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Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeological Characteristics of Malacca State in Malaysia

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Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeological Characteristics of Malacca State in Malaysia DOI: 10.1515/jwld-2015-0002 © Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee for Land Reclamation JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture, 2015 J. Water Land Dev. 2015, No. 24 (I–III): 11–19 © Institute of Technology and Life Science, 2015 PL ISSN 1429–7426 Available (PDF): http://www.itp.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/journal; http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jwld Received 14.01.2015 Reviewed 26.02.2015 Accepted 02.03.2015 Groundwater quality A – study design B – data collection and hydrogeological characteristics C – statistical analysis D – data interpretation E – manuscript preparation of Malacca state in Malaysia F – literature search Sharif Moniruzzaman SHIRAZI1) ABCDEF, Md. Ibrahim ADHAM2) BCD, Noorul Hassan ZARDARI1) BCDF, Zubaidah ISMAIL2) BCEF, Hosen MD IMRAN2) BCF, Munir Ahmed MANGRIO3) BCF 1) Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; phone +6 07 55 31523, e-mail: [email protected] 2) Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3) Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan For citation: Shirazi S.M., Adham M.I., Zardari N.H., Ismail Z., Imran H.M., Mangrio M.A. 2015. Groundwater quality and hydrogeological characteristics of Malacca state in Malaysia. Journal of Water and Land Development. No. 24 p. 11–19 Abstract Groundwater quality and aquifer productivity of Malacca catchment in Peninsular Malaysia are presented in this article. Pumping test data were collected from 210 shallow and 17 deep boreholes to get well inventory information. Data analysis confirmed that the aquifers consisting of schist, sand, limestone and volcanic rocks were the most productive aquifers for groundwater in Malacca state. GIS-based aquifer productivity map was generated based on bedrock and discharge capacity of the aquifers. Aquifer productivity map is classified into three classes, namely high, moderate and low based on discharge capacity. Groundwater potential of the study area is 35, 57 and 8% of low, moderate and high class respectively. Fifty two shallow and 14 deep aquifer groundwater samples were analyzed for water quality. In some cases, groundwater quality analysis indicated that the turbidity, total dissolved solids, iron, chloride and cadmium concentrations exceeded the limit of drinking water quality standards. Key words: aquifer productivity, groundwater, Malacca catchment, pumping test, water quality INTRODUCTION VASTAVA 2002]. Sufficient information and an over- view of the present groundwater condition have sig- Groundwater potential and quality are of major nificant role in the early stages of preparing a sustain- concern to researchers because of increasing demand able groundwater development plan. Appropriate for fresh water coupled with climate change effects. measures should urgently be undertaken for water Large amount of effluents generated from urban resources development due to fast decline of ground- population, industries and agricultural activities may water table and increasing water demand [NAGES- pollute soil and groundwater. Groundwater recharge WARA, NARENDRA 2006; ZARDARI et al. 2014]. Geo- and distribution depend on the underlying geological logical data interpretation and field reconnaissance are formations, surface expression, local and regional important at preliminary stages of groundwater inves- climate settings [ARSHAD et al. 2014; SHIRAZI et al. tigation. Proper investigation and experiment are 2010; SHIRAZI et al. 2012; SHIRAZI et al. 2013; SRI- needed on borehole water quality, lithology, aquifer © Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Warsaw, 2015; © Institute of Technology and Life Science (ITP) in Falenty, 2015 Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/14/16 5:42 AM 12 S.M. SHIRAZI, M.I. ADHAM, N.H. ZARDARI, Z. ISMAIL, H.M. IMRAN, M.A. MANGRIO media, soil classification, discharge, recharge, land for groundwater resources assessment. The State of use, topography and rainfall to get an overview on Malacca in Peninsular Malaysia is very important for present groundwater quality and potential. Geo- agriculture, industry and tourism. An extensive inves- graphic Information System (GIS) is an important tool tigation and exploitation are very essential to under- for classifying, explain, handling, storage and man- stand the present groundwater quality and potential of agement of large and complex data within short time Malacca catchment. Therefore, an attempt was under- with a minimum error. The GIS facilitates proper data taken to investigate the groundwater quality and po- analysis and interpolation techniques [JHA et al. tential to meet the water demands for domestic, agri- 2007]. It is also an effective tool for interpreting and cultural and industrial purposes. integration of different thematic map related to land cover [MATTIKALLI 1995]. TEEUW [1995] used GIS METHODS for site selection of borehole drilling and found it an effective method for this purpose. The GIS facilitates Malacca is ranked the third smallest state in Ma- rapid storage of a large amount of data, quantification laysia with a surface area of 1650 square kilometers. and analyses and helps interpreting large hydro- Geographical coordinates of the study area are 1°06' geological data sets with better accuracy. CHOWD- to 2°30' N and 101°58' – 102°35' E (Fig. 1). HURY et al. [2010] reported the significance of GIS Fig. 1. Malacca state of Peninsular Malaysia; source: own elaboration In order to understand and identify the groundwa- tential. Geological formation of the study area was ter quality and potential geological, hydro-geological, mostly dominated by phyllite, schist and slate. Second geo-physical, test drilling, pumping test and the hy- major parts consisted of acid intrusive rocks and gran- dro-chemical investigations were carried out. In this ite. In the east boundary parts of Jasin district up to study we analysed 238 units of shallow aquifers Johor geological substratum was formed by schist, (depth < 20 m) built by the Malacca State Govern- sand, limestone, volcanic rocks and alluvium. Sedi- ment and spread on the territory of Alor Gajah, Cen- mentary rock formations showed a storage capacity of tral Malacca and Jasin. We also investigated 20 deep groundwater resources in the hard rock region [DIBI et aquifers (depth > 50 m) mostly owned by the private al. 2010]. A small part of the study area consisted of sector under the supervision of Malacca authorities. sandstone and volcanic rocks. Satisfactory groundwa- The upper portion of the deep aquifers were provided ter potential zones were found in the hard rock terrain with 355 mm diameter steel casing while 200 mm corresponding to the fracture valleys, pediments and PVC pipe was used in the lower parts. high lineaments. The geological features of Malacca are shown in Figure 2. The annual average rainfall in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Malacca ranges between 1430 and 2152 mm·year–1. GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA RECHARGE The detail geological features were assessed to The amount of water penetrating from surface to get an overview of the nature of underlying forma- groundwater table per unit area is called net recharge. tions and the capabilities in terms of groundwater po- It is mostly influenced by land cover, slope, geology, © PAN in Warsaw, 2015; © ITP in Falenty, 2015; J. Water Land Dev. No. 24 (I–III) Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/14/16 5:42 AM Groundwater quality and hydrogeological characteristics of Malacca state in Malaysia 13 700 1 – 600 y =y 0.052= 0.052xx -– 532.4 532.4 R2 = 0.81R² = 0.81 500 400 300 200 Net RechargeNet (mm/year) N 100 Malacca state Net recharge, mm·year ¿ Legend 0 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 Geology –1 AnnualAnnual average Average Rainfallrainfall, (mm/year) mm·year Aluvium Igneous acidic rock and granitoid Fig. 4. Correlation between the mean annual rainfall and net Phyllite, schist and slate recharge; source: own elaboration Some sandstone and volcanic rock Schist, sand, limestone and volcanic rock LAND USE Fig. 2. Geology map of Malacca; source: own elaboration Most parts of the Malacca state are dominated by agricultural land, especially palm oil plantations, sea- lithology, permeability of soil and rainfall. In the sonal crops, forests and urban development [LMDM study area, the shallow aquifers were subjected to 2003]. The main economic source of Malacca is tour- high recharge which was mainly governed by precipi- ism and manufacturing. Land use and water demand tation. The groundwater potential depends on re- increases fast because of exponential growth of popu- charge rate of infiltration through the faults and frac- lation, agricultural, industrial and tourism purposes. tures [TRAVAGLIA, DAINELLI 2003]. The 22-year Groundwater quality, storage and flow paths are sig- mean annual rainfall and evaporation data were used nificantly hampered by mining operation [VAHT et al. to prepare the recharge map (Fig. 3). The correlation 2011]. The combination of land use data with slope, between mean annual rainfall and annual net recharge soil texture map, rock properties, drainage map, rain- is presented in Figure 4. fall, and other factors like evapotranspiration and rain- fall distribution was very effective to identify the groundwater potential zone. From Malacca land use classification, it appeared that major parts of the area are used for agricultural activities. Others categories
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