Intro to Plants Plant Characteristics

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Intro to Plants Plant Characteristics Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, eukaryotic Producers by photosynthesis Cuticles - waxy layer that prevents drying out Cell Walls - rigid cell walls made of cellulose to keep plant upright Plant Reproduction 2-Stage Cycle: Alternation of Generations Stage 1: Sporophyte stage: sporophyte makes spores, which grow into gametophytes Stage 2: Gametophyte Stage: males make sperm; females make eggs. Sperm fertilizes egg which grows into a sporophyte Process repeats over and over! Plant Classification Plant Kingdom Nonvascular Vascular Plants Plants Bryophytes Seedless Vascular Gymnosperms Angiosperms Ex: Moss Ex. Fern “Cone Bearers” Flowering Plants Nonvascular Plants A.k.a “Bryophytes” Don’t have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant (no circulatory system!) Depend on diffusion to move nutrients Rhizoid - root-like structure that holds bryophytes in place (they don’t have real roots!) Example: moss Vascular Plants Includes: Seedless Vascular Plants (ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Has specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant (roots!) Vascular Tissue Transports water and nutrients to different parts of the plant Vascular tissue is made up of two main transport systems: Xylem – moves water up Phloem – moves nutrients down Both can move fluids through the plant, even against the force of gravity Transport Systems Xylem: Carries water UPWARD from the roots to every part of the plant Phloem: Nutrients move from the photosynthetic parts (ie. leaves) DOWNWARD to the other parts of the plant Seedless Vascular Plants The first plants to have vascular tissues (root systems) Rhizome - underground stem from which leaves and roots grow Have roots, stems, & leaves Example: ferns Why is having vascular tissue an advantage over the bryophytes? Gymnosperms A.k.a. “Cone Bearers” Do not produce flowers Most ancient surviving seed plants Gymnosperms reproduce with seeds that are exposed (Gymnosperm means “naked seed”) Examples: pine & spruce trees Angiosperms Flowering Plants Fruit come from these plants Example: tulips, peas, lettuce.

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Seedless Plants Key Concept Seedless Plants Do Not Produce Seeds 2 but Are Well Adapted for Reproduction and Survival
Seedless Plants Key Concept Seedless plants do not produce seeds 2 but are well adapted for reproduction and survival. What You Will Learn When you think of plants, you probably think of plants, • Nonvascular plants do not have such as trees and flowers, that make seeds. But two groups of specialized vascular tissues. plants don’t make seeds. The two groups of seedless plants are • Seedless vascular plants have specialized vascular tissues. nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants. • Seedless plants reproduce sexually and asexually, but they need water Nonvascular Plants to reproduce. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts do not have vascular • Seedless plants have two stages tissue to transport water and nutrients. Each cell of the plant in their life cycle. must get water from the environment or from a nearby cell. So, Why It Matters nonvascular plants usually live in places that are damp. Also, Seedless plants play many roles in nonvascular plants are small. They grow on soil, the bark of the environment, including helping to form soil and preventing erosion. trees, and rocks. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts don’t have true stems, roots, or leaves. They do, however, have structures Vocabulary that carry out the activities of stems, roots, and leaves. • rhizoid • rhizome Mosses Large groups of mosses cover soil or rocks with a mat of Graphic Organizer In your Science tiny green plants. Mosses have leafy stalks and rhizoids. A Journal, create a Venn Diagram that rhizoid is a rootlike structure that holds nonvascular plants in compares vascular plants and nonvas- place. Rhizoids help the plants get water and nutrients.
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Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella Patens Elizabeth A
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 2016 Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens Elizabeth A. Berry Mai L. Tran See next page for additional authors Creative Commons License Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs Citation/Publisher Attribution Berry, E. A., Tran, M. L., Dimos, C. S., Budziszek Jr., M. J., Scavuzzo-Duggan, T. R., and Roberts, A. W. (2016). Immuno and affinity cytochemical analysis of cell wall composition in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, article 248. doi:3389/ fpls.2016.00248 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Elizabeth A. Berry, Mai L. Tran, Christos S. Dimos, Michael J. Budziszek Jr., Tess R. Scavuzzo-Duggan, and Alison Roberts This article is available at DigitalCommons@URI: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs/82 fpls-07-00248 March 4, 2016 Time: 18:53 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 08 March 2016 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00248 Immuno and Afﬁnity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens Elizabeth A. Berry, Mai L. Tran, Christos S. Dimos, Michael J. Budziszek Jr., Tess R. Scavuzzo-Duggan and Alison W. Roberts* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment.
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Plant Physiol. (1979) 64, 9-12 0032-0889/79/64/0009/04/$00.50/0 Rhizoid Differentiation in Spirogyra III. INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF PHYTOCHROME Received for publication January 30, 1978 and in revised form September 25, 1978 YOKO NAGATA' Department ofBiology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560 Japan2 ABSTRACT irradiation of R and reversed by subsequent FR (8). of in a Localization of phytochrome which mediates rhizoid Study phytochrome system free of the complications of differentiation in intercellular interactions should be valuable. The Spirogyra seems Spirogyra was investigated. The red-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) to be such a system since effect of light irradiation is restricted seems to be distributed all over the cel periphery which remained in the within the right cell irradiated as shown below, ie. the effect can centripetal end part after the centrifugation, as rhizoids formed equally be detected in the cell. We applied the second physiological well with red spotlight irradiation of three different parts of an end cell, i.e. method of giving spotlight to determine the intracellular locali- distal end, middle, and proximal end, and with irradiation of centrifugal zation of phytochrome, together with a method utilizing centrif- and centripetal end parts of a centrifuged end cell. The Pr distribution was ugal force. The latter method by Chen and Kamiya (2) introduced confirmed with an experiment using far red irradiation over the entire cell, possible separate treatment of the cytoplasm of a large cylindrical centrifugation, and red spotlight irradiation. The Pr-phytochrome mole- cell of Nitella from the cortex, providing a chemical reagent or a cules appeared to be mobile because no dichroic orientation was shown physical factor.
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HORTSCIENCE 39(7):1700–1701. 2004. 5.25% NaOCl, and deionized (DI) water, fol- lowed by three 1-min rinses in sterile DI water. Then seeds were sown immediately according Seed Priming Effect on Symbiotic to the procedure described by Debeljak et al. (2002); 100 to 250 disinfested seeds for per Germination and Seedling petri dish were spread on the surface of 20 mL of oatmeal agar (2.5 g·L–1 rolled oats and 7.0 Development of Orchis palustris Jacq. g·L–1 agar in 1 L DI water at pH 6.0 before autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min) contained Ahmet Esitken1 and Sezai Ercisli within 90-mm-diameter petri dishes. Each Department of Horticulture, Ataturk University, Faculty of Agriculture, 25240 treatment was replicated fi ve times. Each dish 3 Erzurum, Turkey was then inoculated with about 1 cm block of agar containing mycelium of the BNR 8-3 Cafer Eken isolate. The petri dishes were sealed with Department of Plant Protection, Ataturk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Parafi lm and incubated in white light (warm white fl uorescent) of 30 µmol·m–2·s–1 of 16 h 25240 Erzurum, Turkey photoperiod at constant 22 ± 1°C for 90 d. David Tay Seed germination was monitored daily for fi rst germination time. Seedling development were Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center, The Ohio State University, 670 Vernon scored for a duration of 90 d on a scale of 0 to Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210 5, where 0 = no germination; 1 = production of rhizoid (i.e., germination); 2 = rupture of Additional index words.
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Rhizoid-Substrate Adhesion Wayne R
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Glime, J. M. 2017. Ecophysiology of development: Gametophores. Chapt. 5-5. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. 5-5-1 Physiological Ecology. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 11 April 2021 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 5-5 ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT: GAMETOPHORES TABLE OF CONTENTS Growth ................................................................................................................................................................ 5-5-2 Stem Growth ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-5-2 Water ............................................................................................................................................................ 5-5-3 Light ............................................................................................................................................................. 5-5-4 Tropisms ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-5-6 Photoperiod .................................................................................................................................................. 5-5-7 Temperature ................................................................................................................................................
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Position Dependent Control of Cell Fate in the Fucus Embryo: Role of Intercellular Communication
Development 125, 1999-2008 (1998) 1999 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 DEV0149 Position dependent control of cell fate in the Fucus embryo: role of intercellular communication François-Yves Bouget1, Frédéric Berger2 and Colin Brownlee* Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK 1Present address: Centre d’Etudes Océanologiques et de Biologie Marine, CNRS-UPR 9042, F-29680 Roscoff, France 2Present address: Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Reconnaissance Cellulaire et Amélioration des Plantes, 69364 Lyon-cedex 07, France *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Accepted 10 March; published on WWW 6 May 1998 SUMMARY The early embryo of the brown alga Fucus comprises two in response to ablation of neighbouring cells. This cell types, i.e. rhizoid and thallus which are morphogically regeneration is regulated in a position-dependent manner and cytologically distinguishable. Previous work has and is strongly inﬂuenced by intercellular communication, pointed to the cell wall as a source of position-dependent probably involving transport or diffusion of inhibitory information required for polarisation and fate signals which appear to be essential for regulation of cell determination in the zygote and 2-celled embryo. In this fate decisions. This type of cell-to-cell communication does study we have analysed the mechanism(s) of cell fate not involve symplastic transport or direct cell-cell contact control and pattern formation at later embryonic stages inhibition. Apoplastic diffusible gradients appear to be using a combination of laser microsurgery and involved in pattern formation in the multicellular embryo. microinjection. The results indicate that the cell wall is required for maintenance of pre-existing polarity in Key words: Fucus embryogenesis, Laser microsurgery, Pattern isolated intact cells.
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The Green Machine Understanding the Nonvascular Plants 20
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Sporeling Development in Athalamia Pusilla By
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Austria) Vol. 14 Fasc. 3 — 4 229-237 28. I. 1972 Contribution from the Department of Botany, University of Lueknow, Lucknow (India), New Series (Bryophyta) No. 69 Sporeling Development in Athalamia pusilla By Ram UDAR & Dinesh. KUMAR *) With 30 Figures Introduction Recent contributions on Indian Sauteriaceae include the sporeling development and regeneration in Athalamia pinguis (UDAR 1958b), its (A. pinguis) morphological features along with the details of life history (UDAR 1960), and a report of A. pusilla from South India (UDAR & SRIVAS- TAVA 1965). The species under consideration (i. e. A. pusilla) has been earlier reported also from several localities in the Western Himalayas (KASHYAP 1929). Amongst the two Indian species of the genus Athalamia, considerably much attention has been laid on A. pinguis. The other species (i. e. A. pusilla) has not been so far worked out in detail as regards its life history and stages in the sporeling development. A detailed investigation concerning the life history of this plant, which includes the stages in the ontogeny of antheridia, archegonia and sporophyte, is under progress. The present paper deals with the early stages of sporeling development in A. pusilla so far undescribed. Materials and methods The specimens of A. pusilla were collected by one of us (R. U.) from Deoban in the North-Western Himalayas at an altitude of ca 8,000 ft. — 9,500 ft. during the last week of September 1969. This is the time when the plants normally complete their life cycle and many plants show dehisced capsules or intact capsules with mature spores.
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