DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Negative Affect, Core Self-Evaluations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Negative Affect, Core Self-Evaluations Homayuni et al. BMC Nursing (2021) 20:57 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00578-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Which nurses are victims of bullying: the role of negative affect, core self- evaluations, role conflict and bullying in the nursing staff Atefeh Homayuni1, Zahra Hosseini2* , Teamur Aghamolaei3 and Shirin Shahini4 Abstract Background: Bullying among nurses is a universally recognized problem that has important consequences for nurses, patients and health institutions. This research was conducted with the aim of studying the relationship between role conflict, negative affect and core self-evaluations with bullying in nurses. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 329 nurses were selected by census method. Data were collected using PANAS Scale (negative affect), role conflict questionnaire, Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES), and the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R). Data were analyzed using t-test, one way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with SPSS software (v. 22). Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean bullying scores in according to gender and ward of affiliation. The influence of other variables (marital status, education level, years of experience, age group and work position) was not meaningful. Pearson correlation analysis results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between role conflict (r = 0.47) and negative affect (r = 0.56) with bullying. Also there is a significant negative relationship between core self-evaluations and bullying (r = − 0.39). Moreover, regression analysis results revealed that negative affect, role conflict and gender can predict 44% of bullying variance significantly. Conclusions: Based on these findings, core self-evaluations, negative affect and role conflict are good factors in predicting bullying among nurses. Consequently, hiring nurses with low negative affect and high core self- evaluations, improving nurses’ self-esteem and self-efficacy and changing workplace conditions in order to reducing role conflict can be useful in reducing workplace bullying. Keywords: Bullying, Core self-evaluations, Negative affect, Nurses, Role conflict * Correspondence: [email protected] 2Health Education and Promotion, Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Homayuni et al. BMC Nursing (2021) 20:57 Page 2 of 9 Background personality factors. Factors at the personal level relate to Workplace bullying literature aspects of the self and refer to one’s sense of ability to Workplace bullying is considered a serious issue in the control and influence their environment successfully. Ex- nursing profession. The World Health Organization amples of these factors are negative affect, low core self- (WHO) has identified the global increase in workplace evaluations and low social skills [9]. bullying as a serious threat to nurses’ health and well- being; it has drawn attention to the need for reducing Role conflict occupational violence as a priority [1]. Workplace bully- Role conflict is the existence of conflicting overt and ing occurs when an employee (i.e. the target) is exposed covert demands and requests concerning the roles to negative behaviors in the long run against which one assigned to individuals which puts people under a lot of feels unable to defend oneself [2]. These negative behav- pressure and confusion while working [10]. According to iors may be of a personal (e.g. excessive criticism of per- workplace hypotheses, poor psychosocial conditions at sonal characteristics, gossip and social deprivation), as work such as role ambiguity and conflict might lead to well as a work-related nature (e.g. constant belittlement interpersonal conflicts which, if not managed properly, of one’s achievements and unreasonable expectations) or can exacerbate bullying [11]. physical intimidation (e.g. aggressive comments and in- vasion of one’s privacy) [3]. Such behaviors are most Negative affect commonly shown by supervisors or colleagues (i.e. per- Negative affect refers to the extent in which a person ex- petrators) [2]. A study findings suggest that 48% of regis- perience negative emotions such as anxiety and depres- tered nurses (RNs) admitted to being bullied over the sion regardless of the situation [12]. According to Forgas previous 6 months in the workplace, with 35% reported and George [13], individuals’ emotions in the workplace that they had experienced it weekly, and 28% reported affect the staff’s way of thinking. As described in the that they had experienced it daily [4]. In another study affect infusion model, individuals’ affect interact with [5], 72% of new nurses reported that they had experi- their cognitive processes exert its effects on different be- enced bullying during previous months. According to haviors. This theoretical model attempts to explain how the American Nursing Center, workplace bullying is very individuals’ affect impacts their ability to encounter with destructive and may lead to various negative conse- tasks in the workplace, process information and retriev- quences for nurses [6]. Facing bullying is associated with ing it, and consequently, affect their judgment and symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress in nurses behaviors. [7]. Furthermore, workplace bullying can increase stress and decrease job satisfaction in spectator colleagues [8]. Core self-evaluation These consequences can have important repercussions Core self-evaluation is another person-related factor that for health care organizations and the quality of care they cause bullying. The core self-evaluations construct is provide, as they can reduce the number of human forces viewed as a high-order and stable personality trait and at nursing and impose additional and considerable costs represent individuals’ fundamental assumptions and in terms of staff replacement and recruitment. More- evaluations about their own worth and competence. It is over, these consequences reduce RNs’ ability to concen- indicated by four traits: self-esteem, generalized self- trate, and increase the risks of clinical mistakes and may efficacy, neuroticism and locus of control. What is com- reduce the safety of patients and the quality of the care mon among these traits is known as core self- they receive [7]. evaluations [12, 14]. Poor self-view in low core self- evaluations employees make them easy targets for poten- Antecedents of workplace bullying tial bullying perpetrators. Someone who is prone to Given the worrying consequences of workplace bullying, victimize others may find victimizing these people as researchers have identified the antecedents of bullying. easier and more successful, while victimizing those high So far, these antecedents have been investigated in two in core self-evaluations would be more risky and less separate lines of research, namely work-related factors likely to succeed [12]. and those at personal level. Work-related factors refer to aspects of the work environment that require physical Research framework and/or psychological skills and effort and are therefore According to what was mentioned above, it can be said associated with certain physiological and/or psycho- that personality traits and different workplace conditions logical costs. Instances of these factors include role may interact in predicting workplace bullying. In Iran, stressors, leadership styles and organizational climate. nurse bullying has been studied rarely. In a few studies On the other hand, some employees may be more vul- that have been done, personality traits or aspects of the nerable to workplace bullying than others due to working environment that cause bullying, have been Homayuni et al. BMC Nursing (2021) 20:57 Page 3 of 9 studied separately. Furthermore, given the importance of participants were asked to give their consent. All partici- bullying issue among nurses and its negative conse- pants were given consent forms to sign. quences, recognizing and preventing bullying behaviors will play a key role in promoting nurses’ physical and Study instrument mental health and increasing the productivity, quality We used self-administered questionnaires to collect the and safety of healthcare services. Thus, in the present data. The questionnaires were demographic characteris- study we will
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Social Studies Teacher–Athletic Coaches' Experiences
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Middle and Secondary Education Faculty Department of Middle and Secondary Education Publications 2018 Social Studies Teacher–Athletic Coaches’ Experiences Coping With Role Conflict Caroline Conner Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Chara H. Bohan Georgia State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/mse_facpub Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching Commons Recommended Citation Conner, Caroline and Chara Bohan. Social Studies Teacher–Athletic Coaches’ Experiences Coping With Role Conflict. Journal of Educational Research and Practice 2018, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 54–71. https://doi.org/10.5590/JERAP.2018.08.1.05. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Middle and Secondary Education at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Middle and Secondary Education Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Educational Research and Practice 2018, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 54–71 ©Walden University, LLC, Minneapolis, MN DOI:10.5590/JERAP.2018.08.1.05 Social Studies Teacher–Athletic Coaches’ Experiences Coping With Role Conflict Caroline Conner Kennesaw State University Chara Haeussler Bohan Georgia State University The current study provides insight into the experiences of the most common content area teacher–coaches: social studies teacher–coaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpersonal Conflict and Employee Well-Being: the Om Derating Role of Recovery Experiences
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PDXScholar Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1-1-2012 Interpersonal Conflict and Employee Well-Being: The oM derating Role of Recovery Experiences Caitlin Ann Demsky Portland State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Recommended Citation Demsky, Caitlin Ann, "Interpersonal Conflict and Employee Well-Being: The odeM rating Role of Recovery Experiences" (2012). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 766. 10.15760/etd.766 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Interpersonal Conflict and Employee Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Recovery Experiences by Caitlin Ann Demsky A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychology Thesis Committee: Charlotte Fritz, Chair Leslie Hammer Robert Roeser Portland State University ©2012 i Abstract Recovery during nonwork time is essential for restoring resources that have been lost throughout the working day (Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007). Recent research has begun to explore the nature of recovery experiences as boundary conditions between various job stressors and employee well-being (Kinnunen, Mauno, & Siltaloppi, 2010; Sonnentag, Binnewies, & Mozja, 2010). Interpersonal conflict is an important work stressor that has been associated with several negative employee outcomes, such as higher levels of psychosomatic complaints (Pennebaker, 1982), anxiety, depression, and frustration (Spector & Jex, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, Role Frustration, And
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works August 1993 An Assessment of Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, Role Frustration, and Job Satisfaction of Presidents at Selected Private Four-year Colleges in the Southeastern United States Gary W. Juhan East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Educational Administration and Supervision Commons, and the Other Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Juhan, Gary W., "An Assessment of Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, Role Frustration, and Job Satisfaction of Presidents at Selected Private Four-year Colleges in the Southeastern United States" (1993). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2746. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2746 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispositional Affect As a Moderator in the Relationship Between Role Conflict and Exposure to Bullying Behaviors
    fpsyg-10-00044 January 22, 2019 Time: 17:17 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 24 January 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00044 Dispositional Affect as a Moderator in the Relationship Between Role Conflict and Exposure to Bullying Behaviors Iselin Reknes1*, Ståle Valvatne Einarsen1, Johannes Gjerstad1,2 and Morten Birkeland Nielsen1,2 1 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 2 National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway Stressors in the work environment and individual dispositions among targets have been established separately as antecedents and risk factors of workplace bullying. However, few studies have examined these stressors in conjunction in order to determine personal dispositions among targets as possible moderators in the work stressor–bullying relationship. The aim of the present study was to examine multiple types of dispositional affect among targets as potential moderators in the relationship between role conflict and exposure to bullying behaviors, employing two independent cross-sectional Edited by: samples. The first sample comprised 462 employees from a Norwegian sea transport Gabriela Topa, organization, where trait anger and trait anxiety were included moderators. The second Universidad Nacional de Educación sample was a nationwide probability sample of the Norwegian working population and a Distancia (UNED), Spain comprised 1,608 employees randomly drawn from The Norwegian Central Employee Reviewed by: Miriam Lacey, Register, where positive and negative affect were included moderators. The results Pepperdine University, United States showed that trait anger, trait anxiety, and negative affect strengthened the positive Javier Bardon, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain relationship between role conflict and reports of bullying behaviors. Positive affect did *Correspondence: not moderate this relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Guideforwhistleblowingl
    Transparency International is a global movement with one vision: a world in which government, business, civil society and the daily lives of people are free of corruption. With more than 100 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we are leading the fight against corruption to turn this vision into reality. www.transparency.org Supported by a grant from the Foundation Open Society Institute in cooperation with the Open Society Initiative of Europe (OSIFE), part of the Open Society Foundations. Author: Marie Terracol Contributors: AJ Brown, John Devitt, Giorgio Fraschini, Hannah de Jong, Suzanna Khoshabi, Nicole-Marie Meyer, Pavel Nechala, Arron Phillips, Lotte Rooijendijk, Barbora Tholtova © Cover photo: iStock.com / wildpixel Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of January 2018. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. ISBN: 978-3-96076-083-2 Printed on 100% recycled paper. 2018 Transparency International. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0 DE. Quotation permitted. Please contact Transparency International – [email protected] – regarding derivatives requests. A Best Practice Guide for Whistleblowing Legislation TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Helping and Gossip As Moderators of the Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Advice Network Centrality
    PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2015, 68, 185–214 DEEDS THAT HELP AND WORDS THAT HURT: HELPING AND GOSSIP AS MODERATORS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADER–MEMBER EXCHANGE AND ADVICE NETWORK CENTRALITY BERRIN ERDOGAN Portland State University & Koc University TALYA N. BAUER Portland State University JORGE WALTER The George Washington University We examine the relationship between leader–member exchange (LMX) quality and advice network centrality using multisource data from a sample of 250 retail employees and their respective managers in Turkey to test our hypothesized model of value and costs of being sought out for advice. Drawing upon the tenets of network generation theory (Nebus, 2006), we predict that the tendency of focal actors to help others and their own tendency to gossip would be behavioral moderators of the relationship between LMX quality and their advice network centrality. Consistent with network generation theory, our results reveal that LMX quality is positively related to centrality only for those actors with a high tendency to help coworkers and a low tendency to gossip about coworkers, suggesting that behaviors indicating helpfulness and discre- tion are necessary for high LMX members to maintain a central position in their work group’s advice network. Implications and future research directions are discussed. In organizations, work often gets done through interpersonal rela- tionships (Katz & Kahn, 1978). Such work relations are essential to goal achievement, effectiveness, and coordination (Ferris et al., 2009). A key re- lationship that can place organizational actors in an advantageous position is the one they form with their immediate manager, and leader–member exchange (LMX) theory contends that the unique, dyadic relationships between employees and managers are associated with organizationally We are grateful to Fulda Erdogan for her help with the field data collection, to Osman Goktug Tanrikulu for his assistance with data entry and to Lauren Simon for her helpful feedback on an earlier version of this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Juggling Multiple Roles
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-10-2019 Juggling Multiple Roles: An Examination of Role Conflict and Its Relationship to Older Adult Volunteer Satisfaction and Retention Jennifer Crittenden The University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Gerontology Commons Recommended Citation Crittenden, Jennifer, "Juggling Multiple Roles: An Examination of Role Conflict and Its Relationship to Older Adult Volunteer Satisfaction and Retention" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2975. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2975 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JUGGLING MULTIPLE ROLES: AN EXAMINATION OF ROLE CONFLICT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OLDER ADULT VOLUNTEER SATISFACTION AND RETENTION By Jennifer A. Crittenden B.A. University of Maine, 2003 M.S.W. University of Maine, 2005 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Interdisciplinary in Gerontology) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2019 Advisory Committee: Sandra S. Butler, Professor of Social Work, Advisor Nancy Fishwick, Associate Professor of Nursing Lenard Kaye, Professor of Social Work Karen Kopera-Frye, Associate Dean, College of Health and Social Services, New Mexico State University Linda Silka, Senior Fellow, George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions JUGGLING MULTIPLE ROLES: AN EXAMINATION OF ROLE CONFLICT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OLDER ADULT VOLUNTEER SATISFACTION AND RETENTION By Jennifer A.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Effects of a Bullying at Work Intervention for Middle
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Evaluation of the Effects of a Bullying at Work Intervention for Middle Managers Elena Baixauli, Ángela Beleña and Amelia Díaz * Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] (E.B.); [email protected] (Á.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 September 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 18 October 2020 Abstract: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of a workplace bullying intervention based on the training of middle managers regarding bullying awareness, the consequences of bullying, strategies in conflict resolution and mediation/negotiation abilities. Overall, 142 randomly selected middle managers participated in the study. First, participants completed an information record and two scales assessing bullying strategies, role conflict and role ambiguity. The last two scales were completed again in a second phase three months after the intervention had finished. The intervention produced a decrease in the following bullying strategies: effects on self-expression and communication, effects on personal reputation and effects on occupational situation and quality of life, with all of the mentioned bullying strategies being suffered by part of the sample. In addition, the conflict role decreased in the group which received the intervention. Moreover, the decrease in the effects of the bullying strategy effects on occupational situation and quality of life was especially important in managers with higher responsibilities within the workplace. Results are discussed in the framework that (1) leadership practices and, more specifically, conflict resolution skills are strongly responsible for bullying at work; and (2) the importance of intervening in the early stages of the bullying process as a key element in the correction, but also as a potential prevention element, of bullying in the workplace.
    [Show full text]
  • BOT Report 09-Nov-20.Docx
    REPORT 9 OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES (November 2020) Bullying in the Practice of Medicine (Reference Committee D) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the 2019 Annual Meeting Resolution 402-A-19, “Bullying in the Practice of Medicine,” was introduced by the Young Physicians Section and referred by the House of Delegates (HOD) for report back at the 2020 Annual Meeting. The resolution asks the American Medical Association (AMA) to help (1) establish a clear definition of professional bullying, (2) establish prevalence and impact of professional bullying, and (3) establish guidelines for prevention of professional bullying. This report provides statistics and other information about the prevalence and impact of professional bullying in the practice of medicine, and makes recommendations for the adoption of a formal definition and guidelines for establishing policies and strategies for preventing and addressing incidents of bullying among the health care staff. Bullying in the practice of medicine for physicians can begin in medical school and can endure throughout a physician’s career. Bullying is not limited to physicians and can happen among other members of the health care team. Bullying has many definitions, all commonly referring to the repeated abuse of a target by a perpetrator in a work setting. Bullying occurs at different levels within the practice of medicine, and affects the victim as well as their patients, care teams, organizations, and families. Nationally recognized organizations have established guidelines on which health care employers can base their internal policies, and many organizations have implemented anti-bullying or anti-violence policies. Bullying in medicine needs to be stopped and prevented for the sake of patients and care quality, the well- being of the physician workforce, and the integrity of the medical profession.
    [Show full text]
  • Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity As Predictors of Burnout in Special and General Education Co-Teachers
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2015 Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity as Predictors of Burnout in Special and General Education Co-teachers Cassandra L. Moss Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Educational Psychology Commons, Educational Sociology Commons, and the Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Cassandra Moss has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Maxwell Rainforth, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Barbara Chappell, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Michael Christopher, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2014 Abstract Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity as Predictors of Burnout in Special and General Education Co-teachers by Cassandra Moss MS, Springfield College BA, Central Connecticut State University Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University November 2014 Abstract Since the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act of 2004, special and general educators teach together in many classrooms. Co-teachers are subject to a variety of stressors, including role challenges for teachers who are accustomed to working independently.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflicting Loyalties: an Examination of the Role Community Membership and Sports Fandom Have on Sports Journalists’ Interactions with Whistleblowers
    CONFLICTING LOYALTIES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP AND SPORTS FANDOM HAVE ON SPORTS JOURNALISTS’ INTERACTIONS WITH WHISTLEBLOWERS Sada Reed A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism & Mass Communication Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Daniel Riffe Francesca Dillman Carpentier Barbara Friedman Steven May Michael Christian © 2015 Sada Reed ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT SADA REED: Conflicting Loyalties: An Examination of the Role Community Membership and Sports Fandom Have on Sports Journalists’ Interactions with Whistleblowers (Under the direction of Daniel Riffe) Stories exposing athletic scandals often began with a sports journalist being contacted by a “whistleblower,” a source whose position or access to information makes him or her privy to scandal or wrongdoing. When a whistleblower draws attention to wrongdoing in a beloved community institution by contacting a sports journalist, however, the sports journalist can experience role conflict: On one hand, a journalist may be committed to transparency and shining light into darkened corners. On the other, the journalist is a community member and [most likely] a sports enthusiast. This dissertation argues that sports journalists have interactions with whistleblowers, but sports journalists’ additional roles as community members and sports fans can influence whether or not whistleblowers confide in sports journalists. This study examined sports journalists’ perception of their varied roles as journalist, community member, and sports fan, and if a strong presence of any of these roles predicted interactions with whistleblowers. This study found a significant difference in years employed by current newspapers between sports journalists who have had interactions with whistleblowers and those who have not.
    [Show full text]
  • CONFLICT MOTIVATIONS and TACTICS of TARGETS, BYSTANDERS, and BULLIES a Thrice-Told Tale of Workplace Bullying
    13 CONFLICT MOTIVATIONS AND TACTICS OF TARGETS, BYSTANDERS, AND BULLIES A Thrice-Told Tale of Workplace Bullying P AMELA LUTGEN-SANDVIK AND COURTNEY VAIL FLETCHER dult bullying at work is a unique type of include a case study to show how targets, Aescalated, entrenched conflict that occurs bystanders, and bullies (dis)engage with bully- between and among organizational mem- ing conflicts in real-life scenarios. By exploring bers. Nearly half of all U.S. workers are bullying conflicts as experienced by these three affected by bullying during their working groups, organizational members and research- lives, either being targeted or witnessing abuse ers might have a better understanding of some as a bystander. The power disparity between of the forces that constitute the phenomenon bullies and targets, the aggressive character and potentially locate leverage points for more of bullying communication, and the persistent effective interventions. We begin by describing wearing down that occurs mark adult bully- the features that make workplace bullying a ing as a unique type of escalated, destructive unique type of conflict. From this, we outline workplace conflict. Adult bullying at work a typology of interpersonal motivations in is not, however, simply a dyadic one-on-one conflict situations adopted from the multiple conflict—many others are involved and goals theory ( Ohbuchi & Tedeschi, 1997 ) affected. Bullying conflicts are also extremely and a framework for conflict management difficult to resolve, and the targets’ tactics tactics adapted from Rahim’s (2002) theory (especially problem solving) rarely resolve the of managing organizational conflict. We then conflict and often make it worse.
    [Show full text]