanding. They are activated, encouraged, and sustained. I cannot believe that proud and sensitive people. They are idealistic. Often the intan America's international efforts can hope to be very successful m gibles -- the non-economic, the friendly smile or the apprech1tive Africa and Asia if we fail in the Western Hemisphere. word -- can mean more than a big loan in winning cooperation. The American revolution continues here and elsewhere m Isn't it interesting that neither the American League nor the South America, in Central America and Mexico, and it is the good National League has ever found it within its means to send one news of our time. We have revolted against foreign domination. We single baseball team to Latin America where baseball is king! have revolted against the exploitation of race by race and man by Isn't it interesting that our own government, up until recent days, man. We have revolted against the exploitation of the poor by the never sent a first class athletic team to Latin America? These wealthy . The goals which we have achieved for ourselves in these people want the best. When the Russians send athletes, they send revolutions we now seek to help our Latin American friends achieve. the best. We ought to do the same. And we ought to send our finest In the Alliance for Progress we are exporting our own revolution. students, our best artists, our most competent teachers. Give them Like all of our successful revolutions, the revolution against the best that we have. The people need to know that we, the people the old order in Latin America will take many years of anguish and of the United States, care about them and their families, respect pain and effort. The American Negro has not been fully emanci them and want to work side by side with them. It is in the people pated, even in a century. He continues to be the victim of discri.mi that we have our strength. Governments come and go. Our direct nation and prejudice. In a five or a ten year period the old order in contact with the people through spiritual, cultural, business, labor, Latin America cannot be fully replaced by functioning, liberal, and agricultural, professional, and educational organizations -- and I solvent democracies. But the great initial thrust -- th-e beginning underscore educational -- will establish a continuing friendship is being given through the Alianza, just as the first momentous and communication. The people know that there is no quick, magic breakthrough of Lincoln gave the initial impetus in this great answer to their problem. What they need is hope -- the assurance nation to the movement toward true equality of opportunity for all that things will be better. There is really nothing that we can· Americans. do in a year or two that can raise the standard of living in Latin The fires have been lighted in Latin America and no one is America enough to give them what they really deserve, but we can going to put them out. The campesinos and the slum dwellers of give them the assurance that the United States, as a good neighbor, Latin America form a force that is moving irresistably toward an is not here just for today or for a year or two, but is with them "for overthrow of the institutions which have failed them. There is the duration". A year ago I heard some responsible people say that great power in this movement. Is it not ironical that a government

26 27 of the people, by the people, and for the people can fail at times to understand the power of the plain people? We tend to think too much in terms of the power of the atom, the power of our nuclear deterrent. What about the power of our pronouncement of freedom? What about the power of free people working together? We are powerful; the only question is whether th-e powerful forces of democracy in North and Latin America are moving along the paths of constructive change with sufficient wisdom, intelligence, determination, and rapidity. I am an optimist. I am also, I trust, a careful observer. The Communists are working hard to capture the Latin American revolution, just as they captured the Cuban revolution. But we have roused ourselves. We have seen, in the struggles of the "forgotten ones" of whom President Rivera spoke, a reflection of our own great struggles for freedom. At long last we have remembered our heritage. We have decided that our revolution will remain unfinished just as long as the western hemisphere remains in a real sense half slave and half free. There is no turning back. We are com mitted. We are in the battle. And we are in to stay.

ceed

ernment ernment

ers ers

their their

the the

and and

admini the the

velt velt

vel

rev

system system

of of cont

ond, ond,

tion tion

a a

face face

of of

to to

we we

the the

sist sist

pers

ment ment

by by

citizens, citizens,

through through

dent

a a

true true

migh procl

explo

Institution Institution

social social

Lincoln Lincoln

c"n c"n

It, It,

soclates soclates was was

of of

to to

kind. kind.

part part

bili

this this

we we transcript. transcript.

as as

world world sp

the the

ings ings

January January

we we

democratic democratic

Latin Latin

between between

University University

(Address (Address

tion tion annual annual

problems, problems,

spreads spreads

has has

month month

ment ment

a a

a of of

portunity. portunity.

I I

s s

sni=

acy. acy.

nis

eedo

centur

eedo

A A

knew knew

t t

knew knew

olutio

There There

~~k ~~k

dedic

out out

The The

this this

My My

I I

the the

It It

THE THE

ualit

and and

Mr. Mr.

the the

tc tc

n n

the the

olution olution

follows: follows:

men, men,

Yolutlon Yolutlon

been been

ty ty

here here

record record

American American

last last

, ,

democratic democratic

Vol. Vol.

of of

h h

of of

gre

and and

e e

o! o!

d d

to to

hed hed

against against

ordered ordered

ution-a ution-a

of of

meaning meaning

point point

ty ty

address address

ita

l l

of of

tent tent

creed

Is Is

re re

of of

cipation cipation

3 , ,

by by

In In

s s

m m

20th 20th

to to

m m

of of

In In of of

at at

equality

nations nations

of of

United United

America. America.

in in

this this

u u

remarks remarks

ants. ants.

He He

which which

very very

which which

trations trations

and and

I I

the the

HUMPHREY. HUMPHREY.

y y

the the

America. America.

ordeal ordeal

come come

mid

University University

THE THE

tion tion

a a

:-.

Sid

vestige vestige

New New

rea

him him

of of

n n

t t

y y

will will

more more

this this

ted ted

or or

unle

l•

tlon tlon

one one

t t I I R

his his

know know

a a

UNFINISHED UNFINISHED

the the

for for

'red 'red

Sidney Sidney

creating creating

e e

for for

several several

the the

by by

the the

melody melody

challenging challenging

nd nd

the the

clam~tlon. clam~tlon.

constitutional constitutional

·tlon. ·tlon.

freedom freedom

effort, effort,

that that

, ,

at at

ip ip

sought sought

dominated dominated

ry, ry,

ate

began began

ney ney

America America

farmers

labor labor

of of

in in

my my

le le

roughout roughout

, ,

109 109

-Amer

was was

repudi

, ,

generatiOn--<>ught generatiOn--<>ught

United United

s s

opportunities, opportunities,

or or

hour, hour,

abroad. abroad.

He He

Ame!"ica

entury, entury,

tion tion

a'ttr

against against

ce ce

of of

UNFINISHED UNFINISHED

olutlon"-the olutlon"-the

the the

ot ot

patriot. patriot.

Senator Senator

not not

greater greater

Freedom, Freedom,

revolution revolution

as as

New New

Square Square

ng no no ng

ased ased

n n

that that

at at

hemisphere. hemisphere.

people

count

h I

Sld'1ey Sld'1ey

a a

was was

c Civil Civil

Ind

I I

myself myself

even even

to to

r r

unfinished unfinished

and and

forew

the the

ll ll

These These

responsive responsive

of of

today today

at at

. .

was was

ont:.glous

HU!man

color color

revolution revolution

at at

we we

In In

. .

It It

in in

Minnesota

process process

sought sought

of of

Sidney Sidney

fact

there there

States States

a a

ssi

great great

1' 1'

ask ask

whole whole

slavery. slavery.

people people

ave ave

be be

concerned concerned

inhumanity inhumanity

and and

be be

privileged privileged

of of

leader, leader,

that that

e rs rs

It It

ica

a a

and and

res_!)ected res_!)ected

in in

the the

a a

and and

generations generations

Hillman Hillman a

Deal. Deal.

the the

ratified ratified

men men

RECORD

nd nd

to to

bly bly

have have

, ,

a a

an an

I I

te te

truck truck

to to

sent sent

ende

, ,

of of

the the

scrimination scrimination

terrlb!e terrlb!e

were were

, ,

States--and States--and

system system

the the

o o

printed printed

ended ended

's 's

Communist Communist

foreign foreign

~go ~go

rrevolut

, ,

opoprtunlty opoprtunlty

and and

was was

and and

r!'ed r!'ed

r r

aluded

objection

mation-the mation-the

Deal

discussed discussed has has

that that

three three

revolutions revolutions

second second

HUBERT HUBERT

the the

particularly particularly

daring daring

give give

but but

hangs hangs

the the

Hillman Hillman

our our

tonight tonight

His His

as as

the the

opportunity opportunity

comfortable comfortable

r, r,

great great to to

central central

approach approach

Th~t Th~t

- the the

revolution revolution

Minnesota Minnesota

;

re re

and and

the the

by by

!Ike !Ike

, ,

t t

our our

In In

people

w w

under under

wltnPssed wltnPssed

economic economic

nce

Hillman Hillman

and and

as as

, ,

t L!ncoln's--nor L!ncoln's--nor

REVOLUTION REVOLUTION

rights rights

that that

successful successful

speak speak

to to

docum3nted docum3nted

will will

n n

In In

, ,

It It

down down

lyr

vanished vanished

he he

those those

business business

I I

histor to to

Yet Yet

18th 18th

life life

totalitarianism

REVOLUTION REVOLUTION

by by

. .

by by

people people

WASHINGTON, WASHINGTON,

ace

a a

by by

world. world.

achieving achieving

word word

it it

realiz

Woodrow Woodrow

fe!law fe!law

. .

gre

Amerlc

<"C'pl'? <"C'pl'?

at at

truly truly

, ,

which which

Franklin Franklin

In In

, ,

a a

PROCEEDINGS PROCEEDINGS

their their

and and

domi'>1't'

. .

docum

clv!J clv!J

and and

eff

Is Is

was was

lecture lecture

this this

in in

lead

I I

an an

revoiutlon, revoiutlon,

cs cs

1776. 1776.

gre

in in

(!re

rev the the

to to

me me

President, President,

fire fire

ful ful

good good

be be

a a

of of

one one

. .

::t

was was

knew knew

freedom. freedom.

our our

ort ort

and and

, ,

politic

to to

seeks seeks

. .

t t

our our

though though

at at

- of of

the the

centur

y. y.

of of

pub~lc pub~lc

that that

the the

some some

ntinue ntinue

of of

the the

:lt!on :lt!on

dore dore

a a

the the

"rev

gifted gifted

the the

totallt

HUMPHREY) HUMPHREY)

area area

deliver deliver

the the

know know

the the

for for

It It

ba•ed ba•ed

t t

third third

particul

printed printed

war. war.

thc thc

have have

challenges challenges

revolution revolution

needs needs

rship rship

and and greater greater

revolution revolution

the the

und

a a

and and

lecture lecture the the

has has

it. it.

eli

charter charter

man, man,

contlnves contlnves

sing sing

of of

the the

"The "The

to to

times times

surround

arranged arranged

Americ

ot ot

from from

The The

constant

n n

American American

southern southern

I I

Inhuman

responsi

through through

him him

re re

RECORD, RECORD,

ion ion

iti

was was

all all

promise promise

balance balance

eve eve

written written

still still

revolu

on, on,

lut!o!'.s lut!o!'.s

slavery slavery

Wllson Wllson

a a

Revolu

Roose

lecture lecture

~si

at at

partlcl

Amerl

do do

dem

greater greater

y, y,

work

. .

of of

sword, sword,

of of

e e

l l

made made

social social

In In

fulfill

evolu

r r

more more

UT)Qn UT)Qn

Errles. Errles.

until until

flrrt, flrrt,

gov

man

suc

en, en,

v v

Only Only

forth forth

have have

even even

ctent ctent

and and

~:-aut ~:-aut

that that

ion" ion"

The The

that that

the the

that that

the the

well. well.

that that

and and

the the

true true

ader ader

last last

the the

his his

not not

an an

rly rly

at at

of of

as as

, ,

· ·

AND AND

Ica. Ica.

times times

America America

200 200

to to

the the

effort. effort.

yield yield

All1

cause cause

abso

not not

1llness, 1llness,

scene, scene,

In In

be be

It It

because because

Cuba Cuba

The The

the the

our our an

Communists Communists

risk, risk, must must

plod

dynamite

~ucceed ~ucceed

monplace; monplace;

sion-peop

until until

who who

south

Americans Americans

of of

Ideals; Ideals;

Its Its and and

whelmed whelmed

cause cause

and and

tent

communism communism and and

America, America,

orderly, orderly,

revolutionary revolutionary

trouble, trouble,

the the

proposition, proposition,

nomic nomic

move move

accomplish accomplish

e venture venture

struction struction

Imposition Imposition

poverty poverty

be be

f Ished

of of throu

and and

ing ing

chart~d chart~d

lcnge lcnge

ideology ideology

United United

Just Just

two two

In In

stand stand

of of

tional tional

m m

popular

economy. economy.

and and

from from

by by

cratic cratic

toward toward

the the

has has

d I I d

l.Ct

~he ~he

ay ay

We We

on on

oces

action, action,

The The

ance ance

mllllon mllllon

The The

the the

those those

Two Two

problems problems

In In

THURSDAY, THURSDAY,

lutely lutely

suaces

hesitate hesitate

in in

this this

ncy. ncy.

the the

This This

troubles troubles

proposition, proposition,

freed freed

destruction destruction

. .

rty rty

terms terms

feel feel

man

It It

observations observations

, ,

for for

as as

to to

Castroltes. Castroltes.

d d

is is

time time

were were making making

other other

radically radically

. .

of of

een een

DEBATES DEBATES

the the

been been

be be

and and

will will

with with

, ,

a a

the the

a a

must must

of of gh

ses ses

right right

to to

greatest greatest

Alliance Alliance

the the

recent recent

It It

the the

sufficiently sufficiently

for for

it it

e e

is is

Alianza Alianza

could could

large large

to to

has has

government, government,

All!ance All!ance

any any

and and

ot ot

few few

changes

new new

free free

As As

and and

peaceful peaceful

years years

the the

its its

our our product

out out

ywo

democr

illiterate, illiterate,

a a

, ,

. .

without without

that that

is, is,

the the

daring. daring.

freedom freedom

undertaken undertaken

vast vast

comm

zed zed

far far

who who

even even

continent continent

demands demands

Violence, Violence, s s

savagery savagery

They They

and and

from from

the the

at at

we we

ates, ates,

l sure sure

people people day day

the the

fear fear

invite invite

vas

I I

Its Its

and and

ot ot

Latin Latin

not not

of of

sick sick

e e

Atd Atd

one one

We We

were were

ose ose

of of

and and

extremists, extremists,

requires requires

Is Is

on on

figures figures

understand understand

sitin

ordinary ordinary

rd, rd,

leaders leaders

have have

world world

to to

and and

freedom freedom

are are

to to

the the

vital, vital,

who who

Latin Latin

neglect

voiceless voiceless

at at

ot ot

more more

tin tin

as as

deep deep

Is Is

t t

our our

be be

agreed agreed

areas areas

years years

designed designed

a a

mllttary mllttary

they they

own own

constitutional constitutional

ny ny

mistakes

ago ago

the the

are are

failure failure

phllo

It It

Indiff

our our

who who

and and

to to

they they

new new

tota

change-can change-can

Is Is

have, have,

para para

alone alone

!or !or

must must

some some

. .

atic atic

dictator

John John

observer observer

of of act, act,

must must

the the

realize realize

a a

Latin Latin

of of

his his

that that

the the

. .

the the

advances advances

exploiting exploiting

Alliance Alliance

ncip:ltion ncip:ltion

g g

for for

measured measured

ted ted

American American

America America

this this

The The

born born

there there

processes. processes.

In In

Latin Latin

can can

the the

mor.eJban mor.eJban

leaders leaders

politics politics

seen seen

They They

from from

corrupt corrupt

of of

earli

discontent discontent

I I

swiftly swiftly

motivated motivated

doorstep

ot ot

the the

cannot cannot

than than

failures, failures,

Castro Castro

all all

men men

many, many,

feat

litaria

existing existing

the the

urgent, urgent,

underscore underscore

are are

It It

ot ot

America. America.

cry

program program

and and

. .

United United

had had

we we

an an

bonds bonds

even even

Progreso Progreso

revolution

must must

the the

from from

:Progress :Progress

die

OF OF

watchword

that that

effect effect

change-radical change-radical

am am

to to

be be

at at

be, be,

timid timid

Nation Nation

of of

phy

the the

In In

made made

violent violent

cure cure

truth truth

the the

to to

the the

America

desperation desperation

d d

the the

, ,

er er

. .

Is Is

on on

prejudice prejudice

it. it.

nt nt

. .

strength strength

to to

35th 35th

doomed doomed

that that

were were

America America

area area

that that

. .

with with

have have

and and

that that

the the Kennedy, Kennedy,

must must

adventurous. adventurous.

least least

hip. hip.

millions millions

action. action.

a a

received received

puts puts

allegiance allegiance

It It

for for

the the

n n

disorder disorder

act. act.

this this

, ,

In In

The The

committed committed

many many

exploitation exploitation

the the

Is Is

overcome overcome

and and

when when

and and

hemisphere hemisphere

IJves IJves

THE THE

oppressed oppressed

also also

President President

the the

program program

decl revolutions

be be

dead-end dead-end

and and

proclamation proclamation In In

a a

have have

In In

data data

area area

the the

Latin Latin

. .

ot ot

Latin Latin

States States

rather rather

Latin Latin

deci or or

sick sick

has has

FEBRUARY FEBRUARY

soci

forces forces

very very

two two

system system

m:~nkind m:~nkind

tyranny tyranny

Is Is Progress, Progress,

for for

this this

President President

no no

women women

a a

the the

Is Is

comb

the the

there there

Is Is

come come

democracy democracy

belle! belle!

come come

and and

terms terms

measured measured greatest greatest

In In

Castro Castro

evening evening

that that

by by

Is Is

it, it,

lash lash

problems problems

. .

be be

humanized humanized

his his

Ignorance Ignorance

conventional conventional

the the

. .

proclam

Action Action

man's man's

tensions tensions

committed committed

that that

. .

dying dying

c a

to to

a a

decisively decisively

years

the the

Is Is

Communists Communists

we we

ation ation

of of

in in

already already

ions

because because

l, l,

and and

or or

Communists Communists

this this

of of

a a

Just Just

If If

most most

sick. sick.

of of

There There

America America

democratic democratic hemisphere

competition competition

less less

cooperative cooperative

w1lllng w1lllng

of of

In In

regime regime

We We

America

bloody bloody

American American

the the

live live

88th 88th

bo!dc:iiaf

depth depth

are are

has has than than

of of

In In

part part

WOUld WOUld

sense sense

and and

t t

not not

Ignorance, Ignorance,

grinding grinding

w111 w111

to to

extension extension

are are

gross gross

of of

it it

that that

impover

nd nd

at at

, ,

nflict nflict

through through

and and

Castro's Castro's

Amer

coopera

. .

streets, streets,

change, change,

a a

Wilson Wilson

at at

between between

. .

century

action. action.

Latin Latin

to to

people people

poverty, poverty,

peoples peoples

to to

abou~ abou~

order

than than

cannot cannot

prob

prior prior

of of

delay delay

must must

ati

Latin Latin

under

over over

history history

there there

of of

half half

They They

Latin Latin

com

Is Is

over

deci

Sick Sick

And And

solely solely

only only

Is, Is,

not not

and and

the the

tho

auto

eco

call

the the

his his

the the

of of

man man

In on; on;

can can

and and

to to

the the

In In

the the

to to

of of

to to

the the

be be

our our

Is Is

to to

s s

In In

. .

of of

se se

, ,

CONGRESS, CONGRESS,

14, 14,

3 3

United United

total total

cent cent

this this

erty

aggregate, aggregate,

cent. cent. population population

American American

some some

percent

but but

percent. percent.

of of

rate rate

during

Central Central

while while

I I

have have

1920 1920

have have

most most

tics tics

peripheral. peripheral.

and and

ment ment

They They

terial terial

We We

be be

scale now. now.

we we

old old

mobilize mobilize

that that

friends friends

beginning. beginning.

to to

and and

the the

It It

we we

front. front.

battle battle

the the

does does

that that and and

made made

nate nate

In In

United United

key key

duras, duras,

Our Our

visit visit

loc creasing creasing

Indeed Indeed

America, America,

Panama. Panama.

the the l'

growing growing

more more

this this

staggering staggering

pre

problems problems

fight fight

Indeed, Indeed,

most most

they they

can can

Immensity, Immensity,

In In privilege, privilege,

ning ning

ress ress

roads, roads,

move

and and

there there

shape shape

lower lower

health health

It It dential dential

1n 1n

more more

I I

mented mented

this this

I I

to to

recently recently

nd nd

percent percent

The The

Such Such

the the

Is Is

But. But.

observed observed

But But

make make

the the

Now Now

have have

undertaken undertaken

I I

. .

shall shall

all all

1963 1963

say say

projects

many many

Is Is

with with

hard hard

l l

nations nations

If If

Congress Congress

lite lite

with with

are are

of of

Members Members

. .

fight

to to

a a

of of

leadership leadership

mean mean

the the

hard hard

of of

made made

daring daring

Is Is

monster

contemplated contemplated

I I

ion ion

recent recent

it it

be be ugly ugly

the the

Initiative, Initiative,

for for

here here

wealth

to to

past past

resources resources

to to

of of

demand demand

have have

. .

F'urthermore. F'urthermore.

people people

encouraged encouraged

this this

that that

Two Two

. .

Republic Republic

more more

Is Is partnership. partnership.

tor tor

than than

problems problems

a a

, ,

need need

more more

And And

new new

In In

apathy apathy

middle middle

States States

a a

was was

my my

a a

States States

Guatemala, Guatemala,

n-o n-o

that that

and and

the the

1956. 1956.

America America

our our

let let

to to

have have

not not

pronouncement, pronouncement,

It It

live

expectancy expectancy

come come ery ery

resources, resources,

Latin Latin

Alliance Alliance facilities, facilities,

seen seen

their their

rather rather

commitment commitment an an

and and

measured measured

They They

Europe, Europe, and and

lose lose

cooperative cooperative

. .

The The

recognition recognition

a a

prehistoric prehistoric

the the

Alliance Alliance

understanding understanding

countries, countries,

of of

Costa Costa

political political

that that

parts parts

visited visited

crust crust

own own

freedom freedom

FIRST FIRST

In In

discourages discourages

work work

crystal crystal

the the

month. month.

product product

all all

Alliance Alliance

longer longer

the the

has has

them them

fel!ow fel!ow

thus thus

. .

Central Central

commitment commitment

Industries

me me

percent percent

I I

Is Is

last last

privileged privileged

. .

We We

and and

we-can we-can

They They

to to

Alliance. Alliance.

. .

a a

ald, ald,

surface surface

compatriots compatriots

of of

travels travels

than than

llve llve

the the

forward forward

the the

, ,

fear fear

In In

evil evil

commit commit

any any

It It

poorest poorest

of of

or or

from from

all all

should should

document, document,

It It

thousands thousands

contribution contribution

Ute Ute

le le

and and

Near Near

a a Two-thirds Two-thirds

and and

to to

exploding-It exploding-It

more more

be be

Per80114l Per80114l

Income Income

are are

far far

begun begun

America America

this this

by by

report report

the the

ot ot

local local

entrenched entrenched

with with

. critically, critically,

of of

have have

year year

of of Ingenious Ingenious

El El

far far

Rica, Rica,

remains remains

can can

illustrated illustrated

are are

In In

United United

to to

us us

coordinated coordinated

Alliance Alliance

the the

Is Is

which which

as as

total total

of of

It It

tor tor

that that

habits habits

overwhelming, overwhelming,

are are

and and

clear clear

just just

2'h 2'h

Mexico. Mexico.

Americans, Americans,

grips grips

reminded reminded

Intention Intention

a a

or or

and and

beyond beyond

Latin Latin

span span

the the

human human

Is Is

Inertia Inertia

I I

American American

Salvador Salvador

unbelievable, unbelievable,

Is Is

caked caked

In In

runs runs

East East

thus thus

In In

of of

In In

Increasing Increasing

tradition tradition

the the

I I

1945 1945

and and

well well wen wen

can can

of of

Alllance Alllance

We We

the the

took took

hemisphere hemisphere

problems

It It

throughout throughout

plan. plan.

be be

than than

required, required,

planning, planning,

SESSION SESSION

Progress Progress

return return

operation. operation.

and and

the the

. .

Congress Congress

fought fought

monster-the monster-the

deep, deep,

to to

not not

whom whom

percent percent

this this

joined joined

cannot cannot

the the

am am

movement

ot ot

rather rather

ever ever

The The

to to

unless unless

this this

a a

to to

many, many,

you you

economic economic

the the

we we

new new

the the

United United

No. No.

to to

people, people,

economic economic

new new

There There

had had

seen seen

with with

are are

report report

succeed, succeed,

States States

Far Far

only only

with with

social social

In In

phrase

ot ot

pay pay

more more

at at

Is Is

as as

Mexico

ask

far. far.

of of

to to

less less

the the

America

you you

more more

that that

meet. meet.

us us upon upon

be be

for for

of of

every every

has has

E1 E1

pleased pleased

resources resources

remain remain

In In

50 50

men men

anything anything

have have

Latin Latin

and and

to to

hemisphere hemisphere

more more

Alliance Alliance

year, year,

and and

centuries

put put

only only

high high

accumulated accumulated

It It

human human

people people

being being

too

the the

by by

again again

received received

Western Western

1960. 1960.

from from

schools

oligarchies, oligarchies,

East East

to to

expected expected

on on

I I

In In

Into Into

the the

all all

textbooks, textbooks,

and and

our our

new new

well

Republics Republics

and and

we we

for for

Salvador, Salvador,

. .

percent percent

be be

Progretrs, Progretrs,

the the

doubled doubled

than than

a a we we

attack attack

poor

almost almost

Is Is

on on

Is Is

and and

a a

22 22

now now

than than

three-fourths three-fourths

Is Is

The The

and and

at at

It It

local local

In In

, ,

and and

The The

met met

. .

States States

local local

tor tor

of of

which which these these

than than

material, material,

either either

head head

they they

. .

year, year,

monster-al

new new

The The

Communists, Communists,

them them

progress, progress,

pa.qt pa.qt

a a

an an

. .

because because

done done

Judged Judged

on on

do do

the the

a a

we-and we-and

abject abject

There There

determined

I I

as as

South South

Is Is

have have

. .

among among

reform, reform,

aid aid

battle battle

now now

. .

It It

what what

Progress Progress

should should

the the

prosperotts prosperotts

the the

an an

very very

with with

Venezuela

centurlell

our our

. .

my my

worldwide worldwide

and and

Venezuela, Venezuela,

to to

part part

homes homes

America

extended, extended,

I I

addressed addressed

privilege. privilege.

Compare Compare

started. started.

We We

In In

45 45

the the

commit

and and

Alliance. Alliance.

far far

publ.lclty. publ.lclty.

, ,

It It

that that

economic economic

for for

3'h 3'h

of of

The The

a a

forces forces

sacr111.ce, sacr111.ce,

In In

Is Is

corroded corroded

. .

that that

housing. housing.

are are

41 41

bills. bills.

Progress Progress

are are

12 12

sense sense

ot ot

by by

a a

overall overall

and and

capital, capital,

Europe Europe

of of

2 2

In In

be be

. .

of of

statis

Senate Senate

to, to,

times, times,

heroic heroic

second second

In In

up up

almost almost

alone

I I

years, years,

Latin Latin

ls ls

domi

joined joined

begin

strong strong

talr:.lng talr:.lng

agaln agaln

all all

from from

must must

which which

more more

of of

Presi

Is Is

Latin Latin

I I

pov

17 17 Prog

pe;

that that

state state

Hon

per

have, have,

years years

to to

as as

poor, poor,

com

and and

with with

the the

not not

the the

able

very very

the the

new new

now now

new new

and and

nor nor

saw

and and

the the

an an

the the

we we

In In

by by

It, It,

to to

~ ~

for for

of of

n n

>l >l

a a

of of

to to

Is Is

a a

I I

. .

, ,

. .

, , ' '

lll-planned lll-planned

stressing stressing

with with

We We

are are

a a

we we

~ole ~ole

manpower manpower

economic economic

of of

and and

Ing Ing that that

hear hear

These These

they they

of of

friends friends

spected spected

we we

as as

enlisted enlisted

ship

sentatives sentatives

member member

partnership partnership

cans, cans,

dent dent

Latin Latin

that that

able able

and and

an an

Into Into

welcome. welcome.

have have

my my

Ing Ing

dents dents

People People

preciated preciated

ple ple

taken, taken,

ress. ress.

tional tional

grateful grateful

neither neither

At At

spect spect da

that that

our our

trles-<>ur trles-<>ur

our our

and and

represent

job job

story

and and

proud proud

I I

tion. tion.

women women

but but

degree degree

countries countries

her her

nurses nurses

A A

working working

need need

like like

and and

things things

We We

There There

Americans Americans

our our

There There all all

trained, trained,

Latin Latin

tries, tries,

statement, statement,

earnest, earnest,

we we

Service Service

United United

ple, ple,

that that

our our complishment complishment

retary retary

our our

of of countries countries

around will

men men

cated, cated,

are are health-proud health-proud

cabinet cabinet

education

and and

trained trained

have have

with with their their

good good

these these

poverty

verslty verslty back back

sat sat

for for

come come

We We and and

encourage encourage

They They

such such

are

animosity animosity

not not

I I

call call

Important Important

long long

little little

. .

ly ly

A A

to to to to

In In

-In -In

pressed pressed

but but

I I

opinion, opinion,

this this

their their

in in

are are

for for

people people

new new

the the

wish wish

aid aid

can can

ric

y y

outrun outrun

are are

they they

Kennedy Kennedy

sixties, sixties,

of of

America. America.

a a

. .

are are

. .

was was

, ,

women women

European European

estab11sh estab11sh

our our

few few

we we

as as

down down

these

and and

I I technical technical

for for

present present

with with

our our

need need

of of

young, young,

diplomatic diplomatic

our our

These These

demanding demanding

about about

those those

and and

In In

these these

that that

American

they they

are are

frenzy frenzy

going going

They They

who who

promoting promoting

came came

corpsman

they they

no no

American American

of of

and and

man's man's

might might

and and

Is Is

whom whom

thirties thirties

of of

long-term are are

demonstrated demonstrated

last last

We We

home. home.

read read

In In

always always

demagogs demagogs

repayable

of of

experiences experiences

re re frank frank

the the

to to

of of

ple ple n n

they they

governments. governments.

for for

talk talk

Is Is

missions missions

reform. reform.

. .

these these

serious serious

help. help.

be be

mountain mountain

States States

category

we we

spirit

have have

the the loans

. .

the the

to to

years years

alert, alert,

up up

plensed plensed

all all

of of

a a

planners, planners,

of of

you you

atld atld

at at

In In

are are

political political

efforts

allies

Integrity Integrity

In In

business business

In In

positions positions

Intention Intention

repaying repaying

essential essential

the the

a a

wiping wiping

ambassadors

State State

tlie tlie

the the

have have

ives. ives.

few few

to to

few few

by by

, ,

we we

Is Is

lmportan

mighty mighty

to to

healthy healthy

talk talk

There There

understand

are are

a somebody somebody

that that

are are

liked. liked.

are are

warmest warmest

countries. countries.

be be

political political

because because

are are

other other who who

New New

many many

nor nor

from from

however, however,

them. them.

t t

towards towards

the the

In In

too too

are are

In In

popularity popularity

tough-minded tough-minded

Is Is

have have

this this

up up

In In

Central Central

to to

Initiative Initiative

were were

ware ware

Minnesota. Minnesota.

are are

the the

amounts amounts

lne

most most

we we

the the

youthful youthful

explaining explaining

point point

y-out y-out

back back

ancient ancient

representation representation

. . , ,

we we

growing growing

could could

the the

do do

representing representing

Peace Peace

tell tell

talk

the the

Is Is

action action

ago ago

friends friends

Peace Peace

high high

I I

that that

and and

assistance, assistance,

people, people,

. .

Of Of

Alliance Alliance

frittered frittered

second-raters

For For

did did

who who

not not

a a

of of

exceptions, exceptions,

. .

the the

coming coming

vigorous

doing doing

permit permit

. .

the the

about about Es,

, ,

Many Many

a a

considerate, considerate,

write, write,

dust dust

, ,

about about

Rusk, Rusk,

to to

met met

to to

met met

Our Our

, ,

many many

trained, trained,

, ,

also also

But But

countries. countries.

I I

are are

partnership partnership

called, called,

respect respect

"new "new

w~ w~

running running

disservice disservice

do do

and and

missions, missions,

of of

a a

to to

reform

President President

uni

State State

hours hours

fiscal fiscal

drawing drawing

course

Is Is

of of

and and

for for

. .

the the

They They out out

We We

respect respect

me me

I I

and and

low-Interest low-Interest

often often

Latin Latin

people people

health health

carried carried

proud proud

such such

not not

hard hard

We We

In In of of

visited. visited.

relationship relationship

with with

to to

on on

exploiters. exploiters.

be be

the the

me me

Peace Peace

out out

fields fields

professional, professional,

are are

here here

could could

contacts contacts

we we

of of

very very

htlls. htlls.

In In

Oorps Oorps

have have

It It

standards

mean mean

political political

profess profess

reality. reality.

these these

America America the the

no no

and and

l)s l)s

A A

In In

recipients recipients

a a

businessmen businessmen

cared. cared.

It It

their their

to to

are are

of of

Corps. Corps.

of of

the the

such such

our our

an an

have. have.

enemies enemies

posts

administration

are are

ersity

how how

times times

, ,

this this

them

of of

State State

our our

but but

that that

the the

, ,

Is Is

graduates graduates

paying paying

These These

Sometimes Sometimes

previous previous

dear dear

was was between between

with with

frontier" frontier"

In In

send send

economic economic

"giveaways," "giveaways,"

are are

by by

our our

Is Is

Honduras, Honduras,

genuine genuine

are are

prepared prepared

government, government,

because because

almost almost

contest. contest.

most most

. .

that that

away away

see see

to to

the the

with with

, ,

and and

President President

. .

the the

men, men,

spirit spirit

working. working.

Department Department

them, them,

are are

United United

a.re a.re

their their

people people

American American

In In

sta

they they

that that

amazing amazing

of of

It It

ollerlng ollerlng

capital. capital.

most most

They They

In In

Alliance Alliance

and and

popular popular

seen seen

of of

center. center.

spirit spirit

a a

not not

national national

Oorps, Oorps,

taking taking

a a

and and

new new

Peace Peace

and and

I I

are are

the the

business, business,

We We

Latin Latin

they they

tell tell

are are

She She

affection affection

stereotype stereotype

rooms rooms

Alliance. Alliance.

leadership leadership

men men

deeply deeply

us us

those those

to to

Kennedy Kennedy

a a

our our

a a

fact fact

. .

professions professions

the the

, ,

Is Is

not

are are

capital capital

lady lady

these these

health health

nces nces

slums, slums,

. .

a a

One One

their their

they they

There There

Its Its

met met

embassy embassy

of of

few few

fine, fine,

agriculture. agriculture.

In In

North North

our our

fair, fair,

political political

their their

l l

generally generally

In In

regrettable regrettable

cliches cliches

In In

partner, partner,

The The

Thls Thls

have have

men men

stlil stlil

part part

and and

we we

. .

all

not not

high high

They They

our our

top-grade top-grade

distrust distrust

are are

And And

Insist Insist

today today

economists, economists, leaders

that that

of of

found found

being being

an an

Its Its

the the , ,

enthusiastic enthusiastic

In In

our our

In In

of of

country country

was was

caliber caliber

top top

these these

understand

loans, loans,

Washington, Washington,

as as

loans

that that

our our

were were

States. States.

and and

and and the the

doing doing

we we

spirit, spirit,

feeling feeling

the the

useless useless

their their

who who

I I of of

Corps; Corps;

who who

In In

singular singular

American American

an an

to to

the the

Institutions

are are

of of

the the

We We

and and

you.og you.og

are are

Americans

I I

exceptions. exceptions.

disease disease

the the

universities universities

manana manana

do do

one one

Kennedy. Kennedy.

all all

c:.nmmltted, c:.nmmltted,

experiences experiences

for for

Such Such

own own

job. job.

of of

admiration admiration

fashion

the the

way way

we we

first-class, first-class,

the the

pay pay

country country

I I

they they

leaders, leaders,

When When

an an

man man

men men

a a

security security

was was

the the

made made

lnstLtute

they they

word word

the the

had had

feel feel

caliber caliber

Is Is

or or

leader

we we

Ameri the the

people people

course, course,

believe believe

and and

do do

country. country.

working working

greatest greatest

speak speak

active active

the the

are are

roup roup

repre

women women

and and

. .

result result

oonvlc

I I

Presi

loan

fields fields

upon upon

, ,

which which

In In

a a

selected selected bills

Foreign Foreign

what what

young, young,

men men

are are

presi

noth

was was

. .

coun

of of

need need

Prog

staffs, staffs,

of of

could could

In In

best best

of of

a a

In In

emo

and and

but but

just just

labor labor

main main our our

ald

coun

but but

peo

ami ami

are are

We We

of of

say say

good good

If If

good good

Latin Latin

well, well,

great great

how how

battle battle

that that

fall fall

very very

AID, AID, men men

has has

yes, yes,

or or

They They

and and

some some

the the

that that

In In

of of

In In

tTnl

peo

edu

Sec

kind kind have have

the the

men men

fact fact

this this

gets gets

the the

I I

you you

and and

a a

. .

the the

key key

and and

the the

. .

of of

In In

of of

In In

-· -· of of

to to

. .

In In

to to

of of

. .

not not

be be

Initiative, Initiative,

more more

Spanish Spanish

addition addition

our our

which which that that

know know

management, management,

professional professional

the the

only only

orderly orderly

ernmental, ernmental,

and and

more more

In In

social social

lty lty

accoll!pllshment accoll!pllshment

Bank Bank stand stand

report report

ope, ope,

These These

Ing Ing

teleco=unlcatlons. teleco=unlcatlons.

connecting connecting

ment ment Central Central

Marguet Marguet munication munication

surroundings, surroundings,

duras, duras,

Central Central

a a

who who

lntergratlon lntergratlon have have

systems, systems, Is Is

shortage shortage

powerful powerful

sibilities. sibilities. excess excess

supporting supporting

every every for for formation formation

barriers barriers

South South

are are this this

mit mit

communications communications nections. nections.

educated educated

Ideal Ideal

are are

from from

which which Miami Miami

and and

regional regional

ward ward

short short

running running

the the

higher higher agricultural agricultural

republics republics

which which

the the

$10 $10

Imagine Imagine

ance ance

Minnesotans Minnesotans

can can achievement achievement

stitutions, stitutions, will will

Latin Latin

will will

ferent ferent

than than

city city all all

programs programs In In

nect nect as as

together together

America, America, for for tions

has has

the the

nomic nomic

gional gional

are are

the the

Inspiration Inspiration

If If

mala mala

tral tral

Integration

and and also also reference

I I

to to America America

ners

the the

ket, ket,

That That

Our Our

N'ow N'ow

proud proud

feeling feeling

All All

There There

Latin Latin

The The

Fortunately, Fortunately,

There There

Would Would

Intend Intend

the the

which which

see see

I I

apologize apologize

gathering gathering

one one

farm farm

separate, separate,

lt. lt.

deslg'!ed deslg'!ed

Economic Economic

Iowa Iowa

In In

commerce commerce

to to

. .

high high

have have

huge huge

Central Central

urgent

through through

a a

than than

Intensified Intensified

to to

united united

we we

met met

America. America.

or or

political political million, million,

they they

permit permit

bf bf

but but

great great

have, have,

the the

made made

Central Central

to to

i i

must must

San San

City

progresa progresa

45 45

great great

of of

meEsage meEsage

Republics. Republics.

we we

of of

that that

connect connect

for for

rea

what what

.ttal .ttal

people people

to to

American American

headquarters headquarters

to to

Individually roads roads

change change

the the

, ,

of of

say say

Integration Integration

Central Central

their their

gages gages

have have

can can

are are

America, America,

a a

Integration Integration

or or

Interconnect Interconnect

Western Western

Central Central what what

So So

culture. culture.

America, America,

to to

little little

America

the the

standard standard

to to

have, have,

encourage encourage

are are

a a of of

Americans Americans

roads roads planning planning

minutes minutes

national national

of of

Into Into

with with are are

private private

there there

can can

It It

effectively, effectively,

cooperatives

an an

are are

border, border,

the the

here-men here-men

you you

belong-Is belong-Is

that that

created created

you you

roads roads

In In

Common Common

now now

places places

we we

power, power,

. .

to to

economic economic

Salvador Salvador

regional regional

What What

of of

to to

New New

network network

I I

university university

leaders leaders

to to

thlsls thlsls

. .

that that

many many

n n

men men

man

, ,

trade

One One

of of

continue continue

that that

be be

our our

for for

power power

a a

this this

the the

their their

needs, needs,

Interests Interests

He He

strngth strngth

felt felt

Minnesota Minnesota

commerce commerce

and and

systems, systems,

American American

complex complex

many many

democratic democratic

Progress Progress

for for

promises promises

for for

acceptance acceptance

not not

of of

weak

make make

In In

are are

economic economic

of of

they they

development development

our our

American American

should should

economic economic

be be

groups, groups,

want want

what what

and and

In In

educators, educators,

Integration Integration

to to

sharing sharing

my my

planning, planning,

countries countries

In In

CommiESion CommiESion

momentum

a a

we we

country. country.

ll ll

believe believe

Pedro Pedro

between between

In In

proposal

!or !or

while while

have have

the the

has has

among among

the the

His His

accomplished accomplished

Central Central

Is Is

we we

York

the the

ned ned

died died

will will

American American

private private

Central Central

few few

baaed baaed

railroad railroad

a a

department department

culture

Europe Europe

Americans Americans

Minnesota Minnesota

a a

the the

. .

priority priority

a a

different

-2-

. . believe believe

like like

Central Central of of

of of

Latin Latin

that that

doing doing

country country

as as

Investment

connect connect

nations nations

efforts efforts

Government Government

and and

a a

of of

government. government.

cannot cannot

r 1

But But

but but

Government

a a

waste. waste.

highways highways

boundary boundary

country country

. .

by by

ot ot

and and

. .

very very

call call

by by

the the

have have

At At

will will

, ,

action

of of

In In

network network

already already

widow widow

capitols. capitols.

hydroelectric hydroelectric

It It hopeful hopeful

of of

In In

Is Is

and and

to to

waste, waste,

I I

Market Market

It It

Common Common

this this

many many

higher higher

the the

Common Common

contrasted contrasted

functioning functioning

run run

by by

. .

them, them,

and and

million million

next next

speaking speaking

and and

of of

can can

not not

Delgado Delgado

the the

be be

Central Central

roads, roads,

who who

we we

. .

to to

Enrique Enrique

for for

at at

plane, plane,

the the

was was

highways highways

of of

In In

there there

lie lie

ilroad ilroad

their their

San San

their their

my my

that that

It It

will will

only only

the the

masses masses

It It

their their

our our

the the

...,-a ...,-a

think think

a a

our our

No No

America. America.

Secretariat. Secretariat.

to to

Common Common

the the

personal personal

border. border.

between between

living. living.

. .

take take

and and

able able

the the

and and

proud proud

Voluntarism Voluntarism

Investment Investment

thev thev

Americ

faltered faltered

In In

that that

growth growth

emphasize emphasize

out out

are are

Government. Government.

America America

the the

Is Is

of of

ns ns

doctors, doctors,

free free

voluntary voluntary

No No

really really

people people

track track

that that

. .

American American

In In

eventu

a a

In In

. .

Tegucigalpa, Tegucigalpa,

can can

the the

not not

I I

of of

countries countries

. .

Iowa Iowa

now now

encourage encourage

several several

succeed succeed

are are

We We

now now

the the

and and

business business

six six

without without

Is Is

of of

be be

United United for for

Jose, Jose,

Institutions-not Institutions-not

Central Central

decent decent

organizations organizations

Common Common

next next

put put

been been

contribute contribute

nations

on on

been been

trust trust

tradition tradition

own own

I I

liVing liVing

Five Five

and and

one one

In In

the the

modest modest stopped stopped

railroads, railroads,

of of

Central Central

basic basic

signs signs

are are

know know

Central Central

Yes

and and

. .

electrical electrical

Soviet Soviet

technical technical

Its Its

aware aware

and and

a a

dollars-to dollars-to

poll poll

you you from from

of of

system, system,

political political

telecommunica

trade trade

there there

people, people,

America America

sometimes sometimes

lowering lowering

a a

Industrial Industrial

Market Market

capitols. capitols.

and and

are are

trade trade

When When

u.s

In In

Market Market

devoted devoted

the the Central Central

In In

can can

, ,

Latin Latin

for for

Is Is

of of

be be

godfather, godfather,

eoonomlc eoonomlc

an an

In In

highways highways

Delgado

lower lower

they they

that that

face face

We We

It It

Western Western

common common

upon upon

can can

roads roads

feel feel

a. a.

but but

economics economics

that that

African African

However, However,

may may

, ,

with with

We We

no no

may may

principle principle

projects projects

which which

effort effort

"Hurry "Hurry tical tical

Market Market

the the

Involvement Involvement

quit. quit.

of of

trained trained

and and

comfortable comfortable

regional regional

1 1

conveyed conveyed

badly

the the

lly lly

. .

the the

rapidly, rapidly,

go go

Jn Jn

their their

power power

these these

years. years.

a a

and and

there there

The The

Is Is

It, It,

that that

hope hope

his his

the the

11 11

do do lltandarda lltandarda

Impressive Impressive

telephonic telephonic

States States

. .

ought ought

will will

that that

any any

In In

that that

In In

American American

year, year,

that that

Intercon

bloc, bloc,

lnlt(atlve lnlt(atlve

area, area,

are are

be be

must must

economic economic

~gencles ~gencles

business business

There There

Professor Professor

this this

through through

nongov

not not

healthy healthy

system system

of of

America, America,

America. America.

Both Both

no no

will will

private private

you you

proposal proposal

short short

unions, unions,

Imagine Imagine

one. one.

political political

through through

America America

working working

priority. priority.

regional regional

have have

working working

nations. nations.

stopped stopped

Market. Market.

of of

people people

but but

have have

In In

six six

million million

Central Central

lltabll

almple almple

under

staff staff

also also

much much

Guate

Ameri

as as

capital capital

power, power,

. .

trans

to to

move

assist

, ,

other other

power power

ECLA, ECLA,

to to

Inter

found found

Is Is

alone, alone,

There There

direct direct

I I

mov

Latin Latin

com

for for

Hon

their their

part

mar

little little

up!" up!"

n011d n011d

Eur

have have

Cen

they they

and and

men men

they they

Is Is

con

the the

only only

that that

pos

that that

year year

eco

per

and and

cost cost

The The

Our Our

dif

we we

and and

can can

you you

less less call call

but but

the the

to to

do do

to to

are are

of of

36, 36,

we we

an an

In In

of of

In In

of of

It It

of of

to to

' '

Is Is

a a

.. ..

leadership leadership

and and

ba ba

duce duce

forces. forces.

effective effective

apparatus apparatus

a a

doctrine. doctrine. communism communism

steps steps

elected elected

aware aware

machlnegun

tration. tration.

than than

Is Is

ernments ernments

day day

guarded. guarded.

you you

up up

While While

have have

my my

a a

The The

who who

or or

version, version,

nists nists

the the

world

Ing Ing

EO EO

I I

It It Latin Latin

where where

prevalent, prevalent,

Its Its

hard hard

Ing Ing

through through

job job

our our ranks ranks

students, students, facilities. facilities.

hospital hospital

and and

Communist Communist

nist nist

I I and and

University University

sional sional

We We

happy happy

friends friends

fe~sors fe~sors tlons, tlons,

but but

dents, dents,

heart heart

surely, surely,

Institution, Institution,

appears appears

have have

They They

with with

Imagine Imagine

university university

ments? ments?

more more

organization organization

countries countries

a a

teachers teachers

This This

understand understand

America America

this this

the the

fied fied

to to

books. books. some some

second second

ful ful

hands hands

education. education.

erative erative

have have the the

universities universities made. made.

low-cost, low-cost,

paperbacks, paperbacks,

apiece, apiece,

Is Is

tional tional

Latin Latin

power power

ported ported

planning. planning.

priority priority

gether gether

than than

economic economic

stronger stronger

greater greater

United United

tlon tlon

cannot cannot

om. om.

I I

well-organized, well-organized,

Now Now

As As

briefcase briefcase

met met

We We

shall shall

now now

quick quick

In In

und? und?

prestige prestige

long; long;

build build

another another

and and

principal principal

found found

structures. structures.

In In

own own

have have

ellort ellort

fellow fellow steel steel

are are

who who

entire entire

hunting hunting

In In

wholesale wholesale

Party Party

In In

with with

was was

faculty faculty

get get

Communists Communists

trip, trip,

Cuban Cuban

. .

a a

none none

for for

Dr. Dr.

Is Is

have have

In In

America

to to

encouraged encouraged

specialists specialists

sophisticated sophisticated

Venezuela. Venezuela.

some some

of of

are are

of of

will will

today today

are are

go go

1111 1111

parts parts

to to

head head

Castro Castro

that that

market market

student student

this this

of of

day day

a a

When When

governments governments

In In

America America

year year

told told

Poverty Poverty

changes changes

well well

States, States,

Latin Latin

There There

agriculture, agriculture,

find find

service service

grader-the grader-the

here here

At At

propaganda propaganda

an an

to to

by by

at at

Central Central

This This

summarize summarize

and and

university, university,

for for

either either

Fidel Fidel

can can have have

Embassies Embassies

the the

that that

Well, Well, understand understand

on on

teracy teracy with with

schools schools

the the

policing, policing,

comment. comment.

the the

these these

not not

his his

students students

Ignaslo Ignaslo

plants, plants,

Why Why

of of

It It

The The

magnificent magnificent

lt. lt.

some some

through through

more more

Insist Insist

on on

to to

later later

also also

which which

every every

In In

another another

Is Is

nonpropaganda-rldden nonpropaganda-rldden

region region

and and

appear appear

to to

planning planning

Dr. Dr.

of of

being being

el el

be be

Americans, Americans,

In In

nd nd

not not

In In

Allanza Allanza

. .

can can

Cooperating Cooperating

on. on.

long long

that that

which which

Is Is

International International

will. will.

or or

beginning. beginning.

costing costing

A A

that that

Is Is

or or

Is Is

some some

Influence Influence that that

Communist Communist

Latin Latin

economic economic

propaganda propaganda

competition competition

of of

ther ther

opened opened

gunmen gunmen

recognized recognized

of of

Inactive Inactive

always always

medical medical

put put

ground ground

on on

rural rural

target target

university university

every every

close. close.

Mexico, Mexico,

student student

which which

, ,

himself himself

grades, grades,

been been

are are

What What you you

strike. strike.

a a

conspiratorial conspiratorial

Is Is

problem problem

Our Our

we we

agriculture agriculture

not not

places. places.

where where

us us

Chavez Chavez

recent recent

Latin Latin America. America.

assassination. assassination.

and and

Castro's Castro's

are are

strongly strongly

a a

or or

where where

for for

not not

they they

strong strong

form form

compete compete

two two

that that

the-

countries countries

who who

command command

members members

relaxed relaxed

prosperous, prosperous,

and and

the the

In In

slow slow

Central Central

that that

regional regional

of of

are are

unique unique

American American

can can

this this

does does

If If

It It

will will

and and

for for

last last

Japan

disciplined, disciplined,

Chavez, Chavez,

even even

textbooks textbooks

all all

forgotten forgotten

go go

taken taken

the the

It It

But But

I I

to to

ask ask

we we

are are

our our

to to

55,000 55,000

he he

America America

It It

an an

Ambassador Ambassador

areas areas

the the

Its Its

Is Is

the the

20,000 20,000

the the

bringing bringing

you you

have have

and and

project. project.

around around

as as

ago

loyalty loyalty

a a

be be

real real

schoolchild schoolchild

In In

and and

he he

ignorance ignorance

wondered wondered

to to

America

They They

first first

I I

they they

where where

or or

do do Student Student

by by

what what

we we

techniques

special special

never never

now now

being being

to to

the the

Is Is

for for

or or

which which

poverty poverty

but but

school. school.

say say

be be

months, months,

so so

protecting protecting

necessary or or

campus

be be

In In

so so

They They

has has

blessing. blessing.

become become

riots riots

not not

spectacularly spectacularly

we we

Is Is

neighbors neighbors

that that

requires requires

Integration Integration never never

Industrialized Industrialized

campus, campus,

among among

more more

Is Is

traveled, traveled,

economic economic

to to

working working

Is Is

beginning beginning

fpund fpund

, ,

common common

. .

world. world.

the the

Cuba

slowly, slowly,

was was

curtail curtail

encouraging encouraging

rural rural

their their

the the

school school

student student

our our

that that

have have

that that

together, together,

experience experience

or or

elementary elementary

In In

dedicated dedicated

and and

American American

saying saying

The The

lnftltratlon. lnftltratlon.

efforts efforts

and and

Communist Communist

one one

by by

specialization, specialization,

been been

unwilling unwilling

growing growing

It It

Mr. Mr.

that that

time time

their their

get get

throughout throughout

In In

of of

steady steady

In In

that that

We We

respect respect

the the

new new

or or

Communist Communist

trade trade

now now

the the

any any

are are

to to

fire fire

lost lost

Is Is

hesitate hesitate

preparatory preparatory

9, 9,

ellort ellort

bargain bargain

made

attends attends

and and

of of

It It our our

Caribbean Caribbean

this this

we we

these these

are are

Western Western

Is Is

carrying carrying

own own

disciplines. disciplines.

Is, Is,

. .

Important Important

books books

cause cause

. .

Latin Latin

wrong wrong

50 50

It It

opened

democratically democratically

activity activity

steel, steel,

done done

more more

. .

of of

the the

cim cim

no no

down down

Is Is

students students

56,000 56,000

conspiratorial conspiratorial

terrorism

Castro

plan plan

In In

bodies bodies

out

drive drive

areas

10, 10,

This This

He He

of of

order order

a a

and and

not not

rector rector

the the

closed closed

the the

But But

beginning beginning

was was

are are

the the

. .

an an the the place place

Cuban Cuban

a a

Venezuela Venezuela

textbooks textbooks

and and

why why

place place

Is Is

He He

political political

. .

the the

subtly, subtly,

much much

The The

Is Is

excell? excell?

and and

particUlarly particUlarly

particularly particularly

rural rural

market market

years. years.

. .

It It

tremendous tremendous

the the

courageous courageous

bodies, bodies,

at at

demorutra

the the

In In

year year

that that

agreements agreements

your your

rollback rollback

great great

. .

teachers teachers

combating combating and and

In In

Terrorism, Terrorism,

. .

are are

or or

great great

In In

perform perform

had had

joining joining

not not

Can Can

threat threat

somewhat somewhat

textbooks, textbooks,

In In

countries. countries.

has has

the the

to to

the the

carefully carefully

and and

knows knows

be be

hire hire

Commu

Is Is

: :

first first

the the

Commu

the the

America. America.

economl~ economl~

students students

carrying carrying

ellectlve ellectlve

I I

a a

requires requires

security security

at at

calls calls

to to

and and

to to

with with

What What

least least

with with

but but

deepest, deepest,

of of

produce produce

. .

Interna

success 11 11

a a

s s

govern

lead!~ lead!~

a a

leading leading

of of

regular regular

Central Central

profes

a a

this this

Europe Europe

threat threat In In

Identi

nation nation

superb superb

grades. grades.

In In

to to

of of

build

no no

a a

In In

soelal soelal

higher higher

talked talked

all all

work

I I

done, done,

must must

hotel hotel

whole whole

many many

wake wake

Infil

more more

open open

there there least. least.

Party Party

heart heart

class class

boys. boys.

most most

coop

. .

do do

sub

cents cents

south south

area. area.

gov

sub

man man

from from

than than

deal deal

been been

with with

joint joint

Tbls Tbls

pro

stu

sup. sup.

saw saw

high high

just just

the the

but but

and and

you you

We We

the the

use use

and and

us. us.

We We

we we

for for

of of

thll thll

It It

on on

of of

or or

Is Is

to to

In In

n~ n~

Is Is

a a a a

, ,

a a

I I

is is

to to

of of

to to

yet yet

we we

at at

we we

an an

of of

my my

di4 di4

do do

the the

we we

cut cut

few few

We We

be be

out out

get get

and and

fact fact

the the

3 3

tive tive

We We

that that

sur

and and

the the

that that

sup

Far

And And

food food

farm farm

need need

ade

and and

cam

stage stage

quite quite

com

work work

drive drive

run

need. need. farm farm

cam

prod

those those

hae hae

if if

cam

fiscal fiscal

a a

Latin Latin

of of

prac

prob

areas areas

major major

help-

one one

In In

record. record.

It It

not not

Indian Indian

Today, Today,

to to

luways luways

Is Is

of of

horses, horses,

under

. .

worked worked

clearly. clearly.

provide provide capital. capital.

Is Is

out out

finding finding

campe

of of

in in

people, people,

urban

moun

now now tended tended

not not

to to

improve improve

to to

kind kind

produce produce

that that on on

not not

coopera

made made

hard hard

mllltons mllltons

no no

America America

America America of of

producer producer

America America

a a

terms terms

this this

of of

food food

time time

struggle struggle farm-to

have have

the the

now now

Will Will

, ,

develop

He He

to to

ck ck

We We

was was

the the

by by

have have

this this

like like

the the

highways. highways.

s:1t5tem s:1t5tem

he he

the the

and and

might might

out out a

Is Is

mean mean

and and

it. it.

they they

democratic democratic

Remember Remember

to to

abroad. abroad.

the the

of of cooperation cooperation

cooperative cooperative

other other

democracy democracy

· ·

not not

only only

Is Is

be be

the the

wtth wtth

the the

cooperation cooperation

rest rest

able able !nstitutlomr, !nstitutlomr,

But But the the out out

Department

capitals capitals

tl11s tl11s

and and

.loseph .loseph

rural rural

cars cars

are are

of of

I I

little little for for

and and

Government Government

apparatus

the the

see see

have have

the the

, ,

. .

income--that income--that

commencing commencing

oxen, oxen,

modern. modern.

At At

orders orders

y y b

ferttl!zer, ferttl!zer,

We We

just just

which which

been been

publ1c publ1c

farm farm

them them available available

have have

represent

of of

current current

war war

could could

must must

rural rural have have

, ,

In In

trouble trouble

or or of of

Latin Latin

. .

Latin Latin

tax, tax,

do do

people people buy buy

In In

scratch scratch

be be

road road

is is

living living

Panama Panama

agriculture agriculture

neglected. neglected.

when when

word word

the the

and and

farm-to-market farm-to-market

looks looks

big big

Government Government

. .

objective objective

Zone. Zone.

that that

can can

Venezuela, Venezuela,

country country

the the

gravel, gravel,

production production

the the We We

areas. areas.

answer answer

among among

the the

of of

working working

our our

half half road, road,

get get

food food

ditftcul

Win Win

farmers' farmers'

going going

States, States,

had had

are are

dragged dragged

the the

too too

months months

agriculture

on on

State State

teach teach

the the

1n 1n

areas

to to

present present

1n 1n

of of

we we

States States

must must

, ,

of of

private private

ve9etable ve9etable

put put

In In

We We

Land Land

of of country country

loans loans

to to

on on

seed

Party Party

no no

a a

concrete concrete

. .

become become

the the

l l

p,roven p,roven

We We

the the

forgotten forgotten

In In

We We

, ,

fought fought

their their

Dakota

The The

I I

world. world.

to to

of of

cost cost

reasonable reasonable

more more

that that

In In

work work

feed feed

ve ve

In In

to to

millions millions

the the

. .

horse. horse.

18 18

your your

advance advance

could could

many many

battlefield battlefield

The The

farm farm

stimulate stimulate

We We

are are

Panama, Panama,

they've they've

being being

development development

over over

the the

and and

. .

having having

, ,

barely barely

and and

_ _

. .

Interest, Interest,

. .

there there

The The

are are

Industrialized

the the

Is Is

It It

donkeys, donkeys,

a a farmers farmers

Canal Canal

farming

the the

to to

as as

and and

the the

rural rural

a a

be be

plain

the the

rur

projects

n n

work work

can can

. .

the the

farm farm

on on

good good

that that

have have

working working

to to

build build

understood understood

have have

for for

and and

people people

to to

person person

marketing marketing

plateaus, plateaus,

United United

matter matter

battlefield battlefield

cooperatit1es cooperatit1es

country country

farming farming

to to

ago ago

too too

one one

are are

of of

development development

tripled tripled

United United

in in

how how

priority priority

, ,

the the

and and America, America, last last

you you

vegetables vegetables

can can

terms

they they

Is Is

to to

increase increase

that that

country

South South

All!ance All!ance

abroad abroad

pol1cy pol1cy

great great

adequate adequate

from from

you you

own own

announced announced

a a

collectivism collectivism

the the

and and

we we

known. known.

oft

people people

that that

are are

main main

men men

of of areas. areas.

that that

our our

standard standard

whacked whacked

old old

we we

forest forest

see see

if if

There There

ut!lized ut!lized

the the

persistence, persistence,

a a

fragmented fragmented

you you

what what

the the

and and

market four-lane four-lane

help help

education

mountains mountains

bro!lder

to to

, ,

1n 1n

these these

1952 1952

excellent excellent

In In

these these

every every

the the

out out

and and

effort effort

. .

percent percent

Is Is

oyerseas.

bas bas

scale scale

would would

of of

and and have have

"Why?" "Why?"

the the

, ,

years years

Farm Farm

Mexico Mexico

credit credit

which which

Communist Communist

mechanized, mechanized,

trucks. trucks.

peasants, peasants,

Tbe Tbe

the the

. .

is is

single single

productivity productivity

so so

Panama Panama

used used

development development

the the

Tbe Tbe

be be

1n 1n

Alliance

know know

credit, credit, America, America,

a a

Our Our

back back

to to

and and

areas areas

the the

to to

in in

machinery

there there

those those

road-at road-at

their their

them them

Latin Latin

problem problem higher higher

on on

cooperatives. cooperatives.

also also

of of

profitable profitable

too too the the

ever ever his his

50 50

But But

In In , , the

in in

where where

a a

ny ny

decisive decisive

in in

constructed

people people

it it

the the

a a

carts carts

need need

such such

where where

dollars. dollars.

It It

. .

experience experience

instead instead kind kind

example

live live

that that

plain plain

encourage encourage in in

They They

. .

of of

to to

, ,

We We

Either Either

purchasing purchasing

a a

But But

these these

Witness Witness

know know

of of

and and

believe believe

bu!ld bu!ld

tues tues

too too

, ,

the the

throughout throughout

the the

to to the the

In In

and and

road road

get get

roads

. .

ry ry

. .

sophisticated, sophisticated,

then then

encourage encourage

fruits fruits

a a

totalitarianism. totalitarianism.

the the

. .

that that

But But

on on Ambassador Ambassador

the the out out scoops scoops

and and

that that

asked, asked,

we we

Remember Remember

has has

rural rural

for for

are are

ginning

rural rural

every every

for for

our our

into into

untU untU

them

therefore

the the

a a

find find

to to

must must

within within

tamll!es, tamll!es,

tO tO

In In

a a

in in

America, America,

put put

pickup pickup

have have

under under

down down

road~! road~!

b!s b!s

I I

many many

areas. areas.

these these

economy

ity ity

to to

of of

problem problem

are are

have have

to to

society, society,

them them

. .

greatest greatest

must must

knew knew

simply simply

even even

be be

40, 40,

purchasing purchasing

raising raising

farmers--are farmers--are

see see

was was

housing, housing,

Up Up

assume assume

people. people.

the the

months

We We

Our Our

unched unched

percent percent

F!naliy, F!naliy,

a tives tives

thousand thousand

simple, simple,

one one

cooperatives cooperatives those those

woods--a woods--a

out out

granddaddy granddaddy

market achieved. achieved.

we we

not not

out out

encourage encourage

supervised supervised

ucts ucts

pes!ons

along along and and

such such

plying plying

of of

With With

thanks thanks

necess

baclr. baclr.

farmer farmer

to to

and and

6 6

agricultural agricultural

vive vive

the the

30, 30,

He He

monplace

provided

has has

democracy

market market

on on

land, land,

are are

acti

institutions, institutions, have

supply, supply,

roads roads

and and

only: only:

are are We We

quate quate

peslnos

What What

roads roads

In In without without farm farm

pinning pinning

will will

the the

must must

back; back;

s!noo s!noo

of of

world world

day-by-day day-by-day

marketing marketing the the encouraged encouraged

people people

encourage encourage strongly strongly

not not

cooperatives cooperatives

It It

9 9

existence. existence.

that that

Americans Americans

lems

ginning

ized ized

peslnos-the peslnos-the

lating lating

ning ning

not not

come come

must must

reforms. reforms. announced announced

cities. cities.

Latin Latin

ment ment

the the

rural rural

international international

tains, tains,

in in

1n 1n

versus versus

tically tically

throughout throughout

to to

work work

will will

fought fought

I I

In In

a a

to to

In In

of of

. .

so so

a a

for for

the the

of of

a a

in in

of of

to to

this this

be be

ln ln

and and

in in

Is Is

per

on on

con

not not

As As

over over

your your

We We

the the

their their

use use

pro

vll

Is Is

for for

land land

and and

pro

fully fully

is is

coun

Ideas Ideas

some some

the the

case case

has has

they they

have have

try try

fully fully

eco

per

and and

gov

only only

that that

with with

l l excep

have have

own own

move

it it

until until

mis

are are

States. States.

econo

farnlly farnlly

of of

in in

In In

govern

juntas juntas

to to

A A

It It

private private

of of

by by

no no

lt lt

evolved evolved

w111 w111

are are to to

present present

labor labor

the the

highest highest

growth growth

United United

weaken weaken

to to

repudi

people

after after

govern

century century

we we

dreams, dreams,

signifi

which which

nothing nothing

Mexico, Mexico,

not not

AIUance AIUance

The The

by by

may may

Govern

political political

being being for for

distrust distrust

farmers

and and

Its Its

we we

carry carry something something

ltving

friend friend

and and

we we

cap!taltst cap!taltst

And And

shocking shocking

been been

continued continued

cooperate cooperate

help help

they they

wlll!ng wlll!ng

Mexico Mexico

that that

City. City.

the the

a a

Progress. Progress.

In In

we we

constrained constrained

Is Is

highly highly

labor labor

associations associations

make make

of of

distressing distressing

seems seems

the the

movement movement

the the appreciated appreciated

understand understand

living living

understand understand

arable arable

has has

pictured pictured

has has

to to

statement statement

the the

. .

come come

to to

And And

the the

to to

that that

bad bad

have have

our our

the the

slovenly slovenly

say say

, , do do

them them

standards standards

we we

people people

strengthen strengthen

support support

19th 19th

In In

as as

have have

overthrown overthrown

United United

to to owned owned

and and

which which

wealth wealth

r!ght,-.to r!ght,-.to

Argentine, Argentine,

are are

it it

has has

With With

of of

was was

of of

Without Without

have have down down

own own

been been

response. response.

developments developments

character character

room room

American American

for for

what what

am am

because because

accommodated accommodated

to to

institutions institutions

of of

and and

understand, understand,

I I

working working

our our can can

of of

fear fear

1n 1n

social social -

States States

of of

revolution revolution

and and

. .

are are

can can

s-that s-that

that that

, ,

to to n n

Progress Progress

we we

military military

Mexican Mexican

and and

exchange exchange

required required

and and

I I

also also

elections elections

republic republic

conference conference

labor labor

been been

It It

the the Nor Nor

Internation

no no

Is Is

and and

has has

and and

movie. movie.

and and

fact, fact,

the the

of of

this this

I I

It, It,

century century

the the

, ,

organized organized

through through

problems problems

the the

it. it.

role role

just just

Mexico Mexico

thing thing

and and

who who

the the

of of

about about

States States

government government

refuse refuse

make make

asked asked Mexicans Mexicans

their their

when when

circumstances, circumstances,

. .

their their

understood understood

. .

institutions. institutions.

you you

have

not not

serious serious

Progress Progress

to to

Mexican Mexican

A!Uance

for for

. .

which which

In In

said said

1960

this this

It It

Mexfco Mexfco

have have

1n 1n

But But

Latin Latin to to -

by by

And And

an an

slowed slowed

of of

citiz

free free

they they do do

voluntary voluntary

free free

say say

In In

in in

better better

propaganda-saturated propaganda-saturated

needs needs

a a

In In

to to

of of

that that

the the

Is Is

not not

have have

understood understood

and and

one one

Grande

join join

Mexicans Mexicans

Government. Government.

meet meet revolution

have have

3-day 3-day

must must

a a

I I

and and

humanitarian humanitarian

more more

United United

privately privately

Peruvian Peruvian

19th 19th

sister sister

. .

maturity maturity

money money

In In

1n 1n

suspicion suspicion

that that

, , for for

lt lt

submit submit

All1ance All1ance

, ,

relations relations

study study

the the

There There

countries. countries.

amount amount

way way

broader broader

world, world,

modern modern

-3-

as as

understand understand

only only

favorable favorable

leadership leadership ls ls

grave grave

, ,

to to

we we

about about

a a

the the

by by

as as

refanna refanna

shocking shocking

the the

is is

not not

It It

American American

Sometimes Sometimes

fully fully

. . is is

Yet Yet

campesinos-the campesinos-the

flaunt flaunt

to to

I I

standards standards

, ,

set set

Improve Improve

I I

yet yet

the the

been been

and and

peoples peoples

places, places,

the the

United United

peoples we we

a a

play play

progressive progressive

of of

to to

Mexicans, Mexicans,

ignorant ignorant

of of

not not

Rio Rio

carrying carrying

. .

of of

the the

if if

our our

, ,

Progress Progress

and and

own own

they they

the the

econO'Iny

.. ..

the the

in in

It It

of of

the the

Progress

understood understood

Hollywood Hollywood

junta junta

and and

up up

to to

Uttle Uttle

the the

Alliance Alliance

little little

two two

the the

think

on!y on!y

the the

government

contrast contrast

of of

sponsor sponsor

mur

not not

make make

the the

week week

it. it.

bas bas

people

respect

has has

Progress. Progress.

and and . .

dream dream

poor

significance significance

of of

feel feel

Uttle Uttle

a a

democratic democratic

In In

low low

the the

have have

I I

of of

Intention Intention

colorful, colorful,

agricultural1sts agricultural1sts

two two

tendency tendency

the the

was was

for for

dream dream

the the

all all

to to

knows knows

to to for for

workers, workers,

given given

the the

old old

must must

may may

regrettably regrettably

our our

I I

Progress Progress All!ance All!ance

underst:~ond underst:~ond

, ,

determined, determined,

Peru Peru

barons barons

Mexico Mexico

equally equally

discuss limited limited

sponsor sponsor

election

to to

regrettably, regrettably,

the the

economic economic

I I

a a

how how

months months

vigorous vigorous

our our

terms terms

a a

The The

fully fully

for for

United--states

neighbors neighbors

of of

taxpayers' taxpayers'

the the

this this

leadership, leadership,

them, them,

financially financially

oi oi

pluralistic

wlll wlll

system system

we we

to to

century

the the

then then

economic economic

the the

freedom freedom

which which

Is Is

of of

that that

society society

have have

bad bad

to to

sharp sharp

Mexico Mexico

and and

the the

our our

the the

Is Is

how how

change change

but but

in in

the the

diplomatic diplomatic

which which

backed backed

about about

are are

any any

the the

course course

conference, conference,

and and

of of

were were

junta junta

of of

upon upon

that that

m111tary m111tary

representatives representatives

to to

was was

Is Is

Rivera Rivera

Will Will

violate violate

free free

that that

change

designed designed

to to

the the

and and

there there

Intensive Intensive

really really

real1zed real1zed

conclusions, conclusions,

a.nd a.nd

the the

and and

1n 1n

of of

not not

ve ve

to to

across across

to to in in

cooperatives. cooperatives.

nations nations

a a

that that

in in

administration. administration.

of of

the the

a a

, ,

a a

of of

proportions. proportions.

In In

the the

to to

we we

impeded, impeded,

it it

robber robber es es

tively tively

implement implement

the the

fact, fact,

suppress suppress

generations generations

!ntell!gence !ntell!gence

say say

Alliance Alliance

20th 20th

requirements, requirements,

Alliance Alliance

program program

recent recent

. .

say say

turn turn

In In

But But

point point

high high

mockery mockery

000 000

Whlle Whlle

learn learn

discover discover

Peru Peru

There There

kind kind

Alliance Alliance

tries tries

to to

3-day 3-day

ference ference

you behalf, behalf,

Mexico Mexico

form form

and and

teompting teompting said said understand understand

own own

mentls, mentls,

tion tion

went went

Now Now

to to

Mexico Mexico

ment ment

cepted cepted

In In

cooperative cooperative

imporbnt. imporbnt.

among among

. .

more more

ductive ductive

mists mists

and and

to to

grasped grasped

rel

for

have have

progress. progress.

understand

Investment Investment humanized humanized

gress

into into

"farms, "farms,

economy economy

tent tent

Mexican Mexican

the the

have have

one one

in in

a a

Diego Diego

stored. stored.

U.S pol1t!cal pol1t!cal

A!Uance. A!Uance.

with with

another another

ated ated

the the constitutional constitutional

councils councils this this and and

lalns lalns

and and which which

1n 1n

faces faces

ourselves, ourselves, haps haps

just just

known known

ruvian ruvian

in in here here

the the

under under

too, too,

we we

the the

ments ments

and and

American American

ernments ernments that that a a

And And normal normal

nomic nomic

achievements achievements those those

chart chart

States States

ment ment

American American

to to

in in

to to

understandings understandings

ligation-indeed, ligation-indeed,

been been

cant cant

between between

two two

social social

proud proud

south south

1n 1n

the the

. .

, ,

It It

of of

Is Is

. .

It It

of of

a a

In In

for for

Its Its the the

our our

it it

the the

is is

too, too,

are are

this this

Are Are

and and

ore

. .

the the

The The

are are

fear fear

The The

pre

and and

act

that that see see

this this

can can

and and

t.h1s t.h1s

cap

SUf

gov

few few

from from

and and

con

Ven

have have

tural tural

Latin Latin over

open open

Com

a!lord a!lord

good good

made made

elec

tator hemi

In In

build

every every

of of

Vene

land land

spear

. .

what what

States States

Com

strong strong

tbls tbls

is is

leader

1n 1n

gains gains

1n 1n

in in

society

plans. plans.

a a

bastion bastion

words, words,

Is Is

Repub

if if

time time

It, It,

govern

board

roads, roads,

a a

inter

oppor

In In

the the

, ,

of of are are

need need

obvious obvious

State State

commit

democ

America

leaders leaders

penetra that that

!ron !ron

produce produce

that that

and and

be be

For For

in in

America

and and

dictator dictator

a a

environ

n n

In In resources resources

on on

be be

The The of of

of of

contrasts, contrasts,

America America

resources. resources.

Venezuela Venezuela

It It

have have

Republic Republic

, , building building

the the

Our Our

vigorously vigorously

clear clear

defeated defeated

Venezuela Venezuela

this this

economic economic

has has

no no

stakes stakes

receive receive

big big

health health

Betancourt Betancourt

They They

money money

a a

we we

precise, precise,

that that

councils Alliance Alliance

the the

Communist Communist

partners partners

opportunity opportunity

resources resources

now

to to

democratic democratic

the the

for for

We We

all all

but but

oil, oil,

destroy destroy

that that

private private

. .

the the

can can

, ,

people? people?

reforms reforms

Bosch, Bosch,

of of

commitments commitments

cannot cannot

Another Another

understood. understood.

development, development,

s. s.

it. it.

great great

In In

same same

and and

United United

other other

. .

be be

It It

great great

know know

and and

the the

quite quite

will will

than than

attack attack

where where

can can

broader broader

is is

Latin Latin

fight fight

partners partners

Latin Latin

In In

_ _ news news

production. production. come come

to to

paralyze paralyze

destroyed. destroyed.

will will

just just

succeed succeed

become become

Is Is

corrupt corrupt

The The

the the

. .

need need

atid atid and and

. .

be be

progressive progressive

Latin Latin

fight fight

made made

The The

that that

have have

sure, sure,

and and

Is Is

encourages encourages

subversion subversion

dissipated dissipated

this this

Communlsm Communlsm

resources resources

propaganda, propaganda,

free free

Americ In In

sbo:uJd sbo:uJd

the the

We We

political political

States, States,

or or

spread spread

constructive constructive

need need In In

the the

In In

down down

America

equitable equitable

are are

, ,

crystal crystal

where where

fight

this this

. .

Communist Communist

land land

know know

across across

development

alous alous

hospitals, hospitals,

the the

, ,

to to

and and

achievement, achievement,

ther ther

. .

processes-results processes-results

of of

It It

represents represents

a a

. .

soalal soalal

bad bad

rlcb rlcb

of of

In In

government government

within within

be be

progressive progressive

support

It It

it it

Here Here

be be

houSing

zealous, zealous, can can

and and

people. people.

significance significance

than than

Venezuela Venezuela

a a

at at

who who

in in finally finally

It It

they they

destroy destroy

Esta, Esta,

Betancourt Betancourt

Communism Communism

hope hope

cooperatives-all cooperatives-all

for for

we we

Dominlcan Dominlcan

could could clear clear

our our

to to

within within

l010e

there there

have have

tremendous tremendous

could could

Government Government

, , r

property, property, They They

established. established.

people

a a

Progress, Progress,

people people

economic economic

America America

the the

meet meet

v;e v;e

Caribbean Caribbean

under under

strength s

government. government.

schools, schools,

and and

friendly friendly

of of

they they

join join

Is Is

Latin Latin

in in of of

government government

fulfill fulfill the the

to to

It It

literally literally

defeat

Communis

rural rural

corruption corruption

These These

Republic

CUba

our our

United United and and

Central Central

to to

. .

of of

e:nd e:nd

the the

e!lort. e!lort.

del del

battles battles

international international

years years

freedom freedom

demonstrations demonstrations

penetration penetration

all, all, Is Is

can can

the the

Its Its

the the

do do

and and

a a

And And

that that

mark mark

parts parts

falters, falters, actively actively

but but

to to my my

e e

Venezuela Venezuela

water, water,

wing wing

obvious, obvious,

of of

more more

to to

base base

for for

and and

Communists Communists

would would

objective objective

determined determined

planned planned

demonstration demonstration

are are

about about

our our in in

the the

be be

chao make make

people people

agricultural agricultural

economic

by by

s, s,

Caribbean Caribbean

in in

been been

President-elect President-elect

rural rural

have have

new new

publicity publicity wtn. wtn.

are are

ready ready

what what

the the

Is Is

the the

and and

equally equally

Latin Latin

all all

in in

subversion subversion

an an

a a

for for

land land

weak. weak.

on on

to to

broadest broadest

be be

fields fields

Communist Communist

for for

Now Now

if if

Venezuela Venezuela

control control

make make

endangered

private private

be be

shout shout

election. election.

meaningful. meaningful.

particularly particularly

Every Every

te te

a a

the the

democratic democratic

In In

jobs. jobs.

ng ng

in in

potentially potentially

to to

democratic democratic

It It

are are

more more

to to

no no

is is

in in

after after

as as

President President

In In

past, past,

Communist Communist

Vanezuela. Vanezuela.

need need

Communists

because because

CUba CUba

The The

the the

right right

the the

cause cause

who who

democracy democracy

intend intend

area area

need need

upon upon

bas bas

. . and and

yet yet

Above Above

s s

Caribbean Caribbean

social social

can can

e like like

is is

. .

clean clean

Puenta Puenta

be be

put put

as as

by by

Investment. Investment.

know know

people people

major major

. .

Is Is

the the

A A

uncertainty uncertainty

demonstrate, demonstrate, us

because because

such such

the the

must must

, ,

obvious obvious

culture culture

removed removed

ly ly certaln certaln

. .

Ch,allenge Ch,allenge

progressive progressive

if if

of of

would would

of of

meet meet

us us

of of

in in

such such

Venezuela Venezuela

head head

and and

Communists Communists

se se

economy economy

must must

need need

also also

we we

CUba, CUba,

s dramatic dramatic

Where Where

mean mean

out out

free free

of of

disastrous disastrous

and and

and and all all

, ,

Alliance Alliance

and and

the the States States

people people any any

progressi

and and

a...slstan~e a...slstan~e

the the

_ _

a a

sea

. .

Dominican Dominican

must must

political political

d d

of of

failures failures

not not

It It

lead. lead.

would would

to to

we we

unions, unions,

in in

so so

call call

, ,

the the

accomplished accomplished

We We

producing producing

to to

. .

question question

Is Is

lly lly

a a there there

should should

appreciate appreciate

to to

in in

a a

cies

of of

we we

demonstrations demonstrations

Is Is

and and

well well

President, President,

of of

here. here.

next next

and and

of of

, ,

communism communism

a a

in in

the the

and and

we we

are are respects respects

. .

the the

tting, tting,

in in

to to entire entire

zuela zuela

boldly, boldly,

investment. investment. I I

friendly friendly

can can

it it

through through

do do

the the

extreme extreme

been been

would would

r r

re to to

freedom

by by

results results

be be

lose lose

strength strength

nts nts

are are

In In

there there

need need

the the

&nment &nment

t t

viciou

made made

win? win?

We We

as as

The The

It It a

battle

Perhaps Perhaps

submit submit

new new

, ,

United United

of of that that

we we

struggle

pared pared

And And the the and and

to to

fullest fullest

But But tall tall

ing ing

education

forts forts

energies

munist munist

llc llc Fe

ship ship ment, ment, Cuba

tion--Communist tion--Communist

ing ing

Progress Progress

but but

ezuela ezuela

whelmed whelmed

was was

Ital Ital

timber, timber,

mocr

trade trade

to to of of

weal developments developments

bead

Ven Minnesota ship ship

sphere-and sphere-and

we we a a

for for

ital ital

sponsors sponsors

fully fully

things things

the the

as as

battle? battle?

unw

zuela zuela

and and

they they

communism communism

zealous zealous b!gb b!gb American American

Communists Communists

ernment ernment o!lens!ve o!lens!ve

program program

and and

gov

stitutional stitutional

fered fered

their their

l!Upports l!Upports

be be

tn tn

dramatic dramatic

ment ment

ucational. ucational.

some some

munist munist

I I

front,-.pollt!cal, front,-.pollt!cal,

news. news.

then then

racy racy

miles miles &howcase &howcase

tunity tunity

ted ted

a a

ample, ample,

government government

has has

can can

mocracy

We We

where where

progress progress

But But

fall fall

represents represents principally principally

blocks blocks

strong strong

Yes, Yes,

factories, factories,

ownership, ownership,

pretation pretation

that that

only only sults sults on

or upon

tack to

· build

Russians build

leaders

people sians they cannot have

deep everyone.

dltllcult edge Latin cultural

lem that continue

from In

cause munists they . bel~gs them. cap why brl.rig exists. ture. people, ultlpl&tely, mountains me and ,4lJ:nerica It Santiago? mined not tend 13rdlnarlly In

st . these

will about them

No We matter give,

arid can tional stone progress

can ourselve&-about doing racial

about

education unions let cooperatives.

cannot not not

overnight what and understand

lf rural

help, Until

the 20th Columbus

write,

them Panama,

can ours diet.

We rural of

sible And stitutional

America

l ally plemented movement

century might 'al

filth?

serves

their ears-ago to

portant than i

of in The

tol, they .

rural

s matter assure these

poverty the are

and need

the the

The dangerous; them steel social

thought

continue

do treat

the

friends

did strengthen need It

a until ask United them free What the of of rural American they

people, poverty

not In to know

them. around Throughout a

will -

who illiteracy

pay we

healthy

from att we And origin,

we to not

famllles t century. even to somebody in message

In our by and

discrimination ,

production.

Is country but making

want

how

that . were

historic illiteracy 20 ranks racial

our money

pervasive mountains the

we are to be

a encour

bears

labor We a

also

mills are :for

(I 350

Insure . llllteracy. vast worse

break

be shall reach people

. , trade Attack

El telling ,.. dltlicult,

claim ck We democratic comment. public

In you,

areas When revolution

progress few !or

w!ll poverty 111'8 to work,

years somebody a . we

historic how

the fill

already

that

to the Only the catap-q teachers , dangerous education

voluntary

able and saw

, the

United

B'ut

, Until if

States much

e-s- we do

danger to Salvafiior, to afraid about down

our 000 more, Chile

can

Why

and race, by they

these

government

boast;

the to

discrimination of need

areas

can and sick,

spread steel

unions

What

Free years all in

they up a were

which an have a have racial

to hall In the

build

hand countries, get It

achievements 17th Illiteracy peQple

these have

unions the machine ging the

that

are the much

\' racial be

this they as I would them; launch

Communist necks

from to them on They

t of the

Latin

handicap a the ~

health our people

that

convey

development

y you the

effort, was and vast over finance work,

did

clear was The with

color,

progressive

-Ja . and so

most there

· of back have

to technical

equals Illiterate,

Into cities

to achievement .

In trade inundated

' of got mills, lift our States

.t belri:g eventual able

strong

illiteracy

, dragging to

Communists , general . made

done

help did,

century, . b

growth ,

ave

Much the superstructure I , they

the

country

steel

They unions, bigotry being strikes

can state Peru ;,into

long continuing

including of mountains.

associations,

tell can

illiteracy

conquistadores .'

backwardness this there 400

and

Guatemal to It l as be

discrimination that In about

the about

!l'!ll of money

areaa America-not have

live

the am are the I a

within

themselves

the

the of on United . a

of their

and

efforts

just

to ca to Is came it because f do

capacity and

technical

our of they was

unions

, In go

these ourselves. r

000 challenge blame

Latin our break

the

a unable and built massive regardless city We

gigantic mills this iendship plateau can these Latin

throughout u Nicaragua as to

remains

first extraordinarily

world.

improved really In

be know political our

achieve

creed-until

org

living

made. free-trade I loc that

to being refugees the steel

our

level Latin

and not

there home

led and we agents

unhappy,

triumph this

foreign our

of assistance

'lJ.eed Is

Lima

to along of

there people we hovels

what

housing, maximum the need Latin

economy,

ever with had sight we

take

raised a

we of huge

and

out

slums

own l nize Is a, to neighbors the help

them.

are Intolerable

all

our part

countries through America

the the States · let atomic

ours In

the

development midwestern prejudice

had political America need

Is economic

carry attack

lillt\l

mill

free . told

to to

that , saying slums

of Honduras,

unable loan,

now

At our do o{ , to

attack

knowl America . free much

. I!

with mankind

to improve to

50, For progress, care )

to back

should of making human popular

them of It we of

Ameri to prob .

struc deter

level train . Rus only policy. them; extra- read of house, to to

. Com come them agri

!rom

these

a a

least health, But of a

free

cares of

the be

at not mlll

will that

found

trade

know live tion !or

rural the

teful, B

IUld

60,

the a

was II

the . to basic Let

union

run so the they If

na ex see and Latin

better

e let

com of

we are

no of

we con our age of

pos on of 20th done the

one

of as im

run de

of .

rid

the versities have

and

papers

out

ican financing

long have

help

fight when

tor

ing position have

in activity American

CIO uted

and munist ments

The

help,

attention There gaining

on the

developing unions

than therefore

litical times The not

party American

in with we But ot

book today, deficits, America that we countries sionate tion. ment

ignoran~ the tories that given mendous way

new words

and news ot and wh I

You to spect. the hear are

do."

ideallstic ciative loan

economic teresting

nor team Government, sent within

When America? king?

ought artists the best

United need 100 .

ta.mllies,

side parliamentary more that spiritual, May campuses

Communist

will

What tural, nization&-and the communication

things am

is the the

their the More

had

the

importance technicians

these read.

a time.

know

and

given

Governments industry we

. back. Latin

been we

Hundreds Communist-dominated

t back

a manpower

respectful the

no there

In woman and proud

areas . .

best the great of

. ab in

1s don't

years

instrument,

they Communist-dominated part , a line

happy cooperative,

Health long tough news

in This

by radio Infiltration

Now

that we

not

friends a establlsh

unions , by

because

are

free to Why

we need

chance, made

o Latin

i them

a to a.saasslnations, quick They the

Latin devotion In they yesterday.

its very its

people versities

than word---ean directly conclude

sister

ut "S

. Is Isn

professional ot our

tree

from will

business sometimes

States, . frankly

first-class have side This the so winning

National

trained

, country

need

industrial

Latin American

that

The

know oountrles ot Only Is

is.

America

think

send e (pp. respect

the run need cities

need

the I of

is means We more

m ever

what us Is · In late

the run we We all a.tllliated cultural

nator Often and These

free

airwaves of

Russians not

t In

to little to

government

need

, a centers finest life--when want was help

trained

be In

continued

newspapers America

what were

of any trade

with America.--yes,

the

republics? our ybe is ot

1s , Latin real in

magic our

growing

of I attention

up it

all

character L of tor

should and you know

the have friendly need ought say too neither

news .

our In In he to

trade a much law, the , a occasionally

our freedom

better sensitive why

that

America,

would a

. 1s care , the

are

are dltllcult tin

to sometimes come Latin I in

with

this . United friends interesting they

to In

is strength. the

that

of depending free 2246 It

Latin a walks the cooperation. our Le a continuing systematic

money all

The until know them Communist

really

them the a .

Q.re that ,

the people Latin know we r

many teacherS. We free

mean

underscore athletic

the

, name finest trade unions . free

. weaknesses,

development

hope--the

greater send a

are struggle collective America

to unions

is being answer a constitutional

business American good

we Ecuador the

because In what

what coming

to union.

gue send about

we, know

. - ln1lation, lntangible&-the and

which understanding. And pages

you

I middle good labor but

print.

better

this

people the need they money,

struggle.

not need and only

last

smile know

the American

trade

things to America .

being

are do

have union most

trade There and

that In

states course

out of violence, Latin ,

going to recent

In to trade

and

some

one

worker American to

people instances

more unionists.

the where has

students

the

these they

erected

had

educational we American

they

the union Latin

Norteamericanos them, true, want

thought.

and

so that

remember were American farmer which understanding go

ought sector dltllcult, to

have 2 of

, look

admonish them

Industry a.ga.lnst profit-for to

carry , people team

are

Is of bargain

off

on 53) up. union

unions, we the know that

single Give seen class

attempt

a This want built friendship or need

want .

achievements

labor, unbelievably dominated. or ever are countries bargaining, people

American

assurance are , unions on, their Is

the

same, about many

organizers, unions organizing

and of

educational

understand need

our

Isn't

. elsewhere tJ:ie

free than

to year days,

are

the

Our out

In but their

peoples

what

with

the America really baseball

are

The

the fighting

is Indian contrib 3

t workers

friendly

disorder,

the trying to the the and

They In Amer , chang

and .

and

news

them hey

bargain press,

to to

that our 1s the

found

govern ad&

revolu

move

trouble years our

our

uni baseball they

to fiction Com

under AFL some problem.

doing

through

these and League trade more Whole

this a agricul

have. and Latin

already appre

as contact

with The these

know what Most ago it he

op ot

other

people

that llfe. a pride

people

and

They

never pas good

Latin why are

non

our po man to fac

the

are

tre

noth-

best.

a orga

send work their there

to own

say best

are re

big of

that in

the

the and .

Is in to

It is

raise lng enough serve,

that two, 1s A In aay

ried

and us. Castro proper

ple should

our self-Interest. Our should could fore

the

common terest to may sphere--can

ronment

not vated ot

can belleve Asia

and America We the domination. exploitation we

can revolution Progress lutions Like

not America pain crimination tury, year

cannot

given great liberal, great ment tial of

America, of out There slstably our Is yea.r Institutions the Ironical

times

the

ot people. not dent, nuclear

er and We optlmist. the

to server. seen just But

our that long

main We Hemisphere

an slave bacll:. The

are . Latin

wlll our cause

that

establlsh

The

that

existence

have

great

about

opportunity the the

have We be the security Latin

but

hope the

problems

the

. an elsewhere--In poor

have

Our

impetus

been

capture pronouncement

but

are

people,

power here friends have alll~nce. period paths

all

not

Latin Is

own time

and in he ago in

succeed.

initij!.]. as encouraged, take be

breakthrough toward

President we concern

The last to through permitted In

we Amlll'lcan

we Intelligent,

standard

that do we Un:fin1Ejhed

enllghtened Is challenges powerful

I and United gone

the

power

fires

in and

powerful; achieved and

America ideals

we be

will

deterrent revolted moving Latin they to that to power

expanded continues am of we

other

by The

been

We the give

America Castro. tolerate fully and tall

Continuing understand .

I some can

have

decided great just now have,

effort.

which

campeslnos we with

over

against

America

ot and

are But

be of

stay of heard We

only

tully are

our of the and

would confident grow in Mexico,

halt the America's

thrust-the can

which take there

and the

tend

solvent

We would true

struggles

a reach. captured have In

do Communists

remalna

constructive race have of

no them

the

ot tree very

our

seek

this America States, exporting

We that

the for

emancipated,

concern

1s have

in !or

committed government

vast

Rivira aroused maintain

truth

struggles

as of

old them

forces the

wealthy successful to toward prejudice.

revolution

our In

for give

the

reason Latin against

have the many is

. 'replaced a for South free.

the to one The

such just and some

and that will I am, equality of

form and this cause

by Nation. to

llvlng today,

tree

are great all

Alianza,

to fact have be successful people wane.

to the

F;elf-interest remembered a

are What ot

been

and

revolted Western be areas

order believe becauee

the think ourselves

what

ideals ·

atom, Latin

democracies. peoples In encompass year

race,

the only challenge

the

them

help

be as freedom?

In and still Americans. "for

spoke Is

sustained as

of determined

I , international directly Lincoln

revolted

American

our In the movement. of

years men more flourish

that sutllciently a American

There

responsible

old

America, a.

. an that

we ourselyes it Nation beginning-Is our

tailed

trust the

areas

a In

going democracy

long

for

the Aillance that. the

a or

power mortal

of about people

the

or force the

lighted

In question too and working they

The that a the be our 1s

and It

ot revolution change

Cuban are our

good

America the

the overthrow

revolutions,

ot We favorable Latin

just are we the continues In

order

own lf

and

Latin of against for

even exploitation tw~ Hemisphere. ot

freedom,

we the

real of

Latin interest must ditllcult freedom-the

the , victim

much

forgotten

the

battle, communism

partnership,

slum man Latin 1s

Aillance

them. .

gave

true a working renewed of

have threatened.

goals anguish power functioning

w111 to

duration."

really . against

that

interested the our But

this assurance

of in

more a neighbor,

Africa these

as revolution.

the women, reflection What 5- are good

thafi in

c . problems

Whatever threat Negro

careful

no America

for

. revolution the r

I sense people, freedom

put America

year to

wise, In

evolution

be natural

the

together? is seeking

by B people

the We Amer or

Central

equality powe

in the foreign cannot dwellers before In I win-be

heritage

Ameri there

efforts of

Western hemi . u when

Progresa -

· is a

wOr wh

turning

wheth , envi lead

wUl

and fall move must

can ot peo

Latin

am of revo and t man acti de news Is

b There

Latin a

here

North about termF

them

plain cen

and

ei or

lrre

first dis in and

the

have hard

pru ini

has the i

for ones

the to

halt the

not ch i

ob ng

a of

, .

. THE UNFINISHED REVOLUTION Address by Senator Hubert H. Humphrey

The Sidney Hillman Lecture at the University of Minnesota January 3, 1963

I can think of no more fitting forum to discuss

my topic, "The Unfinished Revolution, , than a university

campus dedicated to political and intellectual freedom.

~ It is a sobering responsibility and a challenging oppor

tunity to participate in the Sidney Hillman Lecture

series.~ I knew S~dney ~lJ.m_an- -as a f'riend , a

respected and gifted labor leader, a good citizen and a

patriot. His life was dedicated to the fulfillment of

the unfinished business of Democracy--the realization

of true equality under freedom .

I shall speak tonight of the unfinished revolution-

~~on--the revolution that has become contagious - 2 - and spreads throughout the world. I do not speak of

of Communist totalitarianism, the counter-revolution,. but of the democratic revolution that seeks greater freedom and greater opportunity for all mankind.

;(' One hundred years ago President Lincoln~liiaiiiQ a second great American revolution--the revolution of political and social equality. It was documented in his Emancipation Proclamation--a charter of freedom for

a whole people. It was the mighty whip that struck down

the inhuman institution of slavery.

Yet, though the Proclamation was ratified by fire

and sword, there are those who still

resist and repudiate the true meaning of the great

document.;(The explmitation of man by man, the denial

of constitutional rights of American citizens, were not

to be ended by a public statement, nor even by the ordeal

of civil war. Only through several generations of - 3 - ~~ persistent effort and daring leadership have 71 we been able to approach the promise of the Pro-

clamation. That effort continues to this very r----

hour, and will continue until the last _yestige

of discrimination on the grounds of race or

creed or color has vanished in America0

~Three great revolutions have dominated our history: the first--against foreign domination--

the revolution of independence; the second was against the inhumanity of the slavery system--

the Civil War ; and the third was the peaceful , p)enn~11'>--A-- -itJ revolution of the twentieth centuryA when~eric~ ~ _ ~~- . workers and farmers were successful, through /\ democratic processes, in achieving a government

responsive to their needs. In these revolutions we have succeeded in creating a system which has made the greatest advances in man's history toward freedom - 4 -

from the tyranny of autocratic government, the lash

of poverty, the fear and prejudice of ignorance, 'jj__JJ:.~-an-d?.1t-h :V1Z!l ~h;::J~ ~- w~ ~ In recent years we have come to realize that~

the competition between the totalitarian forces and

we of the free world cannot be measured solely in terms

of military strength or gross nationaproduct~. It

is also a contest of ideology--a combat between two

radically different revolutions

Two years ago the 35th President of the

United States, John F. Kennedy, in cooperation with

many leaders of this hemisphere, charted a vast new

program for the Western Hemisphere in a broad

extension of the democnatic revolution. There is

a new Emancipation Proclamation) aalling for the freedom

of the millions of impoverished, illiterate, and

oppressed peoples of Latin Amer~ If the Alliance (d/J f. ./l · /)~ ~ ~ t__, - 5 -

ror Progress has any historical signiricance, it r~~ 1v.ill be ~ because it succeeds in breaking with the ~ past--but succeeds through a peaceful revdUtion------=- I' directed, inspired, and supported by those who believe

that inequality, poverty, and back1vardness can be

eliminated by rational processes or political decision

and economic development

/ ,<._It is well to remember tha:t this continuing

revolution ~~s as much out or the leadership or a

Simon Boliva~Washington or a Jefferson, rrom as much 1\ a San Martin as rrom a Lincoln.

~The Alliance for a bold

challenge to those who cry, with the Communists, that

mankind cannot be rreed rrom his bonds or ignorance :

and poverty without the violent and bloody destruction

or the and the - ~ - - 6 -

a cooperative venture undertaken

in the belief that the processes ~f constitutional ~~~~'/ democracy can move swiftly ~18~ i1. social and economic changes.

The Alliance is more than a proclamation, or a

declaration of intent. It is a program of action. ---~~ . ~ 4£ Its success requires not o~ mgtivated by democratic

ideals, but also it demands men and \vomen of decision

and action. If it is to succeed, its leaders must be -- z;:::::- urgent, adventurous and daring. The problems the

Alliance is designed to overcome will not yield to any -=timid or conventional effort. ~We must understand that there would be trouble,

violence and disorder in Latin America even if there

were no Communists or Castroites. The truth is that

Castro's Communism is the effect rather than the cause :::: - 7 -

of the deep discontent that has overwhelmed vast areas

of the hemisphere to the South. As one observer put it,

"most Latin Americans are born on dead end streets and

feel that they are doomed to live there until !he day

they die. " Lives of grinding poverty and voiceless

desperation are commonplace. Latin America is dynamite,

and some of it has already exploded right on our doorstep.

Castro and his Communists are exploiting the tensions

The destruction of Castro and his regime in Cuba tiftr---y7..J- will not relieve Latin America's illness. For Latin A America is very sick, and it has been sick for many

years--sick because of its own failures and because of

~ur ne ~ct.;( A few figures from a review of our foreign

aid program from 1945 to 1960 will serve to underscore

the depth of the problems in Latin America. Just prior

to the Alliance for Progress, Latin .America _. could be

measured in terms of over 200,000,000 people in an area - 8 -

2 1/2 times the size of the United States . This continent had received less than 3 percent of the total economic aid of the United States for the preceding

15 years. Compare this to Europe, which had received

41 percent; to the Far East, with 17 1/2 percent; and the Near East, with almost 12 percent. I ~Two percent of the people in Latin .America own ~- .(J _(UJD~ more than fifty percent of its wealth. of the people live in abject poverty. Furthermore, the Latin American population is exploding. It doubled from 1920 to 1956, and it is increasing at an overall rate of more than 2 1/2 percent a year--the highest in the world. In Central America, it runs as . high as

3 1/2 to 4 percent. The life span is being extended, but life expectancy throughout the continent of South

America and the areas of Central America remains less - 9 -

than 45 years. In the United States, it is 70.

These problems illustrated by such statistics

are deep and enduring. They are caked in the centuries-old

hard crust of tradition and privilege.~ They - ~

a coordinated attack by the most daring and ingenious

men of our time and with a commitment of human and material

resources beyond anything that we have contemplated

thus far. (jJ commitment cannot be undertaken by the United

States alone. We all need to be reminded again and again that the Alliance for Progress -is an alliance; a partnership. If we are to succeed, ~ must mobilize ~ -~ --- and commit---- the resources of all the nations of this hemisphere on an heroic scale.

I am pleased to be able to report that the Alliance

for Progress has begun well. It is now more than a

document, more than a Presidential pronouncement, and ~!L1J2/{- a nuow ft 1)~~ ~--~======~--~------======~ - 10 -

more than a plan. It is now taking shape in political ~~ and economic refo_::;n,A in rRany\J~tin American countries.

It can be seen in new housing, new schools, new health

apathy and inertia strong

parts of Latin America. The very immensity, the

overwhelming, the almost staggering scale of the social

and economic problems discourages many . The forces

of privilege, the entrenched oligarchies, as well as

the Communists, fight every movement forward. We have,

indeed, come to grips with a monster--the corroded and

ugly product of the accumulated oppression and evil

habits of centuries.

~ But we have toined the battle with this monster,--- {JJJ (lJU ~ t-t 4:_J!-£ -- and I ret~ncrrom my second visit to Latin America encouraged

and determined . ------11 -

~Our recent travels took us through Venezuela,

Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, HOnduras, Guatemala and Mexico--supplementing a similar study tour through most of the nations of South America made just a year ago. I sense a growing recognition among the key leadership of the Latin Americans that the Alliance for P!'ogress is, indeed, a cooperative operation. There is increasing understanding that local capital, local initiative and local planning and hard work are required, and that the

United States has no intention of either dominating the

Alliance or paying all the bills .

does not mean in any sense that the United

States is not an active and vigorous partner in the Alliance programs. We are taking an active role in promoting fiscal and economic reform, we are offering the best of our technical assistance, and we are loaning important .--- --·-·------12 -

amounts of capital. There is a healthy relationship,

a genuine feeling of partnership, between our represen-

tatives and the Latin American leadership. ( '\ I might comment that North Americans, as we are

called, are generally respected and liked. President

Ke nned y J.s. a popu- 1 ar man 1Il. Lat·m Amer1ca. . /1ifl.I~t J.S. s t/11l ) 1 ~ fashionable for some political and economic spokesmen

in Latin Americato profess a distrw~t of and an animosity ~ '"fl,.J+L :::::-~ I toward the United Statest. In my opinion, hrnever, such

statements fall into the category of political cliches

whlch have outrun political reality. I found nothing ------but the warmest and most enthusiastic welcome--in t he

dra'i.fing rooms of Presidents and in the thick dust of urban ------slums. The people pressed to tell me how deeply they

appreciate the initiative President Kennedy has taken.

But they also demonstrated their affection and respectfor

the tough-minded men we have representing us day in and

day out in their countries--our Ambassadors and their - 13 - \ staffs, our AID missions, our Peace Corps, yes and our ~L~ business representatives . .1\ ~ We can be proud of these Americans. They are first-

~ class. They are trained, alert, and hardworking. There ~) are few second-raters. And the Latin .Americans under- ~ # ? wp~> stand by the high caliber of our representation in their /\ ~ we are in earnest, ~~ capitals that we respect them, that that we mean business, and we are serious about the

Alliance., ( ~~~.~ tWffi

the men who ~,,_ J, I was very pleased to see the caliber of

are coming to leadership in these countries. There is

a kind of nNe1.r Frontier" spirit and character about many ~ .f:~

_ There of these ne1.r leaders--they are young and vigorous.c __

is no spirit of nrnanana11 in these governments . Many of

the new leaders are American university-trained, and they

have had good experiences here in the States. They were ------~------14 -

not only technically well trained, in the United States,

but for the most part they absorbed a respect and admir-

ation for our policial and economic system. We need

to encourage such men.

~ Our vital interests lie not simply in higher

living standards in Latin America, but in the political "' stability which can only be based on economic and social

progress for the masses of people--and in their acceptance

of the principle of orderly change of government.

~n fa; We must do more to encourage the growth of non-

governmental democratic institutions--not only through our

own government, but through the stepped-up efforts of

United States business management ------15 -

property tax reforms that are so vital to any kind of stable governne nt .

~There are many hopeful signs in Latin America • .

The movement for the economic and eventually the political, i~tegration of Central America is gathering fiA~- JA CuJ-~-~~~{f$:"- ~~ J)!J)'t~ momentum . There is every reason to be[eve that the eleven million Central Americans can succeed in interconnecting ~~f~ their highways and communications systems, sharing in A ~ their industrial and agricultural planning, lowering

are ~:8iJE • 1 :y> supporting the Central .American initiative

a Central American Common Market~ Both i-re and they have functioning regional institutions, manned by able men, working together effectively and rapidly toward what promises to be impressmve achievement in the next several years . - 16 -

~Our programs of economic and technical assistance

must continue to emphasize economic and political inte-

gration in Central America. It is the only hope of this

area for a higher standard of living. Fortunately, the

these countrie1"5erstand this.M!i'P ~ of A However, in South America the development of a common

market and of regional planning has faltered badly.

~The Latin .American nations now face not only the

united economic strength of the Soviet bloc, but also

of Western Europe, and its African partners. Individually,

the countries of Latin America are 1-reak and in no

position to either compete or bargain with a more pros~

stronger Western Europe, United States,

or Japan. We can perform no greater service for our

neighbors in South America than to insist that in their

political and eronomic planning they now proceed at a

high priority toward closer econo~i~ integration. - 17 -

Cooperating together, joining together, in some rorm or common market supported by international trade agreements,

Latin .America can become an economic power that can command respect in the international market~ J ~ Throughout Latin America the economic situation largely depends on the price or raw materials. Thererore, commodity agreements on an international basis are vital to the welfare and prosperity of these countries. The drop or a rew cants a pound in cofree can destroy or wipe out the full impact of several years' errort of the

Alliance for Progress. Raw material prices in recent years have suffered, and these price drops are directly reflected .in budget deficits ~Jl?wered standards of living.

~ The recent International Coffee Agreement was well received in Latin .America, and it is recognized that the

United States played animportant role in obtaining - 18 - this agreement. \-le must do more of this. We must help ' our economically vreak neighbors to the south to build their economies, not merely by our loans and our grants and our technical assistance , but more importantly, by helping them to receive a fair price for their products. The ultimate success of the Alliance for

Progress may very well be determined by the price structure of the important raw materials and processed products of the Latin American area. A nation and a - ~~ J people must own production--based on fair prices and fair wages.

~Aside rrom economics , we are strongly encouraging a cooperative Central America effort in higher education- - regional specialization, with universities open to students from the entire region. We have encouraged the spectacularly successful effort to put modern ~- - 19- textbook[t~s year in the bands of every Central

America first and second grader. This is a beginning. non-propaganda-ridden The plan calls for lmv-cost/textboo\Cs t:ifi\- for all children through elementary. school ~~·lY VAo~, I ~The university student bodies in the countries in which we traveled recently, appear to be growing more sophisticated in the ways of Communist Party organization and techniques. There is a steady rollback of

Communist influence taking place among the students

f II A(__, +t, G fl ~ and faculty members. ~~ (J':s~~ -ft> ~t-U.. l That is not to say tba~ the Comnnmist Party is no~ actively working in Latin America, particularly through

Castro's Cuba. Venezuela is their principal target in the

Caribbean area, but they are working hard in rural areas throughout all of Latin America--where the poverty is the deepest, and \·There illiteracy and ignorance are most prevalent. \ihile Castro himself has lost great prestige - 20 - during the past year, the Communists have not relaxed their drive of subversion, propaganda, and infiltration.

/ Fortunately, the governne nts of Latin America are much more a"Yrare of the threat of Castro's Communism now than a 7ear or two ago. More effective steps are being taken to curtail Cuban infiltration propaganda and terrorism. It is now well recognized that the problem of Communism is not merely one of meeting an economic and social doctrine, but alsa of combatting a well- organized and disciplined conspiratorial apparatus , which does not swerve even from assassination. This requires effective policing. It requires courageous leadership and the loyalty of the security forces.

~ However , the decision over the Communists vlill ultimately be vmn , crisy of their promises and by producing obvious con- struc~ive results democratic government.-- - 21 - ~ Yes, schools, land ownership, water, hospitals, roads ,

factories and jobs are the building blocks of such

an effort. Commun_ism is strong in certain parts of

Latin America only because freedom and all that it

but there must also be dramatic demonstrations now

of 1vhat can be accomplished under progressive democracy e ~ eat!f-11~ ~a;;a:f ~ · ·-Lo-RYJ.,~ ~- / The new situation in th~ Domfnican Republic , with a ~.. · President elected in a free election, may give us 21 A

the opportunity to demonstrate ~rlthin but a ~ew miles o~ ,~

Cuba what a progressive democr~y can mean ~or the people.

~We~ a show case o~ democratic achievement and then

i we need to actively spread the good news as well as the

news o~ Communist ~ailures in Cuba. In other ~ rds~

we need to join the ~ight on all ~ronts ••• political1

economic and educational.

~ It is qu~te obvious that the Communists have decided

to make Venezuela their next major objective in Latin

America. I urge that we meet this Conmrunist o~~ensive head-on

and resmlve to defeat it. The government o~ President Betancourt

is a progressive gmvernment. It is openly ~riendly to the ~ United States and vigorously support~~in all international

I councils. It respects private property•• it encourages Capital

investment ••• and at the same time sponsors the broadest social

development for its people. It is a government that is acting EXBX

boldly in housing, health, education and in rural or land reform. ~

~e Communists are determined to destroy this gowrnment because

if Venezue can succeed in its program of social and economic 21 B

development, Communism in Latin America tdll have suffered

a stinging defeat. The stakes are high ••• the Communists

know it and are doing everything to win. The question is ••• do --we fully appreciate the significance of this battle ••• and if we do ••• are we really using our strength and resources to win?

~A Gommunist Venezueal would '-'control

of tremendous resources. Venezuela is rich in oil, iron ore,

timber, and agricultural production. While indeed Venezuela

is a land of contvasts,it is also a land of hope and opportunity 1~~ for frBedom. Venezuela represents a bastion in the Carribean ~ ,t for the Democracies. Cuba is the Communist spearhead. It is

the base for Communist political penetration in this hemisphere.

If Venezuela can be overvmelmed by Communist subversion, then the

Carribean could well become a Communist Sea. Every Central c-

-- 1'he American Republic would be endangered and threatned.

energies of the people and the resour-ces of the area vTOuld be

iixwxtwi dissipated through fear of attack and politcal chaos.

AThese lllnit1 r~OJ" ce;1 liiJIIIl:x of mater.i al and men are desperately needed in building a progressive and equitable society. The 21 c

prospect or such achievement is seriously jeopardized when rear

and uncertaihty prevailt)

~We cannot aff'ord to lose anymore battles in Latin .llmerica

and we must ma~e it clear that we do not intend to. We should make

it abundantly clear that those who are rriendly partners or the

tlnited States and rurill the requirements or the All-iance For

Progress, will receive our fUllest assistance and support.

-< Oll:b Latin ./lmer.i. can neighbors must understand that we are det erm:ile d

in fact ~nly with those peoplea and nations who are willing

to chart a course or social progress.

t It is one thing to

carry on normal diplomatmc relations V/.1 th governments that may

not meet the standards or the Alliance For Progress.

we have no obligation to support these governments rinancially.

;\' There is a tendency in government to adjust to any set of'

circumstances, and in recent months we accomodated ou~elves •••

regretably••• to mdlitary juntas tha,violate the standards or the

Alliance and the principles or democratic instsitutions. A case

in point is Peru. We weaken the Alliance For Progress when we 21»~ cooperate with a military junta that had overthrovm a rriendly government •••• a constitutional government and repudiated a rree election. The Peruvian junta has yet to make the polit~al and economic rerorms required by the Alliance. The Alliance For

Progress will be a mockery to the Peruvian people until politcal rreedom is restored.

~ In sharp contrast to developments in Peru and in the

Argentine •••• is the program or our sister Republic in Mexico. a proud and vigorous leadership has been carying tihrough

its own social and economic revolution, of significant proporti ons. YeJ} this revolution has been impeded by misunderstandings, suspicion- and iietruet between our two peoples. It is a shock to discover how little a citizen of

the United States really knows about the character and the achievements of the

Mexican people. And it is equally shocking to learn how little is understood

in Mexico about the growth and cha~ of American institutions in the twentieth

century.

I ~ Sometimes it seems that we in the United States have been living in a kind

of dream world in which the only Me xicans we have known were the ignorant and

slovenly villains of old Hollywood cowboy movies. And peraaps in Mexico they ~

have been living another dream e- in which nineteenth century u.s. robbe~ ~fr~~~·- -barons6 ~aunt their we alth in the faces of the poor -- like one of the colorful but propaganda- ' r•a aaturated Diego Rivera murals in Mexico City. 5 · ;;~ / We have not fully understood the intelligence and tho lll8turity of the ~ _1\

Mexican leadership. And I fear that they have not fully understood the exeent

to which the nineteenth century capitalist ecoaomy of the United ?States has

evolved in to the pluralisti c• humanitarian and progressive society of the

1 1960 e ~nor the role which pri vate investment muet play in their OWD continued progre as. - -.;)- ( /~

~While we in the States may not have realized the grave problems which a

relatively limited amount of arable land forces upon.,,_____ the Mexicans,_ _ I feel that the

Mexicans have not fully grasped the significance of our highly-productive system

of liiiiii privately-owned family farms, backed up by voluntary associations ~ <

and cooperatives. There is room for some intensive exchan~--- of ideas among the agriculturalists of our two counttitta.

~ The Alliance for Progress is being accepted in Mexico as a serious sta tement

of cooperative intention by the United States. The Mexicans can recognize in the

programs we are supportiag and in the personnel we are sending to work with

the' our intantion to support them in their own programs to raise living

standards and to provide greater individual opportunity. ~

There is nothing quite so conducive to understanding and friendship~ and to

the overcoming of inherhlted prejudice as the opportunity for two people or

nations to W)rk tegether for their coamon good. c::- The Alliance for Progress

fortunately permits us an ever closer interchange of ideas and eooperati ve

effort with this mature and growing democra cy on our southern border• ~ ~In ~ico, in Venefi!Uela, as in all Latin Amerim n countries, the rural areas 1.dll be the continuing b~t t lefield of demcx racy and totalitarianism. That is the a.nno 1..mced objective of the inter national T-

Communist Party ap ,aratus, and it is clearly in evidence throughout

~With all the excellent work tha t h as b egun in the capitals of Latin Ame(ica -- in housing, in educa tion, in- tax and fisca l reform, in sanita tion, in comrnunicatict\s -- the issue of Communism or democracy will be decided by the campesinos, the country people -- the famners.

~Ve must set ~ far higher~ pri_o_r_i_t_y_o_n_r_u_r_a_l__ d_e_-e_l_o_p_m_e_n_t_i_..n

Lat~ America --~~r__ i~_s_~~t_h_e_s_t~ an_d_a_r_d_o_f_l_l_· v_l_·n~g_o_f_t_h_e~f_ar_m__ f_am_i_l_~

t o i ncre ase the available food supplies, and to build democratic

institutions vJhf.ch can become the unde1•pinning of a b r oader, more representative democracy. By tha ~ I mean~~c~~

credit is p rovided, so tha t fertilizer, good seed, and the necessary machinery can be bought~ I mean that 1r1e must p rovide supervised

credit, so that loans are made to encour2ge profitable farm~

enttrprise. I mean that He must encourage the puven inst; tutions -21G-

of purchasing and marketing farm cooperativ s an a scale which He

h ave not ~ a ch ie ~e d . We must see to it that there are farm-to-market

roads, so tha t the ~odu ce of the country c n get to market, so that

educational and public re a lth serv:ime s can be more readily II' ovi dedh ~ ~ ~We must launch a massive atta ck on rural illiteracy -- now so deep

and so pervasi-re that it is extraordinarily difficult to ~read the -r.~ knowledge we a lready have on i':'prov~ ~on .

~,;;Until we break the back of t his hu ge problem of rura l p over tylt i~

Latin America, the city slums will continue t o~ up with refugees

from that poverty, and Latin American 0 o~rnments will not be able

to cope wi th the t a sk o f feeding ~~ U; _~~~ O-<..U~r;rti.~~~~i~T[;t::i/J~~~~ Latin Amer ica -- despite a score of great cities remains .B:

ess entially rural. It remains essentially Indian. Indee d , in

huge blocks of ter ritory, the Character of rural lif e is~~ ~'I rf- century, than to the twentieth. Throughout vast the seventeenth---.

areas there is no credit whats oe ~r , f ew if any roads , no electricity,

no madiner y , no sanita tion and scarce water. Men working with ox

and wooden plow can be seen in the fiel ds a h a lf-hour drive out of

many large and thoroughly modern capital s . Rural povery is almoat -21H

universal.

TB.ese are the :) eople Dla whom President Rive ra of El

11 Salvador described to me as "the forgotten ones - - the families tha t science ani gove· nment h a ve pass ed by, the people left in grirtrling toil, -=;a.. from a score of the diseases which moder>n medicine~ ~ -----" 21J

ARI TBI FAMILIIS WHO TlPICALLY WIP:mD OUT IN TBI ADVAITCiD NATIONS TBISE

POX OR PDUMOJJIA.. TimS AD LOSI mm CHILDlUilli TO DYSENT&RY OR SloW.L ~ ~ .iS JlJJSLAVED BY Tlm~TY • !~ THI P:ZOPl& WHO CAN B:m TRUL~ lliSCRIBm>

A PROCUIMATIOJT • CALL If ••• c.ur Hi '9 4 t I i • t ~ · I • t I I I• ! I ~ .ALIANZA, AS Tim!

HOPi••••THISI ~MIJTG MILLIONS OF OF J:MABCIPATION FOR TBIMt A CHARfiR or

I!S MllAliiii'Ge \Gl SHALL LOSi SIR RURAL PEOPlE ABE COMING TO UlillJIRSTAND

BECOME A IEVICE TO MAXE TBI lUCH SUPPORT Il - PERMIT TS ALLUNCI TO ~ . MAD THE OITIZS MOBil AJ'FLUiNT•• • OR TO (?J'c

ECONOMIC Alm SOCIAL BEVOLUTION••• TBISE PIOPLI 'WHEN lG SPEAK ABOUT OUR

OUR SUCCESSES IN AGRICULroRE , OUR IBTERMINED ATTACK 01 lU.CIAL DISCRIMINATIOJJ,

OUR HISTORIC ACHIIJEMIHT II POPULAR »DUCATION P~-T~SING •••• IN

II THE DEVELOPMJi:NT or OUR J'BililE TRADI AID RilPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMIGNT•••.ANI>

AND OUR RUlUL COoPERATIVES. UIIOJJS ... OUT VOLUBATBAY ASSOCIJ.TIONS -~

DO !lOT ASX FOR NUCR. ~BIJY !J lD COUN~Y PEOPLB OF L.\TI8 AMIIRICA TS IIECTRONIC AGE OT Bi C.A.TAPULT.iD INTO ...... DOW THAT THEY CANN ~ 21 I

But they WILL BE 'I.IRY GRATEFUL, AlTD TBiY WILL HAVE IWlE GIGAITIC PROGlWSS ~ ;K Ilu .THIY ARI ABill ro LIFT TBEMSllLYES WITH OUR SLPu.J'ROM TBE SiiVEI?UmH

~~~TO THE BilGIBliiBG OF Till: TliKiiTIIITH r:Ell'lUBY;:, Wli CAll/ IB A BW Dl.U~

HELP TSSJl DIGH:BORS OF OURS TO lUil.A.CH IRE GENERAL LEVli:L OF HEALTH, DIET AND

=TIOII THAT OUR ~IDWIISTII~RUIIAL UIIILili:S 11Kllll AIII.JI TO JjllllJi'ili J'IFTY~AiiS., ~

~?.J.. Wlil ,~B:AilHA.v.i CARRIED THROUGH ONil OJ THil HISTORIC ACHIEVEMBlNTS OF

SHALL HA.VE DOD THil IWCIMUM POSSIBLil TO INSUBI TS EVilNTUAL

~IUMPR OF COIISTITUTIOB~I AIIIRICA. L{).LF-PLA'ISAU,

OJ' A :B.A.SICA.LLY~BEALTHY AND PROGRESSIVJ: RURAL JICOIOMY ••• COMPLIMiNTED 7 ~ < ~~ r sii@tp ep :B~TRO~G, ,_ ••JREE TRAm~ UNION MOY.iMENT ~ C.A.N TBI SUPER STRUCTlJlm OF '· A TWENTIETH OiNTURY DEMOCRATIC HATIOIL( STATE m: RAISilD. - 22 -

Jwe have r~n to be encouraged by the growth and development

of the free trade unions in many of the Latin American countries .

~ But1 l!Ulch more remains to be done to rid the ranks of the organized

workers of t.!:_e Communist age~s . For better than 20 years the ~--

Communists have had a free run of the labor unions, the campuses

of the universities and, in all too many instances, the pages of I the press and the ------air waves of the radio. Only in the last two or three years have we helped the friends of freedom in Latin

America fight back. The American people ought to know that the

AFL-CIO___.,. and its affiliated unions have contributed manpower and ---- money, organizers and technicians in the struggle against Communist ~

infiltration of the trade union movements in Latin America. Hundreds

of Latin American workers have been trained in collective bargaining,

in parliamentary law, in union organizing activity by American trade

unionists • The Communists are in retreat . The free trade unions

are gaining but they need more help and, frankly, more friendly ~ ~ < ...... - 23 -

of American life. There is a need for

greater understanding on the part of American government and

business as to the importance of the labor sector in these

developing countries.

~May I add just another thought. Most of the nevs in the

United States about Latin America is the news of violence, disorder,

~efici!;, i~flation, and revolution . ~ere is another and a much

better story to be told - ~We need to know the Latin American of

today, not the character out of the fiction book of yesterday~e

need to understand that there_is a growing middle class.~e need

to know of their passionate devotion to constitutional government .

need to know that the Indian in the back countries is a good

farmer if given a chance, and a good worker in the factories if he -~

and tremendous industrial development is underway . In other words,

Why not occasionally look with pride and respectful attention to the

achievements of these sister republics? - of the little different from the other;~ with its own problems and ) ~ its own heritage--the people need to know that we, the people of ~ the United States, care about them and their families and their

fut~e .jrt is i;>_ .!~e people that we have our strength and it is ....

to the people that we must make our appeal . There may be many

changes in governm/

~-~~ii-6~ . ~But our

(and I underscore ~ducatiPn ) will establish a continuing frien~hip ~

and communication . people know that there is no quick and magic

answer to their problems . What they need is hope--the assurance that ~

things will be better; the assurance that the United States, as a

good neighbor, is here not only for today but for the years to come . -- ~ :::r;:::r ~In other wor~, we have one othe~ in the Alliance for _,...-Progress;-- proving the genuine sincerity of our concern for the welfare of the people in Latin America.t(A year ago I heard responsible - 25 -

interested in

Latin America, is because we were worried about Castro . There

is some truth in this . BujoU: concern for the years to come

must be based on something more than worry over Castro . Our

concern should be twofold: a concern about freedom and all that

it means , because this is our way of life, our revolution. ~OUr

other concern should be one of enlightened self-interest . It is

a fact that if Castroism should take over vast areas of Latin

America, then our security would be threatened. It is a fact

that this would represent the expanding power of the Sino-Soviet

bloc which is a mortal threat to the political and economic well- J being of our nation . ~There is nothing wrong with having enlightened

self-interest, and seeking to have a favorable environment in which

those ideals can grow and flourish - ~tever may be the reason for

our renewed interest in Latin America, that interest must not be

permitted -~Y'!'f'e.~r;- must be activated/ It must be encouraged.

~ It must be sustained. The test of the United States foreign policy - 26 -

may well be determined by what transpires in this hemisphere.

~I, for one, cannot believe that America's international efforts

can be very successfUl in Africa and Asia if they fail in the

Western Hemisphere.

~The American revolution continues here and elsewhere--in South

America, in Central America, and in Mexico . It is the good news

of our time--and we have made it

~e have revolted against foreign domination; we have revolted

against the exploitation of race by race; and we have revolted against

the exploitation of the poor by the wealthy. These goals, which

we have achieved for ourselves, we now seek to help our Latin

American friends reach. for Progress we are ~JtU ~} exporting our own revolutions "/\Like all of our own successfUl

revolutions, the revolution against the old order in Latin America

will take many years of anguish and effort.

The American Negro ~~y ,~mancipated even in a century. JJ<~ ~ .1--~tvitl~ I~~" And--- in a five, a ten-year period the old order in Latin America - 27 - cannot be fUlly replaced by fUnctioning, liberal, and-- solvent democracies. But the great initial thrust is being given through

the Alianza--just as the first great breakthrough of Lincoln gave

the initial impetus to the movement toward true equality of

opportunity for non-white Americans.

/ The fires have been lighted in La.tin America. No one is going t to put them out. The Campesino and the slum-dweller of Latin

America form a force that is irresistibly moving toward an over-

throw of institutions that have failed them. This is the power of

the people. The only question is whether the forces of democracy ::;z.. = ~~/ in North and Latin America arefintelligent and determined

~-....~@hd to guide that irresistible force into co?structivl change ~v am an optimist, but I am ,..lllilliillilii!i!r carefUl observer. The ~I ~

Communists are working hard to capture the Latin American revolution

as they captured the Cuban revolutio~ . But we have roused ourselves,

we have seen in the struggles of the 11 forgotten ones 11 of Latin

own America a reflection of our/great struggles for freedom. We have

remembered our own heritage • - 28 -

~e have indeed.decided that our own revo~ution wi~~ remain unfinished so long as the Western Hemisphere remains, in a very real sense 'balf slave and half free . " We are committed. We are determined. The Alliance for Progress must, and will, succeed.

--Fin-- Minnesota Historical Society

Copyright in this digital version belongs to the Minnesota Historical Society and its content may not be copied without the copyright holder's express written permis sion. Users may print, download, link to, or email content, however, for individual use.

To req uest permission for commercial or ed uca tional use, please contact the Minnesota Hi stori cal Society.

1~ W'W'W. mnhs.org