Introduction to nternationa Relations Theories and approaches

Robert Jackson Georg S0rensen

OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS I DETAILED CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK xvi GUIDE TO LEARNING FEATURES xviii GUIDE TO THE ONLINE RESOURCE CENTRE xx POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD, APRIL 2008 xxii

1 Why Study IR? 1 International Relations in Everyday Life 2 Brief Historical Sketch of the State System 7 The Global State System and the World Economy 15 IR and the Changing Contemporary World of States 18 Conclusion 25 KEY POINTS 26 QUESTIONS 27 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 27 WEB LINKS 27

2 IR as an Academic Subject 28 Introduction 29 Utopian Liberalism: The Early Study of IR 30 Realism and the Twenty Years' Crisis 35 The Voice of Behaviouralism in IR 39 Neoliberalism: Institutions and Interdependence 42 Neorealism: Bipolarity and Confrontation 44 International Society: The English School 46 International Political Economy (IPE) 49 Dissident Voices: Alternative Approaches to IR 52 Which Theory? 53 Conclusion 55 KEY POINTS 55 QUESTIONS 56 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 56 WEB LINKS 57 xii Detailed Contents

Realism 58 Introduction: Elements of Realism 59 Classical Realism 60 Thucydides 61 Machiavelli 62 Hobbes and the Security Dilemma 64 Morgenthau's Neoclassical Realism 66 Schelling and Strategic Realism 69 Waltz and Neorealism .• • 73 Neorealist Stability Theory 77 Realism after the Cold War: The Issue of NATO Expansion 79 Hegemony and the Balance of Power 84 Two Critiques of Realism 87 Research Prospects and Programme 91 KEY POINTS 93 QUESTIONS 94 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 94 WEB LINKS 94

Liberalism 95 Introduction: Basic Liberal Assumptions 96 Sociological Liberalism 98 Interdependence Liberalism 101 Institutional Liberalism 105 Republican Liberalism 109 Neorealist Critiques of Liberalism 113 The Retreat to Weak Liberalism 115 The Counter-attack of Strong Liberlalism 117 Liberalism and World Order 121 Liberalism: The Current Research Agenda 123 KEY POINTS 124 QUESTIONS 125 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 126 WEB LINKS 126 Detailed Contents xiii

5 International Society 127 Basic International Society Approach 128 The Three Traditions: Theory 133 The Three Traditions: Practice 134 Order and Justice 138 Statecraft and Responsibility 144 National Responsibility 144 International Responsibility 145 Humanitarian Responsibility 145 Critiques of International Society 150 The Current Research Agenda 155 KEY POINTS 157 QUESTIONS 157 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 158 WEB LINKS 158

6 Social Constructivism 159 Introduction 160 The Rise of Constructivism in IR 160 Constructivism as Social Theory 162 Constructivist Theories of International Relations 166 Cultures of Anarchy 166 Norms of International Society 168 The Power of International Organizations 170 A Constructivist Approach to European Cooperation 171 Domestic Formation of Identity and Norms 173 Critiques of Constructivism 175 The Constructivist Research Programme 178 KEY POINTS 179 QUESTIONS 180 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 180 WEB LINKS 180

7 International Political Economy: Classical Theories 181 Introduction: What is IPE? 182 Mercantilism 184 xiv Detailed Contents

Economic Liberalism 186 Marxism 189 Conclusion , 195 KEY POINTS 196 QUESTIONS 196 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 196 WEB LINKS 197

8 International Political Economy: Contemporary Debates 198 The Relationship between Politics and Economics: The Debate on US Hegemonic Stability 199 Development and Underdevelopment in the Third World 205 Economic Globalization and a Changing Role for States 214 Recent Theoretical Developments in IPE 220 Conclusion: The Future of IPE 222 KEY POINTS 223 QUESTIONS 224 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 224 WEB LINKS 224

9 Foreign Policy 225 The Concept of Foreign Policy 226 Foreign Policy Analysis 226 How to Study Foreign Policy: A Level-of-Analysis Approach 230 The Systemic Level 231 The Level of the Nation-State 233 The Level of the Individual Decision-maker 237 Going to War in the Persian Gulf: A Case Study 240 A Note on Experts and'Think Tanks' 243 KEY POINTS 247 QUESTIONS 248 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 248 WEB LINKS 248

10 Key Issues in Contemporary IR 249

Introduction 250 International Terrorism 250 Religion in IR: A Clash of Civilizations? 256 The Environment 260 New Patterns of War and Peace: Changes in Statehood 265 Detailed Contents xv

Conclusion 274 KEY POINTS 274 QUESTIONS 275 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 275 WEB LINKS 276

11 Methodological Debates 277 Methodological Debates 278 The Behavioural Revolution 279 The Classical Approach 281 Positivist Methodology in IR 284 Post-positivist Methodologies 286 Critical Theory 286 Postmodernism 288 Normative Theory 291 Explaining IR versus Understanding IR 294 Conclusion 295 KEY POINTS 296 QUESTIONS 297 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 297 WEB LINKS 298

GLOSSARY 299 REFERENCES 309 INDEX 327