Black . State of knowledge for the tropical deep-sea

Tina Molodtsova \ \ P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE BLACK CORALS (ANTIPATHARIA)

• ~ 250 species in 7 families APHANIPATHIDAE CLADOPATHIDAE LEIOPATHIDAE MYRIOPATHIDAE SCHIZOPATHIDAE MARUM MARUM MIR STYLOPATHIDAE

• Components of ─ reefs ─ slope and seamounts ─ carbonate mounds ─ manganese nodules

______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE BLACK CORALS DISTRIBUTION

WAGNER ET AL., 2012 • all seas and oceans with full oceanic salinity • from 72°N to 68°S • below 2-3 m and down to 8,600 m ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE GLOBAL DIVERSITY OF BLACK CORALS

APPELTANS ET AL., 2012

______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE

BLACK CORALS DISTRIBUTION

genera

Cupressopathes Hillopathes Pseudocirrhipathes Pteridopathes Pteropathes Myriopathes Elatopathes Aphanipathes Plumapathes Dendropathes Phanopathes Saropathes Distichopathes Tetrapathes Acanthopathes Asteriopathes Tanacetipathes Stylopathes Tylopathes Hexapathes Taxipathes Cladopathes Triadopathes Sibopathes Allopathes Trissopathes Chrysopathes Antipathella Parantipathes Telopathes Umbellapathes Lillipathes Stauropathes Dendrobathypathes Leiopathes Stichopathes Antipathes Heteropathes Bathypathes Abyssopathes Schizopathes depth Rhipidipathes 0 0 -500 200 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 3000-4000 -3500 -4000 -4500 -5000 6000-7000 -5500 -6000 -6500 -7000 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 ______MOLODTSOVA, OPRESKO IN PRESS EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE BLACK CORALS DISTRIBUTION

10 genera ~40 spp

genera

Cupressopathes Hillopathes Cirrhipathes Pseudocirrhipathes Pteridopathes Pteropathes Myriopathes Elatopathes Aphanipathes Plumapathes Dendropathes Phanopathes Saropathes Distichopathes Tetrapathes Acanthopathes Asteriopathes Tanacetipathes Stylopathes Tylopathes Hexapathes Taxipathes Cladopathes Triadopathes Sibopathes Allopathes Trissopathes Chrysopathes Antipathella Parantipathes Telopathes Umbellapathes Lillipathes Stauropathes Dendrobathypathes Leiopathes Stichopathes Antipathes Heteropathes Bathypathes Abyssopathes Schizopathes depth Rhipidipathes 0 0 -500 200 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 3000-4000 -3500 -4000 -4500 -5000 6000-7000 -5500 -6000 -6500 -7000 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE BLACK CORALS DISTRIBUTION

21 genera ~70 spp

genera

Cupressopathes Hillopathes Cirrhipathes Pseudocirrhipathes Pteridopathes Pteropathes Myriopathes Elatopathes Aphanipathes Plumapathes Dendropathes Phanopathes Saropathes Distichopathes Tetrapathes Acanthopathes Asteriopathes Tanacetipathes Stylopathes Tylopathes Hexapathes Taxipathes Cladopathes Triadopathes Sibopathes Allopathes Trissopathes Chrysopathes Antipathella Parantipathes Telopathes Umbellapathes Lillipathes Stauropathes Dendrobathypathes Leiopathes Stichopathes Antipathes Heteropathes Bathypathes Abyssopathes Schizopathes depth Rhipidipathes 0 0 -500 200 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 3000-4000 -3500 -4000 -4500 -5000 6000-7000 -5500 -6000 -6500 -7000 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE BLACK CORALS DISTRIBUTION 13 genera total number below 2000 of species

m

genera

Cupressopathes Hillopathes Cirrhipathes Pseudocirrhipathes Pteridopathes Pteropathes Myriopathes Elatopathes Aphanipathes Plumapathes Dendropathes Phanopathes Saropathes Distichopathes Tetrapathes Acanthopathes Asteriopathes Tanacetipathes Stylopathes Tylopathes Hexapathes Taxipathes Cladopathes Triadopathes Sibopathes Allopathes Trissopathes Chrysopathes Antipathella Parantipathes Telopathes Umbellapathes Lillipathes Stauropathes Dendrobathypathes Leiopathes Stichopathes Antipathes Heteropathes Bathypathes Abyssopathes Schizopathes depthTelopathesRhipidipathes 1 1 0 0 -500Lillipathes 4 1 200 -1000Stauropathes 3 2 -1500Dendrobathypathes 4 1 -2000 -2500Stichopathes 34 2 -3000Antipathes 48 2 3000-4000 -3500 -4000Parantipathes 7 2 -4500Leiopathes 8 2 -5000 6000-7000 -5500Heteropathes 4 2 -6000 -6500Umbellapathes 3 1 -7000Bathypathes 10 5 -7500 -8000Abyssopathes 2 2 -8500 -9000Schizopathes______3 2 ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE

BLACK CORALS DISTRIBUTION

genera

Cupressopathes Hillopathes Cirrhipathes Pseudocirrhipathes Pteridopathes Pteropathes Myriopathes Elatopathes Aphanipathes Plumapathes Dendropathes Phanopathes Saropathes Distichopathes Tetrapathes Acanthopathes Asteriopathes Tanacetipathes Stylopathes Tylopathes Hexapathes Taxipathes Cladopathes Triadopathes Sibopathes Allopathes Trissopathes Chrysopathes Antipathella Parantipathes Telopathes Umbellapathes Lillipathes Stauropathes Dendrobathypathes Leiopathes Stichopathes Antipathes Heteropathes Bathypathes Abyssopathes Schizopathes depth Rhipidipathes 0 0 200 -500 total number below -1000 -1500 of species 3500 m -2000 -2500 -3000Heteropathes 4 1 3000-4000 -3500 -4000 -4500Bathypathes 11 5 -5000 6000-7000 -5500Abyssopathes 2 2 -6000 -6500 -7000Schizopathes 3 1 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE ASSOCIATED FAUNA

______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE ASSOCIATED FAUNA. BRISTLE WORMS

• Eunicidae(3), Polynoidae (8) and Syllidae (1) • Host colonies often have bottle-brush colonies. • All species of genus Stylopathus (Stylopathidae) always have symbiotic polynoid

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20 19 10 12 MOLODTSOVA, BUDAEVA 2007 BRYTAEV ET AL. 2014 0 MOLODTSOVA ET AL. 2016 SCLERACTINIA ALCYONACEA HYDROZOA ANTIPATHARIA ACTINIARIA PENNATULACEA ______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE ASSOCIATED FAUNA. CIRRIPEDIA

• More common at shallow water species (e.g. Tylopathes, Asteriopathes, Myriopathes) • Often covered by host tissue • Modified spines at tissue covering Oxynaspis spp.

______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE GAPS TO ADDRESS

• Many species yet to be described • Need for morphological characters useful for • Many species are known only from the original description • Non-stable morphology affected by ecological conditions and presence of the symbionts • Molecular taxonomy is under development and often disagrees with ______morphology______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE THANK YOU Bertrand Richer de Forges Alain Crosnier Philippe Bouchet Philippe Maestrati Virginie Heros Pierre Lozouet, Aude Andouche, Nadia Ameziane Sarah Samadi Magalie Castelin Eric Pante Crew of NO Alis

______EXPLORATION DES FAUNES MARINES TROPICALES PROFONDES : TROPICAL DEEP-SEA BENTHOS FÊTE SES 40 ANS MNHN 20-21 OCTOBER 2016 PARIS FRANCE