The Lepidopterists' News

THE MONTHLY PERIODIC A L OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY c/o Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven 11, Connecticut, U. S. A. Editor - C. L. REMINGTON • Assoc. Editor· J. E. REMINGTON Volume III February 1949 Number 2

OFFICIAL REGULATIONS FOR SHIPPING LIVE "THE NEARCTIC "

Since the first issue of the Lepidopterists' Current Developments. News we have made efforts through the ~. to pro­ mote studies of immature stages of , in­ Hereafter the Society's proposed series of stud­ cluding rearing, exchanging, and even buying and ies of the "Butterflies North of Mexico" will be re­ selling eggs, larvae, and pupae. Consequently we ferred to as THE NEARCTIC BUTTERFLIES. This is a feel it is our duty to inform the News readers in better definition of the scope of the project since North America on the governmental regulations which the political boundary between the U.S.A. and Mexico concern shipment of living insects, both to protect is not biological, parting faunae that are basically lepidopterists and to facilitate their compliance the same - southwestern U.S.A. and northern Mexico. with the legal requirements. We are grateful to Mr. C.F.W. Muesebeck, of the U.S.Department of Agricul­ Progress is being made in getting the coopera­ ture, to Dr.T.N. Freeman of the Canadian Department tion of Society members. (See page 20.) In Febru­ of Agriculture, and to Mr. Fred T. Thorne, of Cali­ ary some seventy-odd collaborators received the data fornia, for aiding in assembling this information. sheets for information about in the Danaus in their collections. This information will For shipments to Canada, the statement is as be used by Dr. Fox in his study. If there are other follows: "The regulations under Destructive members who wish to contribute information, they and Pest Act require a permit to import living in­ should get in touch with the undersigned. sects into Canada. Applications for permits should be addressed to the Secretary, Destructive Insect The present editorial staff is almost complete. and Pest Act Advisory Board, Department of Agricul­ Changes will be made as they become necessary ture, ottawa, Ontario, Canada." through the years of publication.

For the U.S.A., the following official state­ Editor-in-Chief - F. Martin Brown ment has been provided us: "The shipnent of living insects is governed by the Insect Pest Act of 1905, Section Editors ••• Persons contemplating the importation or inter­ state shipment of living insects should, therefore, Danaidae - Richard M. Fox make application to the Division of Foreign Plant Satyridae - Ralph L. Chermock Q.1arantine, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washlng­ - (not yet confirmed) ton, D.C. , for permits authorizing the movement ~caenidae,etc. - William D. Field of the material. The Act refers specifically to in­ Papilionidae - F. Martin Brown (temporary) sects notoriously injurious to cultivated crops in Pieridae - Alexander B. Klots cluding vegetables, field crops, bush fruits, orch­ Hesperioidea - (open) ard trees, forest trees, or shade trees. Although it does not refer to beneficial and non-economic Consultants forms, postal officials, transportation employees, and others concerned can not be expected to differ­ Biogeography - F. Martin Brown entiate between those insects which are harmless or Botany - William T. Penland beneficial and those which are of economic import­ Immature Forms - Charles L. Remington ance. These agencies are cooperating in the en­ forcement of the Act, and it has been found that The work will be published in the form of gener­ movement of even those forms which are not consid­ ic monographs. Each genus or group of small closely ered as restricted by the Act is facilitated when related genera will form a single publication. Each the shipment is accompanied by a permit." will be complete in itself yet each will constitute a definite part of a collected work on the Nearctic Many States have regulations, but California is Butterflies. The format will measure 4 5/8 by 7 in­ most concerned with restriction of shipments. The ches, printed on a 6 3/4 by 10 inch page. law reads as follows: "It is unlawful to import in­ to or ship or transport wi thin the State, any live A style manual has been prepared and will soon insect, except honey bees ••• unless such shipment be issued to the various editors and authors. Other or transportation is authorized prior to shipment members of the Society may get copies from the pro­ under written permit ••• of the California director ject Editor-in-Chief or the Society office at cost. or the United States Department of Agriculture." F.M. Brown ~ l4 Vol. III, no.2 WHAT IS SYSTEMATICS? Taken in this broad meaning, Systematics forms, in its turn, part of a complex of several very near­ by Sergius G. Kiriakoff ly related sciences, viz. Zoogeography, Faunistics, Ghent State University, Ghent, Belgium and Ecology. Systematics is deeply indebted to these various sciences without the help of which it The readers of the ~. ~ have no doubt much hardly could claim any progress. On the other hand, appreciated the substantial articles by Dr. Reming­ Systematics forms as it were the backbone of zooge­ ton on . The object of this note is to ographical, faunistical and ecolOgical work, which give a short account of a more general aspect of could not have any practical value if not aided by the question of the scope of Systematics. There ~ Systematics. ists a tendency, more distinct on the American side of the ocean, to consider Systematics as a synonym of Taxonomy (see Remington, 1!£. ~, vol.2: p.26) PROCEDURE IN TAXONOMY - VI. TYPES OF GENERA which actually corresponds to the most restricted meaning of the first term. Some authors, mostlyEu­ In order to achieve a uniform system of applying ropean, think that these terms are not synonymous generic names during revisions of classification, and that in fact the first of them has a much bro~ the concept of the type of a genus was devised. The er meaning than the second which it includes. There type of a genus is one species and the generic name are a few scattered indications of this pOint of must always be applied to the genus of the type spe­ view in the literature, but only one complete dis­ cies. For ex~~ple, Libythea was long considered to cussion of the subject exists, that by the Soviet include several species such as celtis, bachmanii, dipterist Paramonov ("GegenWirtige Systematik, ihre motya, etc.; recently the Old World species were Methoden und Aufgaben", Trav. Mus. Zool. Aca. Sci. found to be generically different from the New World Ukraine,vol.4: pp.3-25. 1934).-r-hav;-Qnly:recently species; since celtis is the type species, the name read Paramonov's paper and was struck by the great Libythea had to be used for ~ and the other Old similarity, not to say identity, of his views with World speCies, and a new generic name vas proposed my own. Here follows a summary of Paramonov's pro­ for the New World Snout Butterflies. posed definitions, slightly amended so as to bring them in complete concordance with my own views. The name for the type species ot a genus has re­ grettably been "genotype" for many years. This is SYSTEMATICS is a biological science with usual­ not a valid term etymologically, since the combining ly two aspects, viz. the theoretical side and the form derived from "genus" must be "gener-". Thus, practical side. With regard to zoological Systema­ THE CORRECT TERM IS "GENEROTYPE". The only possibly tics, in which we are primarily interested, these valid use of "genotype" for a generic type would be two aspects are: a) Zoonomy and b) Zoography. its devious derivation from the Greek equivalent of genus, "genos". In spite of the long usage of "geno­ ZOONOMY or theoretical Systematics is the study type" in taxonomy, the correction ot the old error of the biological laws under which the present ani­ has become imperative because the same term is used mal kingdom has developed and taken on the aspects universally in genetics for an entirely different which it now has. Most of the biological rules we meaning. Geneticists formed the word by deriving it are acquainted with (irreversibility law of 00110, correctly from "gene", the coined word for the unit law of the homologous series of Vavilov, climatic in living cells which controls heredity. Genetics rules of Gloger, Allen and Bergmann, etc.) must be is a science on an equal footing with taxonomy; the considered to belong here. Phylogeny (which also term "genotype" is far more important in genetics has its own practical aspect) cannot be better than in taxonomy; in genetics it is correctly formed; placed than as a branch of Zoonomy. Even Mendel's and genetics and taxonomy are becoming more and more law and thus certain aspects of Genetics are so in­ interrelated and thus the term would tend to become timately connected with Zoonomy that one is entitl­ used increasingly for two meanings in the same papers ed to ask himself whether Genetics cannot be includ­ - four compelling reasons why taxonomy mu5t abandon ed in the great science of Systematics; this, howev­ this term for the type of a genus. In fact, numerous er, is open to too much controversy, so that tempo­ modern taxonomists have already adopted "generotype". rarily we may as well leave it out of consideration. This has long been the editorial pollcy of the !!!!!.

ZOOGRAPHY or practical Systematics comprises Modern taxonomists who name new genera clearly the following sections: designate the generotypes. However, it has been necessary to select types for most of the old genera 1. Taxonomy or the science of the hierarchy of in which more than one species was originally placed. systematic unities or categories (see 3, below); The four terms for generotypes proposed by O.F. Cook 2. Diagnostics or the description of the known in 19l4 (Amer. Nat., vol.4i3: p.314) and commonly forms with their characteristiCS; used by entomologists are: 3. Classification or grouping of the known ani­ mal forms into categories according to their mutual ORTHOTYPE - type designated in original descrip­ relationships. An example will show the difference tion of genus; between Taxonomy and Classification:if some species HAPLOTYPE - only species in genus originally; are placed partly in the genus Speyeria and partly LOGOTYPE - type selected after original descrip­ in Boloria, this is classifYing; if we try toestab­ tion of genus; lish whether Speyeria and Boloria are entitled to PSEUDOTYPE - type incorrectly selected after ori­ generic or to subgeneric rank, this is taxonomy. ginal publication. 4. Nomenclature or the doctrine of the rational scientific names. C.L. Remington Feb. 1949 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 15

REGIONAL LISTS

by Harry K. Clench Willow Run Village, Michigan

Publications dealing with Lepidoptera tend. in Since any conscientious student writes a paper general. to divide themselves into several fairly with a purpose. it is evident that the composition discrete types. Descriptions of new species orsub­ of a regional list must be made with its future use species. group revisions or monographs, descriptions constantly in mind. This automatically brings up of early stages are among the commonest. There also the subject of what should be included, and what ex­ exists one other ·very frequently encountered type cluded, from consideration. of paper. unfortunately rarer now than in former years. THE REGIONAL LIST. It 18 the aim of this Fir5t and by far the most important is the COR­ discussion, not only to present a few pointers on RECT IDENTIFICATION of all names employed. This is the preparation of such lists. but also to make a so self-apparent that it may verge on the foolish plea for their increase in numbers. even to mention it. The fact remains, however. that all too many lists in the past have lost considerably Broadly speaking. any work which treats all the in usefulness, even to the point of being confusing members of any taxonomic category from any defined or actually misleading, by the inclusion of inaccu­ geographical area lnight logically be termed a "re­ rately determined species. The writer himself may gional list". Since this definition, however. in­ be unfamiliar with many of the groups, at least to cludes such widely differing types of treatment as render expert decisions on critical taxonomic points. Holland's Book. the McDunnough 1938 ~ That is a job for a specialist. requiring large col­ ~ or a (hypothetical) list of the Strymon of the lections and library facilities hardly possible Cincinnati region. it is necessary to restrict the for all. The Board of Specialists established by use of the term a good deal. For the purposes of the Lepidopterists' Society was designed to take this paper a regional list may be described as be­ care of just such a condition. Its members are re­ ing an annotated list of the species, subspecies. cognized authorities in their particular groups, etc •• of a category of level or higher (usu­ quite abreast of recent taxonomic changes and fami­ ally no higher than Order. however). of a defined liar with the species of their group far more than area of dimensions less than continental in size. most others. Their help should be enlisted for the The dimensions usually adopted are political. though determination of any doubtful species. A good plan they in no sense need be. Those most frequentlye~ in this connection is to send to the specialist a ployed are state or province. city environs, na­ list of the species of his group proposed for inclu­ tional parks. islands. When the size of the area sion in the regional list. Frpm this he can request concerned becomes large (say United States; canada; for examination any that he suspects are misidenti­ North America) it ceases to be a regional list and fied. subject to possible racial variation. etc., and becomes (or should become, under a conscientious can at the same time revise the nomenclature to bring and careful pen) a faunal treatise. with problems it up to date. It is essential that the authorities and purposes quite different; or else a Check-list. who made the identifications be clearly stated in which is. too. a different matter. When the catego­ the regional list. ry is less than family level. and even that strains the matter, it is either revisional (i.e •• taxonomic Second only to correct identification is the or systematic) or else a special subject study. DISTRIBUTIONAL INFORMATION. Brief general remarks on the entire range of the species may be desirable. The regional list, adequately prepared. is a especially if the list is to have a large local con­ tool of many varied uses. First is its service to sumption. but in any case as much information as the visiting collector. A good list will enable possible should be given concerning the distribu­ him to plan a visit to the region. knowing what to tion within the area treated. This should include expect and able to take advantage of emergence as a minimum a listing of all localities in which dates. Another. more important. use of a regional the species has been taken. In lists of areas of list is that made by the specialist revising a state size, especially where these have a relative­ group. Much of his distributional data will come ly unvarying topography. countries may be sufficient. from such lists. Further, the amount and detail of In areas of varied topography altitudinal ranges observations on the biology of the species in the are a necessity. Too much detail cannot be given: list will help him more in other phases of his re­ space limitations may require some condensation. visional work, even to the point of furnishing leads however. An excellent example of detailed distribu­ on new directions of investigation. tional treatment is "The Butterflies of Yosemite Na­ tional Park" by J.S. Garth (1935, Bull. So. Calif. The additional uses are important indeed, but !£!!!. §.£!.34: 37 ~ ~.). Garth presents detailed less easily described. They all stem from the fact locality data. altitude. and life-zone restrictions, that A WELL-WRITTEN LIST IS AN ACCURATE RECORD OF all in condensed. space-saving form. yet not cryptic. CONDITIONS AT SPECIFIED TIMES IN A SPECIFIED PLACE. The study. even the awareness. of changes in these Whether or not to include REFERENCES under the conditions either with respect to time or to place. species depends on individual circumstances. If are immeasurably facilitated by such records. We the list treats a region where the fauna is poorly may cite such changes as population size or area; known, the nomenclature rather unstable, the species migration records; foodplant variability of a spe­ poorly represented in collections, then references cies over different areas. are almost a necessity. Lists that are destined to 16 Clench: REGIONAL LISTS - cont. Vol. III, no.2 be used in large part by people possessing little In the introduction to the list a few additional or no detailed knowledge of the Lepidoptera (such features should find inclusion: an account of the as university-sponsored state or local lists, which topography is valuable; summary of climatic informa­ are often used by students or entomology as aids to tion-- temperature and precipitation data; an out­ identification) should contain references, at least line map is very advisable. It goes almost without to some generally available or easily obtainediL~ saying that if the region has been covered previous­ trated work, noting such changes in nomenclature as ly in whole or in part, reference to such previous may have been made. Leighton's "Butterflies of wash­ coverage should be made. An historical sketch of ington" (1946, Univ. Washington Publ. in Biol.9: 47 collecting in the area, important collections of its et !!9..) illustrates this nicely. The nomenclature fauna and similar data are valuable and interesting. and sequence of species and groups usually follows a recent check list. Such a fact should be noted, as well as any deviations from that check list as a The "don'ta" in writing a regional list have result of recent group revisions. been broadly covered, either directly or by infer­ ence, above. There remain a few, however, that Notes on the LIFE HISTORIES are very valuable should be brought up at this point. The most impor­ and important, especially the food plant or plants tant is the inclusion of descriptive text. Unless of the particular species. It should be emphasized, a new species or subspecies is involved, the most however, that for any such information given, its that is ever required in a regional list is a few source should be marked. Lepidoptera often vary words concisely comparing the subject with possibly from place to place in their choice of food plants, confusing relatives that occur with it. Far better a fact that is easily obscured if a plant be cited than consuming space, type, and ink with such verbi­ from some other work without reference. The import­ age - which is usually overlooked anyway - is to sel­ ant facts to be noted are: 1) Is the information ect those confusing, interesting or poorly known quoted from another source and where? 2) Is the in­ species or races and illustrate them-- half-tones formation locally observed and if so, in what man­ are usually satisfactory, the more so since color ner: female observed to oviposit on the plant; spe­ reproduction is almost prohibitive in cost. cies raised on the plant; individuals observed in viCinity; or a predilection to visit or remainne8r­ A second "don't" should be mentioned, though by? These may be ·important differences. Many spe­ the failing is much less frequent now than formerly. cies show predilections for plants that are not This is the inclusion of taxonomic or systematic t.heir larval food. Often females will oviposit on changes. A regional list is no place to insert such plants that are not ~per larval food (thus caus­ material, as it is thus very easily lost to compilers ing sterility or death). Seasonal or brood varia­ and researchers who depend on the titles as guides tion in choice of food plant has been noted for sev­ to the contents of the papers. If such changes are eral species (notably Igcaenopsis argiolus of Europe, unavoidable, and for a variety of reasons they may and probably pseudargiolus of North America), a fact be, they should be indicated in the title. Descrip­ that should be kept in mind, as such a sequence tions of new species or subspecies are a special case might vary from place to place. The correctidenti­ of taxonomic inclusion and are properly admissable in fication of the host plant is as important as for a regional list, IF they are from the region covered the insect itself. Samples of host plants should and THE FACT IS NOTED IN THE TITIE. be submitted to a competent botanist for identifi~ tion (see ~. ~, 3; ;.). It is no longeraccept... In conclusion, it should be stressed again that able for a writer to state for the host plant: the need for regional lists is great, that their use­ "grasses" or "pines" or "ferns". The name of the fulness is enduring, and that a properly, carefully botanist who makes the identifications should of prepared list will be a mine of information for many course be given. It is also significant to give years, a genuine contribution to the science. all biological notes on larvae, such as the exact species of parasites found (see !!p. !!!! 3: 2), whether it is tended by ants, which birds and liz­ The Coleopterists' Bulletin is no longer a mimeo­ ards feed on it, and so on. Larval color, too, may graphed monthly journal, but "is issued at irregular change from one place to another, and is important. intervals depending on the amount of manuscript ma­ terial at hand", and is now regularly printed. Its DATES OF EMERGENCE should be carefully noted, attractive format and valuable contents are a credit giving where possible not only dates of earliest ap­ to its publisher and editor, Dr. Ross H. Arnett, Jr. pearance, but also period of greatest abundance and Lepidopterists' Society members also interested in approximate disappearance. Where there are several beetles will find the Bulletin of considerable util­ broods per season these should each be noted, and ity. The subscription fee is $1.25 per volume and whether or not the broods are discrete. should be sent to Dr. Arnett at: 2826 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, Va., U.S.A. The above constitute the minimal requirements (not necessarily in such fine detail; observations of that precision are often only possible after ma­ TECHNIQUE NOTE ny years of residence in an area). What other in­ formation should be included depends on the o~a­ Dr. S.L. de la Torre y Callejas, of Matanzas, tive powers of the writer. Locally observed migra­ Cuba, writes that he now tinds ether sulphuric with tions, yearly fluctuations in abundance, and simi­ carbolic acid superior to salicylic alcohol to sup­ lar things are all valuable and properly included press mildew in his collection. (See his earlier in such a list. note in the ~. ~, vol.2:-- p.86). Feb. 1949 THE lEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 17 THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN NORTH AMERICA by C.B. Williams, Sc.D. Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden, England

I have been interested in the migration of but­ these two flights are very different in intensity: terflies for over thirty years, and have been fortu­ the flight in one direction may be large, and gre­ nate enough to see definite flights in South and garious, and so conspicuous and frequently recorded; Central America, in the West Indies, in Egypt and the flight in the opposite direction may be very East Africa, at sea in the Atlantic and the Mediter­ thin and only seen by careful watching. Students of ranean, and here at my home in England. I have not­ migration should always be on the lookout for thin ed with pleasure the increasing interest in the sub­ directional movements, or the evidence will be bi­ ject in North America and welcome this opportunity ased in favour of large flights. Q. p1exippus de­ to draw your attention to some of the problems con­ finitely has a return flight and the evidence also fronting the student in that area. strongly supports similar movements in P. eubule (see below), A. vani11ae and others. It is curious In the British Isles we have only 68 species of that the majority of well established movements in butterf1ies(of which at least one is extinct), and Europe are towards the north in the Spring, while in of these 17, or one quarter, are known to migrate; North America they are (with the exception of V. car- and about 11 are dependent on immigration for their ~) towards the south in the autumn. -- continued occurrence within our shores. In North America you have I believe nearly 700 species, but How do the insects keep their direction? We of these my list of recorded migrants only contains don't knowS, but more careful observations in the about 30 names. I am sure that the true number is field cannot fail to be helpful. Carry a compass over 100 species and perhaps double this. My list and if you see a directional flight, record careful­ is as follows: ly the bearings of flight and wind, and any change in the direction and intensity of either. If the PAPILIONIDAE:- Papi1io cresphontes; f. troilus; flight lasts a long time (I have seen one that con­ f. philenor. tinued for sixteen weeks), take frequent observations PIERIDAE:- Ascia monuste~ Eurema lisa; E. nicippe; and a number of specimens at intervals. These will PIloebis eubule (!!!!!:!!); ""'KriCOgOriia fuide; Co­ help to check up on identifications. Many flights Y!! philodice; Q. eurytheme; ~ napi. are known to consist of several species moving simul­ NYMPHALIDAE:- Vanessa carduij V. atalanta; V. vi~ taneously. A hundred or more is not too many, as giniensis (huntera);~alIs ca1ifornica; lie they can be used for statistical measurements arid J_1b\DII; Agraulis vanillae; Precis lavinia coen- possibly fat extraction (see 1). 1!; Polygonia interrogationiii';'""'Asterocamp! ce1- llij L:imenitis archippus; ~ Andria. FILING RECORDS. We use a standard :3 x 5 inch LIBITHEIDAE:- L1bytheana bachmani!. card for filing and extracting information. A re­ DANAlDAE:- Danaus p1exippus; Q. berenice. production is shown. Usually many of the squares LYCAENIDAE:- Strymon melinus. are blank, but they serve as a reminder to both ob­ HESPERIIDAE:- Urbanus proteus; Achalarus lycidas; server and student. Hylephila phylaeus; Hesperia atta1us; .

Part of the immediate work of the members of the Lepidopterists' Society should be to amend and extend thiS -list, if possible sorting the species between regular migrants and irregular wanderers. In the publications listed at the end I have summarised at intervals what is known of the move­ ments of most of these species, and there is not space here to repeat all this. The following notes therefore relate to special outstanding problems. First, general problema:- It is important to find the origin or winter homes of your immigrants. Do they survive the winter in your own sub-tropical at&tes? Do they fly across the Caribbean Sea or do MIGRANT INSECT RECORD they come through or from Mexico? Just before the war we started a campaign to get records of butter-~------~ fUes frOID ships at sea. Could something similar be done from the Gulf of Mexico? MARKING. Before the War some hundreds of butter­ flies were marked in England (see 6: p.222), but Is there a return flight? The more we study without any recovery at a distance. The mark should the migrations of butterflies (and ) the more enable the finder to know where to communicate the evidence we find of flights in opposite directions discovery, and should enable the marker to identify at different seasons; they are usually to the north the actual individual. Here we used a registration in the spring and to the south in the autumn. Often number and 'LONDON ZOOt. The latter was considered 18 WILIJAMS: MIGRATION OF BUTTERFUES IN NORTH AMERICA (cont.) Vol.III, no.2 to convey the most definite information in the few­ ~ monuste. According to the observations of est letters. Our Zoo agreed to forward any info~ Mr. and Mrs. Hodges (see 6: p.143) this species flies tion - but the war came insteadl to the south along parts of the Atlantic coast of Florida from about ~tarch to May, sometimes in great Now as to sp8cies:- numbers, and then suddenly the direction changes and the movement for the next few weeks is towards the Danaus plexirr:s (see particularly 2:pp.141-l56 north. From the relative abundance of the grey var­ and 6: pp.155-l84. Both sexes migrate regularly iety, which becomes more abundant as the season ad­ from southern Canada to the southern states in the vances, it would seem that the population that flies autumn, and back again to the north in the spring. north is not the same as that that previously flew There are many records of the autumn flights, but south. More information and more observations are few observations on the spring movement. Informa­ required - both in Florida and elsewhere. tion is needed on the dates of first and last ap­ pearances in different latitudes and different loca­ Phoebis eubule. P.H. S~h (see 4. p.227) made lities. In the south the butterflies hibernate in a remarkable-;;rI;s of observations, lasting for masses on trees. Such localities are known in south­ seventeen years, on this species in Alate.a. He es­ ern California and in Florida, usually very close tablished a definite movement in large numbers to­ to the sea. What other areas are there? Are there wards the southeast from August to November, and a hibernating areas along the Gulf coast in Alabama, very thin return flight to the northwest in March Mississippi, Louisiana or Texas? Are there any in­ and April. Where do the butterflies go in the north, land localities? What happens to the butterflies and where is the breeding area? In Florida on the that fly south through Texas in the fall? Do they contrary Mr. and Mrs. Hodges recorded them as tly­ go onto Mexico? If so, do they hibernate there,or ing south along the east coast nearly all the year. remain active, or breed? Beall (see l)has recently Do they cross the ocean to the Antilles? Do they studied the fat content of the bodies of 'Monarchs' cross the Caribbean to South America? The specie. before and after migration, but his available mate­ is common in South America and is a regular migrant rial from the south was small. Can anyone help him? there, but the two areas have not yet been linked up. I am writing a book on 'The Migration and Dis­ In England both the y. atalanta and !. antiopa persal of Insects' and very much want a good colour (which we call the Camberwell Beauty and you call photograph of hibernating Q. p1exippus. can anyone the Mourning Cloak) are regular iDlnigranta. There help me? are suggestions of movements ot V. atalanta in the U.S.A., but what about !. antiop&? Vanessa cardui. The' Painted l&dy' is a regu­ lar migrant both in Europe and in North America. In There are a thousand other questions that I some years it is abundant in the s~r as far could mention but space is limited. The Editor has north as Canada, and as tar to the northeast as New­ however kindly offered to publish a second note on foundland. The only records of immigration in the migration ot butterflies in Europe and other part. spring appear to be from western Mexico, where at of the world in a later number ot the !!.e. !!!!. times enormous swarms fly to the north. There were big immigrations in 1924, 1926, 1931, 1935, 1941, and 1945. In some of the intervening years scarcely REFERENCES a single individual was seen (see 4). Is there any other source of immigration? Do flights come (1) Beall, G. 1948. "The Fat Content of a Butter­ through Florida? From climatic conditions this is fly, Danaus p1exippus, as aftected by migration." unlikely as V. cardui multiplies most rapidly in ~ EcologY, vol.29: pp.80-94. id climates and-none-exist south of Florida. Most of the Vanessa that I have seen from Florida have (2) Williams, C.B. 1930. "The Migration or Butter­ been !. virginiensis (huntera). Do any 'Painted r.. flies." pp.xi, 473. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh dies' survive the winter in the U.S.A.? If none & London. (Includes Bibliography ot about 800 survive the winter and if there is no other origin references). than western Mexico, then the Newfoundland butter­ flies must have had a flight of nearly 3000 miles, (3) ------1937. "But ter.t'ly Travellers." something even for a staunch believer in butterfly Nat. Geog. M!&., vo1.71: pp.568-585. migration to swallowl (4) ------1938. "Recent Progress in the One of the most interesting discoveries that we Study or some North American Migrant Butterflies." have made recently is that in the past 60 years the Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol.3l: pp.2ll-239. (In­ years of big immigrations have tended to be the cludes-50 references to N. American migrations). same both in Europe and North America(see 6: p.252). Please collect all records of cardui in any part of (5) ------1939. "Some Records ot Buttertly the U.S.A. - and also records ~own absence - Migration in America." f!:2£.!.~.~.!e!!­ both past and present and future - so that this the­ don (A), vol.14: pp.139-144. ory can be tested more fully in a few years' time. (6) Williams, C.B., Cockbill, G.F., Gibbs, M.E., and Is there any evidence for a return flight to Downes, J.A. 1942. "Studies in the Migration the south in the fall? It will require VERY care­ of Lepidoptera." Trans.!.~.~.~, ful observation. Here in Europe we have such evi­ vo1.92: pp.10l-280:--r!nc1udes about 550 reter­ dence, but scanty. ences not included in..., Williams 1930). Feb. 1949 THE . lEPIDOPl'ERISTS' NEWS 19 A lETTER TO THE EDITOR

Mendham, New Jersey to the other members of the section. In addition, February 26, 1949 six other lengthy parts were prepared during the meetings and furnished to those attending, and fin­ To the Editor: ally a report was prepared for submission to the ple­ nary session of the Congress. This imposed a tre­ In the December issue of the Lepidopterists' mendous amount of work upon Mr. Helllllling. News (vol.2, p.103), you report Dr. Curtis W. Sab­ rosky at the 1948 annual meeting of the Entomologi­ At the meetings each proposition upon which ac­ cal Society of America as having spoken "forcefully tion was proposed was distinctly stated and explained. about the recent activities of the International It was then discussed by those who wished to be heard. Congress of Zoology in completely revising the In­ In many cases the wording of the propositions was ternational Rules of Zoological Nomenclature" and changed or redrafted, after which each proposition state that he "criticized severely the apparently was put to a vote. While most proposals were adopted, dictatorial and unannounced actions of Mr. Hemming, some were rejected. All voting was practically unani­ secretary of the International Commission" at its mOus, but, of course, a majority vote was sufficient 13th meeting at Paris last summer. This Congress to carry any proposition. All of this was strictly consisted only of those individuals who attended in accordance with parliamentary law. It is fair to the meeting, and all its members, especially the Com­ assume that the meetings I was unable to attend fol­ missioners and those who attended the section on No­ lowed the same general pattern. It is sheer nonsense menclature, as well as the Secretary of the Commis­ to say that Mr. Hemming indulged in any "dictatorial" sion must be deemed to be the objects of these cri­ action, or that anything was "forced through". The ticil5llls. majority of those attending the section meetings, where the spade work was done, were Englishmen and Dr. Sabrosky was not present at the Raris meet­ Americans. Can anyone believe that every single Am­ ing, so his remarks as reported concerning what took erican present would sit silently by while amendment. place there are but conclusions based on hearsay. were being "forced through" under the "dictatorial" On the other hand, I did attend the Congress as a influence of the Secretary? All differences of views, delegate, and devoted my time to the meetings of the and such admittedly occur at every large gathering, section on Nomenclature, which section was responsi­ were ironed out by discussions, and those not thus ble primarily for the changes in the Rules. I was disposed of were settled by a majority vote. Demo­ present at about two-thirds of those meetings which cracies act through majorities, even though the ma­ were held in the mornings, afternoons and evenings. jorities at times be in fact minorities of those in­ Consequently, I appear to be in a somewhat better terested. position to describe the procedure followed and com­ ment on the results attained. The final plenary session of the Congress unani­ mously approved the report of the section on Nomen­ Before the Congress was held, Mr. Hemming flew clature. Thus the Rules were &mended, and in many, to this country and within the very limited time at many respects made ever so much better than they wer~ his disposal consulted the Joint American Committee When the final vote was called for, can anyone be­ on Entomological Nomenclature, and as many zoolo­ lieve that there was not a single American with suf­ gists as possible in Chicago, New York, Ottawa, wash­ ricient courage to rise and denounce any improper ington, and possibly elsewhere, about the matters procedure at the meetings, if it had occurred? Were that might come before the meeting. Naturally this they all so cowed that they had to wait until they visit did not permit Mr. Hemming to confer with were three thousand miles away from Faris to regain everyone, everywhere about everything, nor could he their composure and then voice a belated protest? agree upon the precise language of any proposed To ask the foregOing questions is but to answer them. amendments to the Rules that might be adopted by No power can suspend or restrict the operation of the Congress, nor even determine the matters that the amendments until the next Congress convenes. might be brought up, since the latter subjects were The assumption or such power by anyone would indeed obviously beyond his control. It was for the meet­ be "dictatorial". ing to pass upon all these matters. Therefore, how could every action to be taken by the Congress be or course, no Rules of Nomenclature ever had or announced in advance, and to whom, when, and how? ever will have any legal standing. The Rules do have the highest moral and ethical standing and will The meetings of the section on Nomenclature con­ be observed by all zoologists of intelligence, co­ sisted of joint sessions of the Commissioners, their operativeness, and good will. The soundness of the alternates, and members of the Congress who desired Rules, as they existed before the recent meeting, to attend. This was most democratic. Previously, had been proved by experience, but they were very I believe, the Commissioners had always met by them­ fragmentary, as everyone knows. Their value will selves. The meetings were conducted by Mr. Hemming be greatly enhanced by the amendments I adopted at Pa­ as Chairman, who brought with him from London a mi­ ris. Strictly speaking, it is not accurate and may meographed dossier divided into thirteen parts and give rise to false impressions to say that the Rules consisting of about one hundred and twenty pages, were "completely" revised. It should be made clear larger than leg,al size, covering in minute detail that the fundamental provisions have not been altere~ various matters that were expected to come before It would be more accurate to say that the Rules were the meetings. Copies of this file were furnished corrected, amended, and annotated by incorporating the Commissioners, and so far as available, loaned the opinions of the Commission under the provisions 20 Vol. III, no.2

to which they relate. The former skeleton, after COOPERATORS WITH "THE NEARCTIC BUTTERFLIES" changing some slight defects in its anatomy, has been covered with flesh and clothed in a modern cos­ With the October, 1948, issue of the !!E. News tume. Still, the fundamentals remain the same. cards were sent to the North American members Of1the Society. These cards were to be returned to the Coo~ Mr. Hemming, who for many years has given his dinating Editor to indicate the degree to which each spare time to the work of the International Commis­ member was interested in cooperating with the project stion on Zoological Nomenclature without receiving outlined in the News (vol.2: pp.77-78). Most of any compensation whatsoever, deserves the highest those who wish to-COoperate have now returned their praise and the most generous thanks of all zoolo­ cards. The summary of the cards received is: gists throughout the world for the meticulous care with which he prepared tor the recent Congress, and 75 favorable 8 unfavorable the invaluable results obtained thereat, largely as the direct consequences of his preparatory work. When the amended Rules can be seen in black and The tally by States is given in the follOWing white, I teel sure that the vast majority of zoolo­ table. The first number shows how many in the 1948 gists in America will be completely satisfied with "List of Members" are interested in ''RHOP." or them. It will be time enough then for constructive "LEPID."; the second number is for favorable replies. criticisms. Yours very truly, CANADA 9 - 7 Missouri 4 - 2 Alabama 1 - 1 New Hampshire 2 - 2 (signed) Cyril F. dos Passos Arizona 1 - 0 New Jersey 5 - 1 California 39 - 9 New Mexico 1 - 1 Colorado 7 - 4 New York 27 - 7 Editor's note: It may be of aid to give those 1!£. Connecticut 5 - 2 North Carolina 1 - 0 News readers who have never had occasion to use the Dist.of Col. 3 - 2 North Dakota 1 - 0 International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature a Florida 4 - 1 Ohio 11 - 8 brief explanation of the background ot the contro­ Georgia 4 - 1 Oregon 4 - 1 versy of which Mr. dos Bassos' letter is a part. Illinois 16 - 4 Pennsylvania 11 - 1 The movement toward a stabilized system of Latin Idaho 1 - 1 Rhode Island 1 - 0 names for got its greatest momentum when an Kansas 1 - 0 South Dakota 1 - 0 International Zoological Congress, near the begin­ Kentucky 2 - 1 Texas 9 - 1 ning ot the present century, appointed a committee Maine 2 - 1 Utah 2 - 0 to prepare a set of international "rules" which Maryland 4 - 2 Virginia 3 - 0 would try to harmonize the contrasting views on the Massachusetts 8 - 3 Washington 5 - 2 proper choice of names to be used. To some degree Michigan 8 - 3 Wisconsin 6 - 4 the procedures had varied according to nationality, Minnesota 2 - 0 Wyoming 2 - 2 but also some acrid personal disagreements had ap­ Mississippi 1 - 1 peared in print. While relative objectivity was F.M. Brown achieved by the drafting committee, and a set of rules was adopted, sOme of the then irreconcilable .<5f? .4Ji' .$ difterences of opinion were glossed over by shroud­ LEPIDOPTERA PERIODICALS FOR SALE ing verbiage and others were left out entirely. In November, 1916, the Boston Entomological Club For several years there has been especially (actually lepidopterological only) began to publish strong agitation to amend the Rules, adjust the con­ a small periodical called The Lepidopterist. After 1 flicts which had arisen from contradictory Opinions volume of 13 numbers the editor, S.E. Cassino, with­ (interpretive rulings by the permanent Commission), drew it from the Club, copyrighted the name, and con­ and incorporate rules for the omitted points. Dr. tinued publishing it. In all, 4 more volumes were Sabrosky has been one of the leaders in this endeav­ published from 1918-1931, each with 12 numbers, ex­ or and has been regarded as notably objective in cept the last, with only 3 numbers. When Cassino re­ his labors. It is worth reiterating that the "Rules" moved the title from the Boston Club, the Club con­ must depend on general acclamation for their sup­ tinued their journal as Lepidoptera, beginning with port. It seeas obvious to me that this general ac­ "Vol.II". Both periodicals contained descriptions ceptance D1Uet PRE~E final adoption. If this is of new species and forms as well as field notes. so, the present Congress system, with action taken There is much of interest and importance in both. by a small, unrepresentative, and in some cases in­ sufficiently informed group of individuals, is not The Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard the right way to revise the Rules. How unsound it University has unearthed a large stock of copies of is to confront the world's systematic zoologists these periodicals and is offering them at reasonable with a !!!i accompli and hope that general acclama­ prices. A few sets of The Lepidopterist, complete tion will result! We admire Mr. Hemming's devotion except for Vol.3, no.8, are available for $3.00. to his duties on the Commission and shall undoubted­ Single copies of all issues (except Vol.l: no.4; ly be in hearty accord with most of the changes in Vol.2: nos.9,lO; Vol.3: no.8; and Vol.4: no.l) are the Rules, but we are convinced that Dr. Sabrosky offered for &0.10 each if text only; &0.15 if text has a sound case against the procedures surrounding and plates. Of Lepidoptera only Vol.2 (minus nos.4, the action at the 1948 Congress. It is necessary 9) is available, nos.1-3,5-8,lO offered for the same to state this here, since Dr. Sabrosky and his co­ price as single numbers of !£! Lepidopterist. Please workers will publish their exposition in a journal mention your Lep. Soc. membership when ordering these which lII&y be seen by few ~ readers. from: Robt. L. Work, Librarian, Museum of Comp. Zool­ C.L.R. ogy, Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass. C.L.R. Feb. 1949 THE LEPIDOPI'ERISTS' NEWS 21 RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA

17. Bell, Ernest L., "Two new species of Telemiades in 1899-1900 and the Faunal Boundary in North Halaya" and notes on some others (Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceraj' Entomologist, vol.82: pp. 8-15, 1 map. Jan. 1949. Am. Museum Nov.,no.1385: 10 pp.,7 figs. 3 Jan.1949. List of species collected; the faunal boundary is Desc~a5Iiew 1. fides (Balboa, Canal Zone), 1. drawn as determined by the occurrence of indicator brazus (Neudorf,BrazIT);lifts I. antiope from syno­ species of butterflies. (P.B.) n-ymy as distinct from 1. amphion; shows 1.misitheus, 25. dos Passos, Cyril Franklin, "New Butterflies from marpesus, pehakta to be races of 1. amphion. Male Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska, with a review genitalia of all but pehakia figured. of rossii (Rhopalocera, Satyridae)." Amer. 18. Berger, Lucien A., "Apropos de Pieridae." (In Mus. Nov., No. 1389: 17 pp., 28 figs. 6 Jan. 1949. French). Bull. ~ Ann. §2£. Ent. Belgique, vol.84: Describes as new in great detail: Oeneis ~ckinley­ pp.28-32. 28 Feb. 1948. Discusses Dufrane's paper ensis and ~. rossii gabrieli; 12 fine photos of each (see our review in ~. News, vol.2: p.96). Shows and 4 of ~. rossE ornata. Records and synonymies of many nomenclatural errors; criticizes some new infra­ above 3 and races rossii and kuskNoctuidae, Geornetridae. des insectes (etude II1Orphologique)." (In French). 28. Freeman, T.N., "The Correction of a Genotypic Ci­ Bull. ~ol. ~ ~ !l!!.!£. Supp!. no.32: 227 pp., tation for the Genus Choristoneura Led." Can. Ent., l86""figs. 1948. A very important survey of the mor­ vol.81: p.10. Jan. 1949. Corrects his former 1!E­ phology of the "retro-cerebral endocrine glands" of sus calami by citing Tortrix di versana as correct insects, based on Prof. Cazal's own studies of 27 generotype. out of 33 orders. These hormone-secreting glands 29. Good, P.M., & A.W. Johnson, "Paper chromatography are the corpora allata and corpora paracardiaca. The of pterins." Nature, vol.163: p.31. 1 Jan. 1949. A Lepidoptera are covered in pp.123-129 and figs. 117- method for determination of these characteristic pi­ 123, considering glands of Pieris ~ae, Aporia erid pigments from very small samples (single butter- crataegi, ~ mori,Macroglossa stellatarum, Hylo­ fly wings). (P.B.) icus ligustri, Deilephila euphorbiae, Zygaena sp., 30. Haggett, G., "Notes on Lepidoptera in West Sussex Ephestia kuhniella. Lepidoptera much like Trichopte­ in 1948." Entomologist, vol.82: pp.25-32. Feb. 1949. ra (caddis-flies) in having 2 prs. paracard. nerves, (P.B.) lateralized corpora E!racardiaca and allata, and no 31. Harrison, J.W. Heslop, "A contribution to our know­ hypo cerebral ganglion. Finds evidence of close rela­ ledge of the Lepidoptera of the Isles of Lewis and tionship of Lepidoptera with Trichoptera,Neuroptera, Harris." Entomologist, vol. 83 : pp.16-19. Jan. 1949. Diptera, Aphaniptera, Mecoptera, Hymenoptera. Sug­ Annotated list from two of the Outer Hebrides. (P.B.) gests a superorder "Trichopteroides" for Lepidoptera 32. Hessel, S.A., "New Jersey Rhopalocera - ~ and Trichoptera. cecrops Fabr." Journ. !!.!. Ent. Soc., vol.56: pp.243- 22. Chermock, F.H. & D.P. Frechin, "A New Race of In­ 244. Dec. 1948. Records capture of ~. cecrops near cisalia eryphon from Washington." Pan-Pacific Ent., Reed's Beach on northwestern part of cape May Penin­ vol.24: p.212. Oct.1948. Describes race ~heltonensis sula on September 7,(1947) and August 26, 1948, in a (Shelton, Wash.). Types in Carnegie Mus. No figs. small swamp of about one acre in area. The author 23. Collenette, 'C.L.,"The Lymantriidae of Java." Ann. believes the insect breeds there and describes it~ ~ ~. Nat. Hist. (Ser.12), vol.l: pp.685-744, 3 pls. flight and habits. A valuable contribution to field 4 Feb. 1949. Lists 146 forms, giving the location observations. (C. dP.) of the types and locality records of specimens exam­ 33. Lempke, B.J., "Trekvlinders in 1947." (In Dutch). ined, as well as notes on distribution, classifica­ Entomol. Berichten, vol.12: pp.305-311, 316-325, 7 tion, etc. The following are described as new: Eu­ figs. Dec. 1948, Jan. 1949. Eighth annual report proctis tanystola; ~. conisalea; ~. camellia; ~. ~­ on Lepidoptera migrations in Holland. Records and hacantha; ~. dichthyas; ~. epichrysa; ~. enochra; ~. graphs given for 9 species of butterflies, 15 sPecies tjikorei; ~. conistrae; ~. tina; ~. casta; ~. pollux; of moths. Unusually numerous in 1947 were: Pontia ~. eclipes, ~. exitela; ~. trettes; ~. tjikopo; ~. daplidice; ~~; Issoria lathonia; and Macro­ azela; ~. perplexa schistocarpa; Lymantria rhabdota; glossum stellatarum. Conclusion: "On the whole a Dura helicta; Araa abalia; Neorgyia javensis. All very good year for migrants." new species and a few others are illustrated; the 34. Lempke, B.J., "The Ortholitha Problem (Lep. Geome­ male genitalia of some species are figured. (P.B.) tridae)." Entomologist, vol.82: pp.1-7. Jan. 1949. 24. Corbet, A. Steven,"Papers on Malaysian Rhopalocera. Reviews the forms of the two west European species VII.The Skeat Expedition to the Siamese Malay States of Ortholitha. (P.B.) 22 RECENT LlTERA'IURE - cont. Vol.III, no.2 35. McDunnough, J., "A new race of Pseudohazis hera 12: pp.267-270. 1 Sept. 1948. A record of the oc­ from southern Colorado." Jour. li.!. Ent. Soc., vol. currence of this Sphingid throughout the extremely 56: pp.249-250. Dec. 1948. The author of the paper warm and sunny summer of 1947 in Holland. (A.D.) credits the name "Pseudohazis hera ssps. magnifica" 43. Sevastopulo, D.G., "Local Lists of Lepidoptera to Reverend Bernard Rotger of Capulin, Colorado, who from the Punjab and U.P." ~. Bombay~. Hist. captured the specimens and drew the ~inal descrip­ Soc., vo1.47: pp.5B6-593. Aug. 1948. 4 incomplete tion. The holotype male and allotype female from lists, taken from the author's collections. (P.B.) three miles east of Mesita,Costilla Co.,Colorado, in 44. Smith, P. Siviter, "How Many Broods are There of the sagebrush country were taken on August 13, 1943, L,ycaena phlaeas L.?" §!!!:.. Rec. ~~. y!!:'., vol. and are in the collection of Reverend Rotger. There 61: pp.1-3. Jan. 1949. From 2 to :3 in Britain. (P.B.) are eleven "topoparatypes", one of which is in the 45. Steinhaus, Edward A., "Polyhedrosis,("W11t Disease") American Museum of Natural History. It is unfortu­ of the Alfalfa Caterpillar." Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. nate that the holotype, at least, was not deposited 41: pp.B59-865, 3 figs. Dec. 1948. n;;;;cribes and in a museum. (C.F. dP.) figures symptoms and histology of this virus disease 36. McDunnough, James H., "Critical notes on certain which is an important enemy of ~ eurytheme. Pero species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)." Amer. Mus. 46. Swezey, otto H., "Insect Invaders in Hawaii During Nov., no.1393: 11 pp. IB Jan. 1949. Detailed in­ and Since World War II." ~.~. ~., vol.4l: formation given on Groesbeck's specimene used for pp.669-672. Oct. 1948. Records as new lepidopter­ his 1910 Pero revision. Ten spp. considered. ous "invaders" of Hawaii: Anacamptodes fragilari&; 37. McDunnough, James H., "Notes on Phalaeninae (Le­ Achaea janataj ~ natalis; Polydesma umbricola; pidoptera)." Amer. Mus. Nov., no.1394: 14 pp., 7 nucicolora; Trichochlea postica; Stictop- figs. IB Jan. 1949. Describes as new Abagrotis bau­ 12!! subobligua. eri (Lake Co., Galif.). Gives key to female genita­ 47. Tjeder, Bo, "Insekter fran sOdra Bohuslin 1946." lia of 21 spp. of Euxoa; suggests E.misturata should (In Swedish). §!!!:..~., vol.69: pp.215-224, 2 be synonym of E. orhlCiilaris; shows iiE':""recITinicula" figs. 20 Dec. 194B. Records of insects taken at is really 2 spp.:~mICUIa Morr. of-No Atlantic Bohuslan include moths of 16 spp. in 9 families. states and servita Sm. of the prairie and Rocky Mts. 48. Viette, P., "Lepidopteres" in "Croisiere du Bou­ Records Feltia repleta from Florida. Designates lec­ gainville aux iles australes franyaises." (In French). totype of Agrotis dentilinea. Figures ads. and fe­ Mem. ~. Nat. !:!!!!:.. Nat., vol.27(n.s.): pp.1-27, male genitalia of ~. redimicula and ~.servita; also pls.I, II. 1948. Redescribes in detail and figures of A. dentilinea and A. semiclarata. genus Pringleophaga and adult, larva, pupa of .E. ker­ 3B. M~rrison-Godfrey, P:-W., "Butterflies of South Bi­ guelensis, genus Embryonopsis and in morphological har." ~. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.47:pp.644- detail ~. halticella, the two remarkable flightless, 651, 1 map. Aug. 194B. An annotated list. (P.B.) brachypterous species from the Kerguelen Is. M. Vi­ 39. Nieuwenhuis, E.J., "Lepidoptera van den Banggai­ ette places Pringleophaga in the Archipel II." (In Dutch). Tijdschr.!.Q2!:. Entom., and Embryonopsis in the family Hyponomeutidae. Also vol.B9(1946): pp.139-14B, pl.XII, figs.1-3. 1948. redescribes and figures ~ strassenella and its 49 spp. and subspp. of families Arctiidae(22),Lyman­ larva (J4"onetiidae). A very important paper. triidae (7), Lasiocampidae (I), Bombycidae (1), Eup­ 49. Viette, P., "Une nouvelle espece de Metzneri& terotidae (2), Saturniidae(3), Brahmeidae(l), Sphin­ (Lep. Gelechiidae)." (In French). Bull. Soc. Ent. gidae (12) are recorded from the Banggai Archipelago. France, 1948: pp.51-53, 5 figs. 19~De;cri~as New are: Asure snelleni subsp. duplicata,Asota brun­ new and figures M. portieri (Abyssinia). ~, Pericallia distinguenda subsp. bangaiensis, 50. Viette, P., "Morphologie des g6nitalia miles des Nyctemera vandenbergi (all Arctiidae), Pseudo.1ana Lepidopteres." (In French). !!!y. franc. §!!!:.., vol. roepkei(Eupterotidae). Furthermore, photographs are 15: pp.14l-161, 10 figs. 1948. Discusses and fig­ given of f. roepkei and of Dasychira bipunctata Ns. ures the general structures of male genitalia of Le­ and of Euproctis collenettei Ns. It is deplorable pidoptera and their homologies. Concludes that TEGU­ that as late as 1948 descriptions of new species are MEN is 9th tergite, VINCULUM is stern1te or subcoxo­ being published in such a little known language as sternite, VALVE is coxopodite or coxa, UNCUS and GNA­ Dutch, instead of in one of the internationally ac­ THOS are the tergite and sternite or a tergal or cepted European languages. (A.D.) sternal process of the 10th segment. Bibliography 40. Roepke, W., "Lepidoptera Heterocera from the sum­ gives 95 references. mit of Mt. Tanggamus, 2100 m., in Southern Sumatra". Tijdschr. voor Entomol., vol.89: pp.209-232, pIs. 51. Wright, Sewall, "On the Roles of Directed and Ran­ XIII-XIV. 1948. 62 spp. and subspp. are recorded, dom Changes in Gene Frequency in the Genetics of Popu­ including 2 , 9 Lithosiidae, 2 Drepanidae, lations." Evolution, vol.2: pp.279-294, 7 figs. 2 Cossidae, 27 Agrotidae ( Phalaenidae), and others. Dec. 194B. Of lepidopterological importance because New genera are: ALLODREPANA, PARAMOCIS, ACYGONIA. of stated disagreement of Prof. Wright with generali­ New spp. are: Celama sumatrana, ~.vicina, Q. indeti­ zations on population genetics of Banaxia domin­ nita, Roes.lia montivola, Argylla culminicola, Mus­ ula by Fisher & Ford (1947) and reanalysis of t~ tilia lieftincki, Allodrepana siccifolia, !.sumatra­ data. Questions whether Panax1a situation is due to na, Chloroplaga javana, Tortriciforma viridissima, shifts in selection or to accidents of sampling or Paramecis maculata, Acygonia difformis, Arthi~ ~­ both (Fisher & Ford had considered variations in se­ tilinea, Hjdrillodes nebeculalis, ~.subtruncata, El­ lection as the factor). ~ calligraphalis. New subspp. are: Eterusia cos­ 52. ZikM, Walter, & Petr WygO

THE NEW BIO METAL STANDARD redwOOd box, with screw-on For sale: PUPAE and papered or pinned adults of So.Calif hinges and mitered corners at shoulders, 9 x 13 x 2~ Lepidoptera. Order single specimens, or quantity at inches: $2.10 each, $24.00 dozen. special rates; or sign up for "Butterfly & Moth of the v Month" or "Chrysalis of the Month" plan. Bio Metal Associates announces its new COMSTOCK BOX. W.H. Evans, 8711 La Tuna Canyon Rd., Sun Valley, Calif. White pine frame, birch veneer top and bottom, finest ------composition white paper lined. Hand-rubbed lacquer Will exchange a quantity of cocoons of Telea pOlyphemus finish; hinges inside and hidden; 13 x 9 x 2! inches. and Philosamia Cynthia with any members for papered $3.85 each, quantity discounts. specimens of Papilio or what have you? Bio Metal Associates, Box 346, Beverly Hills, Calif. A. Glanz, 289 East 98th Street, Brooklyn 12, N. Y. ------For sale: "The MACROlEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD" by A. Contacts desired to obtain live pupae of Sphingidae and Seitz. Volume 5 in 4 vols. (2 of text, 2 of plates) Saturniidae, and eggs of Catocalinae. Dr. v. Froreich, bound in buckram. Volume 9 in 2 vols. (1 of text, 1 Postschiesfach 431, Aachen, GERMANY (British Zone). of plates) bound in calf and buckram. All plates and ------text intact, good condition. Both Vol. 5 and Vol. 9 Eggs of ~ luna for sale in season by the 100 or for $250.00,shipping charges extra. 1000. M. Eugene Smith, Rt. #2, Newnan, Georgia. M. Spelman, 2751 Grand Concourse, New York 58, N. Y. ------'------Desire to purchase or exchange living Saturniid pupae Will collect in any group in exchange for LEPIDOPTERA, of the world. Have limited number Rothschildia forbesi excluding Trichoptera and Orthoptera (contracted). and/or orizaba pupae for sale or preferably in exchange. Would especially like to collect Arachnida and MYria­ R.L. Halbert, 1201 W. 30th St., Los Angeles 7, Galif. poda for taxonomists. ------D.P. Frechin, 1504 Lafayette, Bremerton, Wash. Wish to purchase, exchange, or sell living Lepidoptera ova for rearing. Wanted for cash: SPEYERIA DIANA and S. lETO, female Mrs. Chase, 272 N. Union St., Galion, Ohio. specimens with full data. J.A. Evey; BeMOn, Illinois. e? 24 !J]ESTIONS AND ANSWERS TABLE OF OONTENTS Vol. III, no.2

Q. "Is there a set of distinguishing marks to tell Regulations for Shipping Live Insects ••••••••••• 13 all moths from all butterflies, and are the butter­ "The Nearctic Butterflies", by F.M. Brown flies really a suborder? One of my friends says bIt­ Current Developments •••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 terflies are only one small branch of Lepidoptera." Cooperators ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 What is Systematics? by S.G. Kiriakoff •••••••••• 14 A. Not quite. The combination of no frenulum with Procedure in Taxonomy - VI. more or less swollen (clubbed) antennae will distin­ TYPes of Genera ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 guish practically all butterflies from almost all Regional Lists, by H.K. Clench ••••••••••••••• 15-16 moths. Many other characters separate ~ butter­ The Ooleopterists' Bulletin ••••••••••••••••••••• 16 flies from most moths: the upright egg, the seta­ The Migration of Butterflies in North America pattern of the caterpillar (setae iv and v low and by C.B. Williams ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17-18 separate, and many fine secondary setae present), A Letter to the Editor ••••••••••••••••••••••• 19-20 trachea R4+5 of the pupa crossing the cell (I think Lepidoptera Periodicals for Sale •••••••••••••••• 20 separates all butterflies from all moths except a Recent Literature on Lepidoptera ••••••••••••• 21-22 few of the more delicate "micros"); loss of upper Notices by Members •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 spurs of hind legs (except skippers), two rows or Questions & Answers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 patches of bristles on the front (Ch&etosema: fails Miscellaneous Notes •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16,24 in many butterflies, but I have not seen it in Additions to List of Members •••••••••••••••••••• 24 moths); etc. "Suborders" are partly a matter of opinion: in any case the butterflies are a group higher than a superfamily, homogeneous and easily ADDITIONS TO THE lmmERSHIP LIST recognized and very rich in species and individuals, - certainly not "one small branch". Blevins, T.B. (Dr.). Tilden Lane, R.F.D. #5, c/o T.H. Briggs, Rockville, Maryland. RHOP: Papilion­ oidea, esp. N,y.mphalidae. Q. ''Why do some of my moths and butterflies get Eyer, John R. (Dr.), New Mexico Agric. Ex.per. Sta., greasy or wet-looking and what can be done to pre­ State College, N.M. MICRO: esp. I.\YOnetiidae, He­ vent it? I use Riker mounts - would that cause it?" pialidae, Micropterygidae. Morphology, Life His­ tory. Coll. Ex. A. After the specimens dry, the natural storage fat Forsyth, Marguerite S. (Mrs.), P.O. Box -96, Florida in the body gradually works to the surface and may City, Florida. RHOP. MACRO. Coll. Sell. spread to the wings also. Certain preservatives, Hesselharth, Gerhard. (2) Diepholz (Hann.), Hinden­ especially the phenols (carbolic and creosote) and burgstr. 13, GERMANY. Palaearctic RHOP. & MACRO: P.D.B., tend to make it spread faster. It can be esp. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Bombyces, Arctiidae. washed out with any chemically inactive dry-clean­ Coll. Ex. ing solvent, such as benzol, chloroform, unleaded Perkins. Owen A., 1605 Crooks Road. Royal. , Mich. gasoline (if on test it proves to evaporate without LEPID. Distribution. Coll. Ex. Buy. leaving a stain). Even white kerosene will serve Smith, P. Siviter, 21 Melville Hall, Holly Road, though not so well. Immerse large specimens in it; Edghaston, Birmingham 16, ENGLAND. surround smaller ones with pads of cellucotton and Ziegler, J. Benjamin (Dr.), 18 Ba1tusro1 Place, Saturate with it, leaving it to evaporate slowly. Summit, N.J. Papered specimens that are likely to go greasY are best washed papers and all before spreading. The CHANGES OF ADDRESS worst kinds are borers, long-lived kinds like the angle-winge, and the skippers. Males are worse than Friday, F.W., Box 72. Palm Desert, Calif. females. Riker mounts are as safe as anything else. Johnston. W.M., 383 South St., Jamaica Plain, Mass. W.T.M. Forbes ~ Numerous members did not return their membership cards when sending 1949 dues. It will greatly sim­ REPRINTS AVAILABLE plify the already heavy task of keeping the Society records, if these cards are sent to the Associate Supplies of reprints of several recent papers Editor as soon as possible. by Society members have kindly been sent for gratis distribution to those members requesting them. The ~ following are available until the stock is exhaust­ A IllUch regretted erratum crept into Dr. Munroe's ed: "The Distribution of Oeneis tazgete Geyer in paper, "Some Remarks on the Genus Concept in Rhopa­ North America with Descriptions of New Subspecies" locera" (12E. News, vol.): pp.3-4). Please make a and "New Butterflies from Mount McKinley National correction in the second paragraph as follows: de­ lete lines 16-17; substitute lines 18-19 for lines Park, Alaska, with a Review of Erebia ~" by C.F. dos Passos; "sabre a Genitalia das F3meas de 16-17; for lines 18-19 substitute: Hepialidae" "Revisio dos Nomes Genericos de Fami­ "usefulness of the genera to the non-specialist for lia SPhingidae pt.l", and "S6bre a Morfologia do Pe­ purposes of routine identification or general de-" nis em Lepidoptera" by J. Oiticica F9; and "The TIlE LEPIOOPl'ERISTS' NEWS Rothamsted Light Trap" by C.B. Williams. There are "nie IIIOnthlT periodical of the Lep!dopteriote' Societ;y still a few copies of dos Passos' "The Eye Colors Membership ia open to all persona intereated in an;y of Some Colias Collected in New Jersey." U.S.A. aepect of the stud;y ot buttertlies and IIlOths. "nie members requesting reprints please send 5¢ to 15¢ 1949 dues, including subscription to the NEWS, are (depending on number) in stamps for postage; all $2.00 for Regular Member.hip and $4.00 or more tor Sustaining Membership. Please make remittanc88 pa;y­ other members will be provided postage gratis. able to Charles L. Remington. Price tor Vol. 2 i. $2.00. No complete oets ot Vol. 1 are available.