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Microfilms International IM w sity Microfilms International V lalj* 1.0 Itt _ to. y£ 22 £ b£ 2.0 1.1 UL 11.25 111 1.4 1.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) University Microfilms Inc. 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which, may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu­ ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or in black and white paper format. * 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro­ fiche but lack clarify on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available in black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. T T.1U.T Dissertation UI VAX Information Service University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 8618854 Song, Young In BATTERED KOREAN WOMEN IN URBAN AMERICA: THE RELATIONSHIP OF CULTURAL CONFLICT TO WIFE ABUSE The Ohio State University PH.D. 1986 University... Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Song, Young In All Rights Reserved BATTERED KOREAN WOMEN IN URBAN AMERICA: THE RELATIONSHIP OP CULTURAL CONFLICT TO WIFE ABUSE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Young In Song, B.A., M.S.W * * * * * The Ohio State University 1986 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. Daniel Lee Dr. Virginia Richardson / f t * * Adviser Dr. Milton Rosner College of Social Work Copyright by Young In Song Dedicated to ray Mother, Chong Ok Won 4<M enow*!*! o| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this study would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many people to whom I owe an immeasurable debt of gratitude. I am profoundly grateful to Dr. Daniel B. Lee for his valuable advice, insightful guidance, encouragement and enduring support which enabled me to successfully undertake this study. Thanks go to the other members of my advisory committee, Dr. Milton Rosner and Dr. Virginia Richardson. Gratitude is expressed to Dr. Milton Rosner who was a constant source of stimulation. He provided valuable direction and dedicated efforts throughout the process of this study. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr. Virgina Richardson who continuously provided support, intellectual suggestions and criticism, and especially very special friendship. My sincere thanks also goes to Mr. Jerry Lee who provided expert statistical consultation, and Mr. Michael Coppage for typing this manuscript with accuracy and especially the timely completion. I would especially like to express my heartfelt appreciation to the 150 Korean women, although I cannot individually thank each one, who volunteered to open their lives to me despite their pain. They were courageous, generous, and caring women whose strengths always seemed to ii reflect on every woman and man who share their struggle. In addition, fellowship from the Council on Social Work Education was essential to the implementation in the process of completing this study throughout the last three years. My special gratitude is extended to my parents Chong-Ok and Ki-Ho Song for their support and sacrifices, including my mother's absence from my father for a year while she visited me three times from Korea to provide much needed support and encouragement. My sincere thanks are due to all my friends, brother and sisters, especially Eul-Hee, whose love and prayers helped to keep me hopeful all along the way. Finally, my greatest debt of gratitude was and continues to be to my daughter Kristine, who understood my absence on evenings and weekends, supported me with her sweet patience that is not common even among adults. v. Without Kristine's assistance and deep understanding, thi,s study could not have been completed. iii VITA January 28, 1954.......... Born in Seoul, Korea 1979.................... B.A., Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii 1982.................... M.S.W., University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 1980-1981 . .......... Youth and Family Counselor, Immigrant Service Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 1981-1982 ............... Clinical Social Worker, Community Mental Health Clinic Honolulu, Hawaii 1982-1983 ............... Crisis Counselor, Child Protective Services, Honolulu, Hawaii 1985-present............. Coordinator, Asian American Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Social Work Studies in Social Work Practice. Drs. William Eldridge and James Billups Studies in Human Behavior Theory. Drs. Daniel B. Lee and Joseph Parnicky Studies in Social Research. Drs. Virginia Richardson and Keith M. Kilty Studies in Social Policy. Drs. Milton Rosner and Salvatore Imbrogno TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................... ii VITA............................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................. v LIST OF TABLES.................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................. X CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION.................................... 1 Significance of the Problem ............... 6 The Purpose of the Study.................... 10 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................11 Theoretical Perspectives. ............ 11 Culture-of-Violence .................... 14 Masochist Theory..........................19 Frustration-Aggression ................. 22 Social Learning Theory ................. 25 Learned Helplessness Theory ............ 26 Exchange Theory ........................ 28 Resource Theory ........................ 31 Korean Women............................... 33 Korean Womanhood from Socio-psychophysiological Perspectives. 34 Overview of Korean Immigrants in America. 47 A Historical Perspective......... 47 Characteristics of Problems of Korean Immigrants During Cultural Adjustments.. 53 Conjugal Violence of the Korean Immigrant Families In America...................... 59 Barriers to the Use of Formal Services. 83 III. METHODLOLGY.................................... 89 Research Questions and Hypotheses............... 89 Definition/Operationalization ofTerms . 92 Sample........................... ... 96 v Data Collection............................ 98 Instrumentation........................ 100 Data Analysis.................. 103 Reliability and Validity ................. 104 Limitations of the Study . ............. 109 IV. RESULTS.......................................112 Overall Demographic Characteristics of the S t u d y ............................. 112 Characteristics of the A b u s e .............. 117 Demographic Characteristics of the Battered Korean Woman...................... 128 Relationships of Cultural Conflict to the A b u s e ............................. 141 Women1s Attitude Toward Korean Traditionalism ........................ 141 Rigid Sex-role Performance ............. 147 Stress Evoking Factors ................. 153 Two Career Families and Traditional Families 163 Korean-Korean Couples and Korean-American Couples................................... 166 Relationships of Stress Related Symptom to Wife Abuse...................... 173 Coping With Wife A b u s e .................... 178 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .... 186 Summary and Conclusions ................. 186 Implications for Social Work Practice. 201 Recommendations........................... 203 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................ 205 APPENDICES A. Questionnaire Written in English .... 221 b. Questionnaire Written in Korean.........238 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Distribution of Korean Immigrants in America (Estimated)............................... 52 2. The Fundamental ideas and values which are common in Korea but different from American Perspectives. 65 3. Role conflicts faced by recent Korean immigrant family members in a foreign culture ........... 79 4. Demographic characteristics of Respondents. 115 5. Level of Abuse.............................. 120 6. Total intercorrelation matrix for abuse ....... 124 7. Opening argument immediately before the abuse . 125 8. Wives' response to abuse.................... 126 9. Behavior after abusive incident ............... 127 10. Age distribution of respondents by battered and nonbattered Korean women..................... 13 2 11. Respondents' distribution in marital status by battered and nonbattered Korean women
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