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Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment • Jolanta Kumirska Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment the in Residues Pharmaceutical • Jolanta Kumirska Jolanta • Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment Edited by Jolanta Kumirska Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Molecules www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment Editor Jolanta Kumirska MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Jolanta Kumirska University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis Poland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules/special issues/pharmaceutical residues environment). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-485-5 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-486-2 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Jolanta Kumirska Special Issue “Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment” Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 2941, doi:10.3390/molecules25122941 .............. 1 Joanna Giebułtowicz, Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki, Monika Harnisz, Dawid Kucharski, Ewa Korzeniewska and Grazyna˙ Płaza Environmental Risk and Risk of Resistance Selection Due to Antimicrobials’ Occurrence in Two Polish Wastewater Treatment Plants and Receiving Surface Water Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 1470, doi:10.3390/molecules25061470 .............. 5 R. Guedes-Alonso, S. Montesdeoca-Esponda, J. Pacheco-Ju´arez, Z. Sosa-Ferrera and J. J. Santana-Rodr´ıguez A Survey of the Presence of Pharmaceutical Residues in Wastewaters. Evaluation of Their Removal Using Conventional and Natural Treatment Procedures Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 1639, doi:10.3390/molecules25071639 .............. 27 Shuai Zhang, Yu-Xiang Lu, Jia-Jie Zhang, Shuai Liu, Hai-Liang Song and Xiao-Li Yang Constructed Wetland Revealed Efficient Sulfamethoxazole Removal but Enhanced the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 834, doi:10.3390/molecules25040834 .............. 45 Daniel Wolecki, Magda Caban, Magdalena Pazda, Piotr Stepnowski and Jolanta Kumirska Evaluation of the Possibility of Using Hydroponic Cultivations for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 162, doi:10.3390/molecules25010162 .............. 57 Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki, Milena Wawryniuk, Joanna Giebułtowicz, Adam Olkowski and Agata Drobniewska Influence of S elected A ntidepressants on the C iliated P rotozoan S pirostomum ambiguum: Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Biotransformation Products Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 1476, doi:10.3390/molecules25071476 .............. 75 Magdalena Pazda, Magda Rybicka, Stefan Stolte, Krzysztof Piotr Bielawski, Piotr Stepnowski, Jolanta Kumirska, Daniel Wolecki and Ewa Mulkiewicz Identification of Selected Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Two Different Wastewater Treatment Plant Systems in Poland: A Preliminary Study Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 2851, doi:10.3390/molecules25122851 .............. 93 Aleksandra Pieczynska, ´ Stalin Andres Ochoa-Chavez, Patrycja Wilczewska, Aleksandra Bielicka-Giełdon ´ and Ewa M. Siedlecka Insights into Mechanisms of Electrochemical Drug Degradation in Their Mixtures in the Split-Flow Reactor Reprinted from: Molecules 2019, 24, 4356, doi:10.3390/molecules24234356 ..............111 Katarzyna Wychodnik, Grazyna˙ Gałęzowska, Justyna Rogowska, Marta Potrykus, Alina Plenis and Lidia Wolska Poultry Farms as a Potential Source of Environmental Pollution by Pharmaceuticals Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 1031, doi:10.3390/molecules25051031 ..............127 v Peiyi Li, Yizhao Wu, Yali Wang, Jiangping Qiu and Yinsheng Li Soil Behaviour of the Veterinary Drugs Lincomycin, Monensin, and Roxarsone and Their Toxicity on Environmental Organisms Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 24, 4465, doi:10.3390/molecules24244465 ..............143 Andr´e Pereira, Liliana Silva, C´elia Laranjeiro, Celeste Lino and Angelina Pena Selected Pharmaceuticals in Different Aquatic Compartments: Part I—Source, Fate and Occurrence Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 1026, doi:10.3390/molecules25051026 ..............159 Andr´e Pereira, Liliana Silva, C´elia Laranjeiro, Celeste Lino and Angelina Pena Selected Pharmaceuticals in Different Aquatic Compartments: Part II—Toxicity and Environmental Risk Assessment Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 1796, doi:10.3390/molecules25081796 ..............193 Natalia Treder, Tomasz Bączek, Katarzyna Wychodnik, Justyna Rogowska, Lidia Wolska and Alina Plenis The Influence of I onic L iquids on the E ffectiveness of A nalytical M ethods U sed in the Monitoring of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Biological and Environmental Samples—Trends and Perspectives Reprinted from: Molecules 2020, 25, 286, doi:10.3390/molecules25020286 ..............225 vi About the Editor Jolanta Kumirska is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Gdansk, Poland. She is also Head of Team of Chemical Analytics and Diagnostics at the Faculty of Chemistry. She received her PhD degree in 2006. Her research interests include environmental science and analytical chemistry, especially determination of pharmaceutical residues in environmental samples, analysis of the fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment including ecotoxicological studies, and analysis of the mechanisms of the sorption of pharmaceuticals to soils and bottom sediments. Moreover, her research is focused on the development of analytical methods for forensic purposes, structural analysis of oligo- and polysaccharides, and the application of spectroscopic techniques for structural elucidation and analysis of structure–property–activity relationships. She is an author or co-author of more than 80 research works in peer-reviewed journals. She serves as a reviewer for numerous international journals. vii molecules Editorial Special Issue “Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment” Jolanta Kumirska Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; [email protected] Academic Editors: Mireia Guardingo and Emity Wang Received: 23 June 2020; Accepted: 25 June 2020; Published: 26 June 2020 Keywords: pharmaceutical residues; fate in the environment; fate in WWTPs; ecotoxicity; antibiotic resistance; development of methods; environmental risk assessment Pharmaceuticals, due to their pseudo-persistence and biological activity as well as their extensive use in human and veterinary medicine, are a class of environmental contaminants that is of emerging concern. In contrast to some conventional pollutants, they are continuously delivered at low levels, which might give rise to toxicity even without high persistence rates. These chemicals are designed to have a specific physiological mode of action and frequently to resist inactivation before exerting their intended therapeutic effect. These features, among others, make pharmaceuticals responsible for bioaccumulation and toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It is extremely important to know how to remove them from the environment and/or how to perform their biological inactivation. Hence, the detection, determination and analysis of the fates of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in different compartments of the environment are some of the main tasks of modern analytical and environmental chemistry. An important limitation of such studies is the availability of sufficiently sensitive and reliable analytical methods for determining the different pharmaceuticals present in trace amounts in such complex matrices. Although great advances have been made in their detection in aquatic matrices, there are limited analytical methodologies for the trace analysis of target and non-target pharmaceuticals in matrices such as soils, sediments or biota. There are still many gaps in robust data on their fate and behavior in the environment, as well as on their threats to ecological and human health. This Special Issue has included nine current research and three review articles in this field. Seven research articles deal with the presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater samples and evaluate their fate, ecotoxicity and/or elimination in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) equipped with different purification technologies [1–7]. Giebułtowicz et al. [1] have provided a comprehensive overview of the presence of 26 selected antibiotics in two Polish WWTPs (wastewater and sludge) and have provided crucial information on their removal efficiency and their risk to resistance selection as well as cyanobacteria and eukaryotic species. They established that the removal efficiency of these
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