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Management and Control of Dothistroma Needle Blight

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Management and Control of Dothistroma Needle Blight A worldwide perspective on the management and control of dothistroma needle blight L.S. Bulman1,33, R. E. Bradshaw2, S. Fraser3, J. Martín-García4,5, I. Barnes6, D. L. Musolin7, N. La Porta8,9, 10, A. Woods11, J. J. Diez-Casero5,6, A. Koltay12, R. Drenkhan13, R. Ahumada14, L. Poljakovic Pajnik15, V. Queloz16, B. Piškur17, H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi18, D. Chira19, V. Tomešová-Haataja20,, M. Georgieva21, L. Jankovský20, N. Anselmi22, S. Markovskaja23, I. Papazova24, K. Sotirovski24, J. Lazarević25, K. Adamčíková26, P. Boroń27, H. Bragança28, A. Vettraino29, A. V. Selikhovkin7,30, T. S. Bulgakov31, K. Tubby32, 1Forest Protection, Scion, 49 Sala St. Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; 2Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 3Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa; 4Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, Palencia, Spain; 5Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid (Palencia Campus), Avda. Madrid 44, 34004, Palencia, Spain; 6Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa; 7Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutskiy per., 5, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia; 8IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy; 9MOUNTFOR Project Centre, European Forest Institute, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy; 10CNR IVALSA, Istituto Valorizzazione Legno & Specie Arboree, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; 11British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Bag 6000, Smithers, British Columbia, V0J 2N0 Canada; 12NARIC Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, 3232 Mátrafüred, Hegyalja u.14, Hungary; 13Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi, 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; 14Bioforest SA., Camino a Coronel km 15 s/n, Concepción, Chile; 15University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, Antona Cehova 13d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; 16Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Swiss Forest Protection, Zuercherstrasse 11, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; 17Department of Forest Protection, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; 18Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Department of Forest Engineering and Botany, Turkey; 19National Forest R&D Institute “Marin Dracea” – Station of Brasov, Closca 13, 500040, Brasov, Romania; 20Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; 21Forest Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 St. Kl. Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; 22Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems (DiBAF) University of Tuscia via San Camillo de Lellis. I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; 23Laboratory of Mycology, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania; 24Faculty of Forestry, University "Ss Cyril and Methodius" - Skopje, Republic of Macedonia; 25University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; 26Slovak Academy of Science, Institute of Forest Ecology Zvolen, Branch for Woody Plants Biology Nitra, Akademická 2, 949 01, Nitra, Slovak Republic; 27Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada avenue 46, 30-425 Kraków, Poland; 28Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; 29University of Tuscia, S.Camillo de Lellis,01100 Viterbo, Italy; 30St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; 31Southern Federal University, Stachki ul., 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; 32Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; 33E-mail: [email protected] (for correspondence) Summary Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) caused by Dothistroma septosporum and Dothistroma pini is a damaging disease of pine in many countries. The disease led to the abandonment of planting susceptible Pinus species in parts of Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and North America. Although the disease can be effectively controlled by using copper fungicides, this chemical is only routinely applied in forests in New Zealand and Australia. Other management tactics aimed at making conditions less favourable for disease development, such as thinning or pruning, may be effective on some, but not all, sites. Disease avoidance, by planting non susceptible species, is the most common form of management in Europe, along with deployment of hosts with strong disease resistance. Although D. septosporum is present almost everywhere Pinus is grown, it is important that an effort is maintained to exclude introductions of new haplotypes that could increase virulence or enable host resistance to be overcome. A global strategy to exclude new introductions of Dothistroma and other damaging forest pathogens, facilitated by collaborative programmes and legislation, is needed. 1 Introduction Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most economically important foliar diseases of Pinus species worldwide (Barnes et al. 2004; Bradshaw 2004), causing premature needle drop, reduced yield and, in some cases, tree mortality (Brown and Webber 2008, Rodas et al. 2015). The causal agents of DNB, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, are morphologically similar and best identified using molecular methods (Barnes et al. 2004, 2016). Dothistroma septosporum is found worldwide, while D. pini has, to date, only been recorded from North America and Europe (Drenkhan et al. 2016). Although Pinus is the major host, D. septosporum has been known to infect other genera, including Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea and Pseudotsuga. Dothistroma pini has only been reported from Pinus so far (Drenkhan et al. 2016). Dothistroma needle blight has been found on all continents except Antarctica, across a huge climatic range from sea level to high elevation, and in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climates (Watt et al. 2009; Drenkhan et al. 2016). Outbreaks have been observed in various parts of the world since the 1950s, but most especially in the Southern Hemisphere on Pinus radiata (Gibson 1974). The disease is known to have been present in Zimbabwe as early as 1943 (Gibson et al. 1964), but it was not until the late 1950s and early 1960s that it was observed in East Africa (Gibson et al. 1964), Chile (Dubin 1965), and New Zealand (Gilmour 1967). Before the late 1990s, outbreaks tended to be localised and episodic in the Northern Hemisphere (Parker and Collis 1966; Thompson 1966; Peterson 1967). However, since the late 1990s, the disease has caused widespread and severe damage to planted and native stands of Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia in Canada and in P. nigra subsp. laricio plantations in the United Kingdom (Archibald and Brown 2007) and France (Villebonne and Maugard 1999). More recently, new records of the disease have been made in a number of Baltic and Nordic countries (Hanso and Drenkhan 2008; Drenkhan and Hanso 2009; Markovskaja and Treigienė 2009; Müller et al. 2009; Solheim and Vuorinen 2011). In the USA, Kenya and New Zealand, DNB posed such a threat to the economic sustainability of commercial pine forestry that disease control had to be attempted. For example, in New Zealand it caused an estimated loss of NZD $19.8 million per year during the 2000s (Watt et al. 2011b). Chemical control was investigated first in these countries (Thomas and Lindberg 1954; Gibson et al. 1964; Gilmour 1965) and later on in Chile (Contreras 1988) and Europe (Karadzic 1987). In more recent years, other methods have been added to the toolkit of options available to tackle this serious disease. This review was initiated through the EU COST Action FP1102 DIAROD (Determining Invasiveness and Risk of Dothistroma) Working Group 2, which was formed to determine the risk of DNB and evaluate different management strategies to mitigate those risks. In this review, we address past and present measures used to manage DNB around the world and discuss options that might be used in the future. 2 Exclusion and preventative measures 2.1 Exclusion In an ideal situation the best way to manage a disease is to prevent the introduction of its causal agent. However, although the origin of both Dothistroma spp. is still uncertain, DNB is found almost everywhere that susceptible hosts grow (Drenkhan et al. 2016; Watt et al. 2009). Dothistroma spp. spread through both natural dissemination and anthropogenic pathways. Natural dissemination would either occur via air-borne ascospores, which are thought to travel considerable distances (Dale et al. 2011; Mullett et al. 2016a), or via conidia present in mist and cloud (Gibson et al. 1964). The main anthropogenic pathway is thought to be through the movement of infected planting material between regions or countries (e.g. Brasier 2008; Barnes et al. 2014; Mullett 2014). Gibson et al. (1964) suggested wind-borne conidia enabled the spread of the DNB pathogen across East Africa, as wind patterns matched the progression of disease over the years studied. Similarly D. septosporum could have blown from New Zealand to Australia in moist air currents (Edwards
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