Extensive Schweinefreilandhaltung Und Ihre Auswirkung Auf Tierische Lebensgemeinschaften Am Beispiel Der Laufkäfer (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

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Extensive Schweinefreilandhaltung Und Ihre Auswirkung Auf Tierische Lebensgemeinschaften Am Beispiel Der Laufkäfer (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Extensive Schweinefreilandhaltung und ihre Auswirkung auf tierische Lebensgemeinschaften am Beispiel der Laufkäfer (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Benjamin T. Hill aus Frankfurt am Main Marburg/Lahn, 2012 Vom Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation am 2012 angenommen. Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Lothar Beck Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Roland Brandl Tag der mündlichen Prüfung am Erklärung zu eigenen Veröffentlichungen Teile der vorgelegten Dissertation wurden bereits in wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften und Büchern publiziert. Im Einzelnen liegen folgende Veröffentlichungen vor: HILL , B.T., K ÖSTERMEYER , H. & B EINLICH , B. (2000): Pigs - the forgotten grazing animal. - La Canada 13: 6-7. HILL , B.T., B ECK , L.A. & B EINLICH , B. (2004): Reaktionen der Laufkäferzönose eines brachge- fallenen Kalk-Ackers auf extensive Schweinebeweidung. - Angew. Carabidol. Suppl. III: 3-15. HILL , B.T., BEINLICH , B., K ÖSTERMEYER , H., D IETERICH , M. & N EUGEBAUER , K.R. (2004): The pig grazing project: Prospects of a novel management tool. - In: Dieterich, M. & van der Straaten, J. (Hrsg.), Cultural Landscapes and Land Use. The Nature Conserva- tion - Society Interface. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishing: 193-208. HILL , B.T., B EINLICH , B., K ÖSTERMEYER , H. & B ECK , L.A. (2005a): Die Schweineweide als Lebensraum für Vögel (Aves) und Laufkäfer (Coleoptera: Carabidae), dargestellt am Beispiel des Echeler Bruchs in der Warburger Börde (Kreis Höxter). - Beitr. Naturk. Egge u. Weser 17: 98-119. HILL , B.T., B EINLICH , I., B EINLICH , B. & B ECK , L.A. (2005b): Zur Aktivität epigäischer Inver- tebraten auf Schweineweiden. - In: Neugebauer, K.R., Beinlich, B. & Poschlod, P. (Hrsg.), Schweine in der Landschaftspflege - Geschichte, Ökologie & Praxis. Schne- verdingen, NNA-Berichte 18: 193-197. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINLEITUNG ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. GESCHICHTE DER SCHWEINEHALTUNG IN MITTELEUROPA .................................................. 6 3. UNTERSUCHUNGSGEBIETE ..............................................................................................12 3.1 Standorte...............................................................................................................12 3.2 Weidemanagement und Nutzungsvarianten...........................................................18 4. VERGLEICH DER LAUFKÄFERZÖNOSEN UND STANDÖRTLICH -STRUKTURELLER PARAMETER ZWISCHEN SCHWEINEWEIDE UND REFERENZNUTZUNGEN ..................................................21 4.1 Methoden...............................................................................................................21 4.1.1 Erhebung der Laufkäferdaten.................................................................................21 4.1.2 Erhebung standörtlich-strukturelle Parameter ........................................................24 4.1.3 Auswertung und Datenanalyse ..............................................................................26 4.1.4 Methodendiskussion ..............................................................................................32 4.2 Artengemeinschaften.............................................................................................35 4.2.1 Räumlicher Vergleich.............................................................................................35 4.2.2 Zeitliche Entwicklung .............................................................................................57 4.3 Standörtlich-strukturelle Parameter........................................................................73 4.3.1 Vegetationsstruktur und Offenboden......................................................................73 4.3.2 Mikrorelief..............................................................................................................81 4.4 Diskussion .............................................................................................................83 4.4.1 Schweinebeweidung und Artenvielfalt der Laufkäfer..............................................83 4.4.2 Veränderungen der Laufkäfergemeinschaften im Vergleich der Nutzungssysteme... ..............................................................................................................................88 4.4.3 Einfluss von Weideschweinen auf die Struktur des Grünlands...............................97 5. BESCHREIBUNG DER SCHWEINEWEIDEN ANHAND VON FUNKTIONELLEN MERKMALEN / GRUPPEN DER LAUFKÄFER ............................................................................................102 5.1 Methoden.............................................................................................................102 5.1.1 Erhebung Laufkäferdaten.....................................................................................102 5.1.2 Datengrundlage funktionelle Merkmale................................................................102 5.1.3 Auswertung und Datenanalyse ............................................................................105 5.1.4 Methodendiskussion ............................................................................................105 5.2 Funktionelle Merkmale der Laufkäfer ...................................................................107 5.2.1 Auswirkung des Nutzungstyps .............................................................................107 5.2.2 Vergleich der Standorte .......................................................................................112 5.3 Flugfähigkeit bzw. Flügelausbildung als Merkmal störungsgeprägter Lebensräume . ............................................................................................................................118 5.3.1 Nutzungstyp.........................................................................................................118 5.3.2 Dimorphe Arten....................................................................................................119 5.4 Diskussion ...........................................................................................................123 5.4.1 Funktionelle Merkmale und Strategien der Laufkäfer auf Schweineweiden..........123 5.4.2 Flugfähigkeit von Laufkäfern in einem dynamischen Landnutzungssystem..........132 6. DIE SCHWEINEWEIDE ALS „MODERNES “ E LEMENT DER KULTURLANDSCHAFT ....................137 6.1 Methoden.............................................................................................................137 6.1.1 Laufkäfererfassung ..............................................................................................137 6.1.2 Auswertung und Datenanalyse ............................................................................141 6.1.3 Methodendiskussion ............................................................................................143 6.2 Transekte.............................................................................................................144 6.2.1 Bruchtaue ............................................................................................................144 6.2.2 Schmandberg ......................................................................................................148 6.3 Richtungsfallen ....................................................................................................152 6.3.1 Bruchtaue ............................................................................................................152 6.3.2 Schmandberg ......................................................................................................154 6.4 Wühlstellen..........................................................................................................156 6.4.1 Artengemeinschaft...............................................................................................156 6.4.2 Funktionelle Gruppen...........................................................................................159 6.5 Naturschutzfachliche Bewertung..........................................................................160 6.5.1 Arten....................................................................................................................160 6.5.2 Individuelle Fitness ..............................................................................................164 6.6 Diskussion ...........................................................................................................166 6.6.1 Die Stellung der Schweineweide in der Kulturlandschaft......................................166 6.6.2 Schweinebeweidung als Managementmaßnahme? .............................................176 7. EINSATZMÖGLICHKEITEN DER EXTENSIVEN SCHWEINEFREILANDHALTUNG IN DER LANDSCHAFTSPFLEGE – B EWEIDUNG , L ANDSCHAFTSSTRUKTUR UND AGRARPOLITIK ........183 8. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .....................................................................................................190 9. LITERATUR ...................................................................................................................193 ANHANG 218 Abbildungsverzeichnis: Abb. 1: Schweinefreilandhaltung im alten Ägypten (aus ten Cate 1972). 6 Abb. 2: Spätmittelalterliche Darstellung der Eichelmast (aus ten Cate 1972). 9 Abb. 3: Deutschlands „letzter Schweinehirt“ (aus ten Cate 1972). 11 Abb. 4: Lage der Untersuchungsgebiete.
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