Election Observing
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Assessing the Quality of Democracy
Assessing the Quality of Democracy A Practical Guide Assessing the Quality of Democracy A Practical Guide David Beetham Edzia Carvalho Todd Landman Stuart Weir © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2008 International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council Members. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: International IDEA SE -103 34 Stockholm Sweden Graphic design by: Santángelo Diseño Printed by: Bulls Graphics Cover illustration © Alberto Ruggieri/Illustration Works/Corbis/Scanpix ISBN: 978-91-85724-43-7 Foreword: the state of democracy Democracy is the predominant form of government in the world to- day. For the greater part of the world democracy has been a rare or re- cent phenomenon, but successive waves of democracy throughout the 20th century meant that by the new millennium more countries were governed through democratic than through non-democratic forms of rule. Various attempts to enumerate democracies in the world agree that more than 60 per cent of all countries today have in place at least some form of minimal democratic institutions and procedures. The Community of Democracies lists more than 100 countries while the United Nations International Conference on New or Restored Democracies (ICNRD) has grown in depth, breadth and importance since it was inaugurated in 1988 as a forum for global democratic de- velopment. Increasingly, governmental, intergovernmental and non- governmental organizations emphasize that democracy is an end in itself, as well as an important means to other ends, such as economic development, poverty reduction and greater protection of interna- tionally recognized human rights. -
Nickersonanita-E.Pdf
Submission to ERRE by Anita Nickerson In this brief I speak only for myself. My opinions are in no way a reflection of the views of Fair Vote Canada. Their views are well set out in this submission to ERRE. Sections In this brief you will find the following: About the Author The Case is not Black and White, But It’s Real Why PR What System I Prefer What System I Hope You Adopt Special Issues: ● Simplicity ● Competition/Collaboration in Multi-Member Ridings ● Local Representation ● Familiarity Bias about Systems ● Referendum, Media and Mandate Who am I? I am a 42 year old woman who lives in Kitchener, Ontario. I have bachelor degrees in Psychology and Social Work, and a college diploma in Drug and Alcohol Counselling. I worked as an addictions counsellor for 8 years. I have been at home with my 15 year old daughter with special needs (we homeschool) since 2006. My husband of 16 years is a Registered Practical Nurse. For the past year, I have been employed part time by Fair Vote Canada. I’ve been working with FVC first on a local and then on a national level since 2008. I support volunteers, help coordinate national actions, and have contributed to almost every other aspect of our national campaign. This cause is my full time passion. Around 2007 I was like most Canadians - I voted, but I paid very little attention to politics between elections. I made voting decisions based on clips of leaders I saw on TV or something I read in the paper. -
A Canadian Model of Proportional Representation by Robert S. Ring A
Proportional-first-past-the-post: A Canadian model of Proportional Representation by Robert S. Ring A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science Memorial University St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador May 2014 ii Abstract For more than a decade a majority of Canadians have consistently supported the idea of proportional representation when asked, yet all attempts at electoral reform thus far have failed. Even though a majority of Canadians support proportional representation, a majority also report they are satisfied with the current electoral system (even indicating support for both in the same survey). The author seeks to reconcile these potentially conflicting desires by designing a uniquely Canadian electoral system that keeps the positive and familiar features of first-past-the- post while creating a proportional election result. The author touches on the theory of representative democracy and its relationship with proportional representation before delving into the mechanics of electoral systems. He surveys some of the major electoral system proposals and options for Canada before finally presenting his made-in-Canada solution that he believes stands a better chance at gaining approval from Canadians than past proposals. iii Acknowledgements First of foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my brilliant supervisor, Dr. Amanda Bittner, whose continuous guidance, support, and advice over the past few years has been invaluable. I am especially grateful to you for encouraging me to pursue my Master’s and write about my electoral system idea. -
Egypt Presidential Election Observation Report
EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT JULY 2014 This publication was produced by Democracy International, Inc., for the United States Agency for International Development through Cooperative Agreement No. 3263-A- 13-00002. Photographs in this report were taken by DI while conducting the mission. Democracy International, Inc. 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1010 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: +1.301.961.1660 www.democracyinternational.com EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT July 2014 Disclaimer This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Democracy International, Inc. and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................ 4 MAP OF EGYPT .......................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. II DELEGATION MEMBERS ......................................... V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 6 ABOUT DI .......................................................... 6 ABOUT THE MISSION ....................................... 7 METHODOLOGY .............................................. 8 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 10 TUMULT -
Democracy Unlock
Unlock Democracy incorporating Charter 88 How healthy is our local democracy? Ros Scott years of Unlocking Democracy This pamphlet is based on a speech given by Ros Scott at Liberal Democrat Party Conference in 2008, at an Unlock Democracy lecture. Our lecture and pamphlet series are intended to provoke debate on and interest in issues relating to democracy and human rights. As an organisation promoting democratic reform and human rights, we may disagree with what our contributors say - but we are always stimulated by and grateful to them. The views of the authors of this work should not be presumed to be the opinion of Unlock Democracy or its staff. First published by Unlock Democracy in 2009. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 2.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit www. creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/2.0/uk/ How healthy is our local democracy? Ros Scott1 Much of what really matters to us is on our doorstep. The condition of roads, the quality of local schools, the availability of leisure facilities like swimming pools and libraries, and whether or not our bins are emptied efficiently should be daily reminders about the state of our local democracy. And yet, it is all too rare to hear debate about the performance of the council, at least in anything other than a general sense, the choices which are available, or about the potential power of the ballot box to change things. Democracy, like charity, begins at home. If citizens feel disconnected from the democratic processes closest to home, then what hope is there for wider engagement? If government in all its forms can’t do anything about the dog dirt and paving slabs, how can anyone have confidence in its ability to deal with a global economic crisis, environmental degradation and threats to our security? After being closely involved with local government for almost 20 years, it is my belief that genuine local democracy in this country is in terminal decline. -
Written Evidence Submitted by Electoral Reform Society (CVR 93)
Written evidence submitted by Electoral Reform Society (CVR 93) Key proposals ● Reinstate remote voting for the duration of the crisis, and consult on making this change permanent for those who need it. ● Develop clear Parliamentary procedures and scrutiny protocols to guarantee robust scrutiny in future times of crisis. ● Decentralise power across all levels of government, to allow more rapid and dynamic responses to future crises. ● Establish Citizens’ Assemblies or Citizens’ Juries that can feed into the government’s crisis response in a transparent manner, improving public trust in decision-making at these crucial times. ● Move to a Single Transferable Vote electoral system for the Commons to instil a more pluralistic and collaborative political culture, reducing the risk of ‘elective dictatorship’. Background 1. The Electoral Reform Society welcomes this consultation, and commends the Committee’s work on virtual proceedings. The Society supports many of the changes made to procedures in the House of Commons during the pandemic, and believes they offer useful lessons on how Parliament can adapt when necessary. 2. While these measures are currently only temporary, we believe there is merit in the continuation of this more flexible ‘hybrid’ model of Parliament for the duration of the pandemic, and potentially making some of the measures permanent, as we discuss below. 3. The pandemic has highlighted just how quickly changes can be made to our system, and such reforms could help make Westminster a more accessible and inclusive workplace - with, for example, pregnant MPs, MPs with disabilities and MPs who’s constituencies are far away from London all potentially benefiting from the continuation of a hybrid model. -
Electoral Reform Society – Written Evidence (FGU0022) House of Lords Constitution Committee Inquiry Into the Future Governanc
Electoral Reform Society – written evidence (FGU0022) House of Lords Constitution Committee Inquiry into the Future Governance of the UK 1. The Electoral Reform Society welcomes the House of Lords Constitution Committee call for evidence and its inquiry into the future governance of the United Kingdom. 2. Debate and concerns around the UK’s constitutional arrangements, and their long-term stability and effectiveness, have come to the fore in recent years, particularly in light of the UK’s exit from the European Union and, more recently, the coronavirus pandemic. 3. The ERS has long campaigned on issues relating to the future governance of the UK, including calling for a UK-wide constitutional convention and reform of English devolution. About the Electoral Reform Society 4. The Electoral Reform Society is the UK’s leading voice for democratic reform. We work with everyone – from political parties, civil society groups and academics to our own members and supporters and the wider public – to campaign for a better democracy in the UK. 5. Our vision is of a democracy fit for the 21st century, where every voice is heard, every vote is valued equally, and every citizen is empowered to take part. We make the case for lasting political reforms, we seek to embed democracy into the heart of public debate, and we foster the democratic spaces which encourage active citizenship. Executive Summary 6. The current balance of powers within the UK is failing, anchored in Westminster and underpinned by its centralising and power-hoarding structures and culture. Despite devolution across the UK, this centralisation permeates the British state’s relationships with the UK’s nations and localities, acting as a barrier to genuine and long-term collaboration, trust and parity of esteem. -
Scotland's Future Citizens
DEMOCRATIC FUTURES FUTURE CITIZENS SCOTLAND’S FUTURE CITIZENS SCOTLAND’S their interests understood. But this won’t happen just by acknowledging FUTURE CITIZENS it—we need a bigger focus on this in our schools in order to develop citizens who are engaged from the beginning of their adult life. The importance of developing the practice of citizenship is hard With the lowering of the voting age in Scotland to 16, first for to overstate. A key goal of society is to have an active democratic the referendum on independence and subsequently for elections to citizenry and this must come from integrated education and Holyrood, now is the perfect opportunity to foster a generation of participation from a young age. informed and active citizens. Today’s youth is the most connected in history, but still there We should constantly be asking what we can do to improve the are rising levels of political disengagement; with people either cut way that we undertake citizenship development in Scotland. This off from, not valuing or not participating in the political process. To document sets out three policy suggestions for the next Scottish combat this it is important that young people’s voices are heard and Parliament to best prepeare our future citizenss. 2 FUTURE CITIZENS ELECTORAL REFORM SOCIETY 3 Photo: Bite The Ballot, 2016 1 A NATIONAL SCHOOL 2 MODERN STUDIES TAUGHT VOTER REGISTRATION IN ALL SCHOOLS PROGRAMME Getting young people to take part in the democratic process isn’t We need a registration revolution in this country - the last modern just a matter of registering them to vote – it is also about convincing democracy to introduce individual voter registration - and a nation- them of the power that comes with voting. -
Civil Society for Development: Opportunities Through the United Nations Convention Against Corruption
Civil Society for Development Opportunities through the United Nations Convention against Corruption UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Civil Society for Development: Opportunities through the United Nations Convention against Corruption UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2019 © United Nations, March 2019. All rights reserved worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover image: ©Lauri Laurintytär. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Acknowledgements This publication was developed through the cooperation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) with the Government of the United States of America (State Department) and the United Kingdom Department Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). Wide-ranging consultations with various stakeholders globally were held in the devel- opment of this guide. UNODC is particularly grateful for the support received for this initiative from civil society organizations and governmental experts, who are not only its target audience, but also provided the information that makes up most of the guide’s content. The document was drafted by Fay Al Hakim, Malo Denouel, Lindy Muzila, Malte Rudolph and Neil Wilcock, under the guidance of Mirella Dummar-Frahi and Brigitte Strobel-Shaw. The following persons offered contributions and comments for the development of the guide: Maria Adomeit, Tatiana Balisova, Samuel De Jaegere, Sigall Horovitz, Livia Krings, Sophie Meingast, Constantine Palicarsky, Jason Reichelt, Constanze von Söhnen, Roberta Solis Ribeiro Martins, Candice Welsch and Yujing Yue. -
Electoral Reform Society
STANDARDS, PROCEDURES AND PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE INQUIRY INTO LOBBYING SUBMISSION RECEIVED FROM ELECTORAL REFORM SOCIETY About the Electoral Reform Society Founded in 1884, the Electoral Reform Society operates on a simple premise – that our politics can be better than it is. We seek a living democracy where every vote and every voice is valued, where power is fairly distributed and those who exercise power can be held to account. Our policy is developed in consultation with our elected Council and our membership. The Electoral Reform Society’s main funding source is in the form of an annual dividend from Electoral Reform Services Ltd, the UK’s leading independent supplier of ballot and election services. The Society has a small team of staff based in London, Cardiff and Edinburgh. SPPA Committee Inquiry into Lobbying The Need for Change Have there been significant changes over the last decade in the way that lobbying is carried out? It cannot be argued that there is not continuing disengagement with formal politics both in terms of voting at elections where turnout remains very low, but also in the various public opinion surveys conducted by the likes of the Hansard Society (for instance, only 41% of people say they will vote if a General Election was called tomorrow) and the Economist magazine (Democracy under threat). Recently, the Guardian published polling indicating nearly half of those surveyed are ‘angry’ at politicians. These and numerous other pieces of research and commentary are indicative of a growing mistrust and disillusionment with our politics. Part of that mistrust is because of the sense of business being done behind closed doors, of the interests of the few being pursued at the expense of the many, and of a lack of transparency about how policy is developed. -
A Ranked Ballot Primer
A Ranked Ballot Primer Introduction: The Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing has been mandated by the Premier to undertake a review of the Municipal Elections Act to ensure it “provides municipalities with the option of using ranked ballots in future elections, starting in 2018, as an alternative to first-past-the-post.” Municipal governments are to have the flexibility in what method to use. This primer is to provide some information on how ranked ballot voting works and where it is used. Ranked Ballot Voting: Ranked ballot voting (RBV) is an election counting method where voters can rank candidates by preference. Voters mark ballots with a first, second, third, etc. until all preferences, or a specified number, have been used. The specified number is a decision point in designing RBV. Elections are decided when a candidate has a majority vote. If one candidate for a position (e.g., for head of council) receives a majority (i.e. 50% or more) of the vote in the first count, that candidate is declared the winner. If no candidate wins a majority after the first vote, the system then uses an instant run-off method of voting. The candidate receiving the least votes is eliminated, and that candidate’s votes are re-allocated to the voter’s second choice candidate. http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/t humb/1/18/Preferential_ballot.svg/180px- Run-offs continue until one candidate has a clear Preferential_ballot.svg.png majority of the vote and is declared the winner. Some systems limit the number of runoffs by eliminating a greater number of candidates after the first round if they cannot reach a majority even on preferences (e.g. -
Democracy Matters: Lessons from the Citizens' Assembly on English
Democracy Matters Lessons from the 2015 Citizens’ Assemblies on English Devolution Matthew Flinders | Katie Ghose | Will Jennings | Edward Molloy | Brenton Prosser | Alan Renwick | Graham Smith | Paolo Spada John Penrose MP Minister for Constitutional Reform Cabinet Office Whitehall London SW1 100 Dear John Over the past twelve months the Democracy Matters research team has been conducting a pilot project on the use of citizens’ assemblies to explore complex elements of constitutional policy- making in the United Kingdom. The focus has been on English regional decentralisation, as covered in the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act, and two citizens’ assemblies were convened in the North and South of England. It is with great pleasure that I now submit the final report on this valuable research and engagement project. I hope you and your officials will find its content and recommendations valuable in a number of different ways. Two main conclusions come from the research. First and foremost, there is an appetite amongst the public to engage in informed and constructive discussions about the future of British democracy and about specific policy proposals. The citizens’ assemblies in Southampton and Sheffield have demonstrated that individuals from a range of backgrounds can and are willing to work together to plan a common future and to understand future challenges. Second, the research suggests that the public are generally supportive of the principle of devolution within England. The pinch-point is the nature of the model of devolution on offer from the Government and the lack of public engagement in the decision-making process as it has so far been conducted.