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Free and Freedom Schools. a National Survey of Alternative Programs

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Free and Freedom Schools. a National Survey of Alternative Programs DOCUMENT RESUME ED 058 499 AA 000 803 AUTHOR Cooper, Bruce S. TITLE Free and Freedom Schools.A National Survey of Alternative Programs. SPONs AGENCY President's Commission onSchool Finance, Washington, D. C. PUB DATE Nov 71 NOTE 145p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS Bibliographies; EconomicallyDisadvantaged; Educational Change; *EducationalFinance; *Educational Philosophy;Educational Practice; *Freedom Schools; Governance;Individual Power; Legal Problems; Minority GroupChildren; Models; National Surveys; Parent TeacherCooperation; *Private Schools; *School Organization;Values ABSTRACT This survey includes programsthat are designed for elementary and high schoolstudents and which (1)refrain from "institutionalized coercion,"(2) de-eraphasizetraditional competition and encourage curriculum,(3) eliminate dependence on authentic self-motivation, (4)emphasize individual abilitiesand character rather than formaltraining in the recruitmentof teachers, and (5) eliminate rigid ageand grade level separationof students. 346 private schools areincluded, 38 of Based on thesecriteriao interviews. The body which were accorded sitevisits and/or telephone of this report centersaround five topics:(1) descriptions, models, and growth of alternativeschools;(2) growth patterns,developmental phases, and survival rates; (3) conventional functions of unconventional schools and their programs,governance, finances,and schools and their legal positions;(4) the future of alternative schools and communities.Three appendixes impact on conventional visited and provide data on al.ternativeschools, names of the schools document, see ED contacted, and a selectedbibliography. (For related 058 473.)(Author/MLF) Free And FreedomSchools: A NationalSurvey of Alternative Programs 1 ,.1 i' 1 , SUBMITTED TO President 'sCommission on School Finance 1 THIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL REPORTS PREPAREDFOR THIS COMMISSION. TO AID. IN OUR ..DELIBERATIONS, WEHAVE SOUGHT THE BEST WALIFIED PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS TO CONDUCT THE MANY STUDY PROJECTS RE- LATING TO OURBROAD MANDATE. ConeassIONSTAFF MEMBERS HAVE ALSO PREPARED CERTAIN. REPORTS.. WE ARE PUBLISHING THIN ALL SO THAT OTHERSMAY HAVE ACCESS TO THE SAME COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THESE SUBJECTS THAT THE COM- MISSION SOUGHT TO OBTAIN. IN OUR OWN FINAL REPORT WE WILL NOTBE ABLE TO ADDRESS IN DETAIL EVERY ASPECTOF EACH AREA STUDIED. BUT THOSE WHO SEEK ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE COMPLEX PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION INGENERAL AND SCHOOL FINANCE IN PARTICULAR WILL FIND MUCH CONTAINED IN THESE PROJECT REPORTS. WE HAVE FOUND MUCH OFVALUE IN THEM FOR OUR OWN DELIBERA- TIONS. THEFACT THAT WEARE NOW PUBLISHING THEM, HOWEVER, SHOULD IN NO SENSE BE VIEWED AS ENDORSEMENT OFANY OR ALL OF THEIR FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS. THE COMMISSION HAS REVIEWED THIS REPORT AND THE OTHERS BUT HAS DRAWN ITS OWNCONCLUSIONS AND WILL OFFER ITS OWN RECOMMENDATIONS. THEFINAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSION MAY WELL BE AT VARIANCE WITH OR INOPPOSITION TO VIEWS AND RECOM- MENDATIONS CONTAINED IN THIS AND OTHERPROJECT REPORTS. The President's Commission on School Finance Neil H. McElroy, Chairman Mary T. Brooks William GColman Hilda A. Davis John B. Davis, Jr. John H. Fischer Dorothy M. Ford Norman Francia Digene Gonzales Warren P. Knowles David H. Kurtzman Duane Mattheis William E. McManus Wendell H. Pierce William G. Saltonstall W. B. Thompson Clarence Walton , Ivan E. Zylstra Norman Karsh, Executive Director "The preoccupation with order and control, the slivish adherence to the timetable, the absence of noise and movement, the joylessness and repression, the universality of the formal lecture or teacher dominated 'discussion' in which the teacher instructs the entire class as a unit, the emphasis on the verbal and the de-emphasis of the concrete, the inability of students to work on their own, the dichotomy between work and play--none of these are necessary; all can be eliminated. Charles Silberman, Crisis in the Classroom Flu end Fmedoi Wok A Wool Smog of Alionntivo Pomo by Biwa S. Clow A Repel fo thePtosidoei's emissionon School Pomo tiombot 1971. 1\3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In a rather harried national survey, oneis thrown upon the mercy of those around him. Thanks are due to three groups' of people: those you work with, those you live with,and those whom you are studying. In the first group,I am forever grate- ful to Professor Don Erickson who guided methrough the pro- posal, data gathering, and writing stages; toRay Boileau. and Janet Shedd who directed me fromthe Commission Office in Washington, D.C.; and the President'sCommission on School Finance who caxed enough to commission thestudy. In group two, I think of my wife andfamily who found me unbearable: but Nancy, . Phoebe and 'Jessicasurvived, with only minor damage, living with a flusteredplane chaser. Peter Lewis, a friend indeed, rescuedthis researcher in the final stages by his suggestions andsupport. And Carol Feingold (and her sufferingfamily) typed the final draft from the rough one which resembled acryptographer's downfall. And to the free and freedom schoojpeople,"the subject of the study, I owe thanks forbeing interviewed and observed. By name I mention a few who cometo mind, apologizing to those overlooked: on the West coast,Joan Levinson of Bay High, Berkeley, and Jean Jessnerof the Netwórk; inWisconsin, Donna Zegarowicz ofWintergreen School, Madison; and Bob Graf of The Independent LearningCenter, Milwaukee; in New York, Anita Moses, who took me in andopened doors throughout the ii A6k6 city; Ed Carpenter of Harlem Prep and Judy McCauleyof E. Harlem Block Schools,- who both explained the freedomschools so well. I would like to mention two studentSfree school freakswho spent their days guichngmy tour of Cleir areas: Jeremy,Rubinstein of Bay High, Berkeley, and Jeremy Kramer of Santa Barbara Community School. And to Allen Graubard, a friend,a colleague, and a mentor, I have saved for last. He gave willingly of his time, of the information he had gathered tor the New Schools Directory Project, and of his brilliance. Without all of these, this study would have been severely limited. Bruce booper 1369 E. Hyde Park Blvd. 904 Chicago, Illinois 60615 November 12, 1971 iii Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 Methodology 5 II. A Description of Free and Freedom Schools 7 Six Models of Alternative Schools. 13 Growth of Alternative Schools 26 III. Patterns of Alternative School Growth "The Spark of Life" 36 The Initiators 37 Developmental Phases 48 Survival Rates 56 HV. Conventional Functions of Unconventional Schools Program 58 Governance 76 Finances 83 Legal Considerations 95 V. The Future 104 VI. Appendices Data on Alternative 3chools Schools Visited kind Contacted Bibliography iv Introduction n the last five years.the United States hasexper- ienced a remarkable growth in thenumber of radical alterna- tive schools. The increasing populari.ty of thisnew educational form stands as a reminder of thepervasive problems of public education. Thousands of parents, students, andteachers, oppressed by the mindless bureaucracyo2 public education and motivated by a common counter-ideology,are taking direct and radical action by operatingprivate alternative schools. This roport intends to portray the alreadyfertile reality of the alternative school movement. There are presently 350 alternative schoolsin thirty- nine states. These sdhoOls serve a small.number of partici- pants--perhaps 12,500 students, 4,500 staff andvolunteers-- 1 2 as an experiment inradical living and education. Each of the schoo1s is sustained bythe passionate commitment of a small coterie of individualswhose only common bondwould appear to be thediversity of their views. The survey reveals, however, that there existswithin this diversity a common ideology composed of threefactors: a willful -..7ejectionof the conventional schoolsystem; a sharinIT of theconsummate be/ief that freedom in education canbe put into practice; and an active affirmationof self-determi.nation insteadof a passive reliance uponthe public system. The schools themselves differwidely in structure and purpose, yet they tooshare common ch,a'acteristicsof which two general patterns maybe discerned. The first, the free school program, is designed tomeet the needs of middle-class children by establishingunstructured educational,efforts. The second, the freedomschools, are programs for poor, urban.communities in their effortsto control the education of their children. Free sChools provide arespite from the competitive and manipulativesystem, in which Eric Frommhas said, "The individual becomesmerely a cog in a,machine" while he is "transformedinto the consumer, theeternal suckling, whose one wish isto consume more and'better' 1 things." lEric Fromm, Preface to A.S. Neill'sSummerhill: A Radical Approach to ChildRearing, (New York: Hart Publishing, War). Ato For the poor, the freedom school provides an opportunity for experiments in community self-determination and control. For the children of the poor, these programs provide the vital shills and experience in urban living--performed within the culture of their community. Our survey is of a particular type: it includes only programs for youngsters of elementary and high school age. It takes in.only those schools which meet certain philosophi- cal and operational.criteria. Some "identify themselves self- consciously as 'free schools," some are street academies controlled by their respective neighborhoods, some are attempting to change society while others are merely creating their own personalized communities. Whatever their philoso- phy,
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