Intro to Characteristics

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, eukaryotic Producers by Cuticles - waxy layer that prevents drying out Cell Walls - rigid cell walls made of cellulose to keep plant upright

2-Stage Cycle: Alternation of Generations Stage 1: stage: sporophyte makes , which grow into Stage 2: Stage: males make sperm; females make eggs. Sperm fertilizes egg which grows into a sporophyte Process repeats over and over! Plant Classification

Plant Kingdom

Nonvascular Vascular Plants Plants

Bryophytes Seedless Vascular Angiosperms Ex: Ex. “Cone Bearers” Flowering Plants Nonvascular Plants

A.k.a “” Don’t have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant (no circulatory system!) Depend on diffusion to move nutrients Rhizoid - -like structure that holds bryophytes in place (they don’t have real !) Example: moss Vascular Plants

Includes: Seedless Vascular Plants () Gymnosperms Angiosperms Has specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant (roots!)

Transports water and nutrients to different parts of the plant Vascular tissue is made up of two main transport systems: Xylem – moves water up Phloem – moves nutrients down Both can move fluids through the plant, even against the force of gravity Transport Systems

Xylem: Carries water UPWARD from the roots to every part of the plant

Phloem: Nutrients move from the photosynthetic parts (ie. ) DOWNWARD to the other parts of the plant Seedless Vascular Plants

The first plants to have vascular tissues (root systems) - underground stem from which leaves and roots grow Have roots, stems, & leaves Example: ferns

Why is having vascular tissue an advantage over the bryophytes? Gymnosperms

A.k.a. “Cone Bearers” Do not produce Most ancient surviving plants Gymnosperms reproduce with that are exposed ( means “naked seed”) Examples: pine & spruce Angiosperms

Flowering Plants come from these plants Example: tulips, peas, lettuce