September 2020 Wisconsin Motorcyclists’ Handbook DMV home page: wisconsindmv.gov

DMV online services: wisconsindmv.gov/online

Motorcycle license requirements: wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc-how-aply/mc-md-lic.aspx

Motorcycle training providers and locations: wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc-how-aply/training-loc.aspx

Schedule a motorcycle road test appointment: wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc-how-aply/schedulearoadtest.aspx

Motorcycle safety program: wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc-safety/default.aspx

Wisconsin driver handbooks including Motorcyclists’ Handbook: wisconsindmv.gov/handbooks

Motorcycle crash facts: wisconsindot.gov/Documents/safety/education/crash-data/motorcyclefacts.pdf

For other information or inquiries: wisconsindmv.gov

All other areas: (608) 264-7447

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 4 Know Your Responsibilities 18 Wisconsin Licensing Ride Within Your Abilities 19 Information 6 Basic Vehicle Control Requirements for Motorcycle Body Position 19 Operation 6 Shifting Gears 20 Type 1 Motorcycle 6 Braking 20 Type 2 Motorcycle 7 Turning 21 Motor Bicycle 7 Keeping your distance 22 Moped 7 Lane Positions 22 Class M License Following Another Vehicle 22 in Four Steps 8 Being Followed 23 1. Get Cycle Instruction Permit 8 Passing and Being Passed 24 2. Practice Riding 8 Being Passed 25 3. Take Motorcycle Skills Test 9 Lane Sharing 25 4. Obtain Class M License 9 Merging Cars 25 The Motorcycle Skills Test 9 Cars Alongside 26 The Pre-test Inspection 9 SEE 26 The Skills Test 10 Search 26 Motorcycle Laws 11 Evaluate 27 Lane Position (Turning) 12 Execute 27 Farm Safety/Rural Driving 13 Intersections 28 Railroad Crossings 13 Blind Intersections 29 Preparing to Ride 14 Passing Parked Cars 30 Wear the Right Gear 14 Parking at the Roadside 30 Helmet Use 14 Increasing Helmet Selection 14 Conspicuity 31 Eye and Face Protection 15 Clothing 31 Clothing 15 Headlight(s) 31 Know Your Motorcycle 16 Signals 31 The Right Motorcycle Brake Light(s) 32 for You 16 Using Your Mirrors 32 Borrowing and Lending 16 Head Checks 33 Get Familiar With the Horn 33 Motorcycle Controls 17 Riding at Night 33 Check Your Motorcycle 17

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 1 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Crash Avoidance 34 Being in Shape to Ride 47 Quick Stops 34 Why This Information Swerving or Turning Quickly 35 is Important 47 Cornering 36 Alcohol and Other Drugs in Motorcycle Operation 48 Handling Dangerous Surfaces 38 Alcohol in the Body 48 Uneven Surfaces Alcohol Concentration 49 and Obstacles 38 Alcohol Laws 49 Slippery Surfaces 39 Minimize the Risks 50 Railroad Tracks, Trolley Don’t Drink or Use Drugs 50 Tracks and Pavement Seams 39 Step in to Protect Friends 50 Grooves and Gratings 40 Fatigue 51 Mechanical Problems 41 Earning Your License 51 Tire Failure 41 Sample Knowledge Test Stuck Throttle 41 Questions 52 Wobble 41 On-Cycle Skills Test 53 Chain Problems 42 Motorcycle Rider Courses 54 Engine Seizure 42 Learn From the Pros 54 Animals 42 Learning to Ride 54 Flying Objects 43 Improving Riding Skills 55 Getting Off the Road 43 Specialized Courses 55 Carrying Passengers Rider Coaches 56 and Cargo 43 Provided For You 56 Equipment 43 You Provide 56 Instructing Passengers 44 Who Can Attend 56 Riding with Passengers 44 Waiver of Skills Test 57 Carrying Loads 44 Point Reduction 57 Group Riding 45 Motorcycle Training Providers 57 Keep the Group Small 45 Motorcycle Rider Courses 57 Keep the Group Together 45 Keep Your Distance 45 Single-File Formation 46

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 2 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS State Patrol Regions (1) Southwest Region . . . (608) 846-8500

(2) Southeast Region ...... (262) 785-4700

(3) Northeast Region . . . (920) 929-3700

(4) North Central Region . . . (715) 845-1143

(5) Northwest Region . . . (715) 839-3800

Take a rider course—Get skills test waived If you are applying for, or interested in applying for, a motorcycle license, we strongly recommend that you complete a motorcycle rider course. Under certain circumstances, a rider course is required. The Basic Rider Course, Scooter Basic Rider Course and Three-Wheel Basic Rider Course are designed for beginning riders. The courses were developed, and the rider coaches are certified, by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation and approved by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). The courses are taught off-street, out of traffic, and motorcycles and helmets are provided. Visit: wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc-how- aply/education.aspx for detailed information. Note: This manual is intended to inform the user of the Rules of the Road (Wisconsin state laws and Administrative Rules), as well as important safety tips. Information in this and other handbooks and manuals published by the Division of Motor Vehicles is not all-inclusive and is subject to change at any time due to new or revised laws.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 3 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE

Motorcycling can be an exciting way to travel. While riding, a cyclist can hear, see and feel things a driver inside a car cannot. But cycling calls for special knowledge, skill and constant attention. The chances of being involved and seriously injured in a traffic crash are greater riding a cycle than driving a car. • A cycle is easily tipped over. • Weather and road conditions often make cycling difficult. • A cycle is small. Other drivers, looking for cars and trucks, do not always see the cycle. • Other drivers may disregard the rights of cyclists. • In a crash, a cycle offers little protection to the rider.

2014 WISCONSIN MOTORCYCLE STATISTICS wisconsindot.gov/Documents/safety/education/crash-data/motorcyclefacts.pdf • 1,914 motorcyclists were injured on Wisconsin roads in 2014. That represents a 0.7% decrease from the 1,927 injured in 2013 and a 16% decrease from 2004. An additional 84 non-motorcyclists were injured in crashes involving motorcycles in 2014. • In 2014, 67 motorcyclists, including passengers, were killed in traffic crashes compared to 83 in 2013, a 19% decrease. This figure is also 16% lower than the 80 fatalities that occurred in 2004. • 16–24 year olds account for only 3.2% of the licensed motorcyclists but account for 16.5% of those in crashes in 2014. • Alcohol and/or speed were the primary contributing factors in 61% of fatal single unit motorcycle crashes in 2014 and in 29% of all single unit crashes. • Nine out of 10 motorcycle crashes occurred on dry pavement in 2014. The five most frequent possible contributing circumstances in both fatal and non-fatal motorcycle crashes in 2014 were: • Failure to control (the motorcycle) • Inattentive driving • Speed too fast/conditions • Exceeding speed limit • Driver condition (e.g. alcohol use, driving while sleepy, etc.)

IMPROVE YOUR RIDING SKILLS AND LEARN FROM EXPERIENCED RIDERS. CONSIDER TAKING A MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSE. See “Motorcycle Rider Courses” in this handbook for more details.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 4 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE (continued) CONSIDER SAVING A LIFE BY BECOMING AN ORGAN DONOR Studying this manual, taking a motorcycle rider course and practicing your riding You will be asked if you wish to skills can reduce your risk register as an organ, tissue and and increase your safety. eye donor when you apply for or renew your identification (ID) This manual shows safe riding card, instruction permit or driver techniques and contains what license. Upon death, donors you need to know to pass the help save and improve lives motorcycle knowledge test. You through transplantation, therapy, should also study the Wisconsin research or education. If you Motorists’ Handbook for safe are 18 or older, checking the driving tips and additional box indicates your legal consent information. However, these for donation. Check the box to manuals are not a complete include your name in the donor statement of Wisconsin traffic law. registry every time you update For that you should consult your driver record. Please share the general Statutes of the your decision with your family. You State of Wisconsin. can also register online at: www. Many organizations worked DonorRegistry.Wisconsin.gov. together to develop the material The Department of Transportation in the following pages: intends for the products and • Wisconsin Department services it offers to be accessible of Transportation to all. If you need accommodations • National Public Service or do not understand any part Research Institute of this publication, please • Motorcycle Safety Foundation, email: driverrecords.dmv@dot. with support from wi.gov or call (608) 266-2353. • The National Highway Traffic Information in this and other Safety Administration handbooks and manuals published by the Division of Motor Vehicles is subject to change due to passage of new laws. For the latest information visit: wisconsindmv.gov or contact a DMV Service Center. Visit our website at: wisconsindmv.gov for more information on driver licensing products and services. If you have additional questions, email them to: driverrecords.dmv@dot. wi.gov or call (608) 266-2353.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 5 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS WISCONSIN LICENSING INFORMATION

REQUIREMENTS • A 150 lb. operator AND is one FOR MOTORCYCLE of the following: OPERATION » Designed and built with two All Wisconsin residents who plan wheels in tandem, seating to operate a Type 1 motorcycle for the operator and may on public roads must have a have a side-car attached. Class M (motorcycle) license. OR Most Class M license holders also » Designed and built to have hold a Class D—car and light truck— no more than 3 wheels, license. However, if you want to seating for the operator and operate only a Type 1 motorcycle, no more than 3 passengers, a “motorcycle only” license is and does not have the available. For more details, email: operator area enclosed. [email protected] Under 18 requirement: or call: (608) 266-2353 or inquire at your local DMV Service Center. Wisconsin residents under the age of 18 must have proof that Type 1 Motorcycle they have completed driver • A Type 1 motorcycle is a motor education and have successfully vehicle capable of speeds in complete a basic rider course to excess of 30 mph on a dry level be eligible for a Class M license. hard surface road with no wind, with a power source as an integral part of the vehicle, while carrying

PROTECTIVE GEAR FOR MOTORCYCLE OPERATION Required Recommended • Helmet, meeting standards, if • Helmet highly recommended you are under 18 years of age if you are 18 or older. or if you have a motorcycle • Gloves. instruction permit. • Jacket or shirt with long sleeves. • Eye protection (face shield/ • Long pants. goggles/glasses or an • Boots or shoes that approved windshield). cover the ankles. * All ages, all circumstances. • Faceshield or goggles are recommended for better eye protection, even if you have glasses or an approved windshield.* * “.....eye protection worn during hours of darkness may not be tinted or darkened.” Section 347.485(2) Wis. Stats. (emphasis added). In other words, faceshields, goggles, glasses worn at night must be clear. Prescription photosensitive corrective lenses are acceptable. The wearing of other tinted or darkened eye protection while operating a motorcycle during hours of darkness is illegal.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 6 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS WISCONSIN LICENSING INFORMATION

Exemptions to rider course Motor Bicycle requirements for persons A motor bicycle is a bicycle to under 18: which a power unit has been added • If you live more than 50 road miles to permit travel at no more than from a basic rider course site. 30 mph on dry, level, hard surface, • If you have a valid motorcycle with no wind, and a 150 lb. operator. license from another jurisdiction. Moped Non‑residents must have A moped is any of the following appropriate licensing for motorcycle vehicles (excluding a tractor) operation from their home state. capable of speeds not more New Wisconsin residents with than 30 mph, with 150 lb. rider a driver license from another on a dry, level, hard sur­face jurisdiction authorizing operation of with no wind, a power source motorcycles may be able to get a as an integral part of the vehicle, Wisconsin Class M license without and a seat for the operator: taking the knowledge or skills tests. • A bicycle-type vehicle with fully Residents of Wisconsin who operative pedals and an engine plan to operate any of the certified by the manufacturer following vehicles on public at not more than 130 cc. roads need either a Class D • A Type 1 motorcycle with (regular or special restricted) or an automatic transmission Juvenile Restricted License: and engine certi­fied at Type 2 Motorcycle not more than 50 cc. A Type 2 motorcycle is: A Class M license or Motorcycle • A motor vehicle designed and Instruction Permit (CYCI) is not built to have at least three required to operate these vehicles, wheels in contact with the however a Class D is and safe ground with a curb weight riding techniques as outlined in less than 1,500 lbs. and, this handbook should be fol­lowed. • A passenger and operator area For details on special licensing to with sides permanently enclosed operate the above vehicles, contact with rigid construction and a your local DMV Service Center. top which may be convertible. Examples of Type 2 vehicles are motorized golf carts, Postal Department mailsters, etc.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 7 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS CLASS M LICENSE • If you have held 3 CYCIs, you IN FOUR STEPS must successfully complete, or be 1. Get Cycle Instruction enrolled in, a basic rider course Permit before applying for a 4th CYCI. • Study this handbook. • If you do not reside within 50 highway miles, by the most direct • Be at least 16. route, of a basic rider course site, • If under 18, you must have you may obtain a 4th CYCI without sponsorship of a parent or the rider course requirement. guardian, and you must have • If you choose to take the basic proof you have completed rider course and NOT obtain driver education. a CYCI prior to successfully • If under 18, you must provide completing it, the fee for the proof of enrollment in a basic CYCI is not required when rider course. To obtain proof of you apply for your Class M. enrollment, you will need to enroll 2. Practice Riding in a basic rider course (please • You must wear an approved see list of motorcycle training helmet, with the chin strap providers at: wisconsindot.gov/ properly fastened, whether Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc- operating the cycle or riding as a how-aply/training-loc.aspx) and passenger (see Protective Gear). pay the required course fees. Ask • You must have eye protection your basic rider course provider (see Protective Gear). for the blue copy of DMV form • You carry a licensed MV3575 (Motorcycle Skills Test may person as a passenger. However, Waiver Authorization), which you DMV does not recommend can show at the DMV Service carrying passengers until you Center as proof of enrollment. are experienced. (see Carrying • Pass a test of knowledge Passengers and Cargo). The of traffic laws as they relate licensed person must: to cycle operation. » Have at least 2 years licensed • Depending upon what other driving experience. instruction permits or licenses » Have a Class M License. you have, or wish to have, you • During hours of darkness, may need additional tests you must be accompanied such as a Class D knowledge by a licensed person who: test, highway signs test or » Is at least 25 years old. vision and hearing screening. » Has at least 2 years licensed • Upon meeting all requirements driving experience. and paying a fee, you will receive » Has a Class M license. a Cycle Instruction Permit (CYCI) (The licensed person does which is valid for 6 months. not need to be a passenger on • If you complete a department- your cycle, but must be nearby). approved basic rider course, • Practice on low speed, low you are not required to hold traffic volume streets first, then a motorcycle instruction gradually move to higher speed, permit unless you do any higher traffic volume streets and on-street practice riding. highways as skill progresses.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 8 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. Take Motorcycle THE MOTORCYCLE Skills Test SKILLS TEST • Or successfully complete an The Pre-test Inspection approved basic motorcycle Your cycle will be inspected rider course, and present before the test. The test will not satisfactory proof of course be given if any of the following completion to the driver license equipment defects are found: examiner. A basic motorcycle rider course may be required. • Handlebars defective, repaired or improvised, or handlebars • Schedule an appointment for obviously rising more than 30" a skills test (road test) online. above the lowest part of the top For the skills test, you must: of the seat when occupied. » Provide a cycle in safe, legal • No headlight. operating condition. • Defective mechanical signals » Wear eye protection. (if cycle was manufactured » Wear an approved helmet. with signals, they must be » Be at least 16. installed and operating). If you have failed 2 motorcycle- • Defective or no horn. in-traffic skills tests, and you • Inadequate seat. still wish to obtain a Class M • Foot pegs or foot rest license, you must successfully for operator missing. complete a basic rider course. • Defective/noisy muffler. Then, upon application, your skills test will be waived. • Defective brakes (front or rear). Cycle must have both brakes if 4. Obtain Class M License manufactured with two brakes. Upon satisfactory completion of • No brake light. the skills test, or upon presentation • No speedometer. of a motorcycle skills test waiver • Excessively worn tires (tire cord form, and payment of a fee, a Class visible or inadequate tread depth). M license will be issued to you. • No left rear view mirror. Note: Cycle riders with a physical • Expired or no registration. impairment or disability will After 30 days expiration, you need to demonstrate their ability must show proof that you to safely operate a motorcycle have applied for registration. at a DMV Service Center. This Note: If you take the test on a three evaluation will determine if wheel cycle you will be restricted restrictions are necessary and to operating on that type cycle. cannot be waived by presenting a motorcycle skills test waiver form.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 9 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS • Changing lanes. • Making a U-turn. • Turning left from a one-way street. • Crossing an intersection on a one-way street from a stop sign. • Stopping and starting on a hill. • Turning left across traffic. • Preparing for oncoming vehicles turning in front of cycle. • Stopping behind other vehicles. • Observing behind the The Skills Test cycle using the mirrors. The Motorcycle-in-Traffic Test is a • Passing parked vehicles series of traffic situations designed or roadway hazards. to measure how you respond to road and traffic conditions. You • Meeting and being overtaken will be given a small radio receiver by other vehicles. that is worn under the helmet. • Observing proper The examiner will follow several following distance. car lengths behind you, giving While you ride, the driver license directions over the radio. During examiner will be observing your: the test, the examiner will score • Use of front and rear brakes. your speed, attention while riding, skill and position in the lane and • Observation of the traffic through intersections, and a and pedestrian scene. number of right and left turns. • Obeying stop signs, speed signs and other laws. The following possible test • Use of proper mini situations will help you prepare: lanes when turning. • Crossing a blind intersection • Position for seeing and being seen. from a stop sign. • Use of turn signals, and • Turning at a blind intersection possibly hand signals. from a stop sign. • Proper selection of gaps • Crossing an intersection when entering traffic or from a stop sign on a turning across traffic. street with 2-way traffic. • Speed control. • Turning right and left • Mirror usage and checking blind from a stop sign. spots (use of head checks). • Crossing blind intersection • Keeping a proper with right-of-way. following distance. • Turning at a blind intersection • Lane selection and with right-of-way. position within the lane. • Entering and leaving the • Foot position on pegs, street or roadway. when in motion. • Controlling speed. If you have any questions please • Making a quick stop. ask the driver license examiner.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 10 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS MOTORCYCLE LAWS not ride in any part of a lane Only motorcycles certified by the occupied by another vehicle federal government for highway except when two cyclists agree operation are permitted on the to ride side by side in one lane. highway. Cycles cannot be attached Operators and passengers under to any other moving vehicle unless 18 or with a cycle instruction permit the cycle is being towed for repair. must wear approved helmets (U.S. No person may operate a motor DOT standard at minimum) with vehicle in Wisconsin, including the chin straps properly fastened. a motorcycle, unless the owner All operators must wear eye or operator of the vehicle has protection except when the cycle is liability insurance in effect for the equipped with a windshield rising vehicle being operated and carries at least 15" above the handlebars. proof of insurance when driving. During darkness or times when Law enforcement may ask for proof little light is available, eye protection of insurance at any traffic stop or must not be tinted or darkened. accident. Failure to have insurance could result in up to a $500 When riding on a highway, headlight fine. Failure to have proof when and taillight must be on at all requested could result in a $10 fine. times. During daylight hours, motor driven cycles may be ridden to You do not need proof of insurance a repair shop for replacement when registering a vehicle or of a defective headlamp. obtaining a driver license, unless DMV specifically requested proof Motor driven cycles may be of financial responsibility (SR-22) equipped with modulating after a revocation or suspension. headlamps and deceleration Refer to Section 344.61-344.65 warning lights. Wis. Stats. for full details. Some Type 2 motorcycles or Riding “side saddle” is forbidden. mopeds may not be allowed on highways. Check with your local A single passenger may ride upon police department or State Patrol. the motorcycle if the passenger: • Rides on the seat designed Operators of Type 2 vehicles are for passengers, subject to the same rules of the road • Does not ride in front of as Type 1 motorcycle operators, the operator, and with the following exceptions: • Rests his/her feet on standard • Helmets and eye protection are not equipment foot rests or pegs. required (they are, nevertheless, (The passenger must highly recommended). be tall enough so his/her • Mopeds may be operated 2 feet reach the pegs.) abreast in a single lane only where More than one passenger may the speed limit is 25 mph or less. ride upon the motorcycle if the • Where speed limit is more than motorcycle is designed for more 25 mph, mopeds may be than one passenger. See the operated only single file, in definition of a Type 1 motorcycle. extreme right-hand lane. Motorcyclists are entitled to • A moped may not carry use a full traffic lane. You may any passengers.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 11 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS When facing a red light, you may LANE POSITION proceed CAUTIOUSLY through (TURNING) the intersection when the light You are entitled to full use of a is still red if ALL of the following traffic lane. However, incorrect conditions are present: positioning within the lane as you • You reasonably believe the signal approach a turn can be hazardous. is vehicle activated (if the signal Knowing how to make a safe is timed, you may not proceed turn is a vital part of safe riding. through a red light no matter how Proper lane position will increase long it takes to change to green); visibility, communicate your • No other vehicles are present intentions and protect your to activate the signal; lane. As you ride, mentally • You have stopped at the signal divide your traffic lane into for at least 45 seconds; and, thirds. As you approach the turn, • You yield right-of-way to evaluate which path is safest. vehicles proceeding through on a green signal and to SELECT THE PROPER pedestrians and bicycles in LANE POSITION the crosswalk or intersection. A driver convicted of failure to yield right-of-way (FYR) is required to attend traffic safety school. Type 1 motorcycles may park at an angle in a parallel parking area. If parallel or angle parking spaces are marked, three cycles may park in a space. If there is a parking meter installed for the space, and parking regulations When making a RIGHT turn, are violated, the operator of each you should position yourself cycle parked in the space will receive a citation for violation of so traffic cannot fit between time restriction (parking ticket). you and the curb. Mopeds are considered bicycles In addition, you want to control for the purposes of parking. your lane of traffic so others do Mopeds may be parked on a not try to squeeze through on the sidewalk, in a bike rack, or other left side as well. However, you area designated for bicycle will also need to evaluate the parking. They may not impede condition of the roadway—loose the flow of pedestrian traffic. gravel, parked cars, etc., when determining the best path. For a LEFT turn, the approach should be similar to prevent other drivers from sharing your lane or passing you in the turn.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 12 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS FARM SAFETY/ RAILROAD CROSSINGS RURAL DRIVING Motorcyclists should approach You should be aware of special all highway-rail intersections hazards in rural areas of Wisconsin. VERY slowly and be alert to the These may include slow moving possibility of rough crossings. tractors, horse drawn wagons or Expect a train on any track carriages, farm machinery exiting in any direction at every fields or on the roadway, wide highway-rail intersection. machinery, debris on the road (such Never ride onto a railroad as mud and manure), and livestock crossing until you are sure on or crossing the highway. Farm you can clear the tracks machinery operators may have on the other side without difficulty seeing or hearing other stopping. Do not stop on the traffic, and the machinery may not tracks and DO NOT SHIFT have brake lights or turn signals. gears while crossing tracks. If the gates are down, stay in your lane and do not cross the tracks until the gates are raised and the red lights stop flashing. It is against the law to drive around gates. When you are at a multiple- track crossing and the last car of the closest train passes by, before starting to cross, look and listen carefully for another train on another track Be alert for deer, especially coming from either direction. during the dusk to dawn hours Trains appear to be moving much and when you see “Deer slower than they are. Do not take Crossing” signs. Scan the sides a chance and try to beat a train at of the road for motion during the a crossing. If there is any doubt, day and the reflection of your stop and wait for the train to pass. headlight in the eyes of deer at

R A night. Reduce speed and sound IL

R O A the horn if you see a deer near CROSSINGD the road. There may be other deer nearby. If you must avoid R R a deer, brake first, then swerve if necessary. Do not combine braking with swerving. Separate the two to maintain control.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 13 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS PREPARING TO RIDE riders wore helmets, did not find What you do before you start even one case in which a helmet a trip goes a long way toward kept a rider from spotting danger. determining whether or not you’ll • Most crashes happen on short get where you want to go safely. trips (less than five miles long), just Before taking off on any trip, a a few minutes after starting out. safe rider makes a point to: • Most riders are riding slower than • Wear the right gear. 30 mph when a crash occurs. • Become familiar with At these speeds, helmets can the motorcycle. cut both the number and the • Check the motorcycle equipment. severity of head injuries by half. • Be a responsible rider. No matter what the speed, helmeted riders are three times Wear the Right Gear more likely to survive head When you ride, your gear is “right” injuries than those not wearing if it protects you. In any crash, you helmets at the time of the crash. have a far better chance of avoiding serious injury if you wear: Helmet Selection • An approved helmet. There are two primary types of helmets, providing two • Face or eye protection. different levels of coverage— • Protective clothing. full face and three-quarter. Helmet Use Crashes are not rare events— particularly among beginning riders. And one out of every five motorcycle crashes results in head or neck injuries. Head injuries are just as severe as neck injuries—and far more common. Crash analyses show that head and neck injuries account for a majority of serious and fatal injuries to motorcyclists. Research also shows that, with few exceptions, head and neck injuries are reduced by the proper wearing of an approved helmet. Some riders don’t wear helmets because they think helmets will limit their view to the sides. Others wear helmets only on long trips or when riding at high speeds. Here are some facts to consider: • An approved helmet lets you see as far to the sides as necessary. A study of more than 900 motor- cycle crashes, where 40% of the

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 14 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Whichever style you choose, you To be effective, eye or can get the most protection by faceshield protection must: making sure that the helmet: • Be free of scratches. • Meets U.S. Department of • Be resistant to penetration. Transportation (DOT) and state • Give a clear view to either side. standards. The Motorcycle Safety • Fasten securely, so it Foundation (MSF) recommends does not blow off. helmets with a label from the Snell • Permit air to pass through, Memorial Foundation which gives to reduce fogging. you an added assurance of quality. • Permit enough room • Fits snugly, all the way around. for eyeglasses or • Has no obvious defects sunglasses, if needed. such as cracks, loose Tinted eye protection should not padding or frayed straps. be worn at night or any other Whatever helmet you decide on, time when little light is available. keep it securely fastened on your head when you ride. Otherwise, Clothing if you are involved in a crash, it’s The right clothing protects you likely to fly off your head before in a collision. It also provides it gets a chance to protect you. comfort, as well as protection from heat, cold, debris, and hot and Eye and Face Protection moving parts of the motorcycle. A plastic shatter-resistant • Jacket and pants should cover faceshield can help protect your arms and legs completely. They whole face in a crash. It also should fit snugly enough to protects you from wind, dust, keep from flapping in the wind, dirt, rain, insects, and pebbles yet loosely enough to move thrown up from cars ahead. These freely. Leather offers the most problems are distracting and protection. Sturdy synthetic can be painful. If you have to material provides a lot of deal with them, you can’t devote protection as well. Wear a jacket your full attention to the road. even in warm weather to prevent Goggles protect your eyes, though dehydration. Many are designed they won’t protect the rest of to protect without getting you your face like a faceshield does. overheated, even on summer days. A windshield is not a substitute • Boots or shoes should be high for a faceshield or goggles. Most and sturdy enough to cover windshields will not protect your your ankles and give them eyes from the wind. Neither will support. Soles should be made eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses of hard, durable slip resistant won’t keep your eyes from watering, material. Keep heels short so and they might blow off when they do not catch on rough you turn your head while riding. surfaces. Tuck laces in so they won’t catch on your motorcycle. • Gloves allow a better grip and help protect your hands in a crash. Your gloves should be made of leather or similar durable material.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 15 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS In cold or wet weather, your clothes THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLE should keep you warm and dry, FOR YOU as well as protect you from injury. First, make sure your motorcycle You cannot control a motorcycle is right for you. It should “fit” well if you are numb. Riding for you. Your feet should reach long periods in cold weather can the ground while you are cause severe chill and fatigue. seated on the motorcycle. A winter jacket should resist wind and fit snugly at the neck, At minimum, your street-legal wrists and waist. Good-quality motorcycle should have: rainsuits designed for motorcycle • Headlight, taillight and brakelight. riding resist tearing apart or • Front and rear brakes. ballooning up at high speeds. • Turn signals. • Horn. 1. Test Yourself • Two mirrors. A plastic shatter-resistant BORROWING AND faceshield: LENDING A. Is not necessary if you Borrowers and lenders of have a windshield. motorcycles, beware. Crashes B. Only protects your eyes. are fairly common among C. Helps protect your whole face. beginning riders—especially in the first months of riding. Answers appear on page 52. Riding an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the problem. If you borrow a motorcycle, get KNOW YOUR familiar with it in a controlled area. MOTORCYCLE And if you lend your motorcycle There are plenty of things on the to friends, make sure they are highway that can cause you trouble. licensed and know how to ride Your motorcycle should not be one before allowing them out into traffic. of them. To make sure that your No matter how experienced you motorcycle won’t let you down: may be, ride extra carefully on any • Read the owner’s manual first. motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar • Start with the right to you. More than half of all crashes motorcycle for you. occur on motorcycles ridden by the • Be familiar with the operator for less than six months. motorcycle controls. • Check the motorcycle before every ride. • Keep it in safe riding condition between rides. • Avoid add-ons and modifications that make your motorcycle harder to handle.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 16 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Get Familiar With the • Know the gear pattern. Work the Motorcycle Controls throttle, clutch, and brakes a few Make sure you are completely times before you start riding. All familiar with the motorcycle before controls react a little differently. you take it out on the street. Be • Ride very cautiously and be sure to review the owner’s manual. aware of surroundings. Accelerate This is particularly important gently, take turns more slowly, and if you are riding a borrowed leave extra room for stopping. motorcycle. If you are going to Check Your Motorcycle use an unfamiliar motorcycle: A motorcycle needs more frequent • Make all the checks you would attention than a car. A minor on your own motorcycle. technical failure in a car seldom • Find out where everything is, leads to anything more than an particularly the turn signals, horn, inconvenience for the driver. headlight switch, fuel-control If something’s wrong with the valve, and engine cut-off switch. motorcycle, you’ll want to find out Find and operate these items about it before you get in traffic. without having to look for them. Make a complete check of your motorcycle before every ride.

MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

Light Switch (high/low) Engine Cut-off Choke (varies) Switch Electric Turn-Signal Start Switch Button Ignition Key (varies)

Horn Button Throttle

Clutch Lever Front Brake Lever Speedometer & Odometer Tachometer (if equipped)

Fuel Supply Valve (if equipped)

Gear-Change Lever Rear Brake Pedal

Kick Starter (if equipped)

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 17 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Before mounting the motorcycle In addition to the checks you make the following checks: should make before every trip, • Tires: Check the air pressure, check the following items at least general wear and tread. once a week: wheels, cables, • Fluids: Oil and fluid levels. fasteners, and fluid checks. At a minimum, check hydraulic Follow your owner’s manual fluids and coolants weekly. to get recommendations. Look under the motorcycle for signs of an oil or gas leak. 2. Test Yourself • Headlights and Taillight: More than half of all crashes: Check them both. Test your A. Occur at speeds greater switch to make sure both high than 35 mph. and low beams are working. • Turn Signals: Turn on both right B. Happen at night. and left turn signals. Make sure C. Involve riders who have all lights are working properly. ridden their motorcycles • Brake Light: Try both brake less than six months. controls, and make sure each Answers appear on page 52. one turns on the brake light. Once you have mounted the motorcycle, complete the following KNOW YOUR checks before starting out: RESPONSIBILITIES • Clutch and Throttle: Make “Accident” implies an unforeseen sure they work smoothly. The event that occurs without anyone’s throttle should snap back fault or negligence. Most often when you let go. The clutch in traffic, that is not the case. In should feel tight and smooth. fact, most people involved in a • Mirrors: Clean and adjust both crash can usually claim some mirrors before starting. It’s responsibility for what takes place. difficult to ride with one hand while you try to adjust a mirror. Consider a situation where Adjust each mirror so you can someone decides to try to squeeze see the lane behind and as much through an intersection on a yellow as possible of the lane next to light turning red. Your light turns you. When properly adjusted, green. You pull into the intersection a mirror may show the edge without checking for possible of your arm or shoulder: but latecomers. That is all it takes for it’s the road behind and to the the two of you to tangle. It was side that’s most important. the driver’s responsibility to stop. And it was your responsibility to • Brakes: Try the front and rear look before pulling out. Neither of brake levers one at a time. Make you held up your end of the deal. sure each one feels firm and Just because someone else is the holds the motorcycle when first to start the chain of events the brake is fully applied. leading to a crash, doesn’t leave • Horn: Try the horn. any of us free of responsibility. Make sure it works.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 18 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS As a rider you can’t be sure that RIDE WITHIN YOUR other operators will see you or yield ABILITIES the right of way. To lessen your This manual cannot teach you chances of a crash occurring: how to control direction, speed, • Be visible: wear proper clothing, or balance. That’s something you use your headlight, ride in the best can learn only through practice. lane position to see and be seen. But control begins with knowing • Communicate your intentions: your abilities and riding within use the proper signals, brake them, along with knowing and light, and lane position. obeying the rules of the road. • Maintain an adequate Basic Vehicle Control space cushion: following, Body Position being followed, lane­ sharing, To control a motorcycle well: passing and being passed. • Posture: Sit so you can use your • Scan your path of travel arms to steer the motorcycle 12 seconds ahead. rather than to hold yourself up. • Identify and separate • Seat: Sit far enough forward multiple hazards. so that arms are slightly bent • Be prepared to act: remain when you hold the handlegrips. alert and know how to carry out Bending your arms permits proper crash-avoidance skills. you to press on the handlebars Blame doesn’t matter when some- without having to stretch. one is injured in a crash. There is • Hands: Hold the handlegrips rarely a single cause of any crash. firmly to keep your grip over The ability to ride aware, make rough surfaces. Start with your critical decisions, and carry them right wrist flat. This will help you out separates responsible riders keep from accidentally using too from all the rest. Remember, it much throttle. Also, adjust the is up to you to keep from being handlebars so your hands are the cause of, or an unprepared even with or below your elbows. participant in, any crash. This permits you to use the proper muscles for precision steering. HOLDING HANDLEGRIPS • Knees: Keep your knees against the gas tank to help you keep your balance as the motorcycle turns. correct • Feet: Keep your feet firmly on the footpegs to maintain balance. Don’t drag your feet. If your foot catches on something, you can be injured and it could affect your control of the motorcycle. Keep incorrect your feet near the controls so you can get to them fast if needed. Also, don’t let your toes point downward—they may get caught between the road and the footpegs.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 19 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Shifting Gears Braking There is more to shifting Your motorcycle has two brakes— gears than simply getting the one each for the front and rear motorcycle to pick up speed wheels. Use both of them at the smoothly. Learning to use the same time. The front brake is gears when downshifting, turning, more powerful and can provide at or starting on hills is important least three-quarters of your total for safe motorcycle operation. stopping power. The front brake is Shift down through the gears safe to use if you use it properly. with the clutch as you slow or Remember: stop. Remain in first gear while • Use both brakes every time you you are stopped so that you can slow or stop. Using both brakes move out quickly if you need to. for even “normal” stops will permit Make certain you are riding slowly you to develop the proper habit or enough when you shift into a lower skill of using both brakes properly gear. If not, the motorcycle will in an emergency. Squeeze the lurch, and the rear wheel may skid. front brake and press down on When riding downhill or shifting the rear. Grabbing at the front into first gear you may need to use brake or jamming down on the the brakes to slow enough before rear can cause the brakes to lock, downshifting safely. Work towards resulting in control problems. a smooth, even clutch release, • If you know the technique, using especially when downshifting. both brakes in a turn is possible, It is best to change gears although it should be done very before entering a turn. However, carefully. When leaning the sometimes shifting while in motorcycle some of the traction the turn is necessary. If so, is used for cornering. Less remember to do so smoothly. A traction is available for stopping. sudden change in power to the A skid can occur if you apply too rear wheel can cause a skid. much brake. Also, using the front brake incorrectly on a slippery surface may be hazardous. Use caution and squeeze the brake lever, never grab. • Some motorcycles have integrated braking systems that link the front and rear brakes together by applying the rear brake pedal. (Consult the owner’s manual for a detailed explanation on the operation and effective use of these systems.)

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 20 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Turning NORMAL TURNING Riders often try to take curves or turns too fast. When they can’t hold the turn, they end up crossing into another lane of traffic or going off the road. Or, they overreact and brake too hard, causing a skid and loss of control. Approach turns and curves with caution. Use four steps for better control: • SLOW • LEAN • LOOK • ROLL SLOW: Reduce speed before the turn by closing the throttle and, if necessary, applying both brakes. LOOK: Look through the turn to where you want to go. Turn just your head, not your shoulders, and keep your eyes level with the horizon. In slow tight turns, counterbalance by leaning the motorcycle only LEAN: To turn, the motorcycle must and keeping your body straight. lean. To lean the motorcycle, press on the handgrip in the direction of the turn. Press left—lean left—go SLOW TURNING left. Press right—lean right—go right. Higher speeds and/or tighter turns require the motorcycle to lean more. ROLL: Roll on the throttle through the turn to stabilize suspension. Maintain steady speed or accelerate gradually through the turn. This will help keep the motorcycle stable. In normal turns, the rider and the motorcycle should lean together at the same angle.

3. Test Yourself When riding, you should: A. Turn your head and shoulders to look through turns. B. Keep your knees away from the gas tank. C. Turn just your head and eyes to look where you are going. Answers appear on page 52.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 21 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE In general, there is no single The best protection you can best position for riders to be have is distance—a “cushion seen and to maintain a space of space”—all around your cushion around the motorcycle. motorcycle. If someone else makes No portion of the lane need be a mistake, distance permits you: avoided—including the center. • Time to react. Position yourself in the portion of • Space to maneuver. the lane where you are most likely to be seen and you can maintain a space cushion around you. Change LANE POSITIONS position as traffic situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles and other potential problems are on your left only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards are on your right only. If vehicles are being operated on both sides of you, the center of the lane, (path 2), is usually your best option. The oily strip in the center portion that collects drippings from cars is Lane Positions usually no more than two feet wide. In some ways the size of the Unless the road is wet, the average motorcycle can work to your center strip permits adequate advantage. Each traffic lane gives a traction to ride on safely. You can motorcycle three paths of travel, as operate to the left or right of the indicated in the above illustration. grease strip and still be within Your lane position should: the center portion of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big buildups • Increase your ability of oil and grease usually found at to see and be seen. busy intersections or toll booths. • Avoid others’ blind spots. • Avoid surface hazards. Following Another Vehicle • Protect your lane from “Following too closely” is other drivers. a major factor in crashes • Communicate your intentions. involving motorcyclists. In traffic, motorcycles need as much • Avoid wind blast from distance to stop as cars. A other vehicles. minimum of four seconds following • Provide an escape route. distance is recommended under Select the appropriate path to ideal driving conditions. Less than maximize your space cushion perfect riding conditions require and make yourself more easily increasing available time and space. seen by others on the road.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 22 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS To gauge your following distance: FOLLOWING • Pick out a marker, such as a pavement marking or lamppost, on or near the road ahead. • When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the marker, count off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand- three, one-thousand-four.” • If you reach the marker Riding at the far side of a lane before you reach “four,” you may permit a driver to see you in are following too closely. a sideview mirror. But remember A four-second following that most drivers don’t look at distance leaves space to stop their sideview mirrors nearly as or swerve if the driver ahead often as they check the rearview stops suddenly. It also permits mirror. If the traffic situation allows, a better view of potholes and the center portion of the lane is other hazards in the road. usually the best place for you to A larger cushion of space is be seen by the drivers ahead and needed if your motorcycle will take to prevent lane sharing by others. longer than normal to stop. If the Being Followed pavement is slippery, if you cannot Speeding up to lose someone see through the vehicle ahead or following too closely only ends if traffic is heavy and someone up with someone tailgating may squeeze in front of you, open you at a higher speed. up more following distance. A better way to handle tailgaters is Keep well behind the vehicle to get them in front of you. When ahead even when you are someone is following too closely, stopped. This will make it easier change lanes and let them pass. to get out of the way if someone Another option is to slow down bears down on you from behind. and open up extra space ahead of It will also give you a cushion of you to allow room for both you and space if the vehicle ahead starts the tailgater to stop. This will also to back up for some reason. encourage the tailgater to pass. If When behind a car, ride where they don’t pass, you will have given the driver can see you in the yourself and the tailgater more rearview mirror. Riding in the time and space to react in case an center portion of the lane should emergency does develop ahead. put your image in the middle of the rearview mirror—where a driver is most likely to see you.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 23 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS PASSING AND 2. When safe, move into the left BEING PASSED lane and accelerate. Select Passing and being passed by a lane position that doesn’t another vehicle is not much crowd the car you are passing different than with a car. However, and provides space to avoid visibility is more critical. Be sure hazards in your lane. other drivers see you, and that 3. Ride through the blind spot you see potential hazards. as quickly as possible. 4. Signal again, and complete mirror and headchecks before PASSING returning to your original lane and then cancel signal.

BEING PASSED

1. Ride in the left portion of the Remember, passes must lane at a safe following distance be completed within posted to increase your line of sight and speed limits, and only where make you more visible. Signal and check for oncoming traffic. permitted. Know your signs Use your mirrors and turn your and road markings! head to look for traffic behind.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 24 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Being Passed whenever drivers might be tempted When you are being passed to squeeze by you. Drivers are from behind or by an oncoming most tempted to do this: vehicle, stay in the center • In heavy, bumper-to- portion of your lane. Riding bumper traffic. any closer to them could put • When they want to pass you. you in a hazardous situation. • When you are preparing to Avoid being hit by: turn at an intersection. • The other vehicle: A slight • When you are getting in an exit mistake by you or the passing lane or leaving a highway. driver could cause a sideswipe. Merging Cars • Extended mirrors: Some drivers Drivers on an entrance ramp may forget that their mirrors hang not see you on the highway. Give out farther than their fenders. them plenty of room. Change • Objects thrown from windows: to another lane if one is open. Even if the driver knows you’re If there is no room for a lane there, a passenger may not see change, adjust speed to open up you and might toss something space for the merging driver. on you or the road ahead of you. • Blasts of wind from larger vehicles: They can affect your MERGING control. You have more room for error if you are in the middle portion when hit by this blast than if you are on either side of the lane. Do not move into the portion of the lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It might invite the other driver to cut back into your lane too early. Lane Sharing Cars and motorcycles need a full lane to operate safely. Lane sharing is usually prohibited. Riding between rows of stopped or moving cars in the same lane can leave you vulnerable to the unexpected. A hand could come out of a window; a door could open; a car could turn suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by others. Keep a center-portion position

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 25 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Cars Alongside SEE Do not ride next to cars or trucks Good experienced riders in other lanes if you do not have remain aware of what is going to. You might be in the blind spot on around them. They improve of a car in the next lane, which their riding strategy by using could switch into your lane without SEE, a three-step process used warning. Cars in the next lane also to make appropriate judgments, block your escape if you come and apply them correctly in upon danger in your own lane. different traffic situations: Speed up or drop back to find a • Search place clear of traffic on both sides. • Evaluate • Execute BLIND SPOTS Let’s examine each of these steps. Search Search aggressively ahead, to the sides and behind by checking mirrors and blind spots to avoid potential hazards even before they arise. How assertively you search, and how much time and space you have, can eliminate or reduce harm. Focus even more on finding potential escape routes in or around intersections, shopping areas and school and construction zones. Search for factors such as: • Oncoming traffic that may turn left in front of you. • Traffic coming from the left and right. • Traffic approaching from behind. 4. Test Yourself • Hazardous road conditions. Usually, a good way to Be especially alert in areas with handle tailgaters is to: limited visibility. Visually “busy” A. Change lanes and surroundings could hide you and let them pass. your motorcycle from others. B. Use your horn and make obscene gestures. C. Speed up to put distance between you and the tailgater. Answers appear on page 52.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 26 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Evaluate Execute Think about how hazards can Carry out your decision. interact to create risks for you. To create more space and Anticipate potential problems minimize harm from any hazard: and have a plan to reduce risks. • Communicate your presence • Road and surface with lights and/or horn. characteristics: • Adjust your speed by Potholes, guard rails, bridges, accelerating, stopping or slowing. telephone poles and trees won’t • Adjust your position move into your path but may and/or direction. influence your riding strategy. Apply the old adage “one step • Traffic control devices: Look for traffic signals, including at a time” to handle two or more regulatory signs, warning signs, hazards. Adjust speed to permit and pavement markings to help two hazards to separate. Then you evaluate circumstances ahead. deal with them one at a time as single hazards. Decision making • Vehicles and other traffic: becomes more complex with May move into your path and three or more hazards. Weigh the increase the likelihood of a crash. consequences of each and give Think about our time and equal distance to the hazards. space requirements in order to maintain a margin of safety. You In potential high risk areas, such must leave yourself time to as intersections, shopping areas react if an emergency arises. and school and construction zones, cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce the time you need to react.

5. Test Yourself To reduce your reaction time, you should: A. Ride slower than the speed limit. B. Cover the clutch and the brakes. C. Shift into neutral when slowing. Answers appear on page 52.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 27 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS INTERSECTIONS There are no guarantees that others The greatest potential for conflict see you. Never count on “eye between you and other traffic is at contact” as a sign that a driver intersections. An intersection can will yield. Too often, a driver looks be in the middle of an urban area right at a motorcyclist and still or at a driveway on a residential fails to “see” him. The only eyes street—anywhere traffic may cross that you can count on are your your path of travel. Over one-half of own. If a car can enter your path, motorcycle/car crashes are caused assume that it will. Good riders are by drivers entering a rider’s right- always “looking for trouble”—not of-way. Cars that turn left in front of to get into it, but to stay out of it. you, including cars turning left from Increase your chances of being the lane to your right, and cars on seen at intersections. Ride with side streets that pull into your lane, your headlight on in a lane position are the biggest dangers. Your use that provides the best view of of SEE at intersections is critical. oncoming traffic. Provide a space cushion around the motorcycle that permits you to take evasive action.

LARGE INTERSECTIONS

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 28 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS SMALL INTERSECTIONS BLIND INTERSECTIONS

As you approach the intersection, select a lane position to increase your visibility to the driver. Cover the clutch and both brakes If you have a stop sign or stop to reduce reaction time. line, stop there first. Then edge Reduce your speed as you forward and stop again, just approach an intersection. After short of where the cross-traffic entering the intersection, move lane meets your lane. From that away from vehicles preparing to position, lean your body forward turn. Do not radically change speed and look around buildings, parked or position. The driver might think cars, or bushes to see if anything that you are preparing to turn. is coming. Just make sure your front wheel stays out of the cross Blind Intersections lane of travel while you’re looking. If you approach a blind intersection, move to the portion of the lane that will bring you into another STOP LINE driver’s field of vision at the earliest possible moment. In this picture, the rider has moved to the left portion of the lane—away from the parked car—so the driver on the cross street can see him as soon as possible. Remember, the key is to be seen as soon as possible and remain visible to others while protecting your space.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 29 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Passing Parked Cars PARKED CARS When passing parked cars, stay toward the left of your lane. You can avoid problems caused by doors opening, drivers getting out of cars, or people stepping from between cars. If oncoming traffic is present, it is usually best to remain in the center-lane position to maximize your space cushion. A bigger problem can occur if the driver pulls away from the curb without checking for traffic behind. Even if he does look, he may fail to see you. In either event, the driver might cut into your path. Slow down or change lanes to make room for someone cutting in. Cars making a sudden U-turn are the most dangerous. They may cut you off entirely, blocking the whole roadway and leaving you with no place to go. Since you can’t tell what a driver will PARKING AT CURBS do, slow down and get the driver’s attention. Sound your horn and continue with caution. Parking at the Roadside Park at a 90° angle to the curb with your rear wheel touching the curb.

6. Test Yourself Making eye contact with other drivers: A. Is a good sign they see you. B. Is not worth the effort it takes. C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will yield. Answers appear on page 52.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 30 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS INCREASING be a big help for drivers coming CONSPICUITY toward you or from behind. In crashes with motorcyclists, Headlight(s) drivers often say that they never The best way to help others saw the motorcycle. From ahead see your motorcycle is to keep or behind, a motorcycle’s outline the headlight(s) on—at all times is much smaller than a car’s. Also, (although motorcycles sold in the it’s hard to see something you are U.S. since 1978 automatically have not looking for, and most drivers the headlights on when running.) are not looking for motorcycles. Studies show that, during the More likely, they are looking day, a motorcycle with its light(s) through the skinny, two-wheeled on is twice as likely to be noticed. silhouette in search of cars that Use of the high beam during may pose a problem to them. the day increases the likelihood Even if a driver does see you that oncoming drivers will see coming, you aren’t necessarily you. Use low beam at night, in safe. Smaller vehicles appear inclement weather and when farther away, and seem to be meeting and following other traffic. traveling slower than they actually are. It is common for drivers to Signals pull out in front of motorcyclists, The signals on a motorcycle are thinking they have plenty of similar to those on a car. They time. Too often, they are wrong. tell others what you plan to do. However, you can do many things to make it easier for others to SIGNALING recognize you and your cycle. Clothing Most crashes occur in broad daylight. Wear bright colored clothing to increase your chances of being seen. Remember, your body is half of the visible surface area of the rider/motorcycle unit. Bright orange, red, yellow or green jackets or vests are your best bets for being seen. Your helmet can do more than protect you in a crash. Brightly colored helmets can also help others see you. Any bright color is better than drab or dark colors. Reflective, bright colored clothing (helmet and jacket or vest) is best. Reflective material on a vest and on the sides of the helmet will help drivers coming from the side spot you. Reflective material can also

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 31 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS However, due to a rider’s added tailgater may be watching you vulnerability, signals are even more and not see something ahead that important. Use them anytime you will make you slow down. This plan to change lanes or turn. Use will hopefully discourage them them even when you think no from tailgating and warn them of one else is around. It’s the car hazards ahead they may not see. you don’t see that’s going to give Using Your Mirrors you the most trouble. Your signal While it’s most important to keep lights also make you easier to track of what’s happening ahead, spot. That’s why it’s a good idea you can’t afford to ignore situations to use your turn signals even when behind. Traffic conditions change what you plan to do is obvious. quickly. Knowing what’s going When you enter onto a freeway, on behind is essential for you drivers approaching from behind to make a safe decision about are more likely to see your signal how to handle trouble ahead. blinking and make room for you. Frequent mirror checks should Turning your signal light on before be part of your normal scanning each turn reduces confusion and routine. Make a special point frustration for the traffic around of using your mirrors: you. Once you turn, make sure • When you are stopped at an your signal is off or a driver may intersection. Watch cars coming pull directly into your path, thinking up from behind. If the driver isn’t you plan to turn again. Use your paying attention, he could be on signals at every turn so drivers top of you before he sees you. can react accordingly. Don’t make • Before you change lanes. Make them guess what you intend to do. sure no one is about to pass you. Brake Light(s) Your motorcycle’s brake lights is/are usually not as noticeable USING MIRRORS as the brake lights on a car— particularly when your taillight(s) is/are on. (It/They goes/go on with the headlight(s)). If the situation will permit, help others notice you by flashing your brake light(s) before you slow down. It is especially important to flash your brake light(s) before: • You slow more quickly than others might expect (turning off a high-speed highway). • You slow where others may not expect it (in the middle of a block or at an alley). If you are being followed closely, it’s a good idea to flash your brake light before you slow. The

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 32 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS • Before you slow down. The Here are some situations: driver behind may not expect • A driver in the lane next to you you to slow, or may be unsure is driving too closely to the vehicle about where you will slow. For ahead and may want to pass. example, you signal a turn and • A parked car has someone the driver thinks you plan to turn in the driver’s seat. at a distant intersection, rather • Someone is in the street, than at a nearer driveway. riding a bicycle or walking. Some motorcycles have rounded In an emergency, press the (convex) mirrors. These provide a horn button loud and long. wider view of the road behind than Be ready to stop or swerve do flat mirrors. They also make away from the danger. cars seem farther away than they really are. If you are not used to Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s convex mirrors, get familiar with horn isn’t as loud as a car’s, them. (While you are stopped, pick therefore, use it, but don’t rely out a parked car in your mirror. on it. Other strategies may be Form a mental image of how far appropriate along with the horn. away it is. Then, turn around and Riding at Night look at it to see how close you At night it is harder for you to see came.) Practice with your mirrors and be seen. Picking your headlight until you become a good judge of or taillight out of the car lights distance. Even then, allow extra around you is not easy for other distance before you change lanes. drivers. To compensate, you should: Head Checks • Reduce your speed: Ride even Checking your mirrors is not slower than you would during the enough. Motorcycles have “blind day—particularly on roads you spots” like cars. Before you change don’t know well. This will increase lanes, turn your head, and look your chances of avoiding a hazard. to the side for other vehicles. • Increase distance: Distances On a road with several lanes, are harder to judge at night check the far lane and the one than during the day. Your eyes next to you. A driver in the rely upon shadows and light distant lane may head for the contrasts to determine how far same space you plan to take. away an object is and how fast it is coming. These contrasts Frequent head checks should are missing or distorted under be your normal scanning routine, artificial lights at night. Open up also. Only by knowing what is a greater following distance than happening all around you, are during daylight. And allow more you fully prepared to deal with it. distance to pass and be passed. Horn • Use the car ahead: The Be ready to use your horn to get headlights of the car ahead someone’s attention quickly. can give you a better view of It is a good idea to give a quick the road than even your high beep before passing anyone beam can. Taillights bouncing that may move into your lane. up and down can alert you to bumps or rough pavement.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 33 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS • Use your high beam: Get The following information all the light you can. Use your offers some good advice. high beam whenever you are Quick Stops not following or meeting a To stop quickly, apply both brakes car. Be visible, wear reflective at the same time. Don’t be shy materials when riding at night. about using the front brake, but • Be flexible about lane don’t “grab” it, either. Squeeze the position: Change to whatever brake lever firmly and progressively. portion of the lane is best able to If the front wheel locks, release help you see, be seen, and keep the front brake immediately then an adequate space cushion. reapply it firmly. At the same time, press down on 7. Test Yourself the rear brake. If you accidentally Reflective clothing should: lock the rear brake on a good A. Be worn at night. traction surface, keep it locked until you have completely stopped. B. Be worn during the day. Even with a locked rear wheel, C. Be worn day and night. you can control the motorcycle Answers appear on page 52. on a straightaway if it is upright and going in a straight line.

CRASH AVOIDANCE STOPPING DISTANCE No matter how careful you are, there will be times when you find yourself in a tight spot. Your chances of getting out safely REAR depend on your ability to react quickly and properly. Often, a crash occurs because a rider FRONT is not prepared or skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers. Know when and how to stop BOTH or swerve, two skills critical to avoiding a crash. It is not always Always use both brakes at the desirable or possible to stop same time to stop. The front quickly to avoid an obstacle. Riders brake can provide 70% or more must also be able to swerve of the potential stopping power. around an obstacle. Determining If you must stop quickly while the skill necessary for the turning or riding a curve, the situation is important as well. best technique is to straighten Studies show that most the bike upright first and then crash-involved riders: brake. However, it may not always • Underbrake the front tire be possible to straighten the and overbrake the rear. motorcycle and then stop. If you • Did not separate braking from must brake while leaning, apply swerving or did not choose light brakes and reduce the throttle. swerving when it was appropriate. As you slow, you can reduce your Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 34 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS lean angle and apply more brake Keep your body upright and pressure until the motorcycle allow the motorcycle to lean in is straight and maximum brake the direction of the turn while pressure is possible. You should keeping your knees against the “straighten” the handlebars in tank and your feet solidly on the the last few feet of stopping, pegs. Let the motorcycle move the motorcycle should then be underneath you. Make your escape straight up and in balance. route the target of your vision. Swerving or Turning Quickly Press on the opposite handgrip Sometimes you may not have once you clear the obstacle to enough room to stop, even if you return to your original direction of use both brakes properly. An travel. To swerve to the left, press object might appear suddenly the left handgrip, then press the in your path. Or the car ahead right to recover. To swerve to might squeal to a stop. The only the right, press right, then left. way to avoid a crash may be to IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED, turn quickly, or swerve around it. SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING. A swerve is any sudden change in Brake before or after— direction. It can be two quick turns, never while swerving. or a rapid shift to the side. Apply a small amount of hand pressure to the handgrip located on the side of BRAKE, THEN SWERVE your intended direction of escape. This will cause the motorcycle to lean quickly. The sharper the turn(s), the more the motorcycle must lean.

SWERVE, THEN BRAKE

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 35 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Cornering CONSTANT CURVES A primary cause of single-vehicle crashes is motorcyclists running wide in a curve or turn and colliding with the roadway or a fixed object. Every curve is different. Be alert to whether a curve remains constant, gradually widens, gets tighter, or involves multiple turns. Ride within your skill level and posted speed limits. Your best path may not always follow the curve of the road. Change lane position depending on traffic, road conditions and curve of the road. If no traffic is present, start at the outside of a curve to increase your line of sight and the effective radius of the turn. As you turn, move toward the inside of the curve, and as you pass the center, move to the outside to exit.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 36 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS DECREASING CURVES WIDENING CURVES (TIGHTER TURNS)

MULTIPLE CURVES Another alternative is to move to the center of your lane before entering a curve—and stay there until you exit. This permits you to spot approaching traffic as soon as possible. You can also adjust for traffic “crowding” the center line, or debris blocking part of your lane.

8. Test Yourself The best way to stop quickly is to: A. Use the front brake only. B. Throttle down and use the front brake. C. Use both brakes at the same time. Answers appear on page 52.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 37 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS HANDLING DANGEROUS angle as possible. Look where SURFACES you want to go to control your Your chance of falling or being path of travel. If you have to ride involved in a crash increases over the obstacle, you should: whenever you ride across: • Slow down as much as • Uneven surfaces or obstacles. possible before contact. • Slippery surfaces. • Make sure the motorcycle • Railroad tracks. is straight. • Grooves and gratings. • Rise slightly off the seat with your weight on the footpegs Uneven Surfaces and to absorb the shock with your Obstacles knees and elbows, and avoid Watch for uneven surfaces such as being thrown off the motorcycle. bumps, broken pavement, potholes, • Just before contact, roll or small pieces of highway trash. on the throttle slightly to Try to avoid obstacles by slowing lighten the front end. or going around them. If you If you ride over an object on the must go over the obstacle, street, pull off the road and check first, determine if it is possible. your tires and rims for damage Approach it at as close to a 90° before riding any farther.

OBSTACLES

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 38 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Slippery Surfaces of what’s on the edge of the Motorcycles handle better when road, particularly when making ridden on surfaces that permit sharp turns and getting on or good traction. Surfaces that off freeways at high speeds. provide poor traction include: • Rain dries and snow melts • Wet pavement, particularly faster on some sections of just after it starts to rain and a road than on others. Patches before surface oil washes of ice tend to crop up in low or to the side of the road. shaded areas and on bridges • Gravel roads, or where and overpasses. Wet surfaces sand and gravel collect. or wet leaves are just as slippery. • Mud, snow, and ice. Ride in the least slippery portion of the lane and reduce speed. • Lane markings, steel plates and manhole covers, Cautious riders steer clear of roads especially when wet. covered with ice or snow. If you can’t avoid a slippery surface, keep To ride safely on slippery surfaces: your motorcycle straight up and • Reduce Speed: Slow down proceed as slowly as possible. If before you get to a slippery you encounter a large surface so surface to lessen your chances of slippery that you must coast, or skidding. Your motorcycle needs travel at a walking pace, consider more distance to stop. And, it is letting your feet skim along the particularly important to reduce surface. If the motorcycle starts speed before entering wet curves. to fall, you can catch yourself. Be • Avoid Sudden Moves: Any sure to keep off the brakes. If sudden change in speed or possible, squeeze the clutch and direction can cause a skid. Be coast. Attempting this maneuver as smooth as possible when you at anything other than the slowest speed up, shift gears, turn or brake. of speeds could prove hazardous. • Use Both Brakes: The front brake is still effective, even on a slippery Railroad Tracks, Trolley surface. Squeeze the brake lever Tracks and Pavement Seams gradually to avoid locking the Usually it is safer to ride straight front wheel. Remember, gentle within your lane to cross tracks. pressure on the rear brake. Turning to take tracks head-on • The center of a lane can be (at a 90° angle) can be more hazardous when wet. When dangerous—your path may carry it starts to rain, ride in the tire you into another lane of traffic. tracks left by cars. Often, the left tire track will be the best position, depending on traffic and CROSS TRACKS–RIGHT other road conditions as well. • Watch for oil spots when you put your foot down to stop or park. You may slip and fall. • Dirt and gravel collect along the sides of the road: especially on curves and ramps leading to and from highways. Be aware

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 39 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Grooves and Gratings CROSS TRACKS–WRONG Riding over rain grooves or bridge gratings may cause a motorcycle to weave. The uneasy, wandering feeling is generally not hazardous. Relax, maintain a steady speed and ride straight across. Crossing at an angle forces riders to zigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is far more hazardous For track and road seams that than the wandering feeling. run parallel to your course, move far enough away from tracks, ruts, or pavement seams to cross at GRATE CROSSINGS–RIGHT an angle of at least 45°. Then, make a quick, sharp turn. Edging across could catch your tires and throw you off balance.

PARALLEL TRACKS–RIGHT

GRATE CROSSINGS–WRONG

PARALLEL TRACKS–WRONG

9. Test Yourself When it starts to rain it is usually best to: A. Ride in the center of the lane. B. Pull off to the side until the rain stops. C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars. Answers appear on page 52.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 40 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS MECHANICAL PROBLEMS Stuck Throttle You can find yourself in an Twist the throttle back and forth emergency the moment something several times. If the throttle cable goes wrong with your motorcycle. is stuck, this may free it. If the In dealing with any mechanical throttle stays stuck immediately problem, take into account the operate the engine cut-off switch road and traffic conditions you and pull in the clutch at the same face. Here are some guidelines time. This will remove power from that can help you handle the rear wheel, though engine mechanical problems safely. noise may not immediately decline. Tire Failure Once the motorcycle is “under control,” pull off and stop. You will seldom hear a tire go flat. If the motorcycle starts handling After you have stopped, check differently, it may be a tire failure. the throttle cable carefully to find This can be dangerous. You must the source of the trouble. Make be able to tell from the way the certain the throttle works freely motorcycle reacts. If one of your before you start to ride again. tires suddenly loses air, react Wobble quickly to keep your balance. A “wobble” occurs when the front Pull off and check the tires. wheel and handlebars suddenly If the front tire goes flat, the start to shake from side to side steering will feel “heavy.” A at any speed. Most wobbles can front-wheel flat is particularly be traced to improper loading, hazardous because it affects unsuitable accessories, or incorrect your steering. You have to steer tire pressure. If you are carrying well to keep your balance. a heavy load, lighten it. If you If the rear tire goes flat, the can’t, shift it. Center the weight back of the motorcycle may lower and farther forward on the jerk or sway from side to side. motorcycle. Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks, and If either tire goes flat while riding: dampers are at the settings • Hold handlegrips firmly, recommended for that much ease off the throttle, and weight. Make sure windshields and keep a straight course. fairings are mounted properly. • If braking is required, however, Check for poorly adjusted steering; gradually apply the brake worn steering parts; a front wheel of the tire that isn’t flat, if that is bent, misaligned, or out of you are sure which one it is. balance; loose wheel bearings or • When the motorcycle spokes; and swingarm bearings. slows, edge to the side If none of these are determined of the road, (disengage) to be the cause, have the squeeze clutch and stop. motorcycle checked out thoroughly by a qualified professional.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 41 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Trying to “accelerate out of a Engine Seizure wobble” will only make the When the engine “locks” or motorcycle more unstable. Instead: “freezes” it is usually low on oil. • Grip the handlebars firmly, The engine’s moving parts can’t but don’t fight the wobble. move smoothly against each other, • Close the throttle gradually and the engine overheats. The to slow down. Do not apply first sign may be a loss of engine the brakes; braking could power or a change in the engine’s make the wobble worse. sound. Squeeze the clutch lever to • Move your weight as far disengage the engine from the rear forward and down as possible. wheel. Pull off the road and stop. • Pull off the road as soon as Check the oil. If needed, oil should you can to fix the problem. be added as soon as possible or the engine will seize. When this 10. Test Yourself happens, the effect is the same as a locked rear wheel. Let the If your motorcycle engine cool before restarting. starts to wobble: A. Accelerate out of the wobble. ANIMALS B. Use the brakes gradually. Naturally, you should do everything you safely can to avoid hitting C. Grip the handlebars firmly and an animal. If you are in traffic, close the throttle gradually. however, remain in your lane. Answers appear on page 52. Hitting something small is less dangerous to you than hitting something big—like a car. Chain Problems Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. A chain that slips or breaks while If you are chased, downshift and you’re riding could lock the rear approach the animal slowly. As wheel and cause your cycle to skid. you approach it, accelerate away Chain slippage or breakage can be and leave the animal behind. avoided by proper maintenance. Don’t kick at an animal. Keep • Slippage:­ If the chain slips control of your motorcycle, and when you try to speed up quickly look to where you want to go. or ride uphill, pull off the road. For larger animals (deer, elk, Check the chain and sprockets. cattle) brake and prepare to Tightening the chain may help. If stop. They are unpredictable. the problem is a worn or stretched chain or worn or bent sprockets, replace the chain, the sprockets, or both before riding again. • Breakage: You’ll notice an instant loss of power to the rear wheel. Close the throttle and brake to a stop.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 42 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS 11. Test Yourself don’t want someone else pulling off at the same place you are. If you are chased by a dog: • Park carefully: Loose and sloped A. Kick it away. shoulders can make setting the B. Stop until the animal side or center stand difficult. loses interest. CARRYING PASSENGERS C. Approach the animal AND CARGO slowly, then speed up. Only experienced riders should Answers appear on page 52. carry passengers or large loads. The extra weight changes the way the motorcycle handles, FLYING OBJECTS balances, turns, speeds up, and slows down. Before taking a From time to time riders are struck passenger or heavy load on the by insects, cigarette butts thrown street, practice away from traffic. from cars or pebbles kicked up by the tires of the vehicle ahead. If Equipment you are wearing face protection, To carry passengers safely: it might get smeared or cracked, • Equip and adjust your making it difficult to see. Without motorcycle to carry passengers. face protection, an object could • Instruct the passenger hit you in the eye, face or mouth. before you start. Whatever happens, keep your eyes • Adjust your riding technique on the road and your hands on the for the added weight. handlebars. When safe, pull off Equipment should include: the road and repair the damage. • A proper seat large enough to GETTING OFF THE ROAD hold both of you without crowding. If you need to leave the road to You should not sit any farther check the motorcycle (or just to forward than you usually do. rest for a while), be sure you: • Footpegs for the passenger. • Check the roadside: Make sure Firm footing prevents your the surface of the roadside is passenger from falling off firm enough to ride on. If it is soft and pulling you off, too. grass, loose sand, or if you’re • Protective equipment: just not sure about it, slow way the same protective gear down before you turn onto it. recommended for operators. • Signal: Drivers behind might Adjust the suspension to handle not expect you to slow down. the additional weight. You will Give a clear signal that you probably need to add a few pounds will be slowing down and of pressure to the tires if you carry changing direction. Check your a passenger. (Check your owner’s mirror and make a head check manual for appropriate settings.) before you take any action. While your passenger sits on the • Pull off the road: Get as far off seat with you, adjust the mirror the road as you can. It can be and headlight according to the very hard to spot a motorcycle change in the motorcycle’s angle. by the side of the road. You Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 43 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Instructing Passengers understood, but keep your Even if your passenger is a eyes on the road ahead. motorcycle rider, provide complete instructions before you 12. Test Yourself start. Tell your passenger to: Passengers should: • Get on the motorcycle only after A. Lean as you lean. you have started the engine. B. Hold on to the • Sit as far forward as possible motorcycle seat. without crowding you. C. Sit as far back as possible. • Hold firmly to your waist, hips, or belt. Answers appear on page 52. • Keep both feet on the pegs, even when stopped. Carrying Loads Most motorcycles are not designed • Keep legs away from the to carry much cargo. Small muffler(s), chains or moving parts. loads can be carried safely if • Stay directly behind you, positioned and fastened properly. leaning as you lean. • Keep the Load Low: Fasten • Avoid unnecessary loads securely, or put them talk or motion. in saddle bags. Piling loads Also, tell your passenger to tighten against a sissybar or frame on his or her hold when you: the back of the seat raises the • Approach surface problems. motorcycle’s center of gravity • Are about to start from a stop. and disturbs its balance. • Warn that you will make • Keep the Load Forward: Place a sudden move. the load over, or in front of, the rear axle. Tank bags keep loads Riding with Passengers forward, but use caution when Your motorcycle will respond loading hard or sharp objects. more slowly with a passenger Make sure a tank bag does not on board. The heavier your interfere with handlebars or passenger, the longer it will take controls. Mounting loads behind to slow down, speed up, or turn— the rear axle can affect how the especially on a light motorcycle. motorcycle turns and brakes. • Ride a little slower, It can also cause a wobble. especially when taking • Distribute the Load Evenly: Load curves, corners, or bumps. saddlebags with about the same • Start slowing earlier as weight. An uneven load can cause you approach a stop. the motorcycle to drift to one side. • Open up a larger cushion of • Secure the Load: Fasten the load securely with elastic cords space ahead and to the sides. (bungee cords or nets). Elastic • Wait for larger gaps to cross, cords with more than one enter, or merge in traffic. attachment point per side are more Warn your passenger of special secure. A tight load won’t catch conditions—when you will pull in the wheel or chain, causing it out, stop quickly, turn sharply, to lock up and skid. Rope tends or ride over a bump. Turn your to stretch and knots come loose, head slightly to make yourself permitting the load to shift or fall.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 44 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS • Check the Load: Stop and Keep Your Distance check the load every so Maintain close ranks but at the often to make sure it has not same time keep a safe distance to worked loose or moved. allow each rider in the group time GROUP RIDING and space to react to hazards. A close group takes up less space If you ride with others, do it in a way on the highway, is easier to see that promotes safety and doesn’t and is less likely to be separated. interfere with the flow of traffic. Ask However, it must be done properly. about, and become familiar with, the groups’ unique hand signals. • Don’t Pair Up: Never operate directly alongside another rider. Keep the Group Small There is no place to go if you need Small groups make it easier and to avoid an oncoming vehicle in safer for car drivers who need your lane, pothole or something to get around them. A small lying in the road. To talk, wait number isn’t separated as easily until you are both stopped. by traffic or red lights. Riders • Staggered Formation: This is won’t always be hurrying to catch the best way to keep ranks close up. If your group is larger than yet maintain an adequate space four or five riders, divide it up into cushion. The leader rides in the two or more smaller groups. left side of the lane, while the Keep the Group Together second rider stays one second • Plan: The leader should look behind in the right side of the lane. ahead for changes and signal early so “the word gets back” STAGGERED FORMATION in plenty of time. Start lane changes early to permit everyone to complete the change. • Put Beginners Up Front: Place inexperienced riders just behind the leader. That way the more experienced riders can 2 watch them from the back. • Follow Those Behind: Let the tailender set the pace. Use your mirrors to keep an eye on the person behind. If a rider falls behind, everyone 2 should slow down a little to stay with the tailender. • Know the Route: Make sure everyone knows the route. Then, if someone is separated they won’t have to hurry to keep from getting lost or taking a wrong turn. Plan frequent stops on long rides.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 45 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS A third rider maintains in the left position, two seconds behind GROUP PASSING (STAGE 1) the first rider. The fourth rider would keep a two-second distance behind the second rider. This formation keeps the group close and permits each rider a safe distance from others ahead, behind and to the sides. • Passing in Formation: Riders in a staggered formation should pass one at a time. • First, the lead rider should pull out and pass when it is safe. After passing, the leader should return to the left position and continue riding at passing speed to open room for the next rider. • After the first rider passes safely, the second rider should move up to the left position and watch for a safe chance to pass. After passing, this rider should return to the right position and open up room for the next rider. Some people suggest that the leader should move to the right side after passing a vehicle. This is not a good idea. It encourages the second rider to pass and cut back in before there is a large enough space cushion in front of the passed vehicle. It’s simpler and safer to wait until there is enough room ahead of the passed vehicle to allow each rider to move into the same position held before the pass. Single-File Formation It is best to move into a single- file formation when riding curves, turning, entering or leaving a highway.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 46 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS 13. Test Yourself When riding in a group, inexperienced riders should position themselves: A. Just behind the leader. B. In front of the group. C. At the tail end of the group. Answers appear on page 52.

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE GROUP PASSING (STAGE 2) Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders pay attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, identifying potential hazards, making good judgments, and executing decisions quickly and skillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road and traffic conditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and other drugs, more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ride safely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your performance, as can certain drugs—prescription or not. Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs. What to do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined. Why This Information is Important Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal crashes. Studies show that 40% to 45% of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes had been drinking. One-third of those riders had a blood alcohol concentration above legal limits. The rest had only a few drinks in their systems— enough to impair riding skills. In the past, drug levels have been

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 47 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS harder to distinguish or have not brag about their ability to hold been separated from drinking their liquor or perform better on violations for the traffic records. But drugs, but alcohol or drugs makes riding “under the influence” of either them less able to think clearly and alcohol or drugs poses physical perform physical tasks skillfully. and legal hazards for every rider. Judgment and the decision- Drinking and drug use is a bigger making processes needed for problem among motorcyclists than vehicle operation are affected long it is among automobile drivers. before legal limits are reached. Motorcyclists are more likely to Many over-the-counter, prescription, be killed or severely injured in and illegal drugs have side effects a crash. In crashes that involve that increase the risk of riding. It abuse of substances, injuries occur is difficult to accurately measure in 90% of motorcycle crashes the involvement of particular drugs compared to 33% of automobile in motorcycle crashes. But we do crashes. On a yearly basis, 2,100 know what effects various drugs motorcyclists are killed and about have on the process involved 50,000 are seriously injured in this in riding a motorcycle. We also type of crash. These statistics know that the combined effects of are too overwhelming to ignore. alcohol and other drugs are more By becoming knowledgeable dangerous than either is alone. about the effects of alcohol and Alcohol in the Body other drugs, you will see that Alcohol enters the bloodstream, riding and substance abuse tissue and organs quickly. Unlike don’t mix. Take positive steps to most foods and beverages, it protect yourself and to prevent does not need to be digested. others from injuring themselves. Within minutes after being Alcohol and Other Drugs in consumed, it reaches the brain Motorcycle Operation and begins to affect the drinker. No one is immune to the effects The major effect alcohol has is of alcohol or drugs. Friends may to slow down and impair bodily ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 48 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS functions—both mental and have more blood and other bodily physical. Whatever you do, you do fluids. But because of individual less well after consuming alcohol. differences it is better not to take Alcohol Concentration the chance that abilities and Alcohol Concentration (AC) is judgment have not been affected. the amount of alcohol in the Whether or not you are legally body. Generally, it takes 11/2 to intoxicated is not the real issue. 2 hours to eliminate from your Impairment of judgment and skills body the alcohol in one drink. begins well below the legal limit. However, a variety of other factors may also influence the Alcohol and the Law level of alcohol retained. The Alcohol Laws more alcohol in your body, the • Operating While Intoxicated greater the degree of impairment. (OWI): You can be arrested for Three factors play a major driving under the influence of part in determining AC: alcohol if you have a Prohibited Alcohol Concentration (PAC). • The amount of alcohol you consume. • Consequences of Years ago, first • How fast you drink. Conviction: offenders had a good chance of • Your body weight. getting off with a small fine and Other factors also contribute to the participation in alcohol-abuse way alcohol affects your system. classes. Today the laws of most Your gender, physical condition states impose stiff penalties on and food intake are just a few that drinking operators. And those may cause your AC level to be penalties are mandatory, meaning even higher. But the full effects of that judges must impose them. these are not completely known. If you are found guilty of an Alcohol may still accumulate OWI violation and it is your first in your body even if you are conviction, you will be fined and drinking at a rate of one drink your license will be revoked for six per hour. Abilities and judgment months or more. The penalties can be affected by that one drink. are even more severe for second A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixed and subsequent convictions. You drink with one shot of liquor and a could face a minimum one-year 5-ounce glass of wine all contain revocation with no occupational the same amount of alcohol. license during that period. All The faster you drink, the more vehicles that have your name on the alcohol accumulates in your title or registration may be subject body. If you drink two drinks to immobilization. If it is your third in an hour, at the end of that or greater conviction, your vehicle hour at least one drink will could be seized. And, to top it all remain in your bloodstream. off, in Wisconsin OWI convictions There are times when a larger remain on your driving record for life. person may not accumulate as Implied Consent: If a police or high a concentration of alcohol traffic officer asks you to take a for each drink consumed. They PAC test, you must comply. If you

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 49 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS refuse, you will lose your driver yourself are poor alternatives license for at least one year. at best. Your ability to exercise Absolute Sobriety or “Not a good judgment is one of the first Drop”: Drivers under age 21 can things affected by alcohol or drug be arrested for driving with any use. Even if you have tried to amount of alcohol in their body. drink or use drugs in moderation, you may not realize to what Drugged Driving: Use of ANY extent your skills have suffered measurable amount of a controlled from their impairing effects. substance is considered to be operating impaired and will be Or, Don’t Ride: If you haven’t treated the same as an Operating controlled your drinking or drug While Intoxicated offense. use, you must control your riding. (Examples of restricted controlled Leave the motorcycle home—so substances are marijuana, heroin, you won’t be tempted to ride. LSD, PCP, cocaine, hallucinogens, Arrange another way to get home. narcotics and methamphetamine.) Wait—If you exceed your limit, wait If you are stopped and an officer until your system eliminates the believes you are under the influence alcohol or drug and its’ impairing of a controlled substance, they may effects. Remember, it takes 11/2 to ask you to take a blood test which 2 hours to eliminate each drink you will be used to identify a detectable have consumed. It may take much amount of a controlled substance. longer to eliminate the drugs. Refusal to take this blood test will Step in to Protect Friends be treated the same as refusal to People who have used drugs or take a chemical test for alcohol. have had too much to drink are Your license will be revoked. unable to make a responsible Should you have a valid prescription decision. It is up to others to step in for a controlled substance, you can and keep them from taking too great claim a defense by providing proof a risk. No one wants to do this—it’s that you had a valid prescription for uncomfortable, embarrassing and that drug at the time of the incident. thankless. You are rarely thanked Minimize the Risks for your efforts at the time. But Your ability to judge how well you the alternatives are often worse. are riding is affected first. Although There are several ways to keep you may be performing more and friends from hurting themselves: more poorly, you think you are doing • Arrange a safe ride: Provide better and better. The result is that alternative ways for you ride confidently, taking greater them to get home. and greater risks. Minimize the risks • Slow the pace of of drinking and riding by taking drinking: Involve them steps before you drink. Control in other activities. your drinking or control your riding. • Keep them there: Use any Don’t Drink or Use Drugs excuse to keep them from getting Don’t Drink or Use Drugs: Once on their motorcycle. Serve them you start, your resistance becomes food and coffee to pass the weaker. Setting a limit or pacing time. Explain your concerns for

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 50 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS their risks of getting arrested or • Limit your hurt, or hurting someone else. distance: Experienced riders • Get friends involved: Use seldom try to ride more than peer pressure from a group about six hours a day. of friends to intervene. • Take frequent rest breaks: It helps to enlist support from Stop, and get off the motorcycle others when you decide to step at least every two hours. in. The more people on your • Don’t drink or use side, the easier it is to be firm drugs: Artificial stimulants and the harder it is for the rider often result in extreme fatigue to resist. While you may not be or depression when they start thanked at the time, you will never to wear off. Riders are unable to have to say, “If only I had...” concentrate on the task at hand. FATIGUE 14. Test Yourself Riding a motorcycle is more tiring If you wait an hour for each than driving a car. On a long drink before riding: trip, you’ll tire sooner than you would in a car. Avoid riding when A. You cannot be arrested you are tired. Fatigue can affect for drinking and riding. your control of the motorcycle. B. Your riding skills will • Protect yourself from the not be affected. elements: Wind, cold, and C. Side effects from the rain make you tire quickly. drinking may still remain. Dress warmly. A windshield is worth its’ cost if you plan Answers appear on page 52. to ride long distances.

EARNING YOUR LICENSE Safe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best measurement of the skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing your own skills is not enough. People often overestimate their own abilities. It’s even harder for friends and relatives to be totally honest about your skills. Licensing exams are designed to be scored more objectively. To earn your license, you must pass a knowledge test and an on-cycle skill test. Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices, and ideas from this manual. They require that you know and understand road rules and safe riding practices. An on-cycle skill test will either be conducted in an actual traffic environment or in a controlled, off-street area.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 51 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS SAMPLE KNOWLEDGE TEST QUESTIONS

1. It is MOST important to flash your brake light when: A. Someone is following too closely. B. You will be slowing suddenly. C. There is a stop sign ahead. 2. The FRONT brake supplies how much of the potential stopping power? A. About one-quarter. B. About one-half. C. About three-quarters.

3. To swerve correctly: A. Shift your weight quickly. B. Turn the handlebars quickly. 5. In the image above, the car C. Press the handgrip in on the left is waiting to enter the direction of the turn. the intersection. It is best to: A. Make eye contact 4. If a tire goes flat while with the driver. riding, and you must stop, B. Reduce speed and it is usually best to: A. Relax on the handlegrips. be ready to react. B. Shift your weight C. Maintain speed toward the good tire. and position. C. Brake on the good tire and steer to the side of the road.

ANSWERS TO SAMPLE ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF KNOWLEDGE TEST (above) (throughout the book)

1. B 2. C 3. C 1. C 2. C 3. C

4. C 5. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. C

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 52 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS ON-CYCLE SKILLS TEST

Basic vehicle control and crash- Examiners may score on factors avoidance skills are included related to safety such as: in on-cycle tests to determine • Selecting safe speeds to your ability to handle normal and perform maneuvers. hazardous traffic situations. You • Choosing the correct path and may be tested for your ability to: staying within boundaries. • Know your motorcycle • Completing normal and your riding limits. and quick stops. • Accelerate, brake, and turn safely. • Completing normal and • See, be seen and quick turns, or swerves. communicate with others. • Adjust speed and position to the traffic situation. • Stop, turn and swerve quickly. • Make critical decisions and carry them out.

To receive an unrestricted class “M” license, you must: • Pass a motorcycle in traffic (MIT) skills test using a two wheel motorcycle OR • Pass a basic motorcycle rider course using a two wheel motorcycle.

If you pass a motorcycle in traffic test (MIT) or a 3-Wheel Basic Rider Course using a three-wheel motorcycle, your license will be restricted to operating only that type of motorcycle.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 53 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSES

Learn From the Pros Learning to Ride For many people, motorcycling is Basic Rider Course (BRC) and a fun and energy‑efficient means Scooter Basic Rider Course of trans­portation or recreation. (SBRC) provide the best start However, motorcycling requires for new motorcycle or scooter skill, concentra­tion and reasonable riders once they have made the precautions. Although it’s possible decision to ride. Basic Rider and to learn to ride a motorcycle on Scooter Basic Rider courses your own, trial and error is a tough include approximately 6 hours teacher of motorcycling skills. of classroom and 10 hours of That’s why virtually all motorcycling motorcycle/scooter rider exercises. groups have endorsed the following The 3-Wheel Basic Rider Course motorcycle rider courses. (3WBRC) is the best place for new riders to start once they have made the decision to ride a three-wheel motorcycle. This course includes approximately 6 hours of classroom and 10 hours of on-cycle riding exercises.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 54 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSES

The Basic Rider Course 2 (BRC 2) The Advanced Rider Course is for riders who already possess (ARC) is for experienced or basic riding skills and are either seasoned riders who wish to returning to riding or are seeking enhance their personal risk a refresher course to practice management, sharpen their and renew basic riding skills. The perception and hazard awareness, course includes approximately 3 and improve their cornering, hours of classroom and 5 hours braking and crash avoidance of on-cycle riding exercises. skills. The course consists Improving Riding Skills of approximately 3+ hours of classroom and 5+ hours of on-cycle The Street Rider Course 2 (SRC 2) is for riders who wish to enhance riding in a controlled environment. their basic skills and strategies to Specialized Courses develop a deeper understanding of The Introductory Motorcycling perceptual street riding strategies. Experience (IME) is a ‘first-touch’ A brief classroom session is experience and familiarization with provided for administrative a motorcycle. It is not intended activities and the Street Smart to teach an individual to ride a Rider Perception Program. The motorcycle. This experiential rest of the 4-5 hour course is course is approximately 90 conducted on various routes minutes in length. It helps potential throughout the surrounding area. riders make the decision about The Ultimate Bike-Bonding whether motorcycling is for them. Rider Course (UBBRC) is The Safe Motorcyclists for experienced or seasoned Awareness and Reaction Trainer riders. It is designed to (SMARTRAINER) teaches basic improve a rider’s overall riding motorcycle controls and enhances performance through smooth hazard awareness. Riders and precise control operation learn in a safe and controlled as well as body positioning on motorcycle-trainer environment the motorcycle. Short classroom how to respond quickly to roadway segments are woven into a full and environmental factors. day (total of 8 hours) of a wide variety of riding exercises.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 55 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSES

Rider Coaches You Provide Rider coaches for the Basic Rider You should provide the and Advanced Rider Courses following protective clothing: are certified by the Motorcycle • Boots with walking heels, high Safety Foundation and approved enough to cover ankles; by the Wisconsin Department of • Long pants of denim or Transportation (WisDOT). Please other heavy material; see the list of motorcycle training • Full fingered leather gloves, providers at http://wisconsindot. unlined but not too thin; gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/ • Long sleeved jacket or mc-how-aply/training-loc.aspx shirt made from denim or and find a location near you. All other heavy material. rider coaches are motorcycle riders who have completed 84 You may provide your own helmet hours of instructor training. and eye protection if you choose. Provided For You Who Can Attend A helmet may be provided for Any Wisconsin resident 151/2 you. Lightweight motorcycles are years of age or older may attend. provided for class use. Sidecar rigs However, you must be 16 and have may be available for use at some proof that you have completed facilities but it is recommended driver eduction before you can that you use your own sidecar rig obtain a CYCI and/or Class M or trike. You must provide your license. It is neces­sary that you own vehicles for the experienced know how to balance and ride a riders/advanced riders classes. bicycle. Parents must sign for you All student-owned vehicles must if you are under the age of 18. be street-legal and insured.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 56 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSES

Waiver of Skills Test MOTORCYCLE TRAINING The motorcycle skills test, ordinarily PROVIDERS required for a Class M license, The Wisconsin Technical College may be waived if you successfully System as well as privately- complete an approved WisDOT owned training sites provide rider education course. Other WisDOT-approved motorcycle requirements for the waiver are: training throughout the state. • You must pass the motorcycle Schedules vary from site to knowledge test and be at site, but in most cases evening, least 16 years of age. daytime and weekend courses are • If taking the course on a three- scheduled to meet local needs. wheel vehicle, the Class M Please see the list of motorcycle license will be restricted to training providers at wisconsindot. three-wheel vehicles only. gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/ Note: An approved Basic Rider mc-how-aply/training-loc.aspx. Course taken outside Wisconsin Contact a provider near you for may be sufficient for waiver of their exact schedule and fees. Wisconsin skills test. Be sure to bring your waiver form or course completion card to DMV when you apply for your Class M license. Point Reduction Successful completion of either the Basic Rider Course or Advanced Rider Course may be used to reduce up to three demerit points on your driving record for motorcycle violations of which you have been convicted in the previous 12 months.

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Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 63 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS For a beginning or experienced motorcycle training course near you, visit: wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/motorcycles/mc-how-aply/training-loc.aspx or call toll free: 1-800-DOT-WMSP (1-800-368-9677)

Thank you to the Motorcycle Safety Foundation for most of the information contained in this manual. Additional thanks to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Safety, Wisconsin Motorcycle Safety Program and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for development and funding of the cover design.

Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference only and are not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distances.

Wisconsin Motorcyclists' Handbook — 64 — September 2020 • wisconsindmv.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS The following is a statement from the Motorcycle Safety Foundation: The information contained in this publication is offered for the benefit of those who have an interest in riding motorcycles. The information has been compiled from publications, interviews and observations of individuals and organizations familiar with the use of motorcycles, accessories and training. Because there are many differences in product design, riding styles, Federal, State and local laws, there may be organizations and individuals who hold differing opinions. Consult your local regulatory agencies for information concerning the operation of motorcycles in your area. Although the Motorcycle Safety Foundation will continue to research, field test and publish responsible viewpoints on the subject, it disclaims any liability for the views expressed herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS BDS110 September 2020

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