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Capítulo I (Prefácio)

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Capítulo I (Prefácio) INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA ANIMAL GUILHERME LAIZOLA FRAINER CORREA O ÓRGÃO PRODUTOR DE SOM DOS GOLFINHOS (Odontoceti: Delphinida): FUNCIONALIDADE, ONTOGENIA E EVOLUÇÃO PORTO ALEGRE 2019 GUILHERME LAIZOLA FRAINER CORREA O ÓRGÃO PRODUTOR DE SOM DOS GOLFINHOS (Odontoceti: Delphinida): FUNCIONALIDADE, ONTOGENIA E EVOLUÇÃO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de concentração: Biologia Comparada Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ignacio Benites Moreno PORTO ALEGRE 2019 ii GUILHERME LAIZOLA FRAINER CORREA O ÓRGÃO PRODUTOR DE SOM DOS GOLFINHOS (Odontoceti: Delphinida): FUNCIONALIDADE, ONTOGENIA E EVOLUÇÃO Aprovado em ____ de ____________ de 2019. BANCA EXAMINADORA _______________________________________ Dr. Aldo Mellender de Araújo Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) ______________________________________ Dr. Roberto Esser dos Reis Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) _______________________________________ Dr. Cesar Leandro Schultz Laboratório de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) iii AGRADECIMENTOS Esse trabalho é fruto de uma educação de nível superior pública que culmina com essa tese de doutorado. Assim, agradeço de coração à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul por todas as oportunidades que me foram oferecidas durante a graduação e pós-graduação, aos mestres a mim designados, aos servidores e terceirizados dessa universidade e aos brasileiros em geral que contribuem para que tudo isso exista. Em especial, agradeço ao governo que implantou programas sociais e educacionais como o Programa Ciências sem Fronteiras (201709/2015-5), através do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), que foi imprescindível para a realização desse trabalho e representou um marco na minha vida profissional. Ainda, agradeço a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de doutorado concedida durante os quatro últimos anos de formação. Esse trabalho reflete minha formação acadêmica que, em boa parte, é atrelada ao Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, e principalmente aos laboratórios de Ictiologia e de Sistemática e Ecologia de Aves e Mamíferos Marinhos (LABSMAR) os quais sou muito agradecido. Agradeço de coração a todos os funcionários e professores do Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS). Sou imensamente grato a todos os orientadores e co-orientadores que me acompanharam durante a formação acadêmica e foram importantes para que essa obra saísse dessa maneira, em especial à Prof. Dra. Clarice Fialho, Prof. Dr. Luiz Malabarba, Prof. Dr. Ignacio Moreno e Dr. Stefan Huggenberger. Agradeço a todos os colegas que passaram pelo LABSMAR durante essa minha formação. Um agradecimento muito especial também aos integrantes do Laboratório de Neurociências do Departamento II de Anatomia da Universidade de Colônia, que ajudaram a tornar esse trabalho possível, em especial ao Prof. Dr. Hannsjörg Schröder, Kirsten Pilz, Sigrun Kuhlage. Um agradecimento especial ao Prof. Dr. Ignacio Moreno e ao Dr. Stefan Huggenberger pela confiança no meu trabalho e por toda orientação e ajuda durante esse período. Agradeço a Dra. Stephanie Plön e ao Dr. Anders Galatius pela confiança e colaboração para com esse trabalho. Agradeço também aos curadores e técnicos do Museu de Zoologia de Copenhagen - Dinamarca, Museu de Porto Elizabeth - África do Sul, Museu de Ciências Naturais da UFRGS - Brasil, e da coleção científica do Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grnde do Sul pelo disponibilidade do material analisado e auxílio durante a coleta de dados. Agradeço a todos que contribuíram com sugestões e ideias para que esse produto final fosse produzido, em especial ao Dr. Tiago Carvalho e ao Prof. Dr. Luiz R. Malabarba, bem como dois revisores anônimos do periódico The Anatomical Record. Agradeço muito à banca examinadora por aceitar o convite em julgar esse trabalho. Meu maior agradecimento vão àquelas pessoas que mais importam na minha vida: minha família. Em especial à minha companheira de vida, minha flor Nathalia Serpa, pelo amor verdadeiro, amizade e carinho. Em especial, também, aos meus pais pelo incentivo, carinho e amizade de sempre; à família Serafini-Frainer e minha afilhada Helena por me ensinarem sentimentos únicos antes desconhecidos; à família Frainer- Coimbra pelo incentivo e amizade; à família Barbosa-Serpa pelo acolhimento e carinho, em especial pra Manuela que tem um espaço no meu coração; ao Giuliano Brusco, que também faz parte da família, pela amizade de sempre; e ao Julian Turm pela amizade e acolhimento em Köln. Por fim, agradeço aos meus poucos e verdadeiros amigos por compartilhar as alegrias da vida e às minhas fontes de inspiração naturais, como a música: a vida não tem movimento sem ritmo. Muito Obrigado! iv SUMÁRIO Resumo..................................................................................................................................................................6 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................7 Capítulo I (Prefácio) ..............................................................................................................................................8 O Sonar Biológico dos Odontocetos .................................................................................................................9 Referências Bibliográficas .............................................................................................................................. 12 Capítulo II (Anatomia Funcional) ....................................................................................................................... 17 Sound Generating Structures of the Humpback Dolphin Sousa plumbea (Cuvier, 1829) and the Directionality in Dolphin Sounds ..................................................................................................................... 19 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 19 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................................... 20 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 Discussion................................................................................................................................................... 26 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Capítulo III (Ontogenia e Evolução) .................................................................................................................. 31 Echo-Evo-Devo: Ontogeny and Evolution of the Sound Generating Structures in Infraorder Delphinida (Odontoceti: Delphinida) ................................................................................................................................. 32 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 32 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 33 Material and Methods ................................................................................................................................. 34 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 37 Discussion................................................................................................................................................... 49 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... 58 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 59 Capítulo IV (Popularização da Ciência) ............................................................................................................. 77 A Orquestra Ameaçada dos Golfinhos ........................................................................................................... 78 Adaptações morfológicas para viver e fazer som dentro d’água ............................................................... 78 Produção e percepção de sons de alta frequência .................................................................................... 79 Uma orquestra ameaçada .........................................................................................................................
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