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Chapter 1, Version A GENDERING THE WORKPLACE: THE DISPOSITIF OF CONTEMPORARY WESTERN SCIENCE Janice McGibbon Crerar Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Graduate Diploma Secondary Education Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Northern Institute College of Indigenous Futures, Arts and Society Charles Darwin University September 2018 Keywords science; science education; sex/gender; feminist; poststructural; performativity. Gendering the workplace: the dispositif of contemporary western science i Abstract This thesis interrogates qualitative data from women scientists and women science teachers using feminist poststructural techniques. Social elements and power relations that produce and reproduce the ‘problem’ of women and science are described through the application of Foucauldian methodology. The interrelation and interplay of material and immaterial elements of the dispositif of contemporary Western science are used to identify potential points of disruption. Relations between sex/gender and science emerge as key elements in producing and reproducing discourses, statements and practices that maintain societal status quo in relation to the problem of women and science. The impact of binary categorisation of sex/gender definitions in policy, legislation and practice is critically examined in relation to social theories of gender subjectification, drawing on Judith Butler and Luce Irigaray. Through this analysis, the problem of women and science can be seen as an outcome of socio-cultural conditions of patriarchy emerging at the time of the Enlightenment and persisting into the 21st Century, despite legislation and rhetoric to the contrary. Many current programs, policies and initiatives are unlikely to effect the change required since they maintain the social conditions that make the problem inevitable. Instead, future research and educational strategies are recommended to disrupt the problem of women and science by challenging social assumptions about sex and gender. This is no small task and ultimately requires commitment to social change that disrupts patriarchal relations of power in the 21st Century. ii Gendering the workplace: the dispositif of contemporary western science Table of Contents Keywords .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vii Statement of Original Authorship ......................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Gender segregation and patriarchy .......................................................................................... 2 The question of gender and science ......................................................................................... 6 Becoming a scientist ................................................................................................................ 8 The science workplace ........................................................................................................... 12 Knowing which science ......................................................................................................... 19 Globalisation, diversity and the science workplace ............................................................... 22 Framing and tackling the problem of women and science ..................................................... 23 Theoretical framing of the problem of women and science ................................................... 26 The problem and the dispositif of contemporary Western science ........................................ 29 Thesis overview ..................................................................................................................... 30 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 2: Critical Literature Review ................................................................... 37 The rise and fall of science and women ................................................................................. 37 Gender and science knowledges ............................................................................................ 45 What counts and what is counted in the science workplace? ................................................. 49 Segregation of women in science .............................................................................................. 51 Science education and science .................................................................................................. 54 Through different lenses ........................................................................................................... 57 What is not counted? ................................................................................................................. 59 Patriarchal initiatives to attract women to science ................................................................. 60 Masculinised culture and the science workplace ................................................................... 62 Diversity in the science workplace ........................................................................................ 67 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 68 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framing ............................................................................. 71 Feminist Standpoint Theory in the context of poststructuralist research ............................... 72 Foucault’s Genealogy ............................................................................................................ 78 Foucauldian Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................... 81 Dispositif ................................................................................................................................... 82 Knowledge ................................................................................................................................ 84 Gendering the workplace: the dispositif of contemporary western science iii Power ........................................................................................................................................ 85 Subjectivity ................................................................................................................................ 91 Butler performativity .............................................................................................................. 92 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 98 Chapter 4: Methodology .......................................................................................... 99 Framing positivism, science and self in the research ............................................................. 99 Reflexivity ............................................................................................................................... 102 Relating theory to method .................................................................................................... 104 Unpacking the problem ........................................................................................................ 106 Preparing for research .......................................................................................................... 108 Participant recruitment ............................................................................................................. 108 The participants ....................................................................................................................... 110 Qualitative data collection .................................................................................................... 112 Concurrent data collection ....................................................................................................... 113 Focus Groups ........................................................................................................................... 117 Semi-structured interviews ...................................................................................................... 119 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................ 121 Foucauldian discourse analysis ................................................................................................ 121 Mapping material and immaterial elements ............................................................................
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