Juvenile Justice

Volume XXX January to June 2019

The SAC Publication Digest is a comprehensive collection of abstracts of state Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) reports, including reports produced for the SACs by outside authors or organizations. The Digest briefly describes the research, data collection, evaluation, and analysis projects and programs of each SAC during this period and covers a wide array of justice topics and analysis approaches not available from any other source. The Digest is a resource for anyone concerned with understanding the current major justice issues as well as the administration of justice in the states.

The SACs are units or agencies at the state government level that collect and analyze information from all components of the justice system to contribute to the development of sound public policies and assess their impact. The Justice Research and Statistics Association, whose core members are the SACs, prepared this Digest.

Administrative and Strategic Planning Juvenile Justice Corrections Law Enforcement Courts Other Crime Statistics Policy Analysis Data Visualization Recidivism Domestic Violence Racial Disparity Evaluation and Performance Measurement Sexual Assault Firearms Substance Abuse Hate Crimes Traffic Incidents Human Trafficking Victimization SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

ADMINISTRATIVE AND STRATEGIC PLANNING

NEW YORK Missing Persons Clearinghouse, 2018 Annual Report New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services May 2019, 24 pp.

Working in partnership with the state Office of Information Technology Services, the Clearinghouse enhanced its case management database by implementing the second phase of a new centralized automated missing and unidentified persons tracking system. The system is integrated with other missing and unidentified person database systems to streamline workflow, improve data quality and provide for more stable and accurate record keeping. The second phase includes a tip/lead management system and an enhanced flagging process for birth and school records of missing children. This report reviews all the Clearinghouse activity from 2018.

New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services Annual Performance Report 2017-2018 New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services May 2019, 36 pp.

This 2017-2018 Performance Report outlines the agency’s key initiatives and how DCJS has continued efforts to integrate the use of evidence-based practices and proven models into those initiatives, so they can be empirically monitored for their effectiveness. It also details how offices within DCJS assist all facets of the criminal justice system in communities across the Empire State and help to ensure that those local partners have resources, training, and support to better protect their communities.

OHIO Office of Criminal Justice Services Strategic Plan 2019-2023 Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services 2019, 42 pp.

The Ohio Office of Criminal Justice Services (OCJS) is the lead justice planning agency for the state of Ohio. In 2018 OCJS conducted the first step of the 2019 strategic planning process by conducting a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis is an examination of an organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as its external opportunities and threats. Based on this analysis, OCJS identified four strategic goals to accomplish in the next four years. The first strategic goal is to improve criminal justice outcomes through effective grant management. The second strategic goal is to encourage the use of evidence-based criminal justice programming. The third strategic goal is to support collaboration within the criminal justice community. The fourth strategic goal is to promote the use of criminal justice data and research. The first goal “Improve criminal justice outcomes” was created to fulfill OCJS’s overall mission, and to serve 3

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

as a mechanism for addressing the other objectives. The second, third, and fourth goals were based on the three primary problems that were identified during the strategic planning process. To accomplish these goals, OCJS will leverage the strengths identified during the SWOT analysis.

CORRECTIONS

COLORADO Adult and Juvenile Correctional Populations Forecasts Linda Harrison Office of Research and Statistics February 2019, 49 pp.

This legislatively mandated report presents forecasts for the Colorado adult prison and parole populations through FY 2024, and for the Colorado juvenile commitment, detention and parole populations through FY 2022. The report describes the Colorado Criminal Justice Forecasting Model (CCJFM). The adult prison population forecasts for fiscal years 2019 through 2025, parole caseload forecasts for fiscal years 2019 through 2025. The report also presents the juvenile commitment, detention and parole projections for fiscal years 2019 through 2023.

CONNECTICUT The Monthly Indicators Report The Connecticut Statistical Analysis Center January 2019, 4 pp.

The state’s prisons and jails held 13,228 inmates on January 1, 2019 – down 168 prisoners since December 1st and 421 from January 1, 2018. The report noted that the late-year drop off in the prison population appeared to be weakening in December 2014, suggesting that a shrinking population was, at least partly, responsible. This year the prison population fell by only 206 inmates between November and January; less than half of the usual 500. OPM will release its February 2019 forecast later this month. That forecast will report that while the prison population will continue to contract, the rate of contraction will slow considerably compared to recent trends.

Prison Population Projection The Connecticut Statistical Analysis Center February 2019, 2 pp.

Each February, the Criminal Justice Policy & Planning Division at OPM forecasts the state’s prison population over the subsequent 12 months. The forecast relies on 1) an analysis of prison-population trend data 2) the use of an input-output model to track operational flows and rates of change in the size and composition of the prison population, and 3) assessments of the impact of proposed legislative and policy changes. Based on an analysis of recent, prison population trends, OPM anticipates that the number of prisoners will contract 2.3% over the

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

coming year. Measured on a February-to-February basis, the prison population is expected to decline by approximately 310 prisoners. This past year, during the same period, the prison population shrank by 3.0% or about 420 prisoners. The projected slower rate of contraction is based on OPM’s belief that the sentenced population is no longer able to sustain large, system- wide population reductions.

Women in Jail in CT Ivan Kuzyk, Kendall Bobula, and Kyle Baudoin The Connecticut Statistical Analysis Center October 2018, 36 pp.

Connecticut is one of only six U.S. states with a unified prison system, meaning that in Connecticut, the Department of Correction incarcerates both sentenced prisoners and pre-trial detainees. On July 1, 2018, among the 930 female prisoners at York CI, the state’s only prison facility for women, 345, over a third were awaiting trial. While the number of pretrial women incarcerated at York CI has fluctuated considerably over the last decade, the average daily population for pre-trial women has hovered between 320 and 340 in recent years. This report is intended to provide readers with an overview of the characteristics and circumstances of women who have been admitted to the CT DOC on pre-trial status in recent years.

IOWA Iowa Prison Population Forecast FY 2018-FY 2028 Sarah Fineran Iowa Department of Human Rights, Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning December 2018, 38 pp.

This is the 27th Iowa Prison Population Forecast prepared by the Iowa Department of Human Rights, Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning (CJJP). The report was developed to assist the executive and legislative branches of government in annually assessing the impact of current criminal justice policy on Iowa’s prison population. The purpose of Iowa’s Prison Forecast is to provide an estimate of the number of inmates who are projected to be incarcerated in the future, if current justice system trends, policies, and practices continue. Short-term projections suggest the prison population is expected to remain stable through the end of FY 2019, with a population of approximately 8,668 inmates on June 30, 2018. This population is projected to increase to 10,144 inmates or nearly 20%, over the next ten years.

The report identified several actions, which if taken, are believed to alter the prison population outcome forecasted in this analysis. These include, but are not limited to, continued use of parole for appropriate inmates, modifications to sex offender legislation, modifications to mandatory minimum sentences, modifications to drug sentencing, and continued study of sentencing practices for juveniles. It is noteworthy that members of Iowa’s Public Safety Advisory Board (PSAB) and Sex Offender Research Council (SORC) have provided legislative recommendations specific to these issues.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

KANSAS FY 2018 Annual Report Analysis of Sentencing Guidelines in Kansas George (Ebo) Browne Kansas Sentencing Commission April 17, 2019, 124 pp.

Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Annual Report is the twenty-fourth report released by the Kansas Sentencing Commission. It provides a descriptive analysis of felony sentencing patterns under the sentencing guidelines during FY 2018, which includes a summary of sentences reported to the Commission, analysis of sentence conformity to the guidelines, sentencing trends and prison population projections. The following presents the major activities performed by the Commission and the key sentencing issues discussed in this year’s report.

LOUISIANA 2018 Status of State and Local Corrections Facilities and Program Report Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Criminal Justice April 2019, 125 pp.

Pursuant to Act 499 of the 2016 Regular Session of the Louisiana Legislature, the Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Criminal Justice serves as the central coordinating agency for adult and juvenile correctional systems; in conjunction with the Department of Public Safety and Corrections, youth services of the Department of Public Safety and Corrections, the sheriffs of the state, and local juvenile justice officials. In 2018, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections was responsible for an average of 33,362 inmates (between January and June 2018). In 2018, there was 0.98 percent decrease in the overall corrections population from the 2017 population. State facilities experienced a 0.98 percent increase, local jail populations increased by 0.96 percent; and Contract Transitional Work Program decreased by 0.92 percent from the 2017 population.

MARYLAND Report on Restrictive Housing—Fiscal Year 2018 Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services January 2019, 15 pp.

Maryland Senate Bill 946 (SB 946) directs the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (Department) to submit a report containing the preceding year’s restrictive housing data to the Governor’s Office of Crime Control and Prevention for publication on the agency’s public website. There are four types of restrictive housing used in the department’s correctional facilities. These are Administrative Segregation, Disciplinary Segregation, Maximum II Structured Housing (MIISH), and Serious Mental Illness Structured Housing. The department also uses two types of specialized housing for vulnerable inmates. These are Protective Custody and Special Needs Unit (SNU). This year’s report includes data for both restrictive and specialized housing data for the fiscal year 2018.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

NEVADA Examining Prisoner Deaths in Nevada State Prisons UNLV Center for Crime and Justice Policy Stat Sheet Linsey Belisle University of Nevada Las Vegas Center for Crime and Justice Policy 2019, 2 pp.

Every year, the Nevada Department of Corrections (NDOC) is responsible for approximately 14,000 incarcerated adults (NDOC, 2019). While national trends in prisoner deaths have been studied, less is known about prisoner deaths in Nevada. This report provides general information regarding prisoner deaths in Nevada state prisons.

OREGON House Bill 3078 (2017) Report Oregon Criminal Justice Commission February 1, 2019, 17 pp.

During the 2017 legislative session, the legislature passed, and the Governor signed House Bill 3078. House Bill 3078 includes several components designed to reduce prison utilization. First, it expanded two programs, the Family Sentencing Alternative Pilot Program (FSAPP) and the Short-Term Transitional Leave (STTL) program. Second, the bill made several changes to sentencing and supervision for two property offenses, Theft in the First Degree and Identity Theft. Third, it created a supplemental Justice Reinvestment Grant Program to be administered by the Criminal Justice Commission. Section 10 of this bill requires the Oregon Criminal Justice Commission (CJC) to study the impact of this legislation on “prison utilization, recidivism, and public safety,” and to report the results by February 1 of each year. This is the second annual report and many parts of HB 3078 are just beginning to take effect.

Family Sentencing Alternative Pilot Program Oregon Department of Corrections, Oregon Department of Human Services January 23, 2019, 5 pp.

In 2015 House Bill 3503 established the Family Sentencing Alternative Pilot Program (FSAPP) as a community program for eligible non-violent primary parents facing prison sentences. These individuals can continue their parenting role by being diverted from prison to participate in intensive supervision, treatment, and programs geared toward parenting and families. The program promotes the unification of families, prevents children from entering the foster care system, and reduces the chances individuals and their children will become involved in the criminal justice system in the future. Five counties are participating in the pilot: Deschutes, Jackson, Marion, Multnomah, and Washington.

Now that the program has been in existence for three years, and participation has increased, the focus is now on further outcome measures. Additionally, this year’s report includes the Department of Human Services (DHS) research on the length of stay for children in the foster

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 care system when the custodial parent is involved with FSAPP. This report will provide you with the program’s history and participation numbers to date, as well as preliminary DHS findings.

WASHINGTON A Hard Cell: Examining the Personal Cost of Prison in Washington State Matthew S. Landon Washington State Statistical Analysis Center 2019, 11 pp.

For the last two years, the Washington Statistical Analysis Center has been conducting a series of studies in response to state and federal interest in reducing prison populations. Recommendations frequently reference the need to employ prison alternatives to reduce the number of inmates in facilities while aiming to decrease recidivism and increase employment post-release. This study aims to establish the effects of prison on post-release outcomes, measured as recidivism and employment. To take the results a step beyond simple correlation, this study utilizes propensity score matching (PSM) to minimize confounding variables and compare offenders by their likelihood to spend their entire sentence in prison. This study utilizes the data linkage system developed by the Education Research and Data Center to connect Department of Corrections’ (DOC) data with education and Unemployment Insurance records from the years 2000-2015.

Correcting Course: Effects of Education in a Correctional Setting Matthew S. Landon Washington State Statistical Analysis Center 2019, 15 pp.

In 2013, RAND Corporation, sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, conducted a meta- analysis of studies on correctional education (Davis et al., 2013). Their findings showed a notable average 43 percent reduction in recidivism and 13 percent increase in employment for offenders participating in programs, however they noted that very few of the studies included in their analysis utilized strong statistical designs. The objectives of this study are twofold. The primary goal of this study is to provide input on the differences in outcomes between offenders who receive correctional education and those who do not. Second, and of equal importance, this study aims to use robust methods that will minimize the selection bias inherent in correctional education and provide valid results for the use of interested parties in Washington. While randomized control trials are traditionally the gold standard of experimental rigor, they aren’t easily applicable in the case of correctional education. Therefore, to achieve this second goal, this study will make use of propensity score matching to create a treatment and comparison group.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

COURTS

ALASKA Alaska Trial Court Caseload FY 2007-2018 Alaska Justice Information Center Fact Sheet 19-02 Yevgenii Kisarauskas Alaska Justice Information Center June 2019, 5 pp.

This fact sheet presents data on criminal case filings in Alaska trial courts for fiscal years 2007- 2018. These data come from the Alaska Court System, which publishes annual reports that summarize court activity and statistics for each fiscal year (July 1 to June 30). Note that all references to years in this report designate fiscal years. The Alaska Court System is responsible for administering the state Supreme Court, appellate courts, and trial courts with general and limited jurisdiction. Trial courts – which are comprised of superior and district courts – process a wide variety of cases, from small claims civil cases to violent felonies. The vast majority of court activity in Alaska, when measured as volume of cases processed, occurs in state trial courts.

ARIZONA Fill the Gap Report: FY2018 Grace Kim Arizona Criminal Justice Commission 2019, 59 pp.

Due to an increase in population and funding for law enforcement, Arizona experienced a high volume of cases processed through its court system during the 1990s. Senate Bill 1013, later known as the Fill the Gap (FTG) legislation, was enacted in 1999 to reduce case processing times throughout the state. Senate Bill 1013 provided funds specifically to county attorneys, indigent defense agencies, and the superior courts. The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission (ACJC) is assigned the responsibility of administering the State Aid to County Attorneys Fund and State Aid to Indigent Defense Fund. On an annual basis, the ACJC distributes these monies to each county according to formulas established in the Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S. §41- 2409). The ACJC also annually reports on fund expenditures and improvement in criminal case processing in the state.

NEW YORK Criminal Justice Case Processing Arrest through Disposition, New York State, January – September 2018 Division of Criminal Justice Services, Office of Justice Research and Performance January 2019, 33 pp.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

This report details how felony cases are processed in New York State's superior courts (Criminal Procedure Law 10.10 and 10.20) and its publication fulfils the statutory reporting requirements outlined in Section 837-a of Executive Law requiring the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) to collect and analyze statistical information on felony indictments, superior court information (SCI) and the dispositions of felony cases.

Information about the processing of these felony cases is presented for New York State and its two regions: New York City and the Rest of State (the 57 counties outside of the five boroughs). Arrest and arraignment statistics also are included for the entire state and each region. The data included in this report is derived from New York State's criminal history records database, which is maintained by DCJS and known as the Computerized Criminal History (CCH) system. CCH includes information about adult arrests for offenses that require fingerprints to be taken (Criminal Procedure Law 160.10). During the period of analysis for this report, state law defined an adult as anyone who is 16 or older. Arrest information is submitted to DCJS by police agencies as part of the fingerprint transaction and disposition information is electronically transmitted to DCJS by the Office of Court Administration.

CRIME STATISTICS

ALASKA Property Crime in Alaska 1985-2017 Alaska Justice Information Center Fact Sheet 19-01 Yevgenii Kisarauskas Alaska Justice Information Center March 2019, 5 pp.

This fact sheet describes Alaska property crime trends from 1985 through 2017, with a focus on motor vehicle theft rate trends during that period. The data comes from Alaska’s contribution to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data, otherwise known as the Crime in Alaska report. The UCR is complied from crimes reported to state and local law enforcement agencies and is the most commonly cited official source for data on crime in the United States. The observed trends indicate that property crime is increasing in Alaska since 2011, but that motor vehicle theft is rising at a faster rate than other property crimes in the UCR report.

CALIFORNIA Crime in California 2018 Criminal Justice Statistics Center 2019, 85 pp.

This publication contains the most comprehensive set of data on California crimes, arrests, and criminal justice actions. Crime in California contains information on crimes, arrests, adult felony arrest dispositions, adult corrections, criminal justice expenditures and personnel, citizens' complaints against peace officers, and domestic violence.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

Homicide Crime in California 2018 Criminal Justice Statistics Center 2019, 59 pp.

This report contains information about the crime of homicide and its victims, demographic data on persons arrested for homicide, and information about the response of the criminal justice system. Information about the death penalty, the number of peace officers killed in the line of duty, and justifiable homicide is also included in this report.

FLORIDA Aggravated Assault in Florida: A brief analysis of Aggravated Assault Trends from 2007 to 2017 Florida Statistical Analysis Center January 2019, 1 pp.

The following data comes from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) system; the system provides standardized annual and semi-annual reports on crime statistics based on data gathered from across the state. The crimes recorded by UCR are classified as Index Crimes which includes crimes against persons. Persons offenses include: Homicide, Negligent Manslaughter, Rape (includes Forcible Sodomy), Fondling, Aggravated Assault, Aggravated Stalking, Simple Assault, Threat/Intimidation, or Simple Stalking. Aggravated Assault is the unlawful attack by one person upon another where either the offender displays a weapon or the victim suffers obvious severe or aggravated bodily injury involving apparent broken bones, loss of teeth, possible internal injury, severe laceration, or loss of consciousness.

Review of Robbery in Florida: A brief analysis of Robbery reported from 2007 to 2017 Florida Statistical Analysis Center April 2019, 1 pp.

The following data comes from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system; the system provides standardized annual and semi-annual reports on crime statistics based on data gathered from across the state. The crimes recorded by UCR are classified as Index Crimes; Index Crimes are composed of Violent Crimes and Property Crimes. Violent Crimes are categorized as: Murder, Rape, Robbery, and Aggravated Assault. Robbery is the taking or attempting to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control, custody, or care of another person by force, threat of force, violence, and/or by putting the property custodian in fear.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

Crime in Florida 2018 Florida Statistical Analysis Center March 2019

The Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) system enables them to produce standardized reports on crime statistics based on statewide data. These reports which provide both summary and detail information are issued semi-annually and annually. The statistics presented in this release are an indication of crime and criminal activities known to and reported by, Florida law enforcement agencies in 2018.

HAWAII Crime in Hawaii, 2017 Lydia Seumanu Fuatagavi and Paul Perrone Crime Prevention & Justice Assistance Division January 2019, 195 pp.

The statistics presented in this report were collected and compiled using the FBI’s Hierarchy Rule that limits crime counts to only the most serious offense committed within an incident that is constrained by time and place, and limits arrest counts to only the most serious charge per booking. In 2017, a total of 43,969 Index Crimes were reported in the State of Hawaii, yielding a rate of 3,080 offenses per 100,000 resident population, the lowest on record since statewide data collection began in 1975. The total Index Crime rate in 2017 was 3.9% below the rate reported in 2016, and 19.8% below the rate reported a decade earlier (2008).

LOUISIANA 2017 Crime in Louisiana Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Criminal Justice, Statistical Analysis Center May 2019, 129 pp.

To provide a picture of the changes in crime across the country and to provide useful data to Louisiana police agencies, statistics gathered are incumbent in recognizing problems in Louisiana. Statistics of criminal acts deemed most serious, most pervasive across the country, most likely to be reported, and most frequently committed are counted in the UCR Program. The Part I offense classifications include: violent crimes: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault; and burglary, larceny theft, and motor vehicle theft. Congressional mandated arson was added as a Part I offense category in 1979, and human trafficking, commercial sex acts, and involuntary servitude were added as Part I offenses in 2016.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

NORTH DAKOTA Crime in North Dakota, 2018 Colleen Weltz Office of Attorney General, Bureau of Criminal Investigation 2019, 175 pp.

The North Dakota Incident-Based Reporting (IBR) program involves the collection, compilation, and analysis of crime and arrest statistics reported by the various local law enforcement agencies throughout the state. A total of 53 sheriff departments, 52 police departments, 10 Task Forces and the ND Highway Patrol reported to the ND IBR program in 2018. The 2018 Crime in North Dakota is based solely upon incident data. Data submitted by ND IBR to the FBI is converted from incident-based statistics to the summary system of reporting. In the FBI data, only the most serious of the eight Index crimes are reported. The number of victims is counted in the most serious offenses of homicide, assault, kidnapping, or rape.

Homicide in North Dakota, 2018 Colleen Weltz Office of Attorney General, Bureau of Criminal Investigation May 2019, 20 pp.

This report details the homicide data in North Dakota for year of 2018. The term “homicide,” for purposes of this report, includes the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) offenses of murder and non-negligent manslaughter.

PENNSYLVANIA An Infographic Report of Crime Trends and Statistics, 2012-2016 Pennsylvania Statistical Analysis Center at the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency 2019, 15 pp.

The criminal justice system within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is continually evolving and improving. From 2012 to 2016, several meaningful system gains occurred, such as reductions in the reported numbers of crime victims, known occurrences of violent crime, and the yearly prisoner population of the state prisons. Collectively, these statistics represent positive trends in the Pennsylvania criminal justice system. But to date, these gains have been reported out singularly by their respective agencies, making it difficult to ascertain the full picture of how the system is performing.

This project was undertaken to provide a basic remedy: track the performance of the state criminal justice system by coalescing siloed data among several state agencies to create a Pennsylvania Crime Trends report. Contained within are informative statistics and analysis on offenses, victimization, arrests, courts and sentences, state prisons, and state parole/probation. The information is presented in a visualized format to provide clear, meaningful data points in

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 an effort to better inform criminal justice executives, policymakers, and the general public as to the movement of Pennsylvania’s criminal justice system over the past few years.

SOUTH DAKOTA Crime in South Dakota 2018 Erin Baumgart Office of Attorney General, Division of Criminal Investigation, Criminal Statistical Analysis Center March 2019, 196 pp.

This publication is the eleventh time the crime book was published in NIBRS format. Starting in 2008, the SAC only accepted NIBRS data. NIBRS is an incident-based reporting system designed to collect data on each incident and arrest within that occurrence. The data used to compile this report are based on a “snapshot” of the SD state repository database as of March 19, 2019. In NIBRS, there are no “fixed” statistics because law enforcement agencies update their incidents as new information becomes available. These figures are based on statistics that were analyzed for twelve months beginning January 1, 2018 and ending December 31, 2018. The data included in this report can only be as accurate as the data provided by each reporting agency.

TENNESSEE Crime on Campus 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation April 22, 2019, 158 pp.

Tennessee state law requires each institution of high education to report to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation data relating to crimes occurring on the campus and in student housing. The Bureau is required to prescribe the reporting form and format for the collection of such data and to publish an annual report of the results of such data submissions from each institution. The primary objective of the reporting program is to inform the Governor, the State and Local Government Committees and Education Committees of the Tennessee House of Representatives and Senate, the General Assembly, other government officials, and the public as to the nature and extent of crime on the campuses of Tennessee’s institutions of high education. Such a report will also provide law enforcement administrators with criminal statistics for administrative and operational purposes.

Crime in Tennessee 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, CJIS Support Center May 13, 2019, 1049 pp.

This report is the 2018 Crime in Tennessee annual report, which is compiled and published by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation’s CJIS Support Center. The report is based upon crime statistics submitted by all law enforcement agencies across the state. The agencies report

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 crimes to the Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System (TIBRS), which is the state’s version of the FBI’s National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS).

School Crime 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation June 28, 2019, 12 pp.

Each year the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation releases annual reports on the nature, volume, and extent of reported crimes on school campuses, excluding colleges and universities in 2018. The study is based on data submitted to the TBI through the Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System (TIBRS) program, which collects data on all crimes occurring in Tennessee. The period covered in this study is from 2016 to 2018.

VIRGINIA Virginia Index Crime and Drug Arrest Trends 2008-2017 Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Criminal Justice Research Center May 2019, 23 pp.

This report describes Virginia's index crime and drug arrest trends for the decade 2008-2017. Understanding these trends is important because the numbers of crimes and arrests reported are “leading indicators” for other parts of the criminal justice system, including prosecutions, court caseloads, and correctional populations. They also provide public safety officials with information to guide policies, legislation, and resources aimed at preventing and reducing future crime. Data in this report is drawn from crimes and arrests reported by Virginia law enforcement agencies to the Virginia State Police Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data repository.

Virginia, U.S. and Bordering States Index Crime and Drug Arrest Trends 2008-2017 Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Criminal Justice Research Center May 2019, 16 pp.

Understanding crime in Virginia requires knowledge of how crime in Virginia compares to crime in the U.S. and other states in the region. This report is intended to provide this context by comparing Virginia’s ten-year and one-year crime trends and drug arrest trends with trends from the U.S. and from the five states that border Virginia (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia). Crimes included in this report are the violent and property index offenses, considered the most serious crimes. Trends are shown for all violent crimes combined and all property crimes combined, rather than for each type of violent and property crime.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

DATA VISUALIZATION

INDIANA Comparing Alcohol and Drug-Impaired Collisions for 2013 and 2018 Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard compares the alcohol and drug-impaired collisions for 2013 and 2018. This dashboard highlights, impaired collisions by year, impairment type, differences from 2018 versus 2013, total collisions in comparison with county population, and impaired collisions per 10,000 in 2013 and 2018.

Ratio of Impaired-Driving Citations to Collisions Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

Unrestrained Motorist Collisions per 10,000 County Population Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

Motorcycle Collisions per County Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard looks at motorcycle collisions per county and highlights the top thirty counties with the most motorcycle collisions.

Pedestrian-Involved Collisions per County Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard looks at pedestrian-involved collisions per county and lists the top twenty counties with the most pedestrian-involved collisions.

Bicyclist Involved Collisions per County Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard looks at bicyclist involved collisions per county and highlights the top twenty counties with the most bicyclist involved collisions.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

NEW HAMPSHIRE New Hampshire Domestic Violence Fatality Review Committee 2016-2017 Biennial Report New Hampshire Domestic Violence Fatality Review Committee 2019, 60 pp.

The Domestic Violence Fatality Review Committee (DVFRC, “Committee”) was created by Executive Order of Governor Jeanne Shaheen in July 1999. Since its inception, the DVFRC has generated recommendations for the state’s three branches of government and the many individuals, agencies, and community organizations which work with domestic violence victims and offenders. These recommendations have generated policies, procedures, and practices to improve New Hampshire's multidisciplinary response to domestic violence. The recommendations contained in this report were developed by the Committee from case reviews conducted during 2016-2017.

OKLAHOMA An Analysis of Intimate Partner Murders in Oklahoma Kara Miller Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation, Oklahoma Statistical Analysis Center 2019, 33 pp.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention defines an intimate partner as a person with whom one has a close personal relationship that includes an emotional connectedness and an ongoing physical relationship. The Oklahoma Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) analyzed the number of intimate partner murders (IPMs) that were reported by Oklahoma law enforcement from 2011-2016. The SAC conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses of utilizing the State Incident-Based Reporting System (SIBRS) reports. Researchers also assessed the quality of

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 the SIBRS reports and developed recommendations to improve data quality. For this research, the following relationships were included for the study: spouses; common-law spouses; boyfriend or girlfriend; dating relationships; or former spouses.

TENNESSEE Domestic Violence 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation June 28, 2019, 14 pp.

Each year the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation releases annual reports on crimes reported by law enforcement agencies to the Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System (TIBRS) program in seven different reports. The TIBRS data contains a wide range of incident level information including victim and offender demographics. In an effort to gain more insight into the problem of domestic violence within the state of Tennessee, the current study analyzes crime data collected from the Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System. All offenses flagged as domestic violence for 2018 are included in the report.

EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

ILLINOIS Entrepreneurship for the Formerly Incarcerated: A Process Evaluation of the Pathway to Enterprise for Returning Citizens (PERC) Program Justin Escamilla, Jessica Reichert, Lauren Weisner, and Christopher Mayer Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority June 2019, 80 pp.

Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA) researchers evaluated the Pathway to Enterprise for Returning Citizens (PERC) program. PERC offers classroom training on entrepreneurship and business, mentoring, and the opportunity to obtain a loan to start a business to individuals recently released from prison and living in Chicago. PERC is a collaboration between the Chicago Neighborhood Initiative’s Micro Finance Group (CNIMFG), ICJIA, Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC), several community-based nonprofit training organizations, and multiple private funders. The goals of PERC are to increase employment and self-sufficiency of returning citizens; decrease recidivism and produce businesses that operate for two or more years. ICJIA researcher completed a process evaluation examining program planning and development in the first six months of the program by using multiple methods of data collection. The research attempted to answer who the applicants and participants are, how the program operated in the first six months, what the stakeholders, training staff, and participants thought of the program, and if the participants learned entrepreneurship skills.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

Demystifying Program Evaluation in Criminal Justice: A Guide for Practitioners Jessica Reichert and Alysson Gates Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority May 31, 2019, 12 pp.

Evaluation in criminal justice is vital to improving program effectiveness, increasing efficiency, and improving public safety. This article helps demystify the evaluation process and offers practical advice for practitioners endeavoring to evaluate a program. Processes for internal evaluation and external evaluation partnerships are described. Criminal justice practitioners are encouraged to understand the research process and conduct evaluations of their programs and practices.

Mental Health Disorders and The Criminal Justice System: A Continuum of Evidence-Informed Practices Alysson Gates Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority April 23, 2019

Mental health disorders (MHD) are between three and six times more common among individuals involved in the criminal justice system compared to the general population. Despite the disproportionately high prevalence of MHDs in the criminal justice system, many individuals do not receive treatment while incarcerated. Upon release from prison, individuals with a MHD on parole are nearly twice as likely to be reincarcerated within one year of release than those without mental health disorders. This creates a problematic cycle where individuals with MHDs are released into the community, only to likely be returned to the justice system in the future.

This continuum was created to present the current state of research regarding programs and practices targeted to individuals with mental health disorders at various stages of the criminal justice system following the sequential intercept model (SIM). The SIM is a way to conceptualize points throughout the criminal justice system where individuals with MHD can be diverted to mental health treatment; or if the individual is already in the criminal justice system, programs and practices aim to help individuals avoid future involvement with the justice system (e.g. reentry). Interventions at each intercept can be evaluated on measures in the following domains: criminal justice outcomes, mental health (clinical) outcomes, costs and savings, and client and staff perceptions and satisfaction.

MICHIGAN Detroit Project Safe Neighborhoods: Final Evaluation Report Alaina De Biasi, Edmund F. McGarrell, Julie M. Krupa, and Giovanni Circo Michigan Justice Statistics Center, Michigan State University March 2019, 21 pp.

Detroit Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) is a multi-agency initiative intended to reduce serious gun crime through coordinated enforcement, prosecution, intervention, and prevention

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

strategies. Detroit PSN received federal funding from the Bureau of Justice Assistance in 2016, engaged in a planning period, and became operational in the city’s 8th precinct in 2017 and 2018. This report presents the results of an evaluation of the impact of PSN on fatal and non- fatal shootings.

NEVADA Nevada’s Day Reporting Center: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial UNLV Center for Crime and Justice Policy Research in Brief Matthew P. West, Linsey A. Belisle, and William H. Sousa University of Nevada Las Vegas Center for Crime and Justice Policy February 2019, 6 pp.

Day reporting centers (DRCs) are becoming a popular alternative to incarceration for probationers and parolees but there is limited research and consensus on their effectiveness. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a DRC in Nevada. Approximately 400 probationers and parolees were randomly assigned to either the DRC or a control group (i.e., traditional parole and probation). The two groups were compared on outcome measures such as recidivism, positive drug tests, education, employment, and residence over a 1-year period. In this Research in Brief, we provide a background on DRCs, review prior research evaluating the effectiveness of DRCs, and report the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted to assess the effectiveness of a DRC located in Southern Nevada.

FIREARMS

HAWAII Firearm Registrations in Hawaii, 2018 Paul Perrone Crime Prevention & Justice Assistance Division May 2019, 9 pp.

Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 134-14 requires the county police departments to provide to the Department of the Attorney General a monthly report of firearm registration activity. The data from these reports were compiled in order to provide the statistics presented herein for Calendar Year 2018. This is the nineteenth annual publication of Firearm Registrations in Hawaii.

FLORIDA Weapons used in Violent Crime Florida Statistical Analysis Center February 2019, 1 pp.

The following data comes from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) system; the system provides standardized annual and semi-annual reports on

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

crime statistics based on data gathered from across the state. Weapon data is collected for the UCR crimes of Murder, Manslaughter, Rape, Robbery, and Aggravated Assault. There are four UCR weapon categories: Firearm; Knife, Cutting Instrument; Hands, Fists, Feet; and Other Weapons. The Firearm category includes handguns, rifles, shotguns, or other firearms. The Knife, Cutting Instrument category includes items such as an ax, ice pick, screwdriver, or switchblade. The Hands, Fists, Feet category includes the use of the offender’s body parts as a weapon. The Other Weapons category includes any object used as a weapon that is not already included in another weapon category.

NEW YORK Gun Involved Violence Elimination (GIVE) Initiative, 2017 Annual Report Division of Criminal Justice Services 2019, 27 pp.

New York State began the fourth year of its Gun Involved Violence Elimination (GIVE) initiative in July 2017. The initiative is designed to reduce gun violence, which remains a persistent problem for law enforcement and a stark reality for residents who live in the state’s urban centers. The initiative evolved from Operation IMPACT, a program that provide funding to law enforcement agencies in counties that report 85 percent of the violent crime outside of New York City.

Through GIVE, New York is committed to supporting only evidence-based strategies to reduce these deadly crimes and providing technical assistance above and beyond grant funding to help agencies effectively implement these proven practices. The state Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) administers the GIVE initiative, which focuses on four core elements: people, places, alignment, and engagement. GIVE supports four evidence-based strategies: hot-spots policing, focused deterrence, crime prevention through environmental design, and street outreach workers. The initiative emphasizes crime analysis, integrated with intelligence, to target and reduce shootings and firearm-related homicides.

Gun Involved Violence Elimination (GIVE) Initiative, 2018 Annual Report Division of Criminal Justice Services 2019, 34 pp. New York State began the fifth year of its Gun Involved Violence Elimination (GIVE) initiative in July 2018. The initiative is designed to reduce gun violence, which remains a persistent problem for law enforcement and a stark reality for residents who live in the state’s urban centers. The initiative evolved from Operation Impact, a long-standing program that directed funding to law enforcement agencies in counties which report 85 percent of the violent crime outside of New York City.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

places, alignment, and engagement. GIVE supports four evidence-based strategies: hot-spots policing, focused deterrence, crime prevention through environmental design, and street outreach workers. The initiative emphasizes crime analysis, integrated with intelligence, to target and reduce shootings and firearm-related homicides.

HATE CRIME

CALIFORNIA Hate Crime in California 2018 Criminal Justice Statistics Center 2019, 50 pp.

Hate Crime in California 2018 presents statistics on hate crimes reported by California law enforcement agencies that occurred during 2018 with prior years included for context. These statistics include the number of hate crime events, hate crime offenses, victims of hate crimes, and suspects of hate crimes. This report also provides statistics reported by district and elected city attorneys on the number of hate crime cases referred to prosecutors, the number of cases filed in court, and the disposition of those cases. The total number of hate crime events, offenses, and victims decreased while the total number of suspects increased in 2018.

HAWAII Hate Crimes in Hawaii, 2018 Paul Perrone Crime Prevention & Justice Assistance Division February 2019, 4 pp.

Hawaii Revised Statutes §846-51 through §846-54 require the Department of the Attorney General to develop, direct, and report annually on the statewide hate crime statistics reporting program. With input and assistance from Hawaii’s county prosecuting attorneys and police departments, the state program was launched on January 1, 2002. This seventeenth annual report covers hate crime cases that reached a final disposition during Calendar Year 2018. Two cases were reported to the program for this time period. Seventeen-year summary statistics are also included.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

TENNESSEE Tennessee Hate Crime 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation June 10, 2019, 29 pp. This report examines hate crimes reported to the Tennessee Incident-Based Reporting System (TIBRS) by Tennessee law enforcement agencies, colleges, and universities for the year 2018. Reporting agencies were contacted and asked to verify the accuracy of the hate crime data reported for their jurisdiction. The groups toward which bias-motived crimes may be directed are based on the national definitions and conform to the same standards used in the annual Hate Crime report published by the FBI for the United States. Any offense may be motivated by bias.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Report on Human Trafficking in the District of Columbia CY 2017 Charleá S.L. Robinson Criminal Justice Coordinating Council March 2019, 19 pp.

The CJCC completed the inaugural human trafficking report for the District of Columbia in response to the Prohibition of Human Trafficking Amendment Act of 2010 passed by the DC Council to help combat human trafficking in the District of Columbia. The initial report established a data and information baseline on human trafficking in the District of Columbia and included, among other things, incidents identified by or reported to law enforcement, prosecutors, and service providers for the calendar year (CY) 2016, as well as information on trafficking offenders and victims. This report will build upon the initial report by addressing, the nature of human trafficking, human trafficking investigations, demographic information of offenders and victims.

NEVADA Human Trafficking: A Comparison of National and Nevada Trends UNLV Center for Crime and Justice Policy Research in Brief Alexa Bejinariu University of Nevada Las Vegas Center for Crime and Justice Policy June 2019, 6 pp.

This Research in Brief describes patterns of human trafficking in Nevada and compares them with national trends. It begins with a definition of human trafficking and then it examines the prevalence of human trafficking, types of incidents reported, and the characteristics of its victims. Human trafficking prevention strategies enacted by the state of Nevada are also discussed.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

OHIO Human Trafficking and Related Offenses Kristina C. Nicholson Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services 2019, 22 pp.

House Bill 262 in 2012 mandates training for law enforcement officers on indicators, legislation and best practices for investigating human trafficking. Not only does this training include sex and labor trafficking, but it also discusses the connection of human trafficking to prostitution and related offenses such as solicitation. The current project examined law enforcement data from the Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System, including human trafficking as well as prostitution-related offenses from 2012-2016. This report summarizes key findings and discusses the implications and recommendations for future research on human trafficking and related offenses using data from the Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System.

JUVENILE JUSTICE ARIZONA 2018 Arizona Youth Survey, State Report Arizona Criminal Justice Commission 2019, 80 pp.

The Arizona Youth Survey was administered to a statewide sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth during the spring of 2018 under the direction of the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center and in partnership with the Arizona State University’s School of Criminology & Criminal Justice to comply with Arizona Revised Statute § 41-2416. Based on the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model and the Communities That Care survey (Hawkins et al.,1992), the AYS assesses the prevalence and frequency of youth substance use, gang involvement, and other risky behaviors, and helps stakeholders to better understand the risk and protective factors that are correlated with these behaviors. These findings discuss some of the important attitudes and behaviors of 48,708 youth from 245 schools across Arizona. The data presented are valid and representative of youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades across the state who responded to the 2018 survey.

CALIFORNIA Juvenile Justice in California 2018 Criminal Justice Statistics Center 2019, 129 pp.

Juvenile Justice in California 2018 provides insight into the juvenile justice process by reporting the number of arrests, referrals to probation departments, petitions filed, and dispositions for juveniles tried in juvenile and adult courts. Law enforcement agencies provide information to the Department of Justice (DOJ) on the number of arrests. Probation departments and superior courts provide information to the DOJ on the types of offenses and administrative actions taken

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 by juvenile and adult courts.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Juvenile Recidivism: A 2015 Cohort Review, and a 2016 Cohort Analysis Ellen McCann Criminal Justice Coordinating Council May 2019, 22 pp.

In the fall and winter of 2016, members of the Criminal Justice Coordinating Council’s Juvenile Justice Committee (JJC) and the CJCC Principals determined it was important to measure the impact of juvenile justice system interventions through a recidivism study. The CJCC ’s Statistical Analysis Center (SAC), in collaboration with the Juvenile Justice Data Committee (JJDC), developed a research plan, which focused on reoffending among juveniles who completed specific juvenile justice system interventions. These interventions include a diversion program, a term of probation, or a term of commitment. Reoffending was measured by the occurrence of new arrests, new case filings, and new adjudications or criminal convictions for an offense that occurred in the year following the completion of the intervention. This report takes the foundational study completed in 2018 and repeats that analysis in the interest of revisiting these findings annually and building useful trends. The original study followed youth who completed an intervention in 2015 for twelve months, and this report follows that model and includes: twelve and 24-month follow-up of recidivism of youth completing an intervention in 2015, and twelve-month follow-up on recidivism of youth completing an intervention in 2016.

ILLINOIS Examining the Extent of Recidivism in Illinois after Juvenile Incarceration Lily Gleicher Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 2019, 34 pp.

Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA) researchers used an event-based sampling method to analyze youth rearrest, recommitment to the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice (IDJJ) (juvenile corrections), and commitment to the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC) as adults. This study is an update to the 2012 and 2013 ICJIA juvenile recidivism studies. The current study analyzed youth exists between SFY08 and SFY13, with a three-year follow-up. ICJIA researchers linked IDJJ exit records to follow-up admission records using the Youth Identification Number (YIN), a unique identifier that youth retain in IDJJ. First name, last name, and date of birth were used to match youth to Criminal History Record Information (CHRI) records (arrests) and IDOC admission records. This report provides findings from that analysis. Study limitations are provided in the report.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

MAINE 2018 Positive Youth Outcomes in Maine’s Juvenile Justice System Danielle Layton and George Shaler Maine Statistical Analysis Center 2019, 31 pp.

The Maine Department of Corrections (MDOC) Juvenile Division works toward the result that all Maine youth successfully transition into adulthood by ensuring that all justice-involved youth experience a fair, equitable, responsive system that contributes to positive outcomes. To measure the extent to which youth are achieving positive outcomes during their time in Maine’s juvenile justice system, MDOC adapts the positive youth development (PYD) framework to juvenile justice system programming. PYD considers the contexts in which youth act and maintains that all youth can develop positively when they are connected to the right supports and opportunities. A justice system intervention grounded in the PYD framework aims to provide necessary supports and build upon youths’ inherent assets and resiliency to help them navigate their adolescence and transition into thriving adults. This report details the findings of positive youth outcomes as reported in the client exit reviews for the 174 youth leaving supervision between July 2017 and June 2018.

NEBRASKA Juvenile Diversion in Nebraska: 2018 Annual Report to the Governor and Legislature Nebraska Crime Commission on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice March 2019, 13 pp.

This annual report provides information on Nebraska's Juvenile pretrial diversion program. This program available to youth with a minor law violation or status offense. Generally, diversion is available to youth pre-filling, diverting youth from involvement in the juvenile justice system and into a program offering a continuum of requirements and services. The result of successful completion is dismissal if filed, or non-filing of the diverted case.

The state of Nebraska has identified four goals of a juvenile pretrial diversion program: 1) to provide eligible juvenile offenders with an alternative program in lieu of adjudication through the juvenile court; 2) to reduce recidivism among diverted juvenile offenders; 3) to reduce the costs and caseload burdens on the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system; and 4) to promote the collection of restitution to the victim of the juvenile offender’s crime.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

LAW ENFORCEMENT

CALIFORNIA Use of Force Incident Reporting 2018 Criminal Justice Statistics Center 2019, 71 pp.

Use of Force Incident Reporting 2018 presents a summary overview of use of force and discharge of firearm incidents as defined in Government Code section 12525.2. Due to the narrow definition of this statute, the data contained in this report only represents incidents where use of force resulted in serious bodily injury or death or the discharge of a firearm. Caution should be used in making comparisons or generalizations with this data set as it does not contain the full spectrum of use of force incidents that occurred in California.

COLORADO A Report of Officer Involved Shootings in Colorado: January 1, 2010-June 30, 2018 Laurence Lucero, Peg Flick, and Kim English Colorado Division of Criminal Justice March 2019, 55 pp.

In 2015, the Colorado General Assembly passed Senate Bill 15-217 which mandates that state and local law enforcement agencies report specific information to the Division of Criminal Justice (DCJ) in the Department of Public Safety in the event that the agency “employs a peace officer who is involved in an officer-involved shooting that results in a person suspected of criminal activity being shot at by the officer.”1 S.B.15-217 mandates DCJ to analyze and report the data on an annual basis. This fourth annual report, as specified in S.B. 15-217, documents findings based on officer-involved shootings that occurred during an eight-and-a-half-year period between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2018.

Summary of Law Enforcement and District Attorney Reports of Student Contacts Laurence Lucero, Peg Flick, and Kim English Colorado Division of Criminal Justice March 2019, 62 pp.

In 2015, the Colorado General Assembly passed House Bill 1273 (C.R.S. 22-32-146(5) and C.R.S. 20-1- 113(4)), which mandated that local law enforcement agencies annually report specific information to the Division of Criminal Justice (DCJ) in the Department of Public Safety concerning every incident that resulted in a student’s arrest, summons or ticket during the academic year. H.B. 15-1273 mandated DCJ to annually analyze and report the data by law enforcement agency and by the school. This report is organized as follows: Section One describes the statute including the data requested, and also describes the approach employed to develop the data set; Section Two focuses on the findings from the data provided by law enforcement agencies; Section Three presents information on the outcome of the incidents

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

according to court records; and, Section Four provides results from district attorney pre-filing diversion cases and a summary of the findings by judicial district.

NEW YORK Law Enforcement Agency Accreditation Council 2018 Annual Report New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services 2019, 39 pp.

This annual report prepared by the Law Enforcement Agency Accreditation Council provides an update on the status of the state’s law enforcement accreditation program. The program standards, developed by law enforcement professionals across the state and approved by the state’s Law Enforcement Agency Accreditation Council, are designed to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and professionalism of an agency, promote training, and foster public confidence in law enforcement. Accreditation demonstrates that an agency performs in a consistently professional manner, has formalized policies in place to govern its operational practices and procedures, and that its employees contribute to the agency's mission and know what is expected of them.

OHIO Ohio Multi-Jurisdictional Task Force Report Lisa Shoaf Office of Criminal Justice Services January 2019, 9 pp.

The Office of Criminal Justice Services provides federal and state grant funds to Ohio’s multi- jurisdictional task forces (MJTF). These MJTFs generally consist of representatives from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies and prosecutors. While they target all drug dealers in the community, the primary focus is on mid- to upper-level drug trafficking and organized criminal activity. Funding for multi-jurisdictional task forces is available through OCJS from two primary sources—the federal Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) and the state Drug Law Enforcement Fund (DLEF). Task forces are eligible to apply under both programs. As a requirement of the JAG and DLEF grants, task forces submit data highlighting their activities and accomplishments. Beginning in 2017, task forces moved from submitting data in paper format on a semi-annual basis to submitting data electronically on a regularly occurring basis (e.g., monthly) through an online data collection system called the Drug Incident Summary Collection Overview, or DISCO. This annual report summarizes the activities of the task forces for the calendar year 2018. Forty-two task forces representing 75 counties submitted data throughout 2018. A total of 9,386 non-pharmaceutical cases and 467 pharmaceutical cases were reported to DISCO.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

TENNESSEE Law Enforcement-Related Deaths, 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, CJIS Support Center March 29, 2019, 13 pp.

Tennessee code defines law enforcement-related deaths as “the death of an individual in custody, whether in prison, in a jail or otherwise in the custody of law enforcement pursuant to an arrest or a transfer between institutions of any kind or; the death of an individual potentially resulting from an interaction with law enforcement, while the law enforcement officer is on duty or while the law enforcement officer is off duty but performing activities that are within the scope of the officer’s law enforcement duties.” For this study, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation's CJIS Division divided Law Enforcement Related Death data into three sections: Deadly Use of Force, arrest-related Non-forcible Deaths, and Deaths in Custody — all which meet the definition set forth by Tennessee code. Data presented in this study only represent numbers for the year of 2018.

Law Enforcement Officers Killed or Assaulted (LEOKA) 2018 Tennessee Bureau of Investigation June 10, 2019, 25 pp.

This annual report published by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) offers information on reported incidents in which law enforcement officers were killed or assaulted in the line of duty in 2018. This information is based on crime statistics submitted by law enforcement agencies to TBI’s Tennessee Incident-Based Reporting System (TIBRS) program.

OTHER

ILLINOIS Protecting Participants of Social Science Research Lily Gleicher Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority June 17, 2019, 13 pp.

Social science research, rooted in the scientific method, is the foundation on which to advance knowledge and society. Research can include the participation of individuals, or "human subjects," to help further the understanding of society and issues within society. International, federal, state, and local regulations have been created to ensure that individuals are protected from harm while participating in research. Federally funded individuals and agencies, including the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, adhere to these regulations. This article provides an overview of federal regulations for human subject research protections in social science.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

MARYLAND Maryland Income Tax Refunds – Warrant Intercept Program 2018 Annual Report Governor’s Office of Crime Control and Prevention January 2019, 8 pp.

The Maryland Income Tax Refunds–Warrant Intercept Program–Statewide (Warrant Intercept Program), authorizes an official of federal, state, or local government, charged with serving a criminal arrest warrant, to request that the Office of the Comptroller withhold an individual’s tax refund until the warrant (exclusive of a body attachment) has been satisfied. It also requires the Governor’s Office of Crime Control and Prevention (Office), in consultation with the Office of the Comptroller, to study and make findings and recommendations regarding the continued implementation of the Warrant Intercept Program in a manner that ensures that it does not disparately impact individuals on racial grounds.

OHIO Addressing Data Quality in Ohio’s Incident-Based Reporting System: Application of Akiyama and Propheter (2005) Outlier Detection Methods Kristina Nicholson, Alan Wedd, and Charles Partridge Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services 2019, 21 pp.

Crime data are collected nationally through the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting Systems and the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Law enforcement agencies in Ohio have submitted crime data to the federal system since 1989 through the Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System (OIBRS). These crime data form the basis for crime reports and crime mapping that ultimately inform policy and practice throughout the state. Given the importance of crime data, continuous data quality and improvement is a high priority. While federal and state systems implement logical checks on the data submitted by law enforcement agencies, only the federal system have automated checks in place to determine the reasonableness of the data submitted by local agencies. At the local level, the onus of these checks is put on the data systems coordinator through manual inspections.

This project moves to fill this gap by applying Akiyama and Propheter’s (2005) federally-used outlier detection methods to Ohio’s incident-based data. Additionally, the project expanded beyond Akiyama and Propheter (2005) by adapting methods to account for critical cut points that limit the number of agencies identified as outliers. This report summarizes the methods applied to Ohio’s 2014 and 2015 OIBRS data and discusses the next steps in automating the implementation of additional data quality checks at the state-level.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

WASHINGTON Beyond Burglary: Offense Generalization and Economic Outcomes Matthew S. Landon Washington State Statistical Analysis Center 2019, 15 pp.

In 2016 the Washington Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) studied outcomes for property offenders. Findings from this study established baseline statistics in recidivism rates and economic outcomes for these offenders. However, it did not address outcomes for property offenders who also engage in violent, sex or drug offenses. Since evidence suggests that property offenders are the most likely group to generalize in offense types, the SAC augmented the 2016 dataset, to examine economic outcomes across different additional offenses.

The current study found that offenders who generalize, rather than specialize do not necessarily suffer extreme impacts on their economic outcomes. There are observable differences for property offenders with an additional sex offense, who are slightly less likely to find employment and will receive lower wages on average when they do. Property offenders with an additional drug offense do not appear to deviate strongly from their average economic outcomes based on aspects of their correctional experience. Reentry programming aimed at property offenders may be able to use these results as a baseline when working with offenders who do not specialize in property crime.

WYOMING WYDOT Customer Satisfaction Survey, 2018 Brian Harnisch, Bistra Anatchkova, and Michael Dorssom Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center April 8, 2019, 55 pp.

I In the fall of 2018, the Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center (WYSAC) at the University of Wyoming and the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) contracted to conduct a customer satisfaction survey of adults in Wyoming. Administered biennially since 2002, this iteration represents the 9th time WYSAC has administered this telephone survey of Wyoming residents. While the questionnaire content remained fairly stable over time, substantial changes were made for the 2012 iteration to reduce survey length. The questionnaire for the current iteration is identical to the one used in 2016. As has been the case since 2010, the landline telephone sample was augmented with a cellphone subsample to address the rapidly growing number of cellphone- only and cellphone-mostly households. By the close of data collection 900 interviews were completed with Wyoming residents.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

POLICY ANALYSIS

OREGON House Bill 3078 (2017) Report Oregon Criminal Justice Commission February 1, 2019, 17 pp.

In the 2017 legislative session, the legislature passed, and the Governor signed House Bill 3078. This bill enacted several reforms intended to address prison usage in Oregon. Section 10 of this bill requires the Oregon Criminal Justice Commission (CJC) to study the impact of this legislation on “prison utilization, recidivism, and public safety.” CJC found that many of the changes in the bill are starting to have the intended impact and will continue to monitor prison use and program participation trends to evaluate future impacts. The estimated changes in prison bed impacts attributable to HB 3078 were included in the most recent Oregon Corrections Population Forecast prepared by the Office of Economic Analysis. The estimated impact is a significant reduction in prison utilization, particularly for the female prison population.

RECIDIVISM

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Juvenile Recidivism: A 2015 Cohort Review, and a 2016 Cohort Analysis Ellen McCann Criminal Justice Coordinating Council May 2019, 22 pp.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

ILLINOIS Examining the Extent of Recidivism in Illinois after Juvenile Incarceration Lily Gleicher Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 2019, 34 pp.

OREGON Short Term Transitional Leave Program in Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, Oregon Statistical Analysis Center February 2019, 19 pp.

Short-term transitional leave (STTL) is a program designed to improve the transitional planning and reentry process for inmates as they leave the Oregon Department of Corrections (DOC) custody and rejoin society. While the STTL program has existed for approximately three decades, major revisions to the program were enacted through the passage of HB 3194 (2013) and later, HB 3078 (2017). As a result, participation in the STTL program increased significantly. In its current form, STTL participants are released from DOC custody either 30, 90, or 120-days before the end of their sentence to serve the remainder of their time in custody in the community (whether an individual receives 30, 90, or 120-day STTL depends on the date the individual was sentenced). Since 2016, the Oregon Criminal Justice Commission has conducted an annual assessment of the performance of the STTL program. This report presents data from the fourth annual assessment, which has included over 6,000 adults in custody since 2014

VERMONT Recidivism Study and Cost Analysis for Vermont Court Diversion Robin Joy Crime Research Group June 2019, 13 pp.

The State of Vermont has benefited from the Court Diversion program (hereinafter Diversion) for forty years. Diversion is an alternative to the traditional criminal justice system, providing a restorative justice and public health principles, the program is supported by community members who assist the person charged in repairing the harm done to victims and the

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

community. Through the program, the responsible person takes accountability for the crime. Diversion also works to address the needs of the responsible person in hopes of reducing recidivism and reducing the workload on Vermont courts and corrections. The purpose of the recidivism study was to measure the recidivism rate of Diversion compared to that of the traditional criminal justice system.

WASHINGTON Breaches of Conduct: Effects of Violence on Post-Release Outcomes Matthew S. Landon Washington State Statistical Analysis Center 2019, 9 pp.

This study is the third in a series started in response to the Council of State Government’s work to identify specific criminal justice issues in the state of Washington. In response, the SAC has sought to create baselines of post-release outcomes and measure the associations with other variables for use as a comparison following future research or policy changes. Building on the SAC’s prior research, this study examines the effects of violations on post-release outcomes, and their relationship to other known variables. The goals of this study are twofold. First, to determine which characteristics are more closely associated with the likelihood of obtaining a violation while in DOC custody. Second, to compare those with violations to those without violations for differences in recidivism and economic outcomes. These analyses will not provide causal links but instead will establish the included variables as indicators of likely post-release outcomes.

RACIAL DISPARITY

MARYLAND Maryland Income Tax Refunds – Warrant Intercept Program 2018 Annual Report Governor’s Office of Crime Control and Prevention January 2019, 8 pp.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

VERMONT An Analysis of Bennington Police Department Traffic Stops for Calendar Year 2016 Data Robin Joy Crime Research Group January 2019, 22 pp.

In 2014 the Vermont Legislature passed Act 193, which mandated law enforcement agencies to collect and publish certain information about every traffic stop, including the race of the driver and the outcome of the stop. The law also requires that this information be published annually so that the public and researchers can evaluate whether there is racial disparity in the way officers are engaging with drivers. Unfortunately, Act 193 does not require publication of some variables that are crucial to the analysis of racial disparity. As a result, research based on these data does not accurately assess the issue of racial disparity in traffic stops. The purpose of this study was to test different methods of assessing racial disparity in traffic stops for their applicability in Bennington and to determine if using these methods indicate racial bias in Bennington Police Department traffic stops.

SEXUAL ASSAULT

ARIZONA The Reporting of Sexual Assault in Arizona, CY2012-2016 Jillian Ware and Grace Kim Arizona Criminal Justice Commission 2019, 16 pp.

Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.) §41-2406(B) requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission (ACJC) to compile information from all Arizona criminal history records relating to sexual assault. The Arizona Department of Public Safety (DPS) provides the ACJC with the criminal history records needed to meet this reporting requirement on a biannual basis. The ACJC uses this data to compile an annual sexual assault report and provides the report to the Governor, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Secretary of State.

Data used to complete this report are extracted by the DPS from the Arizona Computerized Criminal History (ACCH) repository. Local law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, and the courts are required by statute to submit all arrest and subsequent case disposition information for all felony offenses, as well as sexual, driving under the influence, and domestic violence- related misdemeanor offenses to the ACCH repository. This report focuses on arrests made between calendar years (CY) 2012 and 2016.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

IOWA Iowa Sex Offender Research Council Annual Report Sarah Fineran and Cheryl Yates Iowa Department of Human Rights Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning & Statistical Analysis Center January 2019, 12 pp.

The Sex Offender Research Council (SORC) was established in 2008 in Iowa Code §216A.139, which tasked the SORC with studying and making recommendations for treating and supervising adult and juvenile sex offenders in institutions, community-based programs, and in the community. This report provides a review of current legislation on sex offenses and trends data examining the number of sex offenses annually since FY2009.

LOUISIANA 2018 Sexual Assault Collection Kit and Sexually ~ Oriented Criminal Offenses Report Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Criminal Justice Statistical Analysis Center March 2019, 34 pp.

State law requires the Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement (Commission) to collect information from criminal justice agencies on all sexually-oriented criminal offenses and sexual assault collection kits in their jurisdictions on an annual basis. This report summarizes findings from the 2018 Sexual Assault Collection Kits and Sexually Oriented Offenses Data Collection Survey. The survey was sent to 392 criminal justice agencies, including 321 police departments (including university and college police departments); 64 sheriff’s offices; and 7 crime laboratories. The overall participation rate was 100%; with 100% completed surveys from the police departments; 100% completed surveys from the sheriff’s offices, and 100% completed surveys from the crime labs.

MAINE Maine Sexual Assault Kit Study Alison Grey, Erika Arthur, Viacheslav Tomenko, George Shaler, and Elisabeth Snell Maine Statistical Analysis Center, University of Southern Maine December 2018, 82 pp.

In 2018, with funding from the Maine Department of Public Safety, the Maine Coalition Against Sexual Assault (MECASA) contracted with the Cutler Institute for Health and Social Policy at the Muskie School of Public Service to gather compressive data about sexual assault kits in Maine and to make recommendations for systems improvement. The Cutler research team employed a mixed-methods approach to gather comprehensive data about the current status of SAKs in Maine; the challenges and successes of processing and storing SAKs in Maine; and nationally recognized best practices that Maine may already follow or might adapt. Researchers conducted online surveys of law enforcement agencies, hospitals, Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners (SAFEs), and prosecutors. The research team also conducted four focus groups with 36

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 sexual assault support center advocates, law enforcement officers, and SAFEs, and interviewed key stakeholders in Maine. The research team also conducted a comprehensive literature review and selected three states for additional interviews. The research confirms that Maine has achieved key successes in the management of sexual assault kits, specifically, the provision of victim-centered, trauma-informed care, in addition to standardized, accredited practices, and dedicated resources at the Crime Lab.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

COLORADO Driving Under the Influence of Drugs and Alcohol Becky Bui, and Jack K. Reed Colorado Division of Criminal Justice June 2019, 84 pp.

This document reports findings from the analysis of 2017 data, providing insight into the prevalence of drug-involved driving by examining toxicology information associated with individual DUI court cases. This document represents the second annual report in response to House Bill 17-1315. Prior to the publication of the first report analyzing 2016 data, information regarding impaired driving in Colorado was available for only the aggregate number of case filings, the presence of Delta-9 THC in some toxicology samples, and impaired driving fatalities. While data on impaired driving fatalities are important, not all drivers involved in a fatal accident are tested and thus this captures only a small subset of impaired driving incidents. The current study provides a comprehensive overview of the scope of DUI cases, the drugs involved, and the court outcome of those cases.

ILLINOIS Reducing Substance Use Disorders and Related Offending: A Continuum of Evidence-Informed Practices in the Criminal Justice System Lily Gleicher Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority April 16, 2019

In the United States, more than 20 million individuals have substance use disorders (SUDs)-not including individuals with more mild or moderate substance use and misuse. Of those with SUDs, just over 10 percent ultimately receive treatment. On average, costs incurred in the United States from alcohol and drug use due to lost work productivity, health care expenses, and motor vehicle accidents, and criminal justice costs exceeds $400 billion. Almost half of the cost is at the taxpayers’ expense. ICJIA researchers developed this continuum to share evidence-informed practices for addressing SUDs and substance misuse to guide local-level assessment, planning, and implementation efforts around SUD prevention and intervention. These practices range from early prevention to services to support successful reintegration back into the community following time spent in jail or prison. Communities are encouraged to

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 use this continuum to examine the gaps and needs that exist in their areas and explore the options available to address those gaps.

INDIANA Comparing Alcohol and Drug-Impaired Collisions for 2013 and 2018 Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

Ratio of Impaired-Driving Citations to Collisions Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

MARYLAND A Multisite Evaluation of Medicated-Assisted Treatment using XR-NTX within the State of Maryland Ashley Richards and Jeffrey Zuback Maryland Statistical Analysis Center November 2018, 64 pp.

The nation-wide opioid epidemic is a paramount public health crisis that cannot be underestimated. A recently developed and accepted evidence-based form of medicated- assisted treatment (MAT) for individuals diagnosed with opioids use disorder (OUD) is the use of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) (Vivitrol). This pilot examined the feasibility of MAT offering XR-NTX within the state of Maryland for individuals within a criminal justice population diagnosed with OUD. Quantitative analysis reveals that individuals within the treatment group were more likely to be employed and less likely to experience a non-fatal overdose than those in the control group. However, individuals within the treatment group were more likely to test positive for drugs than those in the control group. Overall, MAT providing XR-NTX does have positive effects on individuals with OUD and should be a continued investment. However, this should not be the only option to combat the opioid epidemic in Maryland.

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

TRAFFIC INCIDENTS

INDIANA Comparing Alcohol and Drug-Impaired Collisions for 2013 and 2018 Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

Ratio of Impaired-Driving Citations to Collisions Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

Unrestrained Motorist Collisions per 10,000 County Population Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

Motorcycle Collisions per County Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard looks at motorcycle collisions per county and highlights the top thirty counties with the most motorcycle collisions.

Pedestrian-Involved Collisions per County Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard looks at pedestrian-involved collisions per county and lists the top twenty counties with the most pedestrian-involved collisions.

Bicyclist Involved Collisions per County Indiana Criminal Justice Institute June 2019

The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute uses National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funding to partner with the Indiana University of Public Policy Institute (IUPPI) to analyze ARIES crash data. This tableau dashboard looks at bicyclist involved collisions per county and highlights the top twenty counties with the most bicyclist involved collisions.

VICTIMIZATION

ILLINOIS The Victim-Offender Overlap: Examining the Relationship Between Victimization and Offending Caitlin Delong and Jessica Reichert Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority January 15, 2019, 12 pp.

The relationship between victimization and offending also referred to as the victim-offender overlap, is widely documented. While crime victims do not always become offenders, most offenders have been victims. The victimization experience can produce negative physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes in individuals and some victims may go on to commit crimes. This report outlines leading theoretical explanations for the victim-offender overlap, factors that influence victimization and offending, and recommendations for practitioners to address violent victimization and prevent subsequent offending.

Victimization and Help-Seeking Experiences of LGBTQ+ Individuals Amanda Vasquez Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority January 2019

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals are at increased risk for experiencing violence and the negative impacts associated with violence, including stress, PTSD symptoms and injury. LGBTQ+ victims are an underserved victim population in Illinois despite these increased risks. Individuals from underserved victim groups, such as people of color, those who identify as LGBTQ+, or those who are homeless are less likely to seek, access, or receive services following victimization. This article will explore how

SAC Publication Digest – January to June 2019 victimization and help-seeking experiences of LGBTQ+ victims in Illinois differ from those of non-LGBTQ+ victims, and how experiences may vary based on a victim’s LGB identity (i.e., lesbian/gay versus bisexual). It concludes with implications for policy and practice and suggestions for how to improve victim service delivery for LGBTQ+ victims and highlights areas for further research to inform how the state can better meet the needs of underserved victim populations.

Child and Youth Exposure to Violence in Illinois Jaclyn Houston Kolnik and Paola Baldo Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority March 2019

A large number of children and youth in the United States experience multiple forms of violence in their homes, schools, and community. These experiences can impact a child’s personality development, mental health, academic success, and interpersonal relationships. This article presents data on the prevalence of childhood victimization and exposure to violence in Illinois. Also discussed are the impacts of those experiences and their implications for policy and practice.