Geneva 25 June–3 July Executive Council 2012 Sixty-fourth session Geneva, 25 June–3 July 2012 EC-64 P-ASGO_12974 WMO-No. 1092 www.wmo.int WMO-No. 1092
Executive Council
Sixty-fourth session
Geneva 25 June–3 July 2012
Abridged final report with resolutions
WMO-No. 1092
WMO-No. 1092 © World Meteorological Organization, 2012
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CONTENTS
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GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE SESSION
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION (EC-64/Doc. 1) ...... 1 1.1 Opening of the session ...... 1
1.2 Approval of the agenda (EC-64/Doc. 1; EC-64/Doc. 1.2, REV. 1)...... 1 1.3 Establishment of committees ...... 1 1.4 Programme of work of the session ...... 2 1.5 Approval of the minutes ...... 2
2. REPORTS...... 3
2.1 Report by the President of the Organization (EC-64/Doc. 2.1)...... 3
2.2 Report by the Secretary-General (EC-64/Doc. 2.2) ...... 3
2.3 Report of the Financial Advisory Committee (EC-64/Doc. 2.3)...... 3 2.4 Report on the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Regional Associations and reports of presidents of regional associations (EC-64/Doc. 2.4)...... 3 2.5 Report on the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Technical Commissions and reports of presidents of technical commissions (EC-64/Doc. 2.5; EC-64/Doc. 2.5, ADD. 1) ..... 7
3. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE SERVICES...... 12
3.1 Preparations for the extraordinary session of Congress 2012 (EC-64/Doc. 3.1(1); EC-64/Doc. 3.1(2); EC-64/Doc. 3.1(3)) ...... 12
3.2 WMO contribution to the Global Framework for Climate Services (EC-64/Doc. 3.2(1); EC-64/Doc. 3.2(2); EC-64/Doc. 3.2(2), ADD. 1) ...... 16
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN, WITH EMPHASIS ON PRIORITY AREAS...... 24 4.1 Enhanced capabilities to deliver and improve access to high-quality weather, climate, water and related environmental predictions, information, warnings and services in response to users’ needs, and to enable their use in decision-making by relevant societal sectors (EC-64/Doc. 4.1)...... 24 4.2 Enhanced capabilities of Members to reduce risks and potential impacts of hazards caused by weather, climate, water and related environmental elements (EC-64/ Doc. 4.2) ...... 31 4.3 Enhanced capabilities of Members to produce better weather, climate, water and related environmental information, predictions and warnings to support in particular disaster risk reduction and climate impact and adaptation strategies (EC-64/Doc. 4.3(2); EC-64/Doc. 4.3(3)) ...... 34 4.4 Enhanced capabilities of Members to access, develop, implement and use integrated and interoperable Earth- and space-based observation systems for weather, climate and hydrological observations, as well as related environmental and space weather observations, based on world standards set by WMO (EC-64/Doc. 4.4(1); EC-64/Doc. 4.4(2); EC-64/Doc. 4.4(3); EC-64/Doc. 4.4(4)) ...... 40 iv ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
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4.5 Enhanced capabilities of Members to contribute to and draw benefits from the global research capacity for weather, climate, water and the related environmental science and technology development (EC-64/Doc. 4.5(1); EC-64/Doc. 4.5(2); EC-64/Doc. 4.5(3); EC-64/Doc. 4.5(C))...... 50 4.6 Enhanced capabilities of NMHSs, in particular in developing and least developed countries, to fulfill their mandates (EC-64/Doc. 4.6(1); EC-64/Doc. 4.6(2); EC-64/Doc. 4.6(3); EC-64/Doc. 4.6(4); EC-64/Doc. 4.6(5)...... 56 4.7 New and strengthened partnerships and cooperation activities to improve NMHSs’ performance in delivering services and to increase the value of the contributions of WMO within the United Nations system, relevant international conventions and national strategic issues (EC-64/Doc. 4.7; EC-64/Doc. 4., ADD. 1; EC-64/Doc. 4.7(1); EC-64/Doc. 4.7(2); EC-64/Doc. 4.7(3)) ...... 64
4.8 An effective and efficient Organization (EC-64/Doc. 4.8(1); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(2); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(3); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(4); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(5); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(6); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(7); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(8); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(9); EC-64/Doc. 4.8(10)) ...... 69
5. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (EC-64/Doc. 5(1); EC-64/Doc. 5(2); EC-64/Doc. 5(3); EC-64/Doc. 5(4); EC-64/Doc. 5(5); EC-64/Doc. 5.5(C)) ...... 72
6. COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (EC-64/Doc. 6) ...... 75
7. GENERAL AND LEGAL MATTERS ...... 76 7.1 Fifty-seventh International Meteorological Organization Prize and other awards (EC-64/Doc. 7.1(1); EC-64/Doc. 7.1(2)) ...... 76
7.2 Constitutional and regulatory matters (EC-64/Doc. 7.2) ...... 77
7.3 Designation of acting members of the Executive Council (EC-64/Doc. 7.3) ...... 78
7.4 Review of panels and other bodies of the Executive Council (EC-64/Doc. 7.4) ...... 78
7.5 Amendments to the Technical Regulations (EC-64/Doc. 7.5) ...... 79
8. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS (EC-64/Doc. 8) ...... 80
9. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL (EC-64/Doc. 9) ...... 80
10. DATE AND PLACE OF THE SIXTY-FIFTH AND SIXTY-SIXTH SESSIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL (EC-64/Docs.10, 11) ...... 80
11. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION (EC-64/Docs.10, 11) ...... 80 CONTENTS v
Page RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE SESSION Final Session No. No. 1 2.4/1 Review of the role and responsibilities of regional associations ...... 81 2 2.5/1 Report of the fourth session of the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology...... 82 3 3.2/1 Terms of reference of the Executive Council Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters ...... 83 4 3.2/2 Executive Council Task Team on the WMO Policy for International Exchange of Climate Data and Products to Support the Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services ...... 85 5 3.2/2 Joint mechanism to support implementation of the Climate Services Information System ...... 87 6 4.1/1 Alternate means of compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization SIGMET regulations ...... 88 7 4.1/2 Social, economic and policy impacts of weather, climate and water services ...... 89 8 4.2/1 Enhanced capabilities of Members to reduce risks and potential impacts of hazards caused by weather, climate, water and related environmental elements...... 90 9 4.3/1 High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy...... 95 10 4.4/1 WMO Integrated Global Observing System Framework Implementation Plan ...... 96 11 4.4/2 Radio frequencies for meteorological and related environmental activities ...... 122 12 4.4/1 Designation of Centres of the WMO Information System ...... 125 13 4.4/2 Responsibility for creating aviation extensible markup language...... 127 14 4.4/3 Submission of World Weather Records on an annual basis...... 128 15 4.4/4 Global Climate Observing System ...... 129 16 4.5/2 Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project...... 131 17 4.5/1 Polar Prediction Project...... 132 18 4.6/2 WMO Capacity Development Strategy ...... 132 19 4.6/1 Reconfirmation of Regional Training Centres assessed during 2010–2011 ...... 137 20 4.6/3 WMO Programme Support Cost Policy...... 138 21 4.6/4 Terms of reference of the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development...... 140 22 4.8/4 Selection process of the External Auditor ...... 141 23 4.8/3 Policy on Disclosure of Internal Audit Reports...... 142 24 4.8/1 Guidelines on the planning and production of WMO publications...... 145 25 5/1 Financial statements of the World Meteorological Organization for the year 2011 ...... 148 26 7.5/1 Amendments to the Technical Regulations...... 148 27 9/1 Review of previous resolutions of the Executive Council...... 224 vi ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
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ANNEXES
I Recommendations of the Financial Advisory Committee (agenda item 2.3 of the general summary) ...... 226
II Agenda for the extraordinary session of Congress 2012 (paragraph 3.1.3 of the general summary)...... 226
III List of international organizations to be invited to the extraordinary session of Congress 2012 (paragraph 3.1.4 of the general summary) ...... 228
IV Recently reviewed terms of reference for the WMO/IUGG Volcanic Ash Scientific Advisory Group (paragraph 4.1.10 of the general summary) ...... 232
V VCP(F) proposal for allocations in 2012 (in Swiss Francs) (paragraph 4.6.37 of the general summary)...... 233
VI Development of the next WMO Strategic and Operating Plans (paragraph 4.8.15 of the general summary)...... 234
VII Staff appointments, promotions, nominations and transfers since the sixty-third session of the Executive Council (paragraphs 5.26, 5.27 and 5.28 of the general summary)...... 237
VIII Outline new structure of the Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) (agenda item 7.5 of the general summary) ...... 239
APPENDIX. List of participants...... 241
GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE SESSION
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION (AGENDA ITEM 1)
1.1 Opening of the session (agenda item 1.1)
1.1.1 The President opened the 64th session of the WMO Executive Council at 9:30 a.m. on Monday, 25 June 2012. He welcomed members of Executive Council and observers and made special mention of representatives of Members who were present to follow the discussions. He invited them to express their views during side meetings and informal meetings. A list of participants is given in the appendix to the present report.
1.1.2 After a brief overview of the organization of the meeting in line with recommendations aimed at continuous improvement of WMO practices and procedures, he highlighted the key decisions that were required. This Executive Council must chart a clear course to the successful conclusion of its discussions on the GFCS in preparation for the Extraordinary Congress which takes place on 29–31 October of this year. In addition, this EC will deal with several matters related to the other four priorities, agree on strategies for capacity development and resource mobilization, and consider the guidance offered by several constituent bodies to help advance our weather, climate and water enterprise. To do so, the Council must strengthen its efforts on integrated planning to ensure a clear identification of priorities that guide our investments.
1.1.3 The Secretary-General welcomed the Council to Geneva. In his greetings, in particular to the new member Mr J. Báez Benítez, he added that the Council shall soon have five new acting members. He noted that the past year was a period marked once again by major disasters and that during the period the voice of WMO had been increasingly sought out and respected by UN partners and others, particularly at the recent Rio+20 Conference. He stated that EC-64 would be a key session since it will be the first in WMO history to prepare for an extraordinary session of Congress.
1.2 Approval of the agenda (agenda item 1.2)
The Council approved the proposed annotated agenda as given in EC-64/Doc 1.2, REV. 1 on the understanding that amendments may be introduced in the course of the session in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 160 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), and with an additional point for discussion under item 6 – celebration of the 50th anniversary of the World Weather Watch in 2013. The President requested that the Committee on the Theme of the World Meteorological Day also take up this additional point and that they make a proposal to the Council.
1.3 Establishment of committees (agenda item 1.3)
Plenary meetings
1.3.1 The Council agreed to conduct the entire session in plenary meetings. Confidential issues would be discussed in camera. Therefore Council members, or their alternates, were required to attend every plenary and in-camera meeting. Decisions could therefore be taken at any time during the session.
1.3.2 The President decided to chair a number of general items, in-camera meetings and the GFCS. For other items, the President delegated chairmanship to the Vice-Presidents: The First Vice-President would chair items related to WIS and WIGOS and capacity development; The Second Vice-President would chair items on DRR, service delivery, partnerships and communications; The Third Vice-President will chair items related to climate and water, research, strategic and operational planning, and resource management. 2 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1.3.3 The Assistant Secretary-General and several Directors were designated to serve as secretaries to plenary.
In-session Committees
1.3.4 The President established a Coordination Committee in accordance with Regulation 29 of the General Regulations (2011 edition). It was composed of the President and the three Vice- Presidents, the Secretary-General or his representative, secretaries of plenary meetings and other key staff, invited by the President as necessary.
1.3.5 The Council approved the proposals of the Bureau on the establishment of a number of in-session committees to assist with the work of the session: Committee on membership of the JSC for WCRP Prof. Adrian (Chair) Dr Mukabana, Dr Harijono, and Mr Hirst Committee on the Theme for World Meteorological Day 2014 Prof. Ostojski (Chair) Core members: Dr Moura, Dr Frolov, Dr Makuleni, assisted by the president of CBS. This committee was open to all EC members. Selection Committee for the IMO Prize Dr Moura (Chair) Dr Bah, Mr Rolle, and Dr Harijono Selection Committee for the Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Award Mr Rolle (Chair) Mr Loumouamou, assisted by the president of CIMO Selection Committee for the 2012 WMO Research Award for Young Scientists Dr Cho (Chair) Mr Fallas Sojo, and Prof. Taalas WMO Staff Pension Committee Prof. Ostojski, Dr Makuleni, and Mr Sutherland Selection Committee for the Norbert Gerbier-MUMM International Award Mr Jacq (Chair) Dr Anuforom, and Dr Yap Rapporteur on Previous Resolutions Dr Yap
1.4 Programme of work of the session (agenda item 1.4)
Working hours of the meetings were established as 9:30 to 12:30 and 14:30 to 17:30. The necessary arrangements concerning the allocation of agenda items to the plenary were made. The Council suspended Regulation 110 of the General Regulations (2011 edition) for the duration of the session.
1.5 Approval of the minutes (agenda item 1.5)
The Council noted that in accordance with General Regulation 112 (2011 edition) no minutes should be prepared unless otherwise decided for special items. Audio recordings of plenary meetings shall be made and retained for record purposes. GENERAL SUMMARY 3
2. REPORTS (AGENDA ITEM 2)
2.1 Report by the President of the Organization (agenda item 2.1)
2.1.1 The Council noted the decisions made by the President on its behalf since its last session under General Regulation 9 (7) (b) and Staff Regulation 9.5.
2.1.2 The Council took note of the report of the President. It dealt with related issues under the relevant agenda items.
2.2 Report by the Secretary-General (agenda item 2.2)
2.2.1 The Council took note of the report of the Secretary-General.
2.2.2 The Council noted with appreciation the Secretary-General’s actions to increase the political profile and relevant contribution of WMO and NMHSs to international initiatives to respond to the global challenges directly connected or amplified by climate variability and change, especially by developing the initial steps of the GFCS implementation.
2.2.3 The Council dealt with related issues under the relevant agenda items.
2.3 Report of the Financial Advisory Committee (agenda item 2.3)
The Council considered the report of the Financial Advisory Committee. It noted with appreciation the various recommendations of the Committee contained in Annex I to the present report. The Council took account of those recommendations in making its decisions under the various related agenda items.
2.4 Report on the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Regional Associations and reports of presidents of regional associations (agenda item 2.4)
2.4.1 The Council noted that the President of WMO convened an extraordinary Meeting of Presidents of Regional Associations (PRA-2012) in Geneva, 30–31 January 2012 aimed at coordinating the follow-up activities of the Associations on the decisions of Cg-XVI and EC-LXIII (full report is available at: http://www.wmo.int/pages/meetings/documents/PRA_2012_report_ draft_v1.0.pdf).
2.4.2 The Council noted that the regional associations have initiated actions for aligning their respective regional operating plans with the new WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015) adopted by Cg-XVI. All presidents re-affirmed that the five strategic priorities of the WMO Strategic Plan were also the priorities of the regional associations, but their order of importance and urgency of the related actions addressing these priorities varied from Region to Region. The Council noted further that regional associations planned to expedite the preparation of their new operating plans which should become part of the WMO-wide Operating Plan (2012–2015). Since the next regional association sessions were to be conducted during different years of the financial period, it was recommended that the approval of the regional operating plans should be a priority task for the respective Regional Association Management Groups, preferably by the end of 2012.
2.4.3 The Council noted that the presidents of regional associations welcomed the proposals for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the WMO constituent bodies prepared by the Task Group on Continuous Improvement of the EC WG/SOP. The presidents were to explore the proposed measures for improvement related to the RA sessions and the work of their subsidiary bodies, including optimization of documentation, duration and agenda of meetings, and possibilities for better use of IT in the conduct of business. It was noted that some Associations already introduced innovative methods in their intersessional work which were action oriented and aimed at producing deliverables that would guide a well coordinated regional planning and implementation process. 4 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
2.4.4 The Council noted the recommendation by PRA-2012 that in order to further improve the coordination and collaboration between the regional associations and the technical commissions, the roles and responsibilities of the RAs and TCs should be better defined and understood by all. It was also stressed that the RA working groups and task teams should improve their coordination and collaboration with the relevant Expert Teams and other subsidiary bodies of the Commissions in order to streamline activities and avoid duplication.
2.4.5 The Council further noted the concern expressed by PRA-2012 about the limited resources available to support the RA activities. In view of these circumstances, PRA-2012 agreed that the planning of the regional activities should be improved and stronger coordination with the activities of technical commissions should take place. Strong prioritization and more resources being directed to the regional activities supporting the implementation of the strategic priorities by the Regions, subregions and Members was to become a guiding principle for the RAs and their Management Groups.
2.4.6 The Council also noted that presidents of regional associations gave general support for the proposal for an EC review of the role and responsibilities of regional associations. The presidents agreed that coordination among the presidents of the Regions and technical commissions is essential. The presidents of regional associations felt that coordination needed to be horizontal, light and operational, building on existing mechanisms. The meeting noted recent efforts to improve coordination and that such coordination could be further improved. The presidents also acknowledged the crucial role of the Secretariat in the coordination of regional activities.
Reports of Presidents of Regional Associations
Note: Information about regional events organized during the period after EC-XLIII is available on: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra/regional_activities.php.
RA I – Africa
2.4.7 The Council noted the report of the president of RA I, Mr Mamadou L. Bah who highlighted the main achievements and the priorities in the Region. In this regard, the Council considered the activities related to the African Ministerial Conference on Meteorology (AMCOMET), which was established in 2010 by the First Conference of Ministers Responsible for Meteorology in Africa and endorsed by the African Union Summit of Heads of State and Government in 2011.
2.4.8 The Council noted further that WMO has established an AMCOMET Secretariat to support the AMCOMET process and that the AMCOMET Task Force comprising of 10 Members, at Ministerial Level met in Nairobi, Kenya on 21–23 November 2011 to develop a work plan for AMCOMET. This plan includes, among other things, the preparation of an African Strategy on Weather and Climate Services taking into account the GFCS, finalization of an AMCOMET Constitution and institutional framework, and organization of the Second Session of AMCOMET in September 2012.
2.4.9 To foster the implementation of Cg-XVI decisions, the RA I Management Group held meetings and provided guidance for the implementation of WMO major initiatives in the Region, including WIS/WIGOS, GFCS, RCC, QMS, Capacity Development, AMCOMET, and actualization of RA I Strategic and Operating Plans. Putting high priority on observations, a Task Team on WIGOS was established, chaired by the vice-president of RA I and composed of two experts per subregion.
2.4.10 The Council noted the challenges RA I Members have been facing in making progress with the implementation of high priorities areas, such as QMS for aeronautical meteorological services, where the compliance with the ICAO requirements would not be achieved by the established deadline for the majority of Members. In this regard, the president of RA I acknowledged the assistance received from a number of developed Members on a bilateral basis GENERAL SUMMARY 5
and called for continuation of such assistance. Other WMO priority areas where implementation activities in RA I should be accelerated such as the GFCS and capacity development, including education and training, where the assistance of the Secretariat and support of development partners was of great importance.
RA II – Asia
2.4.11 The Council noted the report of the president of RA II, Prof. Victor Chub. The most important achievements of RA II included, among others, further development and finalization of the RA II Operating Plan for 2012–2015; successful implementation of five Pilot Projects; progress in the establishment and enhancement of the Regional Climate Centres (RCCs) in RA II; and substantial improvement in upgrading GTS links and progress on WIS implementation.
2.4.12 The Council also noted that specific challenges and priorities to RA II relate to: cost recovery and certification/quality management for aviation; sand and dust storms, thunderstorms and associated extreme weather events; further development of RA II RCC network activities to contribute to the GFCS at national and regional levels; implementation of regional WIGOS and WIS based on RA II Implementation Plans; and implementation of regional WHYCOS projects including Aral-HYCOS.
2.4.13 The Council further noted that the fifteenth session of RA II (15-RA II) was planned to be held in Doha, Qatar, from 13 to 19 December 2012, preceded by a two-day Regional Seminar on 11 and 12 December 2012.
RA III – South America
2.4.14 The Council noted the report of the acting president of RA III, Mr Julián Báez Benítez. The RA III Operational Plan was finalized, in line with WMO Strategic Thrusts and Expected Results. The principal achievements were the completion of Telecommunications Network connectivity in the Region and the implementation of Capacity-building Development activities, including now the areas of Hydrometry and Flash Floods.
2.4.15 The following main priorities for RA III have been identified: (a) the implementation of three RCCs (Southern South America, Northern South America and Western Coast of South America, with CIIFEN participation); (b) the preparation and funding of a WIGOS (WDP) Regional Pilot Project based on Automatic Weather Stations Network design, as well as the regional implementation of WIS through the Centre for Data and DCPC and GISC Products in Brasilia; and (c) the Pilot Project on Early Warning Systems for Hydrometeorological threats in Magdalena River and La Plata Basin, requesting the WMO Secretariat support for feasibility studies on HYCOS projects for the Amazon and La Plata basins, with the corresponding resource mobilization for these projects.
RA IV – North America, Central America and the Caribbean
2.4.16 In his report the president of RA IV, Mr Arthur W. Rolle highlighted that during the period RA IV activities have been focused on aviation services where a number of workshops and other activities were carried out in order to assist the NMSs in the Region to obtain their QMS certification. Other achievements include a proposal to establish a regional climate centre for the Caribbean region and initial actions taken by Mexico to establish another centre for the Mesoamerica region; the initiation of a radar network integration pilot project in the WIS/WIGOS framework; the activities in the area of disaster risk reduction with the pilot multi-hazard early warning system project currently under implementation in Costa Rica; the Caribbean Assessment project and the activities in support of the NMS of Haiti with regards to capacity-building.
2.4.17 The Council noted that the main RA IV priorities and challenges for the next period were for aviation services to meet ICAO deadlines for QMS and forecaster competency training/certification; the full implementation of RCCs to serve the needs of the Region related to GFCS; to develop in collaboration with CBS integrated implementation planning for WIS/WIGOS; 6 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
to advance DRR activities with the Central America EWS pilot projects and with improved hurricane warnings; and capacity-building to progress in building a sustainable NMHS for Haiti.
2.4.18 The Council further noted that the sixteenth session of RA IV (16-RA IV) is planned to be held in Curaçao and Sint Maarten, in April 2013, preceded by the thirty-fifth meeting of the RA IV Hurricane Committee.
RA V – South-West Pacific
2.4.19 The Council noted the report of the president of RA V, Dr Sri Woro B. Harijono, highlighting the most important achievements in RA V, including: further development and finalization of the RA V Operating Plan for 2012–2015; efficient organization of the RA V Regional Seminar on Climate Services and sessions of the Working Group on Climate Services and the Management Group in Honiara, Solomon Islands; successful implementation of the Severe Weather Forecasting and Disaster Risk Reduction Demonstration Project (SWFDDP); capacity development activities including education and training, technical assistance and advice on national and regional development strategies, policies, projects and legislation related to weather and climate for the Pacific SIDS/LDCs; further enhancement of partnership with SPREP through the establishment of the Pacific Meteorological Council (PMC) and the Pacific Meteorological Desk Partnership (PMDP); and the positive review by the Panel of Experts on Education and Training of a proposal for the establishment of a WMO Regional Training Centre in Indonesia.
2.4.20 The Council also noted that specific challenges and needs for RA V relate essentially to the continuous development of human resources and building institutional capacity, improvement of the quality and extent of observational networks and the dissemination of quality information. Specifically for the NMHSs in the Pacific region, there is a need to strengthen the capabilities to access sophisticated products in the preparation and dissemination of weather information and products, as well as timely warnings for severe weather and climate extremes. RA V aims at achieving the following: development and implementation of regional WIGOS and WIS Implementation Plans; establishment of Regional Climate Centre(s) (RCC(s)) and implementation of Regional/Subregional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs) including a Southeast Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SEACOF); establishment of QMS for all NMHSs in the Pacific SIDS/LDCs for aeronautical meteorological, marine meteorological and hydrological services; sustaining the regional component of WHYCOS in RA V through the development of new project such as the South-East Asia HYCOS (SEA-HYCOS) and a follow up to the Pacific-HYCOS.
2.4.21 The Council further noted the proposal by the president of RA V for coordination of the work programmes of the regional working groups and relevant technical commission expert teams.
RA VI – Europe
2.4.22 In his report, the president of RA VI, Mr Ivan Čačić, highlighted events that had major contributions to the achievements of established regional objectives. The Council noted in particular the RA VI Conference on Socio-Economic Benefits (SEB) of Weather, Water and Climate Services (October 2011, Switzerland), the RA VI Workshop on the Implementation of WIS (November 2011, Bulgaria), the successful completion of the DRR project for South-East Europe funded by the European Commission and the initiation of its Second Phase as a new project in cooperation with the European Commission and the UN Office for DRR (UNISDR).
2.4.23 The Council noted further that the Management Group of RA VI has put highest priority on the implementation of WIS and WIGOS and that the RA VI WIS Implementation Plan has been developed. WIGOS subregional projects have been initiated, such as a WIS-DCPC/WIGOS Centre for enhancement of the marine services in Adriatic Sea. A major achievement for the Region was the successful completion of the pilot phase of the RA VI Network of RCCs. The First RA VI Hydrology Forum has been conducted as a new form of regional cooperation between the hydrological services. GENERAL SUMMARY 7
2.4.24 The Council noted that RA VI has prepared its Operating Plan for the period 2012–2015 fully aligned with the WMO Strategic Plan. The Management Group of RA VI considered the recommendations of the Task Group on Continuous Improvement of WMO Processes and Practices of the EC Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning (WG/SOP), as well as, the outcome of the 2012-PRA meeting and the Joint PRA/PTC Meeting (2012). In particular, the Management Group addressed the need for an improved definition of the role and responsibilities of the regional associations in the WMO Integrated Planning and Implementation Process. The Management Group felt this was necessary in order to improve the coordination and collaboration with the technical commissions and the Secretariat to ensure full consistency and complementarily of the work programmes and processes across the Organization.
2.4.25 The Council considered the recommendation of the RA VI management group and agreed that an improved definition of the roles and responsibilities of RAs would bring benefits and contribute to the ER8 of the WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015). Therefore, the Council tasked the WG/SOP to conduct a review of the current provisions and prepare, as necessary, a proposal for amendment of the WMO General Regulations (2011 edition), Annex II, Regional Associations and related documents. The Council also recommended that in reviewing the roles and responsibilities of the regional associations, WG/SOP should also consider necessary alignments in the TORs of the technical commissions, with a view to contributing to a consistent WMO Integrated Planning and Implementation Process. The Council adopted Resolution 1 (EC-64) – Review of the role and responsibilities of regional associations.
2.5 Report on the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Technical Commissions and reports of presidents of technical commissions (agenda item 2.5)
2.5.1 The Council noted that the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Technical Commissions (PTC-2012) was held in Geneva (30 January–1 February 2012).
2.5.2 The Council further noted that the PTC-2012 had discussed the Report of the EC Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services (EC-PORS) and had agreed that a necessary step was for presidents of technical commissions to review the decision of Congress on the WMO Polar Activities and to see what adjustments they needed to make in their TCs Operating Plans in order to advance the WMO polar activities agenda. The Council supported the recommendation of the PTC-2012 that EC-PORS Co-Chairs should clarify EC-PORS responsibilities with regard to the Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau Himalaya-Karakorum-Pamir).
2.5.3 Regarding the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), the Council noted that TCs had provided input into the Zero Order Draft of the GFCS Implementation Plan, indicating change in orientation that they had effected in their respective Commissions toward espousing GFCS as required by Congress, for consideration by the second meeting of the Executive Council Task Team on GFCS (ECTT-GFCS) (Geneva, 28 February to 1 March 2012). The Council encouraged TCs to put in place mechanisms to ensure that GFCS related activities and programmes were implemented according to the GFCS Implementation Plan.
2.5.4 The Council noted that PTC had discussed the subject of Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) and noting its importance, discussed the matter in greater detail in its discussion on the WMO contribution to the GFCS (agenda item 3.2).
2.5.5 The Council noted that the presidents of technical commissions had indicated the actions that they were taking to align their activities to the WMO Strategic and Operational Planning. The presidents had submitted the actions as requested by the President of WMO. The Council expressed its appreciation to the presidents of TCs for the actions, and requested the Secretary-General to support the re-alignment process the TCs had committed to.
2.5.6 Regarding the WMO Information System (WIS) and the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Council noted that PTC had discussed and agreed on various issues including endorsing the WMO Core Metadata Profile and the establishment of the WIGOS Task Teams for the WIGOS Concept of Operations – Functional Architecture (WIGOS-FA). The 8 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Council requested the Secretary-General to continue supporting the activities for the implementation of WIS and WIGOS.
2.5.7 The Council noted that the presidents of technical commissions had provided input during the development the “Implementation Plan for the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery”. The Council requested TCs to reflect on and propose how they would mainstream the Strategy into their respective TCs Operating Plans, to ensure that the Strategy was successfully infused into all the Programmes of WMO whose mandate included service delivery.
2.5.8 The Council noted that the presidents of technical commissions would review the work plan of the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) programme with a view to contributing to the development of standards, guidelines and training. It agreed that in future DRR projects should contain proposals on how Commissions could contribute to the projects, in particular with respect to the development of guidelines, norms and standards, for possible approval by EC and/or Congress.
2.5.9 The Council noted that PTC-2012 had discussed how to formalize and document procedures to ensure consistency and clarity of responsibilities and the respective roles of the WMO Secretariat and those of the technical commissions. The Council supported the decision to prepare a document entitled “Working Relationship between Technical Commissions and the Secretariat” to address this question.
Reports of the technical commissions that have sessions held in 2012
Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM)
2.5.10 The Council recalled that the fourth session of JCOMM took place in Yeosu, from 28 to 31 May 2012, hosted by the Republic of Korea through the Korean Meteorological Administration, the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea Organizing Committee, the government of Jeollanam-do Province and the city of Yeosu. There were some 140 participants at the session, from 47 Members/Member States and 4 international organizations. All final approved session documents are available on the JCOMM Website (www.jcomm.info/jcomm4). The session was preceded by a Scientific and Technical Workshop which took place on 24 and 25 May 2012, and an opening ceremony on Wednesday, 23 May 2012.
2.5.11 The Council noted with appreciation the following highlights of the session:
(a) Despite the intersessional period being shortened from the normal four years to two and a half years, a number of substantial achievements against the agreed work plan had nevertheless been realized by the Commission. In addition, all Programme Areas (PAs) had developed realistic forward programmes for the next intersessional period, which was likely to be longer than usual;
(b) That the ocean observing system being coordinated through the JCOMM Observations Programme Area has reached 62% of the requirements specified in the Global Climate Observing System Implementation Plan (GCOS-138, revised in 2010), and recognized that new initiatives would be required by the Commission and WMO Members/IOC Member States to continue its growth. In this regard concerns were expressed that the current global economic slow down may make this a very challenging task;
(c) Appreciation was expressed for the excellent work being accomplished by JCOMMOPS in support of JCOMM and the ocean observing system, including the provision of an expanding range of operational system performance metrics, and the innovative ship chartering activities to support platform deployments;
(d) The successful completion of the JCOMM Pilot Project for WIGOS, and that the JCOMM Data Management Programme Area, working closely with the IOC International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE), had embarked on GENERAL SUMMARY 9
the implementation of many of the legacy recommendations from the project, including two Regional Marine Instrument Centres, which had already been implemented (in China and the United States of America), and a third proposed in Morocco;
(e) The Commission supported the development of a new Marine Climate Data System (MCDS) by 2020 to eventually replace the current Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme (MCSS);
(f) The coordination, facilitation and standardization of marine and ocean product preparation and service delivery (including services for maritime safety and DRR) was a major part of the work of the Commission. The major thrust areas for the Services and Forecast Systems Programme Area (SFSPA) during the past intersessional period were: • Ensure maritime weather and sea ice safety including the operational implementation of five (5) new Arctic Ocean Metareas by July 2011; • Implement operational ocean forecasting capability by initially developing a Guide to Operational Ocean Forecasting; • Reduce risks of marine hazards on coastal communities in response to expected consequences of global climate change by implementing the recommendations of the first JCOMM storm surge symposium;
(g) JCOMM was directly involved in all the major WMO cross-cutting activities, including Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), WIGOS, WIS and the Quality Management Framework (QMF). In addition to the joint JCOMM/CHy Coastal Inundation Forecasting Projects’ (CIFDP) now underway, another new joint activity recently initiated joined the expertise of CAgM and JCOMM in a project to develop, as a contribution to the GFCS, datasets and tools to enable NMHSs and other agencies, in particular in SIDS, to assess and respond appropriately to the impacts of climate variability and change on oceanic fisheries. JCOMM also contributed to several of the IOC High-Level Objectives;
(h) JCOMM Capacity Development had been undertaken in accordance with a set of JCOMM Capacity Development Principles. The Commission expressed appreciation for the major events in the past intersessional period, which included three training workshops on wave and surge forecasting; courses and workshops on ocean data buoys (and the applications of buoy data) and tide gauges; a maritime safety services enhancement workshop; an ice analysts workshop; two training courses to enhance marine forecasting; and workshops on ocean data management, in conjunction with IODE.
2.5.12 The Council noted, and agreed, that the future priority challenges of JCOMM, in response to the priorities of WMO and IOC, included:
(a) Long-term maintenance of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and its continued growth in accordance with GCOS identified requirements, encouraging the diversification of Members/Member States contributions to observing networks and to JCOMMOPS, and establishing practical ways of seeking routes for funding new observing requirements;
(b) Input to the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) implementation; (c) Promoting standards and best practices in observations and data management, and assisting the further development of the Ocean Data Portal and its interoperability with the WMO Information System (WIS); (d) Underpinning the development of operational ocean forecasting services;
(e) Supporting disaster risk reduction in coastal zones and improving safety-related marine meteorological services; 10 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(f) The implementation of quality management systems in national services, within an overall Quality Management Framework;
(g) Ongoing overall WIGOS implementation;
(h) Capacity development and resource mobilization in marine meteorology and oceanography.
2.5.13 The Council congratulated Dr Johan Stander (South Africa) and Dr Nadia Pinardi (Italy) on their election as meteorology and oceanography co-presidents, respectively. It also paid tribute to Dr Peter Dexter (Australia) and Dr Alexander Frolov (Russian Federation) for their excellent work in support of JCOMM over the past intersessional period.
2.5.14 The Council noted the summary report of the fourth session of JCOMM presented by the co-president of JCOMM, including the resolutions and recommendations and recorded its decisions on the recommendations in Resolution 2 (EC-64) – Report of the fourth session of the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology.
Reports of technical commissions that have sessions planned in 2012
Commission for Basic Systems (CBS)
2.5.15 The Council noted the report of the president of the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) (Mr F. Branski) and that the fifteenth session of the Commission for Basic Systems, whose agenda includes election of officers and establishing future working structures, will be held from 10 to 15 September 2012 in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Council thanked the Government of Indonesia for its kind offer to host the session.
Priority issues to be addressed by the Commission at the forthcoming session
2.5.16 The Council noted the priorities for the work of CBS in the next intersessional period as follows:
(a) Further implementation of the World Weather Watch Programme in accordance with Resolution 1 (Cg-XVI) “World Weather Watch Programme for 2012–2015” as the basic WMO Programme on which all other Programmes of the Organization depend and which provides the basis for the operations of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services;
(b) Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS);
(c) Further implementation of the WMO Information System (WIS) and strengthening of the GTS/WIS operational coordination;
(d) Development of the Severe Weather Forecasting Demonstration Project (SWFDP), forecast verification activities, and Extended- and Long-Range Forecasting;
(e) Support to capacity development for Public Weather Services;
(f) Support to the Disaster Risk Reduction Programme;
(g) Support to the implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFSC);
(h) Support to the development of the Quality Management Framework.
2.5.17 CBS-15 will consider the WIGOS Implementation Plan for submission to EC-65. Attention will be paid to the available resources to match the implementation period and relevant recommendations will be submitted to EC-65 for consideration. Based on the WIGOS initial GENERAL SUMMARY 11
implementation activities, CBS-15 will reconsider its working structure to better respond to WIGOS implementation.
2.5.18 CBS-15 will discuss the Implementation Plan for the Evolution of global observing systems (EGOS-IP), a draft of which was developed by the Expert Team on the Evolution of global observing systems. EGOS-IP is addressing the evolution of all WIGOS component observing systems and as such is linked to the WIGOS Implementation Plan.
2.5.19 CBS-15 will consider a more flexible working structure within the OPAGs that will have fewer standing working groups but have the ability for creating and disbanding small targeted teams to address specific issues. The proposed structure includes an increase in the usage of Inter-Programme Expert Teams. CBS will also strive to strengthen regional association engagement to include joint activities.
2.5.20 CBS-15 will consider the Implementation Plan for the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery and will review the work on the Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System. Also in anticipation of the WMO Extraordinary Congress, CBS-15 will consider how CBS activities and its structure map align to the Implementation Plan for the GFCS.
Commission for Hydrology (CHy)
2.5.21 The Council noted the report of the president of CHy and that the fourteenth session of the Commission for Hydrology (CHy-14) will be held in Geneva from 6 to 14 November 2012.
Main items and priorities for the Session
2.5.22 CHy-14 will review and revise the draft programme of work for its next intersessional period, prepared by its Advisory Working Group (AWG) in consultation with the Regional Hydrological Advisers. The work programme includes the following thematic areas:
(a) Quality Management Framework – Hydrology;
(b) Data Operations and Management;
(c) Water Resources Assessment;
(d) Hydrological Forecasting and Prediction (Flood and Drought Management);
(e) Water and Climate.
2.5.23 The Quality Management Framework-Hydrology is aimed at ensuring that all of the activities necessary to design, develop and deliver a hydrological product or service are conducted efficiently and effectively. CHy will review guidelines for implementing a quality management system in hydrology (in alignment with the WMO QMF) and address issues associated with the definitions of Hydrologist and Hydrological Technicians and related classification and competencies as requested by Resolution 32 (Cg-XVI).
2.5.24 The Data Operations and Management theme is a new area and will focus on the activities currently underway in water data transfer and mark-up languages, as well as the hydrological linkages to WIS-WIGOS. CHy will be expected to make recommendations with regards to data exchange and protocols, and information management.
2.5.25 The Water Resources Assessment theme incorporates guidance on water resources assessment and the establishment of hydrological networks for this purpose, for example through the WHYCOS Programme (see below). CHy is required to identify the requirements of the Member countries in this thematic area.
2.5.26 The Hydrological Forecasting and Prediction (Flood and Drought Management) theme will provide the Commission’s direct input to Disaster Risk Reduction activities within the Hydrology 12 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
and Water Resources Programme. CHy-14 will be asked to provide advice and guidance on the role and function of the WMO Flood Forecasting Initiative Advisory Group set up by Cg-XVI (Resolution 15).
2.5.27 The Water and Climate theme will incorporate CHy’s approach to, and involvement in, the Global Framework for Climate Services, both as service providers and as a user interface. CHy will discuss and make recommendations on the role of CHy and NHSs in this regard.
2.5.28 Through Cg-XVI Resolution 14 – World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS), Congress requested an independent external review of the WHYCOS and the terms of reference and role of the WHYCOS International Advisory Group (WIAG). The review was undertaken in late 2011 by two external experts. CHy-14 will comment and advise on the recommendations of the review in preparation for a submission to EC-65.
2.5.29 CHy-14 will review previous resolutions and recommendations of the Commission for Hydrology. The AWG has proposed that Resolution 1 (CHy-XIII) – WMO Quality Management Framework – Hydrology and Resolution 6 (CHy-XIII) – WMO Integrated Global Observing Systems and WMO Information System be kept in force.
2.5.30 CHy-14 will also be asked to make recommendations on WMO strategic planning 2016–2019, including with respect to the Monitoring and Evaluation of the HWRP.
3. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE SERVICES (AGENDA ITEM 3)
3.1 Preparations for the extraordinary session of Congress 2012 (agenda item 3.1)
3.1.1 The Executive Council noted the preparations made for the extraordinary session of Congress (2012).
Dates
3.1.2 The Council, recalling the decisions made and guidance offered by Sixteenth Congress concerning Cg-Ext.(2012), decided that the session should be held in 2012 following the sixty-fourth session of the Executive Council. Consultations on the optimum dates for the session, convened by the President of WMO by correspondence, concluded that it will held from 29 to 31 October 2012.
Provisional agenda
3.1.3 The Council approved the agenda for Cg-Ext (2012) shown in Annex II to the present report and requested that it be distributed with the notification of the session.
Invitations to international organizations
3.1.4 The Council agreed that invitations should be extended to the international organizations listed in Annex III to the present report.
Seating of delegations
3.1.5 The Council agreed, after drawing lots, that delegations to the extraordinary session of Congress (2012) should be seated in alphabetical order of their countries as spelt in French, starting from the front of the hall and beginning with Canada.
3.1.6 The Council recalled Resolution 47 (Cg-XVI) on the development of the draft Implementation Plan for the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) and the draft Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure for the Intergovernmental Board and its substructures based on the Implementation Plan, and Resolution 1 (EC-LXIII) establishing a Task Team on the Global GENERAL SUMMARY 13
Framework for Climate Services (ECTT-GFCS) to support the Executive Council in giving effect to the decision of Congress.
3.1.7 The Council welcomed the First Order Draft Implementation Plan produced by the ECTT-GFCS and thanked the writers for their effort in developing the document.
The draft Implementation Plan for GFCS
3.1.8 The Council reviewed the First Order draft Implementation Plan for the GFCS and provided guidance for its further development of the proposal as follows:
(a) The document needs to be clear and concise, reflecting concrete deliverables and targets that will address critical gaps and shortcomings in the provision of climate services at the national level. In addition, the Implementation Plan shall clearly identify the benefits that would be realized through improved availability and application of climate services. The Council noted that clear identification of gaps and requirements will motivate the donor communities to provide sustained support for implementation in the priority areas of the GFCS;
(b) A clear focus needs to be put on the substance of activities rather than the processes, providing concrete 2-, 6- and 10-year deliverables that address critical user needs and requirements. A clear set of indicators to measure the success of the Framework in addressing these needs and requirements shall be defined. In addition, the Implementation Plan should identify how countries would benefit from and contribute to the GFCS;
(c) The degree to which the GFCS shall be a coordinating mechanism rather than a comprehensive system that would duplicate existing initiatives should be enunciated more clearly in the Implementation Plan. To this end, it is important to emphasize that the GFCS is a coordinating mechanism that will build upon the existing infrastructure, including not only the suite of WMO Programmes, commissions and other activities, but also draws upon the mechanisms of other United Nations agencies and relevant organizations. The GFCS should be effective in building strong partnerships amongst these entities, and in addressing existing weaknesses and gaps in climate service provision, but without developing into an overly expensive administrative structure;
(d) The Implementation Plan should show better linkages with, and how it will contribute to, existing development frameworks such as the Millennium Development Goals;
(e) The implementation of Pilot Projects highlighting the societal benefits of climate services shall be given emphasis to facilitate the drawing of lessons that can be used to expand positive experiences to other countries and regions. In this regard, the Council recognized the importance of financial support to ensure the success of the GFCS- related projects and noted that an appropriate funding mechanism for the various components of the Framework should be clearly defined. A project compendium with activities in support of the Framework could be an appropriate mechanism to facilitate resource mobilization. The Council urged Members to support the GFCS financially and appreciated contributions made thus far by Members;
(f) The purpose of the GFCS Trust Fund and the modalities for its use should be clearly defined. Specifically, a distinction of procedural costs and project-related expenditure should be made. In addition to the Trust Fund, the Council noted that other mechanisms such as bilateral, multilateral and special funds could be pursued to support GFCS-related projects;
(g) The development and strengthening of partnerships with various institutions and organizations at the national, regional and global levels shall be given greater emphasis, as the success of the GFCS will depend on the level of involvement of 14 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
partners and stakeholders such as WHO, FAO, UNESCO, WFP, UN-Water and ISDR. The concept of the User Interface Platform needs to be clearly defined as it will facilitate better definition of the roles of the stakeholders and enhanced collaboration among them.
3.1.9 The Council requested the ECTT-GFCS to continue its work for the completion of the draft Implementation Plan in consultation with Members and relevant partner organizations for the GFCS.
3.1.10 The Council requested the Secretary-General to submit the various proposals to the Extraordinary Session of the World Meteorological Congress, invite Members feedback before the session and make a compendium of views submitted by Members, in original language, available along with the proposed plan.
3.1.11 The Council stressed that the success of the GFCS is dependent on partnerships with those agencies that play a leading role in the pillars of the GFCS as well as priority areas of the GFCS. The Council was pleased to note that an initiative for the development of an Atlas on Health and Climate Risks was under development with the World Health Organization (WHO), while partners such the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), World Food Programme (WFP), have shown strong support to the GFCS. In this regard the Council requested the Secretary-General:
(a) To pursue high-level contacts with heads of other UN and International Agencies with a view to mobilize support to the GFCS and initiate specific activities in support of the GFCS;
(b) To facilitate the development of a compendium of GFCS related activities/projects to be used for resources mobilization for the GFCS and make it available to the Extraordinary Session of Congress.
The draft Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure for the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services based on the draft Implementation Plan
3.1.12 Pursuant to Resolution 47 (Cg-XVI) and Resolution 1 (EC-LXIII), the Council reviewed and discussed the draft proposals of the terms of reference and rules of procedure for the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services based on the proposed draft Implementation Plan of the Global Framework for Climate Services, developed with the guidance of the Task Team on the GFCS. The Council agreed with the broad thrust of the proposals, whilst noting areas where amendment was needed, and acknowledging that comments were being solicited from Member States and Territories and further refinements would be made leading up to Cg-Ext.(2012).
Establishment of the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services
3.1.13 The Council opined that the Board should give strong consideration to the elements developed in the Implementation Plan when determining its substructure, noting the annexes to the Plan. Whilst the decisions on the substructure were the domain of the Board, the Council noted that Congress could request the Board to give strong consideration to the ideas that had been developed, including the views that strongly supported the (formal) involvement of partners on the Board.
Terms of Reference of the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services
3.1.14 In examining the proposed terms of reference of the Board, the Council developed several proposals for consideration by the Extraordinary Congress. With respect to the functions of the Board, the Council noted that the Board might request its subsidiary bodies to develop, for consideration by Congress, international guides and standards for methods, procedures and GENERAL SUMMARY 15
techniques for production of climate information and provision of climate services. It also noted that the Board should consider a compendium of projects to address identified gaps and priorities. Such a compendium would comprise projects identified and initiated under the Board, while recognizing that additional relevant climate service activities would be volunteered by countries. The identified gaps and priorities would be made available to donors and investors to facilitate resource mobilization and overall accounting of climate action, speed up projects and avoid duplication.
3.1.15 The Council considered the various sources of funding and the terms of the GFCS Trust Fund. It recognized that implementation of the GFCS will require resources. Funds would be required to support (a) the institutional structure of the GFCS including the Board and its sessions, a Secretariat, the substructure and activities of the Board, as well as (b) the project activities that will deliver outcomes around the priority areas. The costs of the institutional arrangements had been estimated with an upper and lower range. Funds for the governance (funding the Board and substructures) and Secretariat (core functions) and WMO-led programme and projects should be administered by WMO through the regular budget and the GFCS Trust Fund.
3.1.16 With regard to project activities contributing to the Framework, the Council noted that distributed project management by the partner organizations would likely be a common approach. The Board would in effect recognize a project as a GFCS activity or act as a clearing house and that activity would generate outcomes delivering on GFCS priority work areas, but the Board would not necessarily have oversight on each project. A project would have its own governance and contracts managing resources and timelines. In other cases, Members or other organizations might decide to contribute funds with a view to enabling the Board and its substructure to carry forward a project. Such funds would be managed via a GFCS Trust Fund subject to WMO Financial Regulations and Rules. Funds deposited into the Trust Fund would be either tagged for specific activities or untagged such that they could be used towards priority activities as determined by the Board.
3.1.17 The Council recognized that Congress would approve the GFCS main principles, implementation plan and budget allocation from the WMO regular resources (assessed and voluntary contributions of the Members), and that any matter having additional financial and operational implication on all Member States and Territories should be reported to Congress.
3.1.18 The Council noted that partner organizations should be invited to institutionalize their GFCS-related activities, as well as those under their leadership, as identified by the Board, within their organizations with subsequent resource commitment, with the Board to provide some form of coordination. The Board would likely play an active catalytic role in mobilizing resources and its compendium, which would be used to identify gaps and priorities, could give legitimacy to new projects and programmes consistent with the implementation plan under the Framework.
3.1.19 The Council expressed support that a function relating to the international exchange of information and communication technology should be considered.
3.1.20 With respect to the membership of the Board, the Council discussed two different models, the first consisting of one chair and one vice-chair, the second of one chair with multiple vice-chairs representing regional and gender balance and developed and developing countries. In the latter case, the first vice-chair should be identified to replace the chair if required. The President of WMO would assume the responsibilities should both the chair and the vice-chair be unavailable until an election by correspondence was concluded.
Rules of Procedure of the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services
3.1.21 The Council noted the proposed rules of procedure of the Board, which could be amended by the Board, as necessary, under the authority of the Convention and General Regulations of WMO and its terms of reference. 16 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Secretariat support to the Global Framework for Climate Services
3.1.22 The Council discussed the proposed specific functions of the Secretariat in support of the Framework. The Council expressed the view that the size and cost of the Secretariat was to be re-evaluated according to the functions that it performs, as well as the size and activity of the Board’s substructure. It remarked that while some useful support functions such as technical support to Members had been proposed, they increased the size and cost of the Secretariat and broadened its scope beyond administrative support. Such tasks would best be undertaken by Members’ experts or the Board’s substructure, while Secretariat functions should be to facilitate the range of activities, including those carried out by Members.
3.2 WMO contribution to the Global Framework for Climate Services (agenda item 3.2)
Structural and Programmatic Review (Executive Council Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters (ECWG-CWE))
3.2.1 The Council noted that the EC Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters (EC-WG-CWE) worked by correspondence and held an e-forum from 17 February to 16 March 2012. It expressed its appreciation to Dr Yap for moderating the e-forum and facilitating the discussions. The Council considered the report of the e-forum [available at: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/cca/documents/EC-WG-CWE/reportECWG-CWE-5- eforum.pdf]. It further recalled that the Council at its sixty-third session had assigned the ECWG- CWE to review and propose a revised Terms of Reference for the sixteenth intersessional period and provide an assessment of the Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA), the proposal from UNEP for inclusion as a fourth component of the World Climate Programme (WCP).
3.2.2 The Council noted that the ECWG-CWE had paid special attention to the revised Terms of References (ToRs) to avoid duplication and overlap with those of the EC Task Team on GFCS (ECTT-GFCS) during its period of operation. The EC also deemed that it would be appropriate for the ECWG-CWE to have a more focused mandate for achieving targets and engage technical commissions as necessary.
3.2.3 The Council considered the revised Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ECWG-CWE and adopted Resolution 3 (EC-64) – Terms of reference of the Executive Council Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters accordingly.
3.2.4 The Council recalled that following the adoption of Resolution 18 (Cg-XVI) on reorientation of the World Climate Programme (WCP), EC-LXIII requested the ECWG-CWE to provide an assessment of how the Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA) of UNEP would join WCP as the fourth component. The Council noted that EC-WG-CWE initiated preliminary discussions on the assessment of the scope, governance structure, funding arrangements and priorities vis-à-vis its relation with the GFCS.
3.2.5 The Council noted that the ECWG-CWE has assessed the scope of PROVIA and its potential contribution to GFCS, particularly with respect to research and Climate User Interface Platform (CUIP) components and viewed them positively. It believed that regarding PROVIA water- related activities, whether it relates to flood or drought, there are opportunities to interact with the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) of WMO and other affiliated programmes, albeit mostly at river basin scales for inland flooding and at a localized scale for coastal flooding and inundation. As regards to technical/scientific points, there is ample room for cooperation with HWRP including water-related adaptation.
3.2.6 As regards to research activities, the Council advised that PROVIA should establish a firm link with the respective governance mechanism of the Climate User interface Programme (CUIP) of GFCS and fill the gap wherever such research requirements are identified by the GFCS governance and oversight, and in coordination with Research, Modelling and Prediction pillar of GENERAL SUMMARY 17
the GFCS. It noted that one of the most important criteria for eventual success of PROVIA will have to be the close cooperation with WCRP and the International Global Environmental Change Programme (GECs) partnership that will succeed the Earth System Science Partnership in the future. Such cooperation will ensure that while broadening the historical focus on understanding of climate and earth system dynamics and change, it should also include a focus on human vulnerabilities to these changes, adaptation options, socio-economic impacts, and research on how the nations and regions accept/adopt the available information and act on it. It is hoped that PROVIA would develop a strong research agenda, underpinning ongoing adaptation work, and contribute to better uptake of climate services as they are developed under the Climate Services Information System (CSIS) component of the GFCS.
3.2.7 As regards to funding and financial implications of WMO’s co-sponsorship to PROVIA, the Council noted that the initiative is mainly a research coordination effort and thus would not bring financial commitments to WMO, while the PROVIA Secretariat would not be disbursing substantial funds to its partners, as well. The Council invited the UNEP-based PROVIA Secretariat to continue close interaction with WMO through the PROVIA Interim Scientific Steering Committee (ISSC) to enhance collaboration on the implementation of PROVIA among all participating organizations.
3.2.8 In terms of observation component of the WCP, the Council noted that UNEP is one of the sponsors of GCOS, and having both in the one overarching well-managed programme may help in the assessment of observation needs for vulnerability, impacts and adaptation, and thus help both GCOS and PROVIA to better fulfil their functions of advising the Parties of the UNFCCC.
3.2.9 Noting the overall preliminary assessment of the ECWG-CWE, the Council believed that WMO Members can benefit from PROVIA. However, the Council noted that PROVIA is yet to be formally approved by the UNEP Governing Council and that a decision is not anticipated until 2013. The Council also noted that there may be resource implications for both the Members of WMO and the WMO Secretariat and requested the ECWG-CWE to continue with its assessment of these financial and other resource implications of the decision to include PROVIA as a component of the WCP. Therefore, the Council decided to defer further discussion of the inclusion of PROVIA as the fourth component of WCP to EC-65.
3.2.10 The Council further requested ECWG-CWE to address the role and operations of NMHSs in production and provision of climate services and other GFCS-related climate components, and to provide input to WG-SOP for review of the WMO Statement of the Role and Operations of NMHSs to include climate components as requested by Congress. The Council further requested ECWG-CWE to collaborate with the EC Working Group on Service Delivery on the issue of social and economic benefits of climate services.
3.2.11 In response to Resolution 3 (EC-LXIII) for the nomination of a Focal Point on Climate, Food and Water, the Council designated Dr Agnes L. Kijazi to facilitate active interaction of the ECWG-CWE with the Joint CCl/CAgM/CHy Expert Group on Climate, Food and Water (JCEG- CFW).
3.2.12 The Executive Council recalled that Cg-XVI, in the light of its decision on the GFCS and to optimally support the implementation and operation of its various components, decided to restructure the World Climate Programme (WCP), consisting henceforth of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and a new World Climate Services Programme (WCSP). The Council agreed that a well-coordinated implementation of the WCP and its components will enhance WMO’s contribution to the GFCS. The Council urged Members to closely align their operational climate service capabilities with the emerging requirements of the GFCS, contribute to the planned activities in the GFCS Implementation Plan under development for each of the components, and ensure a cohesive and robust operational infrastructure underpinning the GFCS implementation.
3.2.13 The Council recalled the project compendium (available at http://www.wmo.int/pages/ about/documents/Compendium_Project_Initiatives_en.pdf), as noted by Cg-XVI, including 18 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
activities for which additional support was sought to enhance the WMO contribution to all components of the GFCS. The Council was informed that, in addition, as part of the consultative process for development of the GFCS Implementation Plan, further projects have been elaborated, including collaborative activities between partnering agencies. The Council urged Members and donors to make all efforts to support these activities in a complementary manner, and requested the Secretariat to facilitate development of more detailed proposals as appropriate.
3.2.14 The Council noted the initiatives taken by the GFCS Office to compile case studies pertaining to GFCS for discussion at the Technical Conference preceding the extraordinary session of Congress (Geneva, 29–31 October 2012). The Council urged Members to provide the required inputs, and requested the Secretary-General to make use of such case studies for effectively communicating WMO contribution to the GFCS.
3.2.15 The Executive Council recalled that the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress, through Resolution 48 (Cg-XVI) on the implementation of the GFCS, requested the Executive Council to review Annex 1 – Data and products to be exchanged without charge and with no conditions on use, to Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMO policy and practice for the exchange of meteorological and related data and products including guidelines on relationships in commercial meteorological activities, with a view to ensuring that the climate data and products needed for the GFCS climate services are included therein.
3.2.16 The Council recalled that Resolution 40 of WMO had been adopted by Cg-XII in 1995 to guide the policy and practices for the exchange of meteorological and related data and products including guidelines on relationships in commercial meteorological activities. It observed that, in view of data requirements in the realm of the GFCS, Resolution 40 implementation was limited by the narrow scope of climate-related data and products it covers. The Council further emphasized that the review of Annex 1 of Resolution 40 should be done with due consideration to the provisions of Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) in this respect. The Council noted that exchange of information of meteorological and related data could be improved and promoted by analysis of the practice of application of Resolutions 40 and 25 for all types of data in Member countries and requested the Secretary-General to support this analysis.
3.2.17 In extensive discussion on this matter, the Executive Council highlighted the importance of Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) and Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) to the operations of WMO and its Members, the unique achievement these represent to WMO and amongst international organizations, and the enormous effort that went into their development, adoption and implementation. Recognizing the need for extreme caution with respect to any review of these resolutions, the Council nevertheless agreed that, over the past 17 years since their adoption, significant changes have occurred in data, technology, policies within countries, as well as requirements. In this regard, the Council felt that it would be important to develop an appropriate mechanism to address WMO’s contribution to the exchange of climate data and products necessary for the implementation of the GFCS.
3.2.18 Members reflected the benefits of assessing the practical application of these resolutions in NMHSs, and identifying what is working well and where there are gaps, particularly with respect to the needs for data and products including historical and processed data to support operational climate services through the GFCS. The Council recognized the importance of involving the ECWG-CWE and particularly the president of CCl in this effort. The Council therefore agreed to establish an “EC Task Team on the WMO Policy for International Exchange of Climate Data and Products to support the implementation of the GFCS”, reporting to the Executive Council, and adopted Resolution 4 (EC-64) – Executive Council Task Team on the WMO Policy for International Exchange of Climate Data and Products to Support the Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services, describing its composition and Terms of Reference.
User Interface Platform
3.2.19 The Council noted that WMO, through its Technical Commissions for Hydrology (CHy), Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM), Basic Systems (CBS), Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM), Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) and Climatology (CCl), has developed many GENERAL SUMMARY 19
programmes that share information, knowledge and best practices among users, and between users and service providers. The Council recognized these activities have resulted in successful, yet disparate, user interface mechanisms between climate providers and various socio-economic sectors. The Council emphasized the need for WMO to further develop and consolidate lessons learnt through such interfaces in these sectors, within the context of the GFCS. The Council recognized that WMO, with its dedicated programmes that deal with disaster risk, water and agriculture sectors, has a unique opportunity to develop and demonstrate User Interface Platform (UIP) elements for these sectors. The Council appreciated that the Joint CCl/CAgM/CHy Expert Group on Climate Food and Water (JEG-CFW), established by EC-LXIII, is facilitating the development of an integrated approach to enhance WMO contribution to the GFCS in the two priority sectors of water and food security.
3.2.20 The Council noted that WMO largely interacts with sectoral users in partnership with various United Nations agencies and other intergovernmental as well as non-governmental organizations. The Council urged the Secretary-General to facilitate further development of these partnerships and ensure broader ownership of the GFCS through user-driven applications of climate to the priority sectors of Agriculture and Food Security, Water Resources, Health and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). In particular, with respect to the agreed priority sector of health within the GFCS, and noting the recommendations raised by the World Health Organization (WHO) during the GFCS consultation process conducted following Cg-XVI, the Council requested the Secretary-General to work with WHO to initiate a joint process to foster improved consolidation, coordination and resourcing of the joint efforts of WMO and WHO on applications of climate to health outcomes.
3.2.21 The Council noted that Congress had adopted the “WMO Strategy for Service Delivery”, to evaluate and guide the development of service delivery practices by Members. The Strategy, consisting of four stages, viz., user engagement, service design and development, delivery and evaluation and improvement, is WMO-wide and applicable to all activities and programmes that have a role in service delivery, with the Public Weather Services programme tasked to take the lead in coordinating its implementation, with a plan aimed at guiding Member’s efforts in service delivery at national level. The Council further noted the assertion of Congress that the delivery of climate services as a part of the GFCS, and in particular the User Interface Platform would benefit from adoption of the principles and approach developed in the Strategy.
3.2.22 The Council noted that, in the area of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), three user- interface expert advisory groups and one Inter-commission ad-hoc Task Team have been established to guide and support implementation of the DRR Work Plan and each will have direct relevance to establishing better links with the climate service user community. These groups involve leading experts from the diverse DRR user community (public and private sectors), United Nations and international partner agencies, academia as well as NMHSs and focal points from relevant technical commissions. They include: (i) Expert Advisory Group on Hazard/Risk Analysis; (ii) Expert Advisory Group on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems; (iii) Expert Advisory Group on Climate Services for Disaster Risk Financing; and (iv) Inter-commission ad-hoc Task Team on Meteorological, Hydrological and Climate Services for Improved Humanitarian Planning and Response. The Council noted that these advisory groups are established to: (i) guide documentation of good practices; (ii) develop user needs and requirements for operational core as well as value-added data, forecast and analysis products and services and research needed to support thematic areas in DRR decision-making; (iii) support development of, and provide feedback on, the WMO DRR knowledge products; and, (iv) support the implementation of DRR and adaptation capacity development national/regional projects. The Council noted that further details are provided in agenda item 4.2. The Council acknowledged that outputs of the DRR user- interface expert advisory groups identify the needs for CSIS, research, observation and monitoring and capacity development components of the GFCS, to support DRR decision-making.
3.2.23 The Council noted the ongoing efforts of CCl, as part of WCSP, in support of the GFCS UIP through developing methods and tools for the generation and use of climate indices for sector application; stimulating greater user/sector participation in and benefits from Climate Outlook Forums (COFs); developing case studies and guidance material to demonstrate the benefits of the 20 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
use of climate information and prediction products in decision-making; and developing guidance on effective practices for climate risk management. The Council noted that work is underway in the development of new software and guidance materials for sector-specific climate indices, with an initial focus on heatwaves and droughts, in collaboration with the appropriate programmes, sectoral agencies and with CAgM. The Council also noted the progress in seeking feedback from user communities at COFs, and that plans are being organized to consult with users at national scale as part of further developing the concepts of national COFs. The Council was apprised of the recent efforts underway to develop the outcomes and recommendations of the Symposium on Climate Risk Management (Guayaquil, Ecuador, 13–15 October 2011) for publication. The Council urged the CCl and partnering agencies in these efforts to disseminate new methods and tools, guidance and publications to Members at the earliest opportunity, and to recommend capacity development initiatives for demonstration and training.
Climate Services Information System
3.2.24 The Council recalled that the Congress, through Resolution 17 (Cg-XVI), had decided to establish the Climate Services Information System (CSIS), with a leading role in its implementation for the Commission for Climatology (CCl) in close collaboration with the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS). The Council recognized that in CSIS operations, other technical commissions (JCOMM, CHy, CAgM, CAeM, CIMO, CAS) and the co-sponsored bodies GCOS and WCRP would play a role in development and delivery of targeted information and products. The Council noted that CSIS is being designed to routinely generate climate information, including data, diagnostics, assessments, monitoring, predictions, projections, etc. that users need for a broad range of climate sensitive decisions at different levels. The Council recognized that, for the generation of reliable operational climate information on the national scale, it is critical that adequate global and regional inputs and products are available. The Council noted that WMO has already put in place or identified several entities to specifically support NMHS climate operations, including the highly specialized centres designated by WMO based on standards and criteria (e.g. Global Producing Centres for Long-range Forecasts (GPCs) and Regional Climate Centres (RCCs)). The Council noted that WMO has also been actively associated with many other centres providing climate information on the global and regional scales as well as mechanisms such as the Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs).
3.2.25 The Council noted that a large part of WMO’s contributions to the CSIS is covered in the priority activities on climate issues identified under agenda item 4.3, including both climate system monitoring and prediction aspects.
3.2.26 The Council appreciated WMO’s efforts to develop a ‘systems approach’ that will incorporate all the global and regional CSIS entities in the most efficient way to support to NMHSs’ climate service provision, as the overarching strategy for an effective implementation of the CSIS as an integral component of the GFCS.
3.2.27 The Council noted with satisfaction that the implementation of Regional Climate Centres (RCCs) picked up momentum, with all the regional associations (RAs) taking steps to move forward on the demonstration and designation processes. The Council urged the presidents of RAs to sustain these efforts and help achieve a worldwide establishment of RCCs at the earliest opportunity. The Council urged all the RCCs, including those in the demonstration phase, to work towards standardization and a ‘common look and feel’ in their products and services, under the joint guidance of CCl and CBS. In this regard, the Council noted the encouragement and guidance provided by the High Level Taskforce on the GFCS, in Chapter 9 of their report (WMO-No. 1065), in which they articulated the roles and activities of RCCs (both operational and non-operational) under fast track projects to strengthen regional climate capacities.
3.2.28 The Council noted with appreciation that CCl, keeping in view the importance of the implementation of CSIS to its work for the current intersessional period and beyond, established a dedicated Expert Team on CSIS (ET-CSIS), to support the implementation of CSIS. In consideration of the implementation of the GFCS at the national level, the Council urged ET-CSIS to develop guidance on the role of NMHSs in this regard. GENERAL SUMMARY 21
3.2.29 The Council requested CCl to scope out the development of a CSIS Technical Reference Manual, building on the existing WMO manuals and guides, e.g. Global Observing System (GOS), GDPFS, WMO Information System (WIS), Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) climate monitoring principles, etc. The manual could provide, inter alia, definitions, product elements and standards, technical procedures and organizational structures for the generation and dissemination of climate products and services. Development of such a manual should cover key activities that are carried out under WCSP (viz., climate data, monitoring, climate watches, predictions and projections and the associated operational entities) as well as the core competencies of the staff carrying out these tasks. The Council further emphasized the need for the CSIS manual to define the interfaces which facilitate the flow of information, interactions and support linkages with other GFCS pillars.
3.2.30 The Council noted with satisfaction that a trial phase of the Global Seasonal Climate Update (GSCU) has commenced under the guidance of CCl. The Council recalled that Cg-XVI had expressed satisfaction with the coordinated and sustained efforts by WMO and its partners to issue consensus-based WMO El Niño and La Niña Updates; recognized the widely felt need for developing such products more generally on the seasonal scale; welcomed the concept of expanding these updates to include the influence of other planetary-scale oscillations and at the same time include large-scale climatic potential impacts of such seasonal predictions; and had emphasized the importance of this new product as a key input for regional and national climate operations. The Council therefore requested CCl to complete the peer review process of GSCU in a time-bound manner and help initiate its sustainable operational production. The Council recognized that NMHSs have the primary responsibility to provide the operational climate monitoring and prediction information required for climate services at the national scale and appreciated the key roles of RCCs and RCOFs in supporting NMHSs at the regional and subregional levels. It expected that the GSCU would be effectively used for supporting the operational capabilities of the NMHSs. The Council reiterated the agreement of Congress that the aim of such updates would be to assist the NMHSs as well as RCCs and RCOFs in the interpretation, characterization and assessments of the reliability of seasonal predictions. The Council noted the different nature of GSCU and El Niño and La Niña updates, and thus requested CCl to carefully consider appropriate availability of GSCU and to report on its progress to the Council at the sixty-fifth session. The Council encouraged all global climate monitoring centres, Global Producing Centres of Long-range Forecasts (GPCs) and other relevant institutions to actively participate in the development and operational production of the GSCU, and requested that due consideration should be paid to avoid duplication of GSCU and activities of RCCs, RCOFs and NMHSs.
3.2.31 The Council recognized the advances in recent years in research as well as operational aspects of climate prediction and projection, and that the associated products are increasingly being sought by user sectors for climate risk management and climate adaptation. The Council noted that CCl, CBS, the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) have been making significant contributions in this regard, albeit with different perspectives. The Council recognized the need to improve coordination of these efforts, to ensure consistency and complementarity in the establishment of operational capabilities at all levels in the CSIS, and to better jointly support CSIS improvements and respond to feedback on CSIS products and services. The Council therefore requested the concerned entities to jointly establish an appropriate mechanism for such coordination, and adopted Resolution 5 (EC-64) – Joint mechanism to support implementation of the Climate Services Information System.
Research, Modelling and Prediction
3.2.32 The Council recalled that the World Climate Conference-3 urged major strengthening of the essential elements of the GFCS including the WCRP and that a wide range of research activities under the auspices of the WCRP and CAS are directly contributing to the GFCS build-up. The Council appreciated that the draft Implementation Plan of the GFCS relevant to research, modelling and prediction activities further strengthens the focus of the WCRP, the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) and the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme on the development of all GFCS components. 22 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
3.2.33 Recognizing the critical value of regional climate information and services for the emerging GFCS, the Council noted with appreciation the increasing range of regional activities of the WCRP. They include the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), the establishment of the WCRP Working Group on Regional Climate – to serve as the main liaison between regional climate research and services, a series of regional workshops on decadal climate predictability, and the State of the African Climate System Conference (SACSC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 2013. To make sure that all these activities effectively help to develop elements of the GFCS, the Council encouraged their energetic uptake on the regional level, which can be achieved by active participation by Members in these activities and involvement in them of the regional associations.
3.2.34 The Council noted with appreciation the joint efforts by CAS and WCRP, in close cooperation with CCl and CBS, to establish new research projects on sub-seasonal to seasonal climate/weather prediction and the emerging WCRP and WWRP polar initiatives. It encouraged Members to allocate voluntary contributions in 2012–2015 to support these initiatives.
Observations and Monitoring
3.2.35 The Council recognized the importance of the implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) as a key WMO contribution to GFCS, and noted that various activities specified in the Observations and Monitoring Annex to the GFCS Implementation Plan (IP) relate to the further development of WIGOS. The Council also recognized that a fully functioning WMO Information System (WIS), which provides the information sharing and management basic structure within the CSIS component of GFCS, is essential to the success of the GFCS. It urged Members to support the Secretariat by providing a trust fund and secondment of experts required to fully implement the GFCS observations and monitoring component, together with the implementation of WIGOS and WIS.
3.2.36 The Council noted the importance of a strengthened GCOS to the successful implementation of the GFCS. The Council urged the GCOS Steering Committee to guide and assist, as appropriate, in the implementation of priority actions and activities as identified in the GFCS Implementation Plan. It urged Members to enhance their support to the GCOS Secretariat, including through the secondment of experts or through contributions to the Climate Observing System Fund, to enable it to undertake increased coordination responsibilities related to the implementation of the GFCS.
3.2.37 The Council welcomed steps taken by CCl to improve climate system monitoring. It requested the Secretary-General to further facilitate and support the CCl work on the following Climate System Monitoring tasks which are critical for supporting GFCS operational monitoring activities: (i) implementation of methodologies and tools for the analysis of climate extremes including the provision of commonly agreed definitions on extreme weather and climate events, and the development of techniques and procedures to monitor their occurrence; and (ii) development of new national climate monitoring products based on the recommendations of the CCl Task Team on National Climate Monitoring Products.
3.2.38 The Council noted the need to further accelerate climate data recovery and digitization efforts worldwide in view of improving regional and global climate datasets required for climate assessment and climate change adaptation in support of the GFCS. It requested the Secretariat and CCl to work with Members to further develop regional and global collaborative data rescue and dataset initiatives that would build on the successful existing initiatives, such as MEDARE, ECA&D and ACRE.
3.2.39 The Council further noted the ongoing work by the CCl Expert Team on Climate Data Management for providing new specifications for modern Climate Data Management Systems (CDMSs). It requested CCl and CBS to work towards providing Members with guidance as soon as possible on these new specifications to meet the new requirements for data management and data exchange in support of the GFCS. GENERAL SUMMARY 23
Capacity Development
3.2.40 The Council noted that NMHSs have a key responsibility in supporting the National Adaptation Plan of Action in dealing with climate variability and change, in particular by provision of reliable data and facilitating a broader use of climate information, products and services. It further emphasized that the NMHSs, particularly those in the LDCs and developing countries, require assistance in strengthening institutional capacities and enabling environments for adaptation, including for climate resilient development and vulnerability reduction through implementation of the GFCS. The Council noted that the following five key national actions have been identified through GFCS consultations to ensure that the NMHSs are well positioned to take advantage of the opportunities associated with the GFCS and to take a leadership role in the national implementation of GFCS to: (i) establish national mandates and working arrangements on climate services; (ii) take a leading role in establishing national fora for identifying the user requirements; (iii) increase the education and training of NMHS staff in areas of leadership, advocacy, strategic planning and building productive relations with partners and users; (iv) build sub regional/regional alliances founded around delivering climate services; and (v) request global alliances to support the research, production and delivery of climate services to regional level.
3.2.41 The Council noted the two-tier DRR Work Plan, which aims at systematic capacity development of NMHS, RSMCs and RCCs, including: (i) development of guidelines, standards and training modules on DRR thematic topics based on documentation and synthesis of good practices; linked to, (ii) coordinated DRR and climate adaptation national/regional capacity development projects that would assist the NMHSs to deliver meteorological, hydrological and climate services within a comprehensive service delivery framework, underpinned by quality management framework principles (also see agenda item 4.2). This will be complemented with a proposal for strengthening of DRR training capabilities of the Regional Training Centres.
3.2.42 The Council recalled that GFCS related capacity development activities in the 2012 to 2015 regular budget are found across all Expected Results with the emphasis in Expected Results 3, 5 and 6. The Council further recalled that extensive additional activities are outlined in the Project Compendium but that these rely on extrabudgetary resources. The Council recognized that GFCS capacity development activities are linked to the implementation of actions in each of the other GFCS pillars. Activities include establishing mechanisms for Regional Climate Centres to:
(a) Develop user-targeted climate services for agriculture, water, health and DRR;
(b) Encourage research on the prediction of high-impact weather on time-scales of hours to seasons;
(c) Identify and develop guidance documentation on processes, procedures and education and training resources;
(d) Deliver education and training workshops and support individual Members or subregions.
3.2.43 The Council noted the critical importance of the establishment of a worldwide system of RCCs, not only to provide more regional-specific climate information inputs to NMHSs, but also to meet stakeholder needs on request by countries lacking capacity. The Council recognized the need to take up fast-track projects to establish RCCs as well as to promote RCOFs to facilitate regional networking and improve uptake of global and regional products for developing and providing national-scale climate information. The Council emphasized the need to implement RCCs on a priority basis in vulnerable developing regions.
3.2.44 The Council noted that the CCl Task Team on CLIPS Evolution recommended the development of a “Climate Services Toolkit (CST)”, aimed at the NMHSs of developing countries, along with the associated guidance. The Council agreed that the CST would facilitate capacity development for operational climate activities, and requested Members to support the development 24 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
of CST by contributing commonly used datasets (e.g. historical data, reanalysis datasets, indices, model data, etc.) and software tools for free and open distribution.
3.2.45 The Council urged the rapid development of climate services curriculum materials to support training in operational climate services, with priority to be given to developing and least developed countries, and recommended working closely with the RTCs to expand and optimize the training schedules. The Council further urged a close collaboration between CSIS experts and sector-specific trainers to develop appropriate curricula for climate training and awareness raising of user communities.
3.2.46 The Council noted that, as highlighted by the HLT Report on GFCS, capacity-building of NMHSs for operational climate activities is a major requirement in the implementation of the GFCS. For this purpose, it is essential to determine the current status of the NMHSs in their capabilities in providing climate services, to be used as a baseline, and plan further activities to enhance their capabilities in a systematic manner. The Council noted that a survey and self- assessment of the NMHSs is being undertaken for this purpose with guidance from CCl, covering a wide range of climate-related activities within the NMHSs. The Council urged Members to actively participate in the survey.
3.2.47 The Council noted that WCRP and its partners are supporting capacity development for the GFCS with the following initiatives: Engaging regional experts in climate research, modelling and analysis; Scientific exchange; Train-the-Trainers; Special Topic Conferences and Workshops; Summer Schools; Mentoring Programmes; Access to scientific journals by scientists from developing countries; and, Fellowships and Scholarships outside of the WMO regular budget. The Council noted two WCRP flagship projects related to GFCS: the Pan-African Conference on the State of the African Climate System (WCRP), and WCRP CORDEX, in partnership with the Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START).
3.2.48 The Council noted the synergies between this component of the GFCS, the wider WMO Capacity Development activities discussed under agenda item 4.6 of this session and the future requirements for Capacity Development activities associated with WIGOS. The Council appreciated the efforts of the Secretary-General in proposing a Capacity Development Strategy that would act as an umbrella to link the general capacity development activities with those associated with particular high priority areas and requested to be kept informed of the linkages and activities.
3.2.49 The Council noted with appreciation the planned workshops in Western Africa to pilot the development of the National Framework of Climate Services, and agreed that such pilots will pave the way for consolidating the capabilities at the national level to effectively contribute to the GFCS components, and inspire wider implementation of the National Framework of Climate Services concept.
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN, WITH EMPHASIS ON PRIORITY AREAS (AGENDA ITEM 4)
4.1 Enhanced capabilities of Members to deliver and improve access to high-quality weather, climate, water and related environmental predictions, information, warnings and services in response to users’ needs, and to enable their use in decision-making by relevant societal sectors (agenda item 4.1)
4.1.1 The Council noted that the EC-WG on SD has elaborated the agreed strategic priorities for ER 1 to provide further guidance to the expert teams and working groups carrying out related activities. These elaborated priorities are:
(a) Improve services for international civil aviation (Aeronautical Meteorology);
(b) Improve user focus and service delivery capability; GENERAL SUMMARY 25
(c) Improve products and services;
(d) Increase focus on services that address socio-economic issues;
(e) Contribute to capacity-building and training to improve service delivery capabilities;
(f) Implementation actions related to Resolutions of Cg-XVI to strengthen the Tropical Cyclone Programme’s (TCP) global and regional components;
(g) Actions being taken as TCP’s global component as well as through TCP’s regionally coordinated mechanisms to carry out the Congress resolutions to improve tropical cyclone forecasting and warning service quality.
Aeronautical Meteorology
4.1.2 The Council reiterated that aeronautical meteorology is a priority for the WMO because for many NMHSs the aviation sector is a crucial client on which the viability of many NMHSs depended. The Council strongly recommended that the current level of support from the regular budget be maintained, and that in-kind contributions from Members be maintained or increased wherever possible. The Council was informed that there were many challenges for NMHSs in providing services to the aviation sector throughout the sixteenth and the next financial period. These are reflected in the five top-level priorities of the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology below:
(a) Implementing QMS noting the ICAO implementation deadline of 15 November 2012;
(b) Undertaking competency assessment of Aeronautical Meteorological Personnel (AMP);
(c) Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of SIGMET issuance;
(d) Improving services to aviation in particular for high-density airspace and aerodromes;
(e) Improving Members’ ability to respond to volcanic ash and other large-scale, high- impact events, e.g. space weather and nuclear incidents.
Support for the Twinning/Mentoring Framework in Quality Management Systems (QMS) Implementation
4.1.3 The Council recognized that on 15 November 2012, ICAO provisions concerning the Quality Management of meteorological services for international air navigation will be upgraded from a Recommended Practice to a Standard. In mid-2012, a majority of developing country Members were showing significant progress towards developing and implementing QMS. The Council was, however, informed of a perceived lack of Internal Auditing capabilities needed for conformance with the ISO 9000 series of QM Standards, and noted that mutual QMS audits “twinning or mentoring” involving qualified internal auditors from nearby Members would be a cost- effective solution. Such a ‘twinning’ or ‘mentoring’ framework was expected to particularly help Small Island Developing States and LDCs to satisfy ISO principles of an independent audit.
4.1.4 The Council, noting Resolution 26 (Cg-XV), urged Members to actively work towards the establishment of twinning and mentoring arrangements as a part of the WMO’s QMS implementation activities, and thanked contributing Members including a number of developing countries for their outstanding efforts in this regard. With regards to ongoing difficulties in QMS cost recovery for LDCs and Small Island Developing States with insufficient air traffic, the Council was advised of considerations by ICAO to update the relevant Doc 9161 on Air Navigation Economics. This document will include revised guidance on ‘overflight’ based cost recovery for groups of neighbouring countries. The Council advised Members that further extensive guidance relating to QMS, cost recovery and AMP Competency assessment are available from the 26 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
http://www.caem.wmo.int/moodle web page and on the QMS Australian Bureau of Meteorology hosted WMO QM Website at http://www.bom.gov.au/wmo/quality_management.shtml.
Competency of AMP
4.1.5 The Council, noting the deadline for implementation of AMP Competency Standards of 1 December 2013 as given in the revised edition of the WMO Technical Regulations, WMO-No. 49, Vol. I was informed of rapid progress in the implementation of the CAeM Competency Assessment Toolkit. The Council warmly welcomed the holding of a series of AMP competency assessment workshops hosted and facilitated by a number of Members and supported the cost- effective mapping of required competencies to web-based and other training material, with a view to addressing any competency deficits detected by the assessments. The Council appreciated the highly productive cooperation with the United States COMET programme which has provided access to a range of modules including a newly developed module on QMS. These are available on the COMET Website at https://www.meted.ucar.edu/ and will be distributed to Members. Recognizing the important role that Regional Training Centres (RTC) have in the successful implementation of the AMP Competency Standards, the Council urged the EC Panel of Experts on Education and Training and CAeM to coordinate with the RTC network and other training and education institutes on the further development of mechanisms, documented in line with QMS principles, to support the training, education and ‘best practices’ in the assessment of AMP.
SIGMET Advisory Trial
4.1.6 The Council noted with appreciation that ICAO, in close collaboration with WMO and with the assistance of France, South Africa and China, had conducted a SIGMET advisory trial in RA I and RA II in mid-2011, in order to address long-standing SIGMET issuance deficiencies. The Council was informed that ICAO is developing a final proposal for a global or multi-regional concept of operations for regional SIGMET advisory centres and that such a concept could become part of a longer term solution. However, the Council noted with concern the limited participation by some Members to the trial issuance of ICAO SIGMET advisories in RA I and RA II (details of the trial can be found at: http://www.icao.int/safety/meteorology/METWSG/ Meeting%20MetaData/METWSG.4.SN.008.5.en.pdf. The Council strongly encouraged Members to review their capacity to issue SIGMET on the basis of such advisories and encouraged those Members concerned to make best use of the available SIGMET guidance. In the case of severe resource deficiencies, the Council further encouraged those Members concerned to seek the temporary transfer of their SIGMET responsibilities through negotiations involving ICAO to a Member in a position to provide this service on their behalf until such time that the necessary capabilities have been re-established. The Council adopted Resolution 6 (EC-64) – Alternate means of compliance with ICAO SIGMET provisions.
4.1.7 The Council further noted the aviation industry’s desire that SIGMET information be better harmonized across FIR boundaries, and encouraged the establishment of regional coordination mechanisms between Meteorological Watch Offices to support this.
Information relating to the status of implementation by Members
4.1.8 The Council, having been informed of significant information deficits concerning the implementation status of such priority items as QMS, Competency Assessments and SIGMET issuance, strongly requested Members to provide the necessary status information to the Secretariat by timely replies to relevant questionnaires. The Council reminded Members that only complete, up-to-date and accurate information on the implementation status can be used to prioritize Secretariat and other support to Members.
Meteorological services for air traffic management and data-centric information exchange models
4.1.9 The Council noted the work of the Expert and Task Teams jointly established by CAeM and CBS to drive and facilitate the migration of aeronautical meteorological information (such as METAR/SPECI, TAF and SIGMET) to an XML/GML digital form, formatted in accordance with a GENERAL SUMMARY 27
globally interoperable information exchange model. To this end, and recognizing regional air traffic management improvement programmes such as NextGen (United States), SESAR (European Union) and CARATS (Japan), the Council noted that ICAO with the assistance of WMO was addressing the future system-wide information management of aeronautical meteorological information that will support the future global air traffic management environment. The Council further supported the development of new, tailored meteorological services for Air Traffic Management with emphasis on high-density air space and aerodromes.
Volcanic Ash
4.1.10 The Council strongly supported the work of the WMO/IUGG Volcanic Ash Scientific Advisory Group and took note of the reviewed terms of reference for this Group (see Annex IV to the present report). The Council was informed that since its establishment in March 2010, it had played a significant role in advancing the scientific understanding of volcanic ash detection and forecasting in support of continued safe and efficient civil aviation operations. The Council was also informed of the recent completion of the work of the ICAO International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF). The IVATF had involved many Members and resulted in the preparation of a large number of recommendations to go forward to the International Airways Volcanic Watch Operations Group. The Council noted that the recommendations will have procedural, training, and resource implications for many Members and requested the president of CBS to cooperate with CAeM in providing all necessary support to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres, Meteorological Watch Offices and Volcano Observatories for this challenging task.
Public Weather Services
Implementation Plan for the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery
4.1.11 The Council noted that service delivery is fundamental to all WMO Programmes and, for example, it is critically important in DRR where delivery of warnings and other disaster-related information to users in a format that is readily accessible is essential. The Council further noted that Cg-XVI had approved the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery as a framework for meteorological and hydrological services to be delivered to users, and, as a next step, requested the Secretary-General to prepare an Implementation Plan for the Strategy. The Council further requested the EC Working Group on Service Delivery (ECWG SD) to monitor this work which should include, among others, consultation with the presidents of technical commissions and regional associations and various experts. Stressing the importance of branding of services under the authority of NMHSs, the Council urged that this critical point be emphasized in the Strategy.
4.1.12 The Council requested that the Implementation Plan clearly show the linkages with other important WMO initiatives, in particular the GFCS, QMS, and capacity development. In the case of GFCS, the Council stressed its synergy with the Strategy in the context of seamless delivery of services.
4.1.13 The Council encouraged Members to adapt and apply the Strategy in their own service delivery strategies and plans. The Council requested the Secretary-General to arrange for the submission of the draft Implementation Plan to EC-65 for approval.
Social, Economic and Policy Impacts of Weather, Climate and Water Services
4.1.14 The Council encouraged the assessment and demonstration of the socio-economic benefits of the services provided by NMHSs and reiterated the urgent need for developing appropriate methodologies. In responding to the request by Cg-XVI that the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery should improve relations with users, the Council adopted Resolution 7 (EC-64) – Social, economic and policy impacts of weather, climate and water services.
4.1.15 The Council recommended that WMO collaborate with other organizations to gather existing approaches for use in assessing the social and economic impacts and benefits of services provided by NMHSs, such as the joint project between WMO and the World Bank. The Council 28 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
further recommended that as an outcome of this collaboration the PWS programme develop guidelines for a standardized methodology for assessment of the benefits that flow from public interest weather services.
4.1.16 The Council further noted that its Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning (WG-SOP) has been addressing the follow-up to the Madrid Action Plan and, as recommended by this Group, agreed to transfer responsibility for the future work on social- economic benefits of weather, climate and water services to the EC Working Group on Service Delivery (ECWG-SD), due to the very close synergy of this topic with its work. This topic is to be addressed in collaboration with the EC Working Group on Climate, Water and Related Environmental Services. The Council requested the ECWG-SD to conduct a thorough review of the Madrid Action Plan and assess the progress made in its implementation in the last five years since the 2007 Madrid Conference. The Council also requested that an analysis be undertaken of conducting a follow-up meeting (Madrid plus X) to the Madrid Conference (held 19–22 March 2007) at some future date, with the result of the analysis to be presented to EC-65.
Capacity Development
4.1.17 The Council supported the initiatives in capacity development in developing and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to more effectively deliver quality warning and forecast services. These initiatives are connected with such activities as the Severe Weather Forecasting Demonstration Project (SWFDP), joint training with TCP for the delivery of cyclone warning services, the Radio Internet (RANET) communication, and modernization of NMHSs.
4.1.18 The Council recalled the recommendation by Cg-XVI on the need for defining competence standards for personnel in meteorology and hydrology, using the model developed by the CAeM in competence standards and implementation guidance. The Council was pleased that at the request of CBS, the PWS Programme was establishing the competencies required within NMHSs for delivering PWS to users, and that these would be considered by CBS-15.
Improving Forecast and Warning Services
4.1.19 The Council was informed of a focus on the preparation of guidance material on developing impact-based information, forecasts and warnings on various timescales for weather, climate and water hazards. A template “Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)” to assist NMHSs to govern the relationships with cooperating agencies was appreciated by Council, as it facilitated development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for specific situations or needs.
Quality Management Framework
4.1.20 The Council noted that while the implementation of QMS is a priority for the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme because of the ICAO deadline of 15 November 2012, it is primarily a management tool to ensure customer focus, corrective and preventive action, and continuous improvement of products and services. As such, it would seem appropriate that QMS principles should pervade the entire Organization, from basic quality assurance of data to the evaluation of products and services and the associated management practices and procedures to ensure that they are meeting users’ needs. Several WMO Programmes have undertaken first steps to align their activities to QMS principles and the Council thus endorsed the QMS approach and policy of the following programmes, noting that for a comprehensive service strategy of WMO, a set of fundamental policies for QMS across the Organization, based on the overall WMO Mission and Vision statements were needed:
(a) Hydrology:
Through Resolution 1 (CHy-XIII), the WMO Commission for Hydrology adopted a Quality Management Framework – Hydrology (QMF-H) providing an overall strategy, advice, guidance and tools for the functioning of National Hydrological Services to attain efficiency, quality and effectiveness in their operations. The activities under the QMF-H address processes and GENERAL SUMMARY 29
procedures that are inherent to hydrological data/observations, products and services. These contributions provide documentation (regulations, guides and manuals on technical standards), advice and guidance to NHSs that are of utility in the formation of their QMS within their country;
(b) JCOMM:
Building on the current QMS pilot project implemented by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, JCOMM will assist Members to apply the developed framework in the work for oceanographic and marine meteorological services – through a pilot project realizing a QM twinning partnership. JCOMM was encouraged to develop competency requirements for marine meteorology and oceanography, following the model used in CAeM. A small task team, whose chair will be a member of the JCOMM Management Committee, is tasked with preparing a draft of internationally acceptable competencies, focused on the competency requirements for a Quality Management Framework for marine meteorological and oceanographic services. Recommendation 5 (JCOMM-4) addresses the issue of working with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on possible future working arrangements to continuously update QMS requirements during the intersessional period;
(c) WIS AND WIGOS:
An effective QMS will be an essential WIGOS component, to meet the quality requirements and expectations of data users. This will commence with an in-depth examination of current practices used by WMO observing programmes, analysis of specific mission-related requirements already in place, and consideration of the available technological opportunities. The WMO QMF will be applied to each of the WIGOS observing components as outlined in the WMO Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Volume IV. WIGOS quality management will strive for compliance of all components of WIGOS with international standards, such as ISO 9001:2008, and ISO 17025 where appropriate. Compliance with international standards will be encouraged for all quality assurance (QA) procedures applied by Members to their national WIGOS observing components based on the standards and best practices described in the Regulatory Materials, such as the WIGOS Manual; (d) GFCS:
The Council noted that availability and use of science-based climate information at the national level, in an internally consistent, authoritative and dependable manner feeding into government policy and socio-economic applications, is the goal of the Global Framework for Climate Services. To achieve this goal in a sustainable way it encouraged the development and standardization of methods and practices for the production and delivery of climate services based upon the principles of QMS;
(e) The WMO Strategy for Service Delivery:
The Council emphasized that to have QMS is a good first step toward an effective service delivery. Implementing an effective QMS will go a long way towards good service delivery, in particular, if the user focus is respected as a basic element of any QMS. Regular assessment of the effectiveness of service delivery measured by key performance indicators ought to be incorporated into a QMS. However, special emphasis should be given to some core elements of the QMS such as systematic and documented engagement with the user and continuous improvement in the form of future development. In this regard, the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery may be viewed as a supplement to the WMO QMF.
Agricultural Meteorology
Pilot Projects
4.1.21 The Council noted that the AgM activity in the CBS Severe Weather Forecasting Demonstration Project for Eastern Africa (SWFDP-EA) provided weather forecasting applications to the agricultural community. The Council noted the formation of an SWFDP-EA Agrometeorology 30 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Working Group which met in February 2012 to develop a list of weather forecasting products to assist agrometeorologists in providing better guidance to their users, to be supported by training on better use of these products. The Council encouraged the linking with the Next Phase of the World Agrometeorological Information Service (WAMIS – www.wamis.org).
4.1.22 The Council supported the use of mobile phone technology as a useful dissemination method to deliver weather and climate information to rural farmers. The Council welcomed the efforts in facilitating a pilot project on the use of mobile phones in Uganda. This project with the Ugandan Department of Meteorology and Grameen Foundation is providing daily weather forecasts to fishers over a selected area of Lake Victoria. The Council also supported the ongoing pilot project in providing weather and climate forecasts to farmers to a region of Eastern Uganda.
GFCS and Food Security
4.1.23 The Council emphasized that weather and climate information is an important input used in predicting levels of food production and helping farmers to make better decisions, while recognizing many other factors such as socio-economic conditions and the price, availability, and utilization of food that determine the vulnerability of populations to potential food insecurity. The Council encouraged the AgM Programme in working to increase the collaboration between NMHSs and institutions such as the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET). The objective of this collaboration is to detect potential hazards to food production such as drought and floods. The Council supported the organization of a workshop in Eastern Africa to examine this collaboration and make recommendations.
4.1.24 The Council, noting the importance of satellite information for agricultural monitoring, supported the AgM Programme involvement with the GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring (GLAM) Initiative, and stressed that other CAgM initiatives on crop phenology, estimating crop yields, and provision of ground-truth information including soil moisture monitoring would be strengthened through closer collaborations with existing projects.
4.1.25 The Executive Council supported the Joint CAgM/JCOMM Task Team on Water, Climate and Fisheries to address the impacts of climate change in relation to food security issues.
Tropical Cyclone Programme
Regional Tropical Cyclone Bodies and WMO Projects
4.1.26 The Council noted the close collaborations between TCP and other WMO Programmes based on relevant WMO projects being implemented on regional and global bases. (Examples are the 34th RA IV Hurricane Committee guidance to the implementation of DRR’s MHEWS projects in the Caribbean, or the links established between the Typhoon Committee and the Panel on Tropical Cyclones with SWFDP and CIFDP in the plans for 2012.) Noting in particular the use by SWFDP of existing NWP/EPS and satellite-based products, the Council acknowledged the benefits of forging stronger links between SWFDP and regional Tropical Cyclone bodies concerned.
Improvement of Operational Tropical Cyclone Forecasting
4.1.27 The Council reiterated that the use of ensemble techniques including multi-model consensus forecasting further improves the forecast performance of the national and regional tropical cyclone warning centres. It also raises the utility of the forecast with inclusion of ensemble- based probabilistic guidance to represent forecast uncertainty which is especially useful for disaster risk management in threatened areas. The Council therefore urged NMHSs and regional centres to extend the use of ensemble techniques in tropical cyclone forecasting and examine the feasibility of disseminating probabilistic forecasts in forms and formats suitable for the users. Also, to make TC analyses more objective and reliable, the Council recommended those centres concerned to exploit the various analytical data and tools recommended by the WMO International Workshop on Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones held in Honolulu, United States, in April 2011. GENERAL SUMMARY 31
4.1.28 The Council thus requested TCP to fully establish the TC Forecaster Website which is aimed at providing a readily accessible source of forecast tools and a portal of analytical data for operational forecasters. The Website has been temporarily developed within the TCP Website as a prototype. In this regard, the Council was pleased to note that Hong Kong, China accepted to host the TC Forecaster Website. Arrangements are being made for the transfer of the Website management from TCP to Hong Kong Observatory and improvements are being carried out in its structure as well as content. The new Website is expected to be inaugurated by the end of 2012. The Council marked its full approval with the support of Hong Kong, China and recommended that the requirements for improvement of TC forecasting as suggested above be fully considered in the establishment of the TC Forecaster Website.
4.1.29 The Council reaffirmed that for a more reliable and user friendly TC warning service the standardization of operational procedures and products used for Tropical Cyclone (TC) forecasting in different regions is essential. The Council requested the Secretariat to promote the implementation of CAP and the graphical TC advisories at the seventh TCM meeting (Indonesia, November 2012). It also recommended that Members adopt and implement the standardized formats for TCAC advisories as early as possible, if they have not yet done so.
4.2 Enhanced capabilities of Members to reduce risks and potential impacts of hazards caused by weather, climate, water and related environmental elements (agenda item 4.2)
4.2.1 The Council noted that the EC-WG on SD has elaborated strategic priorities for ER 2 to provide further guidance to the expert teams and working groups carrying out related activities. These priorities were:
(a) Implementing the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Programme two-tier work plan and deliverables demonstrating the benefits of a crosscutting approach;
(b) Establishing DRR User-Interface Mechanisms for development of user requirements for DRR products and services for hazard/risk analysis, Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems, Sectoral Risk Management and Disaster Risk Financing;
(c) Further developing the governance mechanisms for the DRR Programme, based on the systematic involvement of WMO Technical Commissions and Programmes, Regional Associations and strategic partners in the implementation of the DRR two-tier work plan;
(d) Contributing to the development of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) through the implementation of the DRR Work Plan, demonstrating the value of climate services to risk-based DRR decision-making;
(e) Facilitating better alignment of a number of WMO technical programmes and Commissions activities relevant to this ER by leveraging the crosscutting DRR framework and work plan.
Disaster Risk Reduction
DRR Programme Work Plan, User-Interface Mechanisms and Governance
4.2.2 The Council was informed of the DRR Programme two-tier work plan (hereafter referred to as the DRR Work Plan) (see annex to Resolution 8 (EC-64)), including: (i) development of guidelines, standards and training modules on DRR thematic topics based on documentation and synthesis of good practices; linked to (ii) coordinated DRR and climate adaptation national/regional capacity development projects that would assist the NMHSs to deliver meteorological, hydrological and climate services within a comprehensive service delivery framework, underpinned by quality management framework principles. The Council: 32 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(a) Supported the utilization of the DRR user-interface mechanisms, comprised of leading experts from the diverse DRR user community (public and private sectors), UN and international partner agencies, academia as well as NMHSs. It noted the establishment of Expert Advisory Groups on: (i) Climate Services for Hazard/Risk Analysis; (ii) Multi- Hazard Early Warning Systems; (iii) Climate Services for Disaster Risk Financing; as well as Inter-commission ad-hoc Task Team on Meteorological, Hydrological and Climate Services for Improved Humanitarian Planning and Response, established under the Commission for Basic Systems with the Commission for Climatology and the Commission for Hydrology to help guide the implementation of DRR Work Plan;
(b) Requested that the development of guidelines, standards and training modules for NMHSs for provision of products and services to support risk-based decision-making and disaster risk financing such as ex-ante and post-disaster government funding mechanisms, insurance and external development funding be pursued as a matter of priority.
4.2.3 The Council urged the presidents of technical commissions to engage actively with the DRR user-interface mechanisms and identify concrete intra- and inter-commission collaborations to support the implementation of the DRR Work Plan. It requested the Secretariat, with support from the presidents, to develop a forward plan that highlighted concrete areas and mechanisms for engagement of TCs in the DRR Work Plan.
4.2.4 The Council noted the progress with the implementation of the coordinated DRR and Climate Adaptation national/regional projects underway in the Caribbean, Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia and was informed of the new DRR Costa Rica Early Warning System Project, particularly demonstrating the benefits of cooperation of the National Meteorological Service with the Disaster Risk Management Agency, the National Hydrological Service and authorities and stakeholders in the local communities for development of early warning systems.
4.2.5 The Council requested its EC Working Group on Service Delivery (EC WG SD) to review the documentation referred to in paragraphs 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 above, provide feedback on the utilization of the DRR user-interface expert advisory groups, systematic engagement and role of WMO constituent bodies and alignment of their priorities as well as external partners, and prepare recommendations to the EC for further development the governance mechanisms of the DRR Programme within an integrated planning framework.
4.2.6 The Council was encouraged by the efforts for strengthening existing and developing new partnerships and collaborative efforts of the DRR Programme since Cg-XVI to support the implementation of the DRR Work Plan. It particularly highlighted:
(a) Partnership with the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) for development of an atlas and annual joint WMO/CRED reports on the impacts of meteorological-, hydrological- and climate-related hazards, with CCl and aligned with the GFCS vision;
(b) Collaboration with the Conference of the Parties to UNFCCC work programme on loss and damage through the work of DRR Programme in hazard/risk analysis;
(c) Partnerships with the work on climate services for Disaster Risk Financing;
(d) Strengthened cooperation with UNESCO-IOC through linking the tropical cyclone committees and the ICGs for Tsunami and Coastal Hazard Warning and designation of a WMO GTS/WIS focal point to the UNESCO-IOC.
4.2.7 The Council stressed that the implementation of the DRR Work Plan is a critical contribution of WMO to the development of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). The Council requested its EC WG on SD to collaborate with the Executive Council Task Team on GFCS to evaluate and apply lesson learned from the: (i) demonstrated value of climate services to GENERAL SUMMARY 33
risk-based DRR decision-making; (ii) established DRR partnerships and user-interface expert advisory groups; and (iii) aligned DRR crosscutting implementation approach to further the development of GFCS.
Alignment of Technical Assistance Projects with DRR Crosscutting Framework
4.2.8 The Council stressed that a number of technical assistance projects, namely, the Severe Weather Forecasting Demonstration Project (SWFDP), Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) systems and Coastal Inundation Forecasting Demonstration Project (CIFDP), Integrated Drought Management Programme (details provided under item 4.3), WMO Flood Forecasting Initiative (details provided under item 4.3), the WMO Emergency Response Activities (ERA) as well as further development of the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS) (details provided under item 4.3), WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) (details provided under item 4.4) and WMO Information System (WIS) (details provided under item 4.4) are critical in supporting disaster risk reduction in a number of regions around the world. However, it stressed the need to ensure coordination across these activities, as relevant, and development of operational requirements that are underpinned by user needs in the context of national DRR institutional frameworks for DRR and early warning systems. The Council was encouraged by efforts to integrate these technical assistance activities along with further development of the core systems in the existing coordinated DRR national/regional projects in the Caribbean, Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia. However, the Council:
(a) Requested that such technical assistance projects and technical programmes’ capacity development activities, in other regions (e.g., Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, South Asia) need to be closely aligned with national DRR and early warning system institutional frameworks to ensure consistency of approach, linkage with the users from an early stage from the design of the concept to the long-term sustainability of these technical capacities;
(b) Encouraged further expansion of the coordinated DRR and adaptation national/regional capacity development projects to other regions with consideration for the governments’ receptivity, resources and leveraging these technical assistance projects and requested the Secretariat in cooperation with partners and WMO constituent bodies to prepare a proposal for consideration of the EC-WG SD;
(c) Encouraged the Members to support coordinated technical assistance projects that are linked to DRR and early warning system institutional frameworks within their respective countries and regions;
(d) Stressed that lessons learned from good practices in the context of these technical assistance projects be linked to the development of the WMO Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS) Operational Guidelines planed for the intersessional period 2012–2015.
Standardization of Forecasting and Warning Protocols
4.2.9 The Council noted that effective MHEWS required significant cooperation, information sharing and coordination among NMHSs and other agencies such as the Disaster Risk Management agencies at national to local levels. The Council stressed the need for the development of NMHSs communication strategies related to alerts and warning, in alignment with the national warning protocols. The Council was updated on the implementation of the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP), all hazards, all media network, in WMO as a joint collaborative effort between the PWS Programme and the WMO Information System (WIS), as well as the establishment of the WMO Register of Alerting Authorities, supporting the “authoritative single official voice” principle for issuing warnings. The Council:
(a) Stressed the importance of considering the national EWS protocols and institutional framework as the driver of this initiative, noting that increasingly as the governments are 34 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
taking ownership in the development of MHEWS, warning authority varies from nation- to-nation and in some countries is shifting from technical agencies to multi-hazard warning authorities that incorporate risk information for development of warnings (e.g., disaster risk management agencies, health authorities, etc.). In this emerging framework, NMHSs are critical service providers of “authoritative” science-based hydrometeorological hazard analysis, forecasts, alerts, warning guidance and advice;
(b) Requested Members to consider the implementation of CAP in their NMHSs as an effective tool for the dissemination of public warnings, and to register their alerting authorities in the “WMO Register of Alerting Authorities”, to safeguard the authoritative sources of warnings.
4.2.10 The Council noted the importance of the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) to DRR and the role the Public Weather Services (PWS) programme is playing in its implementation (details provided under item 4.1).
4.2.11 With reference to the TCP/JCOMM Storm Surge Watch Schemes, the Council noted the increased utilization of RSMC advisories based on improved graphical presentation of storm surge advisories first piloted by RSMC Tokyo for the Typhoon Committee Members in 2011, and subsequently developed by RSMC New Delhi with the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and approved by the Panel on Tropical Cyclones in 2012. Efforts to promote such standardization included: (i) presentations on CAP for the members of the Typhoon Committee and the Panel on Tropical Cyclones at their annual sessions in 2012; and (ii) a survey of the change of the format of the advisories from Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres (TCACs) for aviation from text to graphic which, following a recommendation by the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), was carried out in collaboration with ICAO in 2012. With consideration for these good examples, the Council recommended other regional TC bodies to consider the graphical presentation of the regional storm surge advisories in addition to those in text format in enhancement of the regional SSWSs.
4.2.12 The Council adopted Resolution 8 (EC-64) – Enhanced capabilities of Members to reduce risks and potential impacts of hazards caused by weather, climate, water and related environmental elements.
4.3 Enhanced capabilities of Members to produce better weather, climate, water and related environmental information, predictions and warnings to support in particular disaster risk reduction and climate impact and adaptation strategies (agenda item 4.3)
Weather Issues
4.3.1 The Council noted the active participation of WMO within the UN system to review and assess the emergency preparedness and response system to nuclear accidents, in following up to the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power station accident of 2011. The Council encouraged the continued close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to examine the lessons learned for enhancing operational meteorological support to emergency response. It also concurred with the early initiative of WMO to organize a technical team to develop meteorological analyses suitable for atmospheric transport, dispersion, and deposition modelling, to contribute to the post-accident study undertaken by the UN Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation’s (UNSCEAR) on the levels and effects of radiation released from the accident.
Further development of the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System
4.3.2 Recalling the request by Cg-XVI to the Secretary-General and CBS to develop a strategy to assist Members in the implementation of improved high-resolution regional NWP including data assimilation, the Council noted that high-resolution limited area models (LAM), notionally less than 10-km horizontal resolution at the surface, are very relevant to short-range forecasting (up to 72 hours), and recommended that these NWP systems assimilate, to the extent possible, all available real-time observational data to improve their analyses and predictions. The GENERAL SUMMARY 35
Council further noted that many global NWP models are approaching this resolution and that they already utilize advanced data assimilation of all available observations. The Council encouraged those centres to exchange their data and products with WMO Members, particularly those from developing and least developed countries.
4.3.3 The Council recognized the great impact of the SWFDP in assisting WMO Members to deliver effective warning services through improved forecasting capabilities, and recommended that such dissemination should take place using the mechanisms established through the SWFDP global to regional to national cascading forecast process. The Council requested:
(a) NWP Centres and Consortia making available their LAM codes, to assist WMO Members with their installation and configuration, and advise them on data-assimilation developments. These developments would significantly benefit from optimal configurations (e.g. boundary conditions, local data assimilation, model tuning and adjustment, post-processing, and verification) and sustained operations, which are critical to quality assurance and reliability of the operational forecasting systems;
(b) CBS to assist in and facilitate the implementation of LAM, by including these aspects in its work programme.
4.3.4 Recognizing that observational data are critical for verification and for assimilation purposes, the Council encouraged Members to contribute additional surface observational data for improving the relevance and usefulness of high-resolution regional NWP systems (LAM) in short- range forecasting, especially for predicting severe and high-impact weather events, and for surface weather verification purposes, by transmitting them through the WIS/GTS or making them available via ftp servers for use within their region.
4.3.5 Noting the operational nature of the Global Producing Centres (GPCs) for Long-Range Forecasts and recalling that Cg-XVI envisioned that some GPCs could play an important role in providing global climate predictions from sub-seasonal to longer time-scales, within the context of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), the Council endorsed the continued close collaboration between CBS and CCl to: (i) further promote the use and guide the uptake of existing GPC products within the RCC and NMHS activities for operational climate prediction; (ii) develop or revise the set of minimum forecast and verification products, data exchange protocols, and roles and functions of the GPCs and LCs, aiming to provide operational extended-range predictions (i.e. monthly forecasts); and (iii) work closely with WCRP to further coordinate international collaboration in, and review research on, initialized predictions for timescales longer than seasonal scales and evaluate the potential for operational predictions.
4.3.6 While recognizing that significant benefits have already accrued from the SWFDP, which has been either in implementation or in development in five regions (Southern Africa, South Pacific, Eastern Africa, Southeast Asia and Bay of Bengal), the Council noted that some participating countries have experienced some difficulties to fully participate in the SWFDP, and requested CBS to develop specific guidelines in the SWFDP to facilitate the participation of least- capacity NMHSs, including those from LDCs and SIDSs, focused on the development of country- specific implementation plans within the SWFDP.
4.3.7 The Council noted the need for the SWFDP to coordinate with the DRR projects to enable more effective end-to-end early warning systems to be implemented in the countries that require such services. In this context, the Council urged that as a part of SWFDP regional projects, consideration be given to collecting and conveying the requirements for the Basic Systems, including to WIGOS and WIS, in the target countries, while addresses aspects related to severe weather forecasting and warning services. The Council was informed of the need to help revive the RSBN stations.
4.3.8 The Council reinforced its strong support to the SWFDP. While requesting CBS to continue to give high priority to the implementation of the SWFDP and its expansion into all WMO Regions, the Council acknowledged the importance of the continued project-critical support from 36 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
advanced global centres that provided NWP and satellite-based products, and the important roles played by the regional centres, and commended all these centres for their enthusiastic participation in SWFDP regional projects thus far and strongly encouraged them to continue these efforts.
4.3.9 The Council also noted that significant increase of resources (both budgetary and human) are required to ensure effective implementation and long-term sustainability of the benefits gained with the SWFDP (continuous improvement of matured projects, and expansion of the SWFDP through all WMO Regional Associations) of multiple, simultaneously running projects, including crucial regular training, commitments made by the participating centres, and coordination and support by the Secretariat. Recalling that Cg-XVI acknowledged that its own direction to expand the SWFDP could only be realized with appropriate extrabudgetary contributions, the Council requested:
(a) The Secretary-General to continue to explore and coordinate resource mobilization with external partners to support the further implementation of the SWFDP and its expansion into WMO Regions;
(b) The Secretary-General and CBS to further develop these aspects in the strategy and planning of the SWFDP, including possible options for supporting the effective and sustainable participation of global, regional and national centres in the SWFDP, and the management and coordination of the regional projects, for consideration by EC-65.
Climate Issues
Climate System Monitoring (CSM)
Implementation of methodologies and tools for the analysis of climate
4.3.10 The Executive Council welcomed the ongoing work of the Commission for Climatology (CCl) for the provision of commonly agreed definitions of extreme weather and climate events, and the development of techniques and procedures to monitor their occurrence. This would help in better addressing operational monitoring of extreme climate events in a more consistent manner across the regions (e.g. heat waves, cold spells, extreme precipitation episodes, dry spells, etc.) as well as for establishing improved databases on weather and climate extremes. It urged CCl to develop guidance for improving WMO Technical Regulations and Guidelines on this matter and requested the Secretary-General to provide further support to achieve this goal.
New imperatives related to climate data products for CSM
4.3.11 The Executive Council welcomed CCl plans for developing new data products to be considered for national climate monitoring that would be suitable for the international exchange. A set of six (6) national climate monitoring products are being proposed to support the necessary improvement of CSM as required by the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).
4.3.12 The Executive Council noted the increasing demand for gridded data products, which can be obtained from climate models combined with in-situ data and satellite monitoring products in view of improved local climate services, such as for drought monitoring, and Drought Early Warning Systems (DEWS), food early warning systems and climate warnings against extreme precipitation episodes.
4.3.13 The Executive Council requested CCl and the Secretariat to make the necessary arrangements for providing the technical guidance on the two elements above and assess with CBS the operational implications in the generation and exchange of these data products, in particular on the WMO Technical Regulations. GENERAL SUMMARY 37
Joint efforts of CCl, the World Climate Research Programme-Climate Variability and Predictability (WCRP-Clivar) Project and the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) on climate change detection and indices
4.3.14 The Executive Council was pleased to note the increasing collaboration among the Members to further improve National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) capacity in assessing climate change, including the organization of hands on training workshops on climate indices and carrying out post workshop studies.
4.3.15 The Executive Council further underlined the importance of these activities in the provision of robust assessment of the changing local and regional climate conditions, particularly the frequency and intensity of extremes climate events. This information is critically important for climate risk assessment and vulnerability studies that are required for climate adaptation. It urged NMHSs to work with WMO and the Joint CCl/WCRP-Clivar/JCOMM Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) to further develop this activity in order to update more frequently the climate indices and make them available for international exchange through dedicated web portals.
The WMO statement on the status of the global climate
4.3.16 The Executive Council was pleased to note the increased number of Members, including developing countries, contributing to the WMO statement on the status of the global climate. It urged the Members and the Secretariat to create and further contribute to Websites that carry information on climate anomalies and extremes, in a timely manner at all NMHSs. It requested CCl and the Secretariat to further liaise with the space programme on additional satellite products that can improve WMO CSM.
Climate Services Information System
4.3.17 The Executive Council noted that most of the relevant details on Climate Services Information System were discussed under agenda item 3.2 on WMO Contribution to GFCS Components.
4.3.18 The Council noted with satisfaction that CCl and CBS are closely collaborating on the operational aspects of Long-Range Forecasts (LRF), particularly on the implementation of GPCs and RCCs, facilitated through the CBS Expert Team on Extended and Long-Range Forecasting (ET-ELRF) and the Joint CCl/CBS Expert Team on RCCs. In order to further strengthen this collaboration and ensure consistency in operational LRF within the CSIS, the Council endorsed the proposal to convert the CBS ET-ELRF into the Joint CBS/CCl ET-ELRF.
4.3.19 The Council noted the growing concern with the ongoing, as well as projected, socio- economic impacts of climate extremes and emphasized the need to enable appropriate monitoring systems to surveil the climate, assess its evolution across past, present and future timescales and to develop appropriate advisories. The Council agreed that the climate watch systems developed and promoted by WMO would need to be further strengthened and integrated into the implementation of the CSIS. The Council appreciated that regional climate watches are already part of the mandatory functions of RCCs, and urged Members to take steps to set up climate watch systems at the national level.
Climate Information for Adaptation and Risk Management
4.3.20 The Council agreed that the efforts of the Commission for Climatology with respect to guiding and promoting sector-specific climate indices; user interface; user participation in regional and national Climate Outlook Forums; and Climate Risk Management practices contribute to the User Interface Platform and Climate Services Information System of the GFCS, and appreciated that this work is being conducted in collaboration with the other WMO Technical Commissions, and partnering agencies, in a multi-disciplinary manner. 38 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
4.3.21 The Council noted the progress in CCl’s efforts to develop guidance materials, identify useful case studies and best practices related to these themes, and urged the CCl to expedite such efforts to support GFCS implementation and to continue its partnership-based approach. The Council recognized that some Members have developed considerable expertise in development and use of sector-specific climate indices, and can demonstrate best practices in working with users and in Climate Risk Management practices. The Council further noted that some Members have already established national climate outlook forums which are proving to be highly valuable opportunities for actively building user-provider relationships and two-way dialogue, serving the climate needs of a range of disciplines where services are most needed at national levels. Accordingly, the Council urged all Members (working with support and guidance of the respective regional associations) to contribute appropriately to CCl efforts through provision of examples of best practices, identification of indices important to the user communities, by conducting/hosting provider-user workshops and training events.
4.3.22 The Council noted the decisions under the Disaster Risk Reduction Programme (see also agenda item 4.2), related to the establishment of User-interface mechanisms to provide guidance for the NMHS and the technical commissions for development for climate services to support:
(a) Hazard analysis as input to risk modelling. This includes areas such as requirements, standards, guidelines and training programmes on hazard definition, historical and real- time data, meta data and hazard analysis tools including statistical as well as forward looking climate forecasting and analysis;
(b) Disaster Risk Financing which also includes weather and climate indexed insurance and other financial risk transfer mechanisms;
(c) Improved preparedness and response of the International Humanitarian Agencies.
4.3.23 The Council stressed that through its climate-related activities, the DRR Programme is significantly contributing to the development of Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), in particular related to the development of User Interface Mechanisms as a key contribution to the GFCS User Interface Platform (UIP), and the development climate products and services to support DRR decision-making.
Joint Expert Group on Climate, Food and Water (JEG-CFW)
4.3.24 The Council was informed that the JEG-CFW has proposed an integrated approach to addressing the climate-water-food nexus which, while taking into consideration the interactions amongst floods, droughts and desertification, will encourage the development of integrated products and tools for providing supplemental climate, agricultural, water, and other relevant data and information. The Council supported the recommendations made by the JEG-CFW to CCl, the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) and the Commission for Hydrology (CHy), namely: compilation of a catalogue of projects and case studies in climate, food, and water; organization of a Joint Symposium between the three Commissions in 2013, and a proposal to develop a joint training seminar/course on Climate, Food and Water Interrelationships.
4.3.25 The Council noted the discussion of the JEG-CFW on the issue of phenology and agreed that the WMO should remain active in this field especially with regards to plant phenology. The Council noted the recommendation of the JEG-CFW that CAgM should take the lead on this topic and encouraged the Management Groups of CAgM and CCl to monitor and report on progress.
4.3.26 The Council endorsed the JEG-CFW recommendations to the Secretary-General to review the terms of reference of each of the UN Conventions that are related to the CCl, CAgM and CHy and to assist the JEG-CFW in reviewing any existing global phenological initiatives. The Council also endorsed the recommendation that the Secretary-General assist and coordinate with GENERAL SUMMARY 39
the JEG-CFW to update the WMO Brochure on Weather, Climate, and Food Security and to add the word Water to the title.
WMO Drought Initiatives
4.3.27 The Council noted that following the decision of Cg-XVI, WMO and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) will be organizing a High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy (HMNDP) from 11 to 15 March 2013 in Geneva, in collaboration with a number of UN agencies, international and regional organizations and key national agencies. The Council noted that the overarching theme for HMNDP is “Reducing societal vulnerability – Helping Society (Communities and Sectors) to cope with Droughts through National Drought Policy”. As the ultimate goal of national drought policies is to create more drought resilient societies through enhanced cooperation and coordination at all levels of governments, the Council urged all NMHSs to extend their full support and encourage relevant ministries and agencies in their countries to actively participate in the HMNDP and adopted Resolution 9 (EC-64) – High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy.
4.3.28 The Council noted that pursuant to the decision of Cg-XVI for developing an Integrated Drought Management Programme (IDMP) aiming to establish a global coordination of efforts to strengthen drought monitoring, risk identification, drought prediction and early warning services and develop a drought management knowledge base, a small group of experts have finalized a concept note that will be circulated to potential partners and donors. The Council urged the WMO Secretariat and the Global Water Partnership (GWP) to continue to work together with NMHSs and other partners to actively support efforts towards the establishment and implementation of the IDMP taking into account developments in the GFCS as well as outcomes of the HMNDP process.
Water issues
Preparations for the fourteenth session of the Commission for Hydrology (CHy-14)
4.3.29 The Council was informed that CHy-14 will be held in Geneva from 6 to 14 November 2012 and that it will review the activities of the Commission undertaken over the past four years and revise and adopt the draft programme of work for its next intersessional period. The Council was pleased to note that the draft programme of work addresses the hydrology and water resources contributions to the five WMO priority areas, with a particular focus on Disaster Risk Reduction, the Global Framework for Climate Services, Capacity Development and WIS/WIGOS. The Council encouraged CHy-14 to consider upcoming grand challenges for society as well as NMHSs, especially with a view towards supporting GFCS, and shaping the future development of the Rio+20 follow-up processes and, in this regard, liaising with key partners from within and outside the United Nations family. The Council requested that CHy-14 make recommendations for the WMO strategic planning process for 2016–2019, including with respect to the Monitoring and Evaluation of the HWRP.
4.3.30 The Council endorsed the CHy AWG proposal, that, in line with making the sessions of constituent bodies more effective and efficient, selected CHy-14 documents were being posted on the CHy eBoard at an earlier stage of development and clearly marked as “draft for discussion” in order to stimulate contributions from CHy Members.
Review of the WHYCOS programme
4.3.31 The Council, noting that Congress (Resolution 14 (Cg-XVI)) requested the Secretary- General to carry out an independent external evaluation of the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) programme as a follow-up to the first review conducted in 2005, requested CHy-14 to prepare draft responses to the recommendations of the review and submit these for the consideration of EC-65. 40 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Implementation of the Quality Management Framework-Hydrology
4.3.32 Noting that Congress (Resolution 13 (Cg-XVI)) decided to establish a Quality Management Framework – Hydrology (QMF-H), within the overall WMO QMF, covering data observations as well as hydrological products and services in accordance with the recommendation of CHy, the Council requested that CHy ensure that material developed under the QMF-Hydrology is consistent with the WMO Practical Guide for the Implementation of a Quality Management System for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services developed under the auspices of the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) for application across WMO. The Council noted with appreciation that a range of manuals, namely on flood forecasting and warning, streamflow gauging and estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation have been published under the QMF-H series.
WMO Flood Forecasting Initiative (FFI)
4.3.33 Noting the progress made towards the establishment of an overarching Advisory Group (FFI-AG) to provide technical oversight of the FFI initiative, as decided by Congress (Resolution 15 (Cg-XVI)), the Council requested the Secretary-General to report on the establishment and initial operation of the FFI-AG at EC-65.
Capacity-building in Hydrology and Water Resources Management
4.3.34 The Council was pleased to note the activities being undertaken under the Strategy on Education and Training in HWR including the collaboration with the Cooperative Programme for Operational Meteorology Education and Training (COMET) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on distance learning delivery of hydrological courses and the cooperation with the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) on stream gauging based on the second edition of the WMO Manual. The Council encouraged the approach taken of creating online communities of instructors, so that they could download training material developed by WMO and either use it as is, or adapt it to suit the needs of the region of their interest.
Climate-related Water Issues
4.3.35 The Council recognized the importance of the current involvement of CHy and the HWRP in cross-cutting and cross-Commission climate-related water issues and encouraged the further enhancement of these developments in the future, particularly with respect to the GFCS and the integrated drought management initiatives.
4.4 Enhanced capabilities of Members to access, develop, implement and use integrated and interoperable Earth- and space-based observation systems for weather, climate and hydrological observations, as well as related environmental and space weather observations, based on world standards set by WMO (agenda item 4.4)
Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)
4.4.1 The Council noted that in the light of Resolution 50 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Inter-Commission Coordination Group on WIGOS (ICG-WIGOS) had started activities to coordinate the implementation of WIGOS. The Council noted with appreciation that the WIGOS framework Implementation Plan (WIP) developed by ICG-WIGOS and its Task Team addresses the key implementation activities which can be accomplished in the financial period.
4.4.2 The Council underlined the importance of close linkages between the WIP and resources needed for the realization of its various elements. It stressed that WMO Programmes should be properly aligned with the WIP to ensure its effective implementation and achievement of GENERAL SUMMARY 41
the desired outcomes. The Council accordingly adopted Resolution 10 (EC-64) – WMO Integrated Global Observing System Framework Implementation Plan and its annex.
4.4.3 The Council noted with appreciation the initial establishment of the WIGOS Project Office, and the establishment of a Secretariat Project Oversight Board on WIGOS (POB/WIGOS) to coordinate WIGOS activities across all relevant Departments and Programmes.
4.4.4 The Council recognized that the WIGOS Project Office is under-staffed, and some of the key activities have not been fully resourced, and that these activities are critical to the success of WIGOS Implementation as presented in the Plan. Therefore, the Council urged Members to continue to provide resources, through the WIGOS Trust Fund and/or seconded experts, or provide Junior Professional Officers, to help support the implementation of WIGOS.
4.4.5 The Council expressed its thanks to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States, Norway and other WMO Members who have seconded experts to the WIGOS Project Office and/or contributed to the WIGOS Trust Fund. However, the Council recognized that the resources available to the WIGOS Project Office are currently insufficient. Therefore, it requested the Secretary-General to identify the risks to WIGOS implementation and to manage these risks. The Council also urged Members to make further contributions to the Trust Fund and requested the ICG-WIGOS to take into account the level of resources available and to provide an updated version of the WIP to EC-65.
Regional Basic Synoptic Networks (RBSNs), Regional Basic Climatological Networks (RBCNs) and Antarctic Observing Network (AntON)
4.4.6 The Council noted that the sustainability of RBSNs and RBCNs in RA I, as well as the low availability of data from those RA I networks, continues to remain an issue of concern. It re-emphasized the need to further strengthen all basic networks, especially those in developing and the least developed countries, and requested Members of developed countries to assist in mobilizing and providing resources to support the basic infrastructure of countries in need. The Council also requested CBS and respective regional associations to identify observing stations in the developing and the least developed countries that are critical for the global data exchange and where that operation could be supported by the global community.
Aircraft observations
4.4.7 The Council requested that CBS and CIMO provide support for the completion of integration of AMDAR into the WWW Programme as a contributing element to WIGOS through the development of an appropriate working structure and work programme under CBS and CIMO that will ensure the further development of AMDAR based on continued use and maintenance of the AMDAR Trust Fund.
Marine observations
4.4.8 The Council noted that the updated JCOMM Observations Programme Area Implementation Goals as presented to the fourth JCOMM session are fully responding to the requirements of WMO Application Areas (in particular climate monitoring, NWP, and ocean applications), and requested Members to consider contributing to the achievement of these goals, as well as to support the JCOMM in situ Observing Programme Support Centre (JCOMMOPS).
4.4.9 The Council noted the initiative to develop a Marine Climate Data System (MCDS) that will fully address the requirements of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). It requested Members to contribute to the MCDS developments by providing appropriate infrastructure to ensure the flow of operational and research marine meteorological and oceanographic data through the MCDS centres, as well as to contribute data to the MCDS according to the agreed standards, and assist in data rescue activities. 42 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW)
4.4.10 The Council agreed with views expressed by the third session of the EC Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services (EC-PORS) on the conceptual framework for the GCW, which would have an Advisory Board, a Management Board, Working Groups and priority Task Teams. The Advisory Board will provide overall guidance and oversight of GCW implementation and will be composed of scientific and technical experts from EC-PORS, WMO Members and from GCW partners and contributors. The Management Board will be directly involved in GCW activities and would be composed of leads and co-leads of the Working Groups and Task Teams which would conduct GCW activities. The Council requested EC-PORS to approve membership of the Advisory and Management Boards, as well as the Working Groups and priority Task Teams.
4.4.11 The Council acknowledged the need for secretariat support for GCW. The Council requested the Secretary-General to consider establishment of a GCW “Project Office” (IPO) either in the Secretariat or in coordination with interested partners in their institution. The Council encouraged the Secretary-General to seek the assistance of Members in the establishment of a GCW IPO.
4.4.12 The Council recalled that GCW is a cross-cutting end-to-end activity, the interests of which extend well beyond Polar Regions and which involves over 100 countries. It therefore requested EC-PORS to develop a GCW programme with appropriate linkages to all other WMO Programmes, technical commissions and partners. This could be part of a broader discussion on cross-cutting initiatives, which are a growing means of managing societal needs, and how technical commissions and Programmes handle such activities, and should also become part of future discussion on the appropriate mechanism for oversight of the GCW beyond the EC Panel.
4.4.13 The Council further recalled that the observing component of GCW provides a component observing system of the WIGOS and hence must be planned, implemented and managed in a manner which optimally contributes to the implementation of the WIGOS framework.
EC Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services
4.4.14 The Council acknowledged the accomplishments of the EC-PORS in strengthening working relationships in the Polar Regions, and especially with the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and the Arctic Council. The Council requested EC-PORS to continue providing guidance on appropriate polar initiatives, including SAON, Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA), and the ATCM.
4.4.15 Following the proposal by the third session of the EC-PORS (EC-PORS-3, Sodankylä, Finland, 6–8 February 2012), and taking into account the need for close collaboration with international organizations active in Polar observations, research and services, the Council agreed to formally invite the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) of the Arctic Council, the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) to participate in EC-PORS as members. Noting that WMO is not yet an observer to the Arctic Council, and recalling the EC-LX discussion for WMO to seek such status, the Council requested the Secretary-General to seek observer status to the Arctic Council as an inter- governmental organization contributing to its work.
Climate Observations
4.4.16 The Council noted with interest the establishment of the WCRP Data Advisory Council and requested Members to refer to its deliberations as the prime source of recommendations of research on climate data within WCRP. The Council also recognized the outcomes of the 4th WCRP Conference on Reanalysis (Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, 7–11 May 2012,) as providing a very rich source of knowledge on the current and future development of climate observations, their pre-processing, and expanding scope of meteorological, oceanographic, chemical, and emerging Earth system re-analyses. GENERAL SUMMARY 43
4.4.17 The Council further agreed with the CCl-MG that in many cases national climate networks are operated by collaborative agencies or by individuals with a low level or lack of standardization, continuity and sustainability and hence hampering the development of local climate services with the required quality and timeliness. It underlined that CCl work in this area should build on the role of GCOS and GFCS in providing guidance on the requirements and principles for global climate monitoring.
Instrument Standards and Best Practices
4.4.18 The Council recalled the support expressed by Cg-XVI for further development of the siting classification for meteorological observing stations on land as a common WMO-ISO standard, which would help in assessing and improving the quality of data originating from WMO- owned, co-sponsored and non-WMO observing networks. It would also help to assess the appropriateness of stations for specific activities, in particular for monitoring of climate variability and change. The Council noted that the standard should be carefully developed, taking account of the situation of, and the possible impact on, NMHSs.
4.4.19 The Council noted that ISO standards are voluntary, as long as they are not cited in regulatory documents, such as the WMO Technical Regulations. The Council requested the technical commissions, as well as relevant Executive Council Panels and Working Groups, to support CIMO in identifying cross-cutting elements that intersect with their respective areas of responsibility that could lead to requirements for actions from them in the event that this common standard is to be created. The Council also requested each technical commission and regional association to nominate a focal point to represent their interests in the further development of the siting classification as a WMO-ISO common standard.
4.4.20 The Council noted that ISO is in the process of developing a standard on Ground-based remote sensing by Doppler wind lidars, that enable the measurement of profiles of winds over a range of a few kilometres and that have essential applications, for example in the field of aeronautical meteorology and airport safety operation. The Council was pleased that CIMO, through experts, had been taking part in this development since its beginning, to represent the interests of the meteorological community. In view of the relevance of this standard to the priorities of WMO and of the active involvement of WMO experts in this development, the Council noted that ISO would be approached by the Secretariat to develop this standard as a common WMO/ISO standard. This would ensure that the standard properly addresses the requirements of the meteorological community, wider acceptance of this standard throughout the meteorological community, and that WMO would remain strongly involved in the further development and maintenance of this standard to meet evolving requirements of its Members in the future.
4.4.21 The Council noted the need to prepare, on the basis of the WMO–ISO Agreement, a plan for processing the proper WMO normative documents into WMO-ISO standards, particularly as standards for the WIGOS, and requested the Secretary-General to organize this work. The Council stressed the importance of adherence to quality management (QM) principles, including with regard to calibration of instruments. It recognized that the WIP includes QM as a Key Activity area. It also noted that QM had already been identified as an element to be included within the Manual on WIGOS. Thus the standards and recommendations developed and approved by Congress will become part of the Technical Regulations.
Radio-Frequency Coordination
4.4.22 The Council recalled the request by Cg-XVI for Members to actively prepare for and participate in the ITU World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 (WRC-12). It noted that all thirteen agenda items that had been identified by the CBS Steering Group on Radio Frequency Coordination (SG-RFC) had been successfully represented at WRC-12 and that the final decisions of WRC-12 had been in line with the WMO position. It noted that this was an excellent outcome for WMO, reflecting the significant preparation in the years leading up to WRC-12 by CBS and Members. The Council also recognized that a significant contribution to this outcome resulted from the activities of the WMO WRC-12 coordination team that interacted with the ITU delegates and all 44 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
regional groups to ensure that the WMO position on relevant issues was taken into consideration. The Council expressed its appreciation to those Members that participated in the WRC-12 coordination team; in particular Brazil, China, France, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom who, along with the Secretariat, were able to directly represent WMO at the conference. It thanked Australia, Canada, Oman, Russian Federation, South Africa, and the United States who provided expert support to the coordination team. The Council also expressed its appreciation to the European Space Agency and EUMETSAT members and members of the Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) who assisted the coordination team.
4.4.23 The Council noted that the result of WRC-12 deliberations for WMO is that specified bands of radio frequency spectrum, which are vital for many of the in situ and remotely sensed observations which are critical for support of weather forecasts, disaster warnings and climate monitoring, will remain available to the meteorological community with the cooperation of NMHSs and protected from interference from other applications. WRC-12 reinforced the commitment of previous World Radiocommunication Conferences to the special needs of meteorological and hydrological services, despite competing pressure for scarce radio frequencies from wireless technology and other uses. Noting that a preliminary analysis of the ITU World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 (WRC-15) agenda indicates that there are possibly sixteen agenda items/sub-items relating to frequency bands or issues of prime interest or concern for WMO, the Council highlighted that preparation for WRC-15 represents an even more difficult task than WRC-12. The Council urged all Members to maintain close contact with their national radiocommunication authorities to ensure that the requisite allocations are retained for meteorological and environmental observations and that appropriate spectrum monitoring and protective measures are in place to avoid interference within and near key spectrum bands. The Council further urged all Members to participate actively in national, regional, and international activities involving radio communication regulatory issues for the defense of radio frequency bands for meteorological and environmental activities. It noted the short time to prepare for WRC-15 in comparison to WRC-12 and urged Members to ensure relevant experts are equipped with appropriate resources, including time, to address issues fully. The Council adopted Resolution 11 (EC-64) – Radio frequencies for meteorological and related environmental activities.
Monitoring and reporting
4.4.24 The Council requested that, in the preparation of agenda papers for EC-65, consideration be given to informing the Council through a single progress report under the identity of WIGOS.
4.4.25 The Council noted that a number of carefully developed implementation plans exist or are being prepared to guide the priorities and development of WMO various component observing systems including the GCOS Implementation Plan, EGOS-IP, JCOMM OPS Development Strategy, the GCW-IP and the GAW Strategic Plan. The Council requested that a progress report for EC-65 include a clearer indication of the extent of compliance with the WMO regulatory material and progress achieved against the plans and priorities of the various implementation plans in the context of WIGOS.
WMO Information System (WIS) – Implementation
4.4.26 The Council expressed its appreciation to all Members that implemented WIS following the designation of WIS centres in Resolution 51 (Cg-XVI). It thanked GISCs Beijing, Offenbach and Tokyo for their leading role in the successful launch of WIS as an operational system in January 2012. The Council noted with appreciation that GISCs Exeter and Toulouse became operational in June 2012.The Council emphasized the critical aspect of metadata in WIS and urged all Members to register with their associated GISC and to start to review the start-up discovery metadata for World Weather Watch information in the GISC catalogues to ensure the metadata for their information is current and that the relevant information can be discovered and accessed via the GISC portal. It encouraged Members to register more data and products in WIS so that national users can begin to benefit from the GISCs’ Discovery, Access and Retrieval services. The Council highlighted that those centres whose associated GISCs are not yet GENERAL SUMMARY 45
operational can register with one of the interim metadata management systems being offered to Members by GISCs Beijing and Tokyo. It expressed its appreciation to those GISCs offering this interim service and urged Members to make arrangements to take advantage of these services to begin supporting and utilizing the new functionality of WIS.
4.4.27 The Council thanked CBS for completing the publication of the Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060) and urged Members to work with CBS to continue to refine the Manual including the identification of National Centres and their associated GISCs. It requested CBS to complete the Guide to the WMO Information System (WMO-No.1061), emphasizing Members’ needs for appropriate guidance on the creation, management and usage of discovery metadata. It requested operational GISCs to take a leading role, with the support of CBS, in developing capacity of Members within their area of responsibility to understand and manage discovery metadata to ensure WIS new functionalities of Discovery Access and Retrieval operate effectively and can be used to enhance all NMHS services.
4.4.28 The Council noted that according to Congress (WMO-No. 1077, paragraph 11.4.7), WIS activities in 2012–2015 should be: (1) completing WIS implementation across all WMO Centres; (2) capacity-building to ensure support of all WMO Members; (3) leveraging WIS advantages for all WMO Programmes; and (4) taking advantage of WIS in all WMO Data Management. The Council requested regional associations to take into consideration implementation plans being developed in other Regions and to work with GISCs and CBS to establish Regional Implementation Plans for WIS. It requested CBS to provide a capacity-building plan involving GISCs and other centres that have implemented WIS, as well as capacity-building initiatives such as the Regional Training Centres, remote learning systems and fellowship programmes. It encouraged all technical commissions and data management expert teams to work with CBS to leverage on WIS information exchange and management practices, especially in supporting new initiatives such as the GFCS.
4.4.29 The Council noted that some centres are in the process of implementing WIS compliance but had been unable to demonstrate their compliance in the time identified by Sixteenth Congress. It also noted the endorsement of CBS for conditionally designated centres and the content of Resolution 51 (Cg-XVI). It adopted Resolution 12 (EC-64) – Designation of Centres of the WMO Information System.
Responsibilities for data formats for aviation meteorology
4.4.30 The Council noted that ICAO is expected to agree to allow contracting States “in a position to do so” to exchange operational meteorological information in XML format. It noted that ICAO will need to exchange meteorological information in the context of other aeronautical information using harmonized formats.
4.4.31 The Council noted that ICAO is expected to derive its XML schemas from a “logical data model” in an automated way and that meteorological knowledge and understanding is required to define the logical data model for weather information. By creating a WMO Logical Data Model for weather information relevant to aeronautics and providing this to ICAO with a view to ICAO embedding the resulting XML schemas within their own schemas, WMO will be able to ensure consistency between the information exchanged using Table Driven Code Forms and that exchanged in aeronautical XML, and thereby reduce the overall cost to Members. The Council adopted Resolution 13 (EC-64) – Responsibility for creating aviation extensible markup language.
WMO Core Profile of ISO 19115 metadata
4.4.32 In January 2012 the presidents of technical commissions approved version 1.2 of the WMO Core Profile of the ISO 19115 metadata standard. The Council requested CBS to incorporate this into the Technical Regulations. The Council noted that external standards and WMO requirements are evolving, and requested CBS to continue development of the Core Profile. For enhancements to the standard that work correctly with systems designed for Core Profile 1.2, the Council approved the use of the Fast Track procedure as is used for the Table Driven Code 46 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Forms with technical assessments being performed by the appropriate inter-programme expert team.
Monitoring of the World Weather Watch
4.4.33 The Council noted with appreciation that the software developed by China is now being used to analyse the results of the WWW Quantitative Monitoring exercises. The results of the 2011 Annual Global Monitoring show that the availability of reports from surface stations increased slightly from 2010, and that although the number of upper-air stations reduced, the availability of reports from the remaining stations increased slightly (www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/ois/monitor). The Council requested CBS to develop the monitoring procedures to encompass the routine exchange of information essential to Programmes that lies outside the traditional scope of the World Weather Watch.
Data Management Applications in support of the GFCS
Submission of the World Weather Records on an Annual basis
4.4.34 The Council recalled the Congress resolution on climate data requirements (Resolution 16, Cg-XVI), deciding on a set of climate data new priorities among which was the use of new methodology for compiling and disseminating the World Weather Records (WWRs). It emphasized that, as part of the improvement of the WMO Climate System Monitoring (CSM) in support of the GFCS functions, there is a need to implement the submission and compilation of WWRs on an annual basis starting from 2011, replacing the old practice of a 10-year cycle.
4.4.35 The Council adopted Resolution 14 (EC-46) – Submission of World Weather Records on an annual basis.
4.4.36 The Council urged Members to submit past WWRs pertaining to the 2001–2010 period and to complete WWRs pertaining to 1991–2000 which have not yet been submitted.
Data Rescue
4.4.37 The Council welcomed the plan for organizing two regional workshops relevant to data rescue in the course of 2012, in West Africa and the Caribbean, as a response to the Sixteenth Congress decision on accelerating rescue and digitization of climate records. It urged Members to collaborate with CCl in promoting global and regional initiatives on data rescue (DARE) and the exchange of related scientific knowledge and technological advances.
Climate Normals
4.4.38 The Council welcomed the steps taken by the CCl Management Group on working towards provision of guidance for computing and updating climate normals by the Members in a consistent manner. A new approach based on a discussion paper “On the Calculation of the Standard Climate Normals: a Proposal for a Dual System’’ was submitted at the CCl-MG session by Dr William Wright, co-chair of the CCl OPACE I on Climate Data Management.
Discontinuation of the monthly upper-air CLIMAT TEMP reports
4.4.39 The Council noted Resolution 3 (CCl-XV) deciding that the provision, dissemination, monitoring and international exchange of the monthly upper-air CLIMAT TEMP reports shall be discontinued, and that the discontinuation of CLIMAT TEMP should not affect in any way the provision, dissemination, monitoring and exchange of the daily upper-air TEMP reports nor the monthly surface CLIMAT reports. These reports remain critical and essential for the World Weather Watch, the Global Climate Observing System and the World Climate Programme. GENERAL SUMMARY 47
4.4.40 The Council endorsed the CCl decision on discontinuing the dissemination, monitoring and international exchange of the monthly upper-air CLIMAT TEMP. It requested CCl to formulate the amendments which need to be reflected in the technical regulations accordingly.
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
4.4.41 The Council recalled the publication of the 2010 update of the Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and welcomed the publication of Systematic Observation Requirements for Satellite-based Products for Climate – Supplemental Details to the Satellite- based Component in 2011. The Council urged Members to assist and advise international and national organizations in the implementation of the global observing systems for climate.
4.4.42 The implementation of this plan, prepared at the request of the Parties to the UNFCCC, will address many of the needs for climate observations in support of the GFCS. The Council noted the importance of a strengthened Global Climate Observing System to the successful implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), recognizing that observations and monitoring constitute one of the essential pillars of the GFCS. The Council requested the GCOS Secretariat to coordinate with the GFCS Secretariat in the continued development of the Global Framework for Climate Services Implementation Plan and its annexes.
4.4.43 The Council appreciated the achievements of GCOS over its 20 years of existence and congratulated all those involved in attaining this important milestone. The Council looked forward to leveraging WMO’s leadership role in GCOS, together with the close and collaborative relationships that have been established with its co-sponsors and many associated regional and national entities, in the implementation of the GFCS.
4.4.44 The Council recalled the recommendation of Cg-XVI to strengthen the establishment of a GCOS improvement and assessment cycle, approved by the UNFCCC, as a priority activity. In this context, the GCOS Secretariat had been asked to report back on its proposals at the thirty-sixth session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice of the UNFCCC in May 2012. A new assessment of progress and adequacy report, building on identification of needs for adaptation and other services and informed by identification of uncertainties by the IPCC Fifth Assessment process would be prepared by early 2015. This third adequacy report would be followed by a new Implementation Plan, to be published in 2016. The GCOS Secretariat will review the data needs for adaptation and service provision in one or more workshops and link these workshops with UNFCCC and GFCS initiatives in late 2012 or early 2013. The Council supported the recommended planning, and suggested that follow-up workshops should include relevant representation from the IPCC Working Groups I and II.
4.4.45 The Council noted the most recent outcomes of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate and supported the recommendation of the GCOS Steering Committee to keep the performance of the Global Atmosphere Watch networks that contribute to the GCOS under review by its Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC). The Council also requested that the role of the private sector in greenhouse gas observations be assessed in close coordination with other relevant WMO departments. The Council noted the integrating efforts of WMO regarding the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) and that CBS, CIMO, CCl and CAS should monitor progress. The Council noted recent closures, or proposed closures, of stations contributing to atmospheric composition networks, and the panels’ further concern on funding uncertainties and gaps for several satellite-observing systems. The Council urged Members to liaise closely with their national space agencies on the latter matter.
4.4.46 The Council noted the main findings of the GCOS/GTOS/WCRP Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC) and requested TOPC to report back to relevant WMO Programmes on lessons learned from work on standardization of the terrestrial Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). It also supported efforts to improve the traceability of ECV datasets back to the responsible data centres and requested the GCOS Secretariat to issue appropriate information to assist in the use of ECV datasets. The Council recognized the value of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) 48 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Carbon Strategy to GCOS and recommended the GCOS Secretariat to establish a specific link to this GEO activity.
4.4.47 The Council noted the main deliberations of the GCOS/GOOS/WCRP Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) and shared its concerns over continuity of high quality altimetry due to delay in the planned launch date for Jason3 and over the stalling of improvement of in situ ocean observations. The Council requested the GCOS Secretariat, in coordination with JCOMM, to support the development of a strategy for deep ocean observation and to continue to contribute to the Framework for Ocean Observing. The Council also noted the change in the governance of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) which resulted formally in the ending of GOOS sponsorship of OOPC at the end of 2011, pending reconsideration of such sponsorship by the new GOOS Steering Committee.
GCOS Cooperation Mechanism (GCM)
4.4.48 The Council recognized that the cooperation mechanism of the GCOS Programme to improve climate observation networks is working particularly well in Region I. The Council noted that strengthening of such networks is an important requirement for an effective GFCS. It noted with concern that several donors have announced that they will be terminating their contributions by 2013. The Council urged Members, with support of the GCOS Secretariat, to liaise with the responsible government agencies to initiate or to secure funding for the GCOS Cooperation Mechanism (GCM). The Council explicitly thanked Canada, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, who have contributed to the Climate Observing System Fund and its GCM in the last five years.
4.4.49 The Council noted that the performance of the important GCOS Surface Network (GSN) and GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN) networks continues to improve and thanked Members for their actions. Congress had requested that Members prepare and distribute the monthly CLIMAT reports for as many stations as possible and the Council was pleased that many Members had responded resulting in a significant increase in important data needed for climate analyses. Brazil, for example, now distributes more than 70 additional CLIMAT reports each month and several other Members have increased their reports. Similarly the performance of the GUAN has continued to improve as a result of Member actions and GCM activities. Additional stations were added in 2011 to improve global coverage. The Council commended the good results and thanked Morocco, Mozambique, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Chile, the United States, Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom who are each hosting a Lead Centre. The Council called upon those Members to continue, and to improve where necessary their support.
Regional Activities
4.4.50 The Council appreciated the work that the GCOS Secretariat has done to facilitate the development of the Climate for Development in Africa Programme (ClimDev Africa) which is now a well-established programme co-sponsored by the African Union Commission (AUC), the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), and the African Development Bank (AfDB). It noted that both WMO and GCOS have been granted membership on the ClimDev Africa Steering Committee to support the implementation of the Programme and to advise on the types of projects that are considered for funding. The Council strongly encouraged WMO, including through GCOS, to continue to engage with the Programme. It encouraged them to make additional efforts to communicate updated information on the process and the benefits of ClimDev Africa to African NMHSs so as to seize the opportunities offered by the Programme. It endorsed ongoing consultations between WMO and ClimDev Africa sponsors and the African Climate Policy Centre to effectively integrate the Programme in developing the Integrated African Strategy on Meteorology under the African Ministerial Conference on Meteorology (AMCOMET) and in the GFCS.
4.4.51 The Council expressed its appreciation for the organization of a regional workshop at the Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIFEN) in Guayaquil, Ecuador in March 2012 to address ways to improve climate observing networks to support climate GENERAL SUMMARY 49
services and the development of adaptation strategies in South America. The Council encouraged the GCOS Secretariat to organize similar workshops in other regions to follow-up on the original Regional Action Plans and to facilitate further improvements in climate observing systems.
4.4.52 The Council adopted Resolution 15 (EC-64) – Global Climate Observing System.
WMO Space Programme
Space-based Observing System
4.4.53 The Council noted the importance of space-based observations as a key component of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) and a critical source of global data for monitoring weather, climate and the environment, and welcomed the new baseline adopted by the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) in response to the Vision for the GOS in 2025. It stressed the importance of implementing, without delay, the new generation of satellite systems that are under development for both the geostationary orbit and the low-Earth orbit constellations. Bearing in mind that satellite soundings from low-Earth orbits are a crucial input to NWP, the Council reiterated the importance of developing concrete plans towards implementing a sounding mission on an early morning orbit (Equatorial Crossing Time around 5:30) as required in the Vision for the GOS in 2025, and welcomed the efforts of the CGMS to optimize the orbital distribution of future missions to alleviate the identified gap. The Council expressed its expectation that follow-on missions would be confirmed in due time to ensure continuity of ocean surface topography observations.
4.4.54 The Council thanked EUMETSAT for maintaining a satellite in operation over the Indian Ocean. RA I would like to support the continuous observation of Meteosat satellite over the Indian Ocean to help monitor monsoonal flow, tropical cyclones and other high impact weather over this Ocean which affects adjacent countries.
4.4.55 Following the highly successful third and last IPY 2012 Conference in Montreal and the unanimous recognition by the 3,000 participants of the urgency of accelerating observation, research and monitoring over polar areas, particularly the Arctic, due to the rapidly changing environmental conditions over the poles and the high potential impacts it will have locally and globally, the Council highly supports the launch of satellites in highly elliptical orbit (HEO) to provide useful observation over polar regions in quasi stationary mode.
4.4.56 The Council encouraged further involvement of Members in the activities of the WMO Space Programme which cover a broad range of topics including requirements definition, monitoring the implementation of the space-based observing system, support to global satellite planning, data collection and exchange, coordination of satellite inter-calibration, product generation, and education and training. Each of these activities is important so that the full advantage of space-based capabilities can be brought to bear in development of WIGOS, particularly in relation to hydrology and GAW, including greenhouse gas monitoring, and the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).
Data Accessibility and User Training
4.4.57 The Council, reinforcing the need for improved accessibility of satellite data and products, particularly in developing countries, acknowledged the progress being made to formulate regional requirements for data dissemination, which can be addressed by appropriate dissemination systems such as EUMETCast, CMACast, GEONETCast-America, and MITRA. It also reaffirmed the need for user training, and the strategy to train the trainers, with new partners through the Virtual Laboratory for Education and Training in Satellite Meteorology (VLab). It noted that RA I (Africa) appreciated the support of EUMETSAT and WMO in support of ASMET and the VLab at WMO-RTCs Nairobi and Pretoria, and at EAMAC in Niamey. Recognizing that challenges remain, the Council encouraged satellite operators to further coordinate such efforts, facilitate participation of WMO Members, and contribute to cost-sharing for the VLab Technical Support Officer. 50 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
4.4.58 The Council encouraged all WMO Members to respond to the Survey on the Use of Satellite Data, in order to guide the WMO Space Programme in meeting Members’ needs.
Architecture for climate monitoring from space
4.4.59 The Council recognized the progress made by the Space Programme in completing the strategy document on development of an architecture for monitoring climate from space, and reaffirmed the importance of further involvement of the technical commissions, regional associations and Members with space agencies and satellite operators to participate in the development of this architecture. The Council noted that these development efforts will not only further enhance the system which has been developed for weather monitoring and forecasting over the last fifty years, but will be a key component of WIGOS and the GFCS.
Space Weather
4.4.60 Given the approaching solar maximum and the severe impact of Space Weather on the observation and telecommunication infrastructure and on aviation safety, as well as the potential synergy between Space Weather warnings and meteorological service delivery, the Council encouraged the Space Programme to continue to support international coordination of Space Weather activities, and again urged Members to provide extrabudgetary financial and/or a secondment to strengthen coordination activity.
4.4.61 Following acknowledgement by Cg-XVI of the need for coordinated efforts of WMO Members for space weather, the Council encouraged the Space Programme, through the Inter- Programme Coordination Team for Space Weather (ICTSW), to develop near-term and long-term action plans including education and training and to work with the WMO regional associations to implement a coordinated strategy for space weather. Broad participation among WMO Members is encouraged.
4.4.62 The Council noted the availability of operational space weather products via the WMO space weather portal and expressed its appreciation to the Members who have contributed to its development. The Council urged Members to support further gathering and definition of user requirements by the ICTSW and to provide input to the WMO space weather portal.
4.5 Enhanced capabilities of Members to contribute to and draw benefits from the global research capacity for weather, climate, water and the related environmental science and technology development (agenda item 4.5)
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
4.5.1 The Council acknowledged with appreciation that the WCRP Open Science Conference had focused on the role of research in support of the GFCS and on identifying corresponding research priorities. Climate research modelling and prediction is one of the five key elements of a Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) as identified by the World Climate Conference-3, and is essential for improving the quality of the climate information and services. The Council recognized the contribution of WCRP in addressing the needs for science-based climate information at global and regional levels for key sectors of economies, and climate-related risk management. The Council requested the Secretary-General to ensure that support for climate research is maintained and encouraged through continuing coordination of WCRP activities with other research programmes such as the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) and WWRP, CHy, CCl and CBS. (See for example the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project discussed in paragraph 4.5.13.)
4.5.2 The Council endorsed the recommendations of the WMO/ICSU/IOC appointed Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) for the World Climate Research Programme that took into account the outcomes of the OSC. The JSC identified the scientific and programmatic challenges for the next decade for the WCRP to be: (1) prediction of the Earth System bridging the physical climate system with biogeochemistry, the social sciences, and human dimensions; (2) making use of the GENERAL SUMMARY 51
opportunity, provided by new satellite observations, to make a quantum leap in understanding of clouds and aerosols and their contributions to climate sensitivity; (3) skillful climate information on regional scales, embodying the so-called “seamless prediction” paradigm; (4) quantifying uncertainty in climate predictions; (5) predicting how natural modes of climate variability will modify the “forced” anthropogenic component of climate change over the coming years to decades; (6) determining the predictability of polar climate, especially given the potential opening of the Arctic and international negotiations regarding increased commercial traffic for shipping and extraction of natural resources; (7) understanding the causes of extreme events, and enabling attribution studies in near real-time; (8) improve predictions and assessments of future sea-level variability and change on regional scales, which will require knowledge of not only cryospheric and thermosteric contributions but also how gyre circulations, storm tracks, and tidal amplitudes will change; and (9) training and empowering the next generation of climate scientists from all regions of the world.
4.5.3 The Council welcomed the decision of the JSC to establish a new WCRP Working Group on Regional Climate Science and Information (WGRC) to provide strategic advice on regional aspects of climate science, relevant aspects of climate services and vulnerability, climate variability and change, and climate impact and adaptation applications. In particular WGRC would contribute to the four near-time priorities of GFCS, namely climate service for food and agriculture, water, human health, and disaster risk reduction sectors. The Council recommended the WGRC to hold a regular review of best practices in climate services and to prepare recommendations on their implementation. The Council supported the JSC recommendation that WGRC serve as the WCRP interface with the GFCS User Interface Platform.
Membership of the Joint Scientific Committee for the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
4.5.4 The Council decided on its final proposal for the list of candidates to serve on the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) for the WCRP. The list will be discussed with ICSU and IOC in order to:
(a) Extend the terms of appointment of seven members until December 2014;
(b) Appoint seven new members to replace outgoing members.
The Council invited the Secretary-General to proceed with communicating the outcome of this selection process to the other co-sponsors of WCRP – ICSU and IOC/UNESCO.
World Weather Research Programme (WWRP)
Research in the prediction of high-impact weather on timescales of hours to sub-seasons is enhanced
4.5.5 The Council acknowledged the research successes and advancements in the WWRP including THORPEX, in meeting Members’ needs, including the successful transition of research into operations through WWRP Forecasting Demonstration Projects (FDPs) (e.g. MAP D-PHASE, Beijing 08 and SNOW V-10), the closer collaboration with the Severe Weather Forecast Demonstration Projects (SWFDPs) in CBS, the new sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project with WCRP, the new polar prediction project with strong linkage to WCRP, the collaboration between WWRP and the Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR), as well as the model research development by WGNE.
Nowcasting Research
4.5.6 The Council noted that the FDPs and Research and Development Projects (RDPs) for MAP D-PHASE (Switzerland), 2008 Summer Olympic Games (Beijing), and the SNOW V10 RDP (2010 Canadian Winter Olympic Games) were very successful, and was pleased that the Russian Federation was developing the FDP, FROST 2014, for the next Winter Olympic Game in Sochi, which would build on the success of the SNOW V10 project. The Council recommended that 52 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
WWRP/THORPEX FDPs/RDPs be considered for the INCA-CE project. The Council noted that there are several advantages for the Nowcasting Research community to collaborate with the Mesoscale Forecasting Research community and recommended that joint meetings and workshops be encouraged.
Mesoscale Forecasting Research
4.5.7 The Council recommended that WWRP/THORPEX FDPs/RDPs be considered for the La Plata River Basin in South America. The Council noted the introduction of the Integrated Mesoscale Research Environment (IMRE) into the strategies of the WWRP as testing and improving modelling and assimilation techniques using datasets created by test-beds.
Tropical Meteorological Research
4.5.8 The Council noted with appreciation the progress achieved by the Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Ensemble Forecast Project (NWP-TCEFP) and the Typhoon Landfall Forecast Demonstration Project (TLFDP); both these projects will be concluded in 2012. It also welcomed the WWRP new initiative focusing on high impact weather events such as planning for a project to commence in 2013: the South China Heavy Monsoon Rainfall Experiment.
Societal and Economic Research Application (SERA)
4.5.9 The Council was pleased to note that the working arrangement related to SERA between IRDR and the WWRP has now been formalized. IRDR and the WWRP will closely collaborate to support the activities of the WWRP Working Group on SERA, whose research priorities include estimating the societal and economic value of weather and disaster risk reduction information.
Weather Modification Research
4.5.10 The Council requested the Secretary-General to initiate a review of the scientific value and limitations of initiatives on geo-engineering – the approach of intentional large-scale manipulation of environmental processes that affects the Earth’s climate, in an attempt to reduce the effects of global warming. Such a review should be conducted by CAS in close cooperation with WCRP.
Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS)
4.5.11 Progress was made in establishing another regional (Pan-American) node for the SDS-WAS. The Chapman University (Orange, United States) is taking the initiative to join with several university groups and agencies as future partners in WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System network. Furthermore, following the encouragement of Cg-XVI to transfer research in dust forecasting into operations, and with reference to the EC-LX recommendation to CAS and CBS to formulate procedures for developing future operational regional centres specialized for dust forecasting, it requested the two Commissions to specify mandatory functions for such centres and requested CBS to update the GDPFS Manual accordingly. Recognizing that certain regions of Africa are threatened by desert dust storms, the Pan-American centre will work with the other two SDS-WAS nodes.
Meningitis Environmental Risk Information Technologies (MERIT)
4.5.12 The Council noted the recent progress made through the WMO participation in the interdisciplinary project “Meningitis Environmental Risk Information Technologies” in which weather and environment (dust) conditions are used to operationally assess the probability of meningitis occurrence in the Sahel during the 2012 epidemic season. The Council urged Members to assist the Secretariat in seeking funds to support MERIT on a longer term as a contribution to the GFCS. GENERAL SUMMARY 53
Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project
4.5.13 The Council welcomed the progress towards the establishment of a new project on sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction in cooperation with WCRP, aiming to improve predictions and their applications on timescales at the interface between weather and climate research, in support of, inter alia, the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). The Council recommended that planned activities be implemented as a priority in full cooperation with existing structures (CBS, CCl, CAgM, etc.) that will ensure optimal translation of research results into operational services.
Polar Prediction Project
4.5.14 The Council noted the progress towards a new WWRP Polar Prediction project as a legacy of the ten projects of the THORPEX cluster in the International Polar Year. The Council also recognized the importance of effective coordination between several initiatives (EC-PORS, GIPPS) and therefore the Council supported actions that will result in an integrated Polar Prediction project being developed between WWRP and WCRP.
4.5.15 The Council recognized the importance of close interactions between the sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project and the polar prediction projects. The Council noted that there is the potential for more projects of this type to be proposed, particularly in the context of the drive toward seamless prediction and the research pillar of the GFCS. The Council therefore encouraged the JSCs of WCRP and WWRP to develop efficient and integrated governance of these projects.
THORPEX
4.5.16 The Council noted that THORPEX is due to conclude in 2014 and expressed satisfaction that the Programme has demonstrated significant benefits to the global meteorological science community. The Council expressed its support for THORPEX and noted that the International Core Steering Committee for THORPEX is carrying out a consultation exercise and gap analysis to define what will constitute the legacy of THORPEX beyond 2014. The Council encouraged all Members to provide input to this consultation exercise in order to ensure that any follow on to THORPEX meets the needs of Members.
WWRP/THORPEX Summer School
4.5.17 The Council noted the importance to deliver state-of-the-art research advancements to operational practices and also to equip young scientists, including those from developing countries, to take advantage from such developments and welcomed the preparation of the Summer School on Earth System and Environment Predictions in 2013 in the United States, initiated/organized by WWRP/THORPEX. The Council requested Members to assist the Secretariat in seeking lecturers, participants and funds to support the WWRP/THORPEX Summer School.
WWRP/THORPEX Open Science Conference
4.5.18 Noting the concept of the international Earth-system Prediction Research Initiative as a possible WWRP initiative that could build on the legacy of THORPEX, the Council noted with appreciation that a WWRP/THORPEX Open Science Conference on Earth System Modelling is being planned for the summer of 2014. The Council recognized that this initiative on weather time- scale is aimed at accelerating advances in Earth-system prediction, aligned to and building on the projects recently initiated by WWRP/THORPEX and WCRP on sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction and polar prediction research.
4.5.19 The Council adopted Resolution 16 (EC-64) – Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project and Resolution 17 (EC-64) – Polar Prediction Project. 54 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme
GAW
4.5.20 The Council recalled that the Addendum for the Period 2012–2015 to the GAW Strategic Plan: 2008–2015, approved by Cg-XVI, contains the tasks to be undertaken in the GAW Programme in the mentioned years. The Council requested Members and contributing partner organizations and institutes to act upon these tasks and to foster the implementation of the GAW Programme.
4.5.21 The Council recognized that due to the current economical situation, funding for the measurements of atmospheric chemistry and related physical parameters has become uncertain in several countries and networks. The Council requested Members to continue these measurements as the closure of stations or measurement programmes implies that long-term time series are interrupted or terminated. Most Global GAW stations operate where such measurements are sparse and critically needed. Losing capability at these sites will significantly weaken the network as a whole. Furthermore, efforts are needed in filling the observational gaps in Africa, Eurasia and South America. Therefore, the Council welcomed the establishment of the Chacaltaya regional GAW station in the Plurinational State of Bolivia (5320 m asl) as a result of the initiative of a strong international team of research partners and the establishment of Palu GAW station in Indonesia (1369 m asl) that will be operational in 2013. The Council also noted that the observing component of GAW is a key component of WIGOS and requested the GAW Programme in coordination with the ICG-WIGOS and Secretariat to address the need for a sustainable network in the WIGOS Implementation plan.
4.5.22 The Council welcomed the recognition of TCCON and EARLINET research networks as Contributing GAW networks. Such agreements are an excellent way of expanding the GAW Programme and the Council requested that such agreements be made with other appropriate networks, such as NDACC and AGAGE.
4.5.23 The Council agreed that in order to function properly, GAW requires collaboration between different agencies, institutes and academia. Currently there are 28 Global stations, slightly less than half have as the main operator the NMHS, most stations have over five collaborating institutes and the stations with the widest programmes are supported by up to ten institutes. Kenya appreciates the collaboration and assistance of MeteoSwiss in the running of the Mt. Kenya GAW station. Through collaboration with the Kenya Meteorological Department, MeteoSwiss has consistently supplied balloons, ozonesondes and instruments for measurement of gaseous pollutants to enable the understanding of the background pollution and atmospheric chemical composition including aerosols.
4.5.24 In order for the NMHSs and for the participating research institutes to benefit mutually from the atmospheric chemistry and related physical parameters and meteorological measurements, access to the WIS system needs to be provided to the research institutes. The Council recognizes that both NMHSs and participating research institutes will mutually benefit from improving access to information concerning atmospheric chemistry, related physical parameters, and meteorological measurements and requests Members and organizations operating WIS centres to actively pursue providing WIS access to the research institutes.
4.5.25 The Council recommended that WMO through the GAW Programme work closer with other international agencies and funding mechanisms related to agriculture and food security to extend observations of atmospheric composition in agricultural land to enable Members to evaluate food security risks due to atmospheric pollution and the potential for agriculture to regulate GHG emissions.
4.5.26 Considering the needs for GFCS, the Council noted that the contribution from GAW is important. The quality of the projections for future climate is dependent on the data used for climate radiative forcing related to emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases, first of all carbon dioxide, as well as short-lived climate forcers such as ozone and particulate matter, including black GENERAL SUMMARY 55
carbon and mineral dust, as well as treatment of feedback processes related to clouds and atmospheric water vapour, and land surface processes. Particular attention should be paid to the adequate representation of aerosols and ozone in climate models. The Council noted with satisfaction the establishment of a European Integrated Carbon Observing System for regional carbon budget monitoring including atmospheric, ecosystem and marine observing components and the headquarters hosted by Finland.
4.5.27 The Council expressed its satisfaction to the engagement of operational lidar observations used for volcanic ash, forest fire, sand dust and air quality monitoring, and urged Members to further increase their lidar observing capabilities. The Council further thanked Germany for seconding an expert to work with lidar and ceilometer observations. A survey of ceilometer and lidar stations has been performed mainly in WMO RA VI but also included established lidar networks in North America and Asia. Working in collaboration with EARLINET and EUMETNET members, the gathered information is being stored in a database which contains the geographical position of instruments together with metadata information. The work will be continued at DWD. The Council recognized that the additional work now being done to develop a web-based visualization option for displaying near real time graphical plots of information has the potential to be useful for monitoring Saharan dust and volcanic ash events over Europe.
4.5.28 The Council noted that the collaboration of WMO and the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection (GESAMP) resulted in a successful global assessment of the atmospheric input of chemicals to the ocean and corresponding impacts on ocean productivity and climate. Results of the study are published as WMO/GESAMP reports and in a form of four scientific papers (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gesamp.html). The Council supported that the initiation of the next phase of collaboration with GESAMP addressed this time the input of nitrogen to the global ocean.
4.5.29 The Council emphasized the need to continue observing stratospheric ozone/total ozone and UV radiation by Members. The cooling of the stratosphere poses the risk of ozone depletion during the coming decades despite of successful reduction of the emissions of halogenated compounds. The continuation of high-quality UV radiation measurements is also recommended to serve, e.g., the health community. Further, the Council noted the latest acquisition of the new state-of-the-art RV Agulhas in South Africa. The RV Agulhas will, in addition to the oceanographic and meteorological observations, also conduct ozone and CO2 observations in the Southern Oceans.
GURME
4.5.30 The Council recalled that Cg-XVI had placed importance on dealing with issues faced by Megacities, under both GAW and PWS Programmes. Urban populations are exposed to, in particular, ozone and particle air pollution, harmful to health. In addition to air pollution issues, addressing climate change on city level, or in networks formed by cities, in addition to regional level, is needed. UN estimates human population growth from 7 billion today to 9 billion by 2050, with most of that increase anticipated in urban centres. An ongoing migration from rural to urban living could see world cities receive yet another 1 billion additional people. The total forecast for urban population in 2050 is 6.3 billion, up from 3.5 billion today. Of the global CO2 emissions from energy use, 70% are generated in cities. Addressing climate change therefore demands focusing on urban efficiencies and reforms in cities offer large environmental benefits compared with other options. The Council agreed that GURME is in a position to continue addressing urban questions together with appropriate WMO Programmes, institutes and authorities.
4.5.31 The Council requested Members to consider hosting a facility to deal with the air quality issues that megacities are facing. It further requested Members to donate to the newly established Megacity and GURME Trust Fund, provided that supporting this initiative through funding does not decrease the support of current GAW monitoring activities. The Council recommended the WMO to build partnerships with Members to seek funding from research and development funding organizations such as the European Commission. 56 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
4.6 Enhanced capabilities of NMHSs, in particular in developing and least developed countries, to fulfil their mandates (agenda item 4.6)
WMO Capacity Development Strategy
4.6.1 With the increasing international recognition of the important role of NMHSs in the provision of weather, water and climate services that contribute to the safety and well-being of society on the one hand, and that of a widening technological gap between developed and developing countries on the other hand, Cg-XVI recognized the need to provide efficient and effective ways to strength the capacities of WMO Members to provide useful and relevant weather, water and climate services that satisfy the needs of users.
4.6.2 The Council recalled Resolution 49 of Cg-XVI calling for a WMO Capacity Development Strategy (CDS) and the discussion at Cg-XVI that the CDS should provide a coordinated and cohesive approach to capacity development activities by WMO facilitating sustainable development of NMHSs in developing countries with a particular focus on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to meet their mandates. The CDS also provides the backbone to align the roles of regional associations, technical commissions, WMO co-sponsored Programmes, WMO Programmes, as well as the Secretariat, in capacity development, and to facilitate communication among them and with stakeholders, not limited to, but with a special focus on the strategic priority areas (e.g. GFCS, Aeronautical Meteorology, WIS/WIGOS, DRR).
4.6.3 The Council further recalled the recommendation by Cg-XVI to establish a mechanism ensuring wide participation by WMO Members for the development of the CDS. Therefore the Council welcomed the approach taken by the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development (EC-WG/CD) that gave presidents of regional associations and technical commissions the opportunity to comment, and that took into account: (1) the eight-step capacity development process; (2) the four dimensions of the capacity development that are Human Capacity, Procedural Capacity, Infrastructural Capacity and Institutional Capacity; (3) the WMO Strategic and Operational Plans (SP and OP 2011–2015); (4) the WMO Programmes; (5) the complementing roles of constituent bodies, the WMO Secretariat, Members and partners in capacity development; (6) Quality Management; and (7) the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery. The Council noted that the eight-step capacity development process was built upon the EC-WG/CD elaboration of the five-step approach originally presented at Cg-XVI.
4.6.4 The Council agreed that the overall vision of the CDS is “Stronger NMHSs to meet society’s need for information on weather, water and climate for the safety and well-being of people throughout the world” and its mission is “To facilitate a holistic and integrated approach to sustainable Capacity Development of NMHSs especially in developing countries, LDCs and SIDS through: advocacy, education and training, outreach, partnerships and resource mobilization, demonstration and pilot projects, service delivery and research”.
4.6.5 The Council agreed on the following 6 Strategic Objectives of the CDS that were formulated through the SWOT analysis carried out at the EC-WG/CD meeting in December 2011. The SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method and was used to evaluate WMO’s Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, as well as Opportunities, and Threats/Challenges: – Strategic Objective 1: Define Required Capacities and Identify Deficiencies – Strategic Objective 2: Increase Visibility and National Ownership – Strategic Objective 3: Optimize Knowledge Management – Strategic Objective 4: Reinforce Resource Mobilization and Project Management – Strategic Objective 5: Strengthen Global, Regional and Subregional Mechanisms – Strategic Objective 6: Increase Education and Research Opportunities
4.6.6 The Council adopted Resolution 18 (EC-64) – WMO Capacity Development Strategy. GENERAL SUMMARY 57
WMO Capacity Development Implementation Plan 2012–2015
4.6.7 The Council was presented with, and discussed, the draft Capacity Development Implementation Plan (CDSIP) for 2012–2015. The Council agreed to the overall approach to implement the CDS for the remainder of this financial period, and requested the EC WG/CD to fully develop the Implementation Plan to include responsible bodies for each activity, timeline and cost implication, and to report on progress at EC-65.
4.6.8 The Council made the following observations and recommendations to guide the work of the EC WG/CD:
(a) Emphasis on service delivery should be reflected in the Capacity Development Implementation Plan;
(b) Since implementation of the Capacity Development Strategy requires coordination across WMO, the regional associations and technical commissions, WMO departments and programme leads should be asked to contribute to the development of Key Activities in the Capacity Development Implementation Plan, as well as to the completion of the annexes outlining the contributions of the WMO Programmes and capacity development efforts of WMO for the other priority areas;
(c) The capacity development strategy and implementation plan should integrate any strategy and implementation plan developed under the other four priority areas;
(d) Regional and subregional efforts to support the Capacity Development of NMHSs merit further elaboration in the Implementation Plan given the large number of existing and planned regional centres, recent experience in the organization of regional ministerial conferences and the regional emphasis of development partners;
(e) The development of knowledge management tools for capacity development such as the Country Profile Database and the Guide on the Role and Operations of NMSs were welcomed. Noting that the success of these key activities will require accurate, consistent and timely inputs from Members, putting in place improved mechanisms to ensure this input should be included in the CDSIP;
(f) Categorization of NMHSs according to the levels of service they provide would highlight the relationship of investment in the NMHS to the resulting services and encouraged the early collection of information to allow such categorization.
4.6.9 The cost of capacity development activities should be aligned with the WMO budget and SOP; therefore, the Council requested the EC WG/CD to work closely with EC WG/SOP so that the activities under CDSIP would be in line with the plans for the current financial period (2012–2015) as well as early planning for the seventeenth financial period (2016–2019).
4.6.10 The Council requested the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development to fully develop the Implementation Plan of the Capacity Development Strategy for the sixteenth financial period (2012–2015), in collaboration with relevant constituent bodies, as an integral part of the WMO Operating Plan by the end of 2012.
Education and Training
Report of the 25th session of the EC Panel of Experts on Education and Training
4.6.11 The Council received with appreciation the report (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra/ etrp/documents/final-reportXXVthSession.pdf) of the 25th session of the EC Panel of Experts on Education and Training (ETR Panel), Pune, India, 26 to 30 March 2012. The Council noted that the ETR Panel had addressed a wide range of issues of importance to Members during the session and thanked the ETR Panel for bringing forward key recommendations relating to the operation 58 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
and future roles, recognition and reconfirmation of WMO Regional Training Centres, certification of training institutes that currently have no formal accreditation or certification in their host countries, development of human resource capability frameworks, guidance for trainers and fellowship matters.
WMO Regional Training Centres and National Meteorological Training Institutes
4.6.12 The Council noted that the ETR Panel had established a task team to carry out a wide- ranging and thorough review of the future role and operation of RTCs. The task team is expected to make a recommendation to the 26th session of the ETR Panel in early 2014 regarding a possible restructuring of the RTC network. The task team will consider issues such as implementing quality assurance, meeting regional needs and providing opportunities for vocational training. In addition, the criteria for creating RTCs will be reviewed and, if a new structure is recommended (e.g. having a two-tier structure), the associated criteria will be proposed. The Council requested the ETR Panel to provide EC-65 with a mid-term review and EC-66 with recommendations based upon the final report. Noting the ETR Panel review, the Council requested the regional associations not to consider any further requests for new RTCs until the Council had considered the EC Panel review.
4.6.13 The Council noted with concern that five WMO Regional Training Centres appear to have been dormant or inactive for at least four years with little or no interaction with their regional association or the WMO Education and Training Office. Recognizing that this inactivity could be due to many reasons, but also recognizing the ETR Panel’s recommendation relating to ‘inactive’ RTCs, the Council requested the relevant regional associations to provide the next session of the Council with recommendations whether or not to continue the designation of inactive RTCs within their Region.
4.6.14 Noting the recommendations from the ETR Panel regarding the reconfirmation of WMO Regional Training Centres, the Council reconfirmed China, India, the Russian Federation and Turkey as WMO Regional Training Centres for a further four years (31 December 2015) and Uzbekistan for two years. The reconfirmation for Uzbekistan to be extended by EC-65 to 31 December 2015 is on the condition that Uzbekistan provides regional training support in 2012 and 2013. The reconfirmation of these RTCs takes into account the review on the RTC concept being undertaken by the ETR Panel and is subject to progress in implementing the recommendations from the assessment reports.
4.6.15 The Council thanked the governments of India and Indonesia for offering the facilities of the National Water Academy in Pune, India and the training facilities of BMKG and RCWR in Indonesia as a component of the RTC in India and a new RTC respectively. The Council accepted that the offers had been assessed against the EC Criteria for the Recognition or Reconfirmation of WMO Regional Training Centres and were found to meet all of the criteria. The Council adopted Resolution 19 (EC-64) – Reconfirmation of Regional Training Centres assessed during 2010–2011 that these facilities be recognized as part of the WMO RTC network for four years (31 December 2015) provided their annual reports showed continuing support for WMO Members.
4.6.16 The Council noted that a number of the WMO Regional Training Centres, and many of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Service Training Institutes, were not accredited as formal training providers in their host countries. The Council supported the recommendation from the ETR Panel that such training institutions should follow ISO 29990:2010(E) – ‘Learning Services for non-formal Education and Training – Basic Requirements for Service Providers’. The Council agreed that this Standard is practical, and added value to the wider QMS requirements for aviation, and would demonstrate to Members that graduates from their courses were able to meet the breadth and depth of the learning outcomes specified in the Basic Instruction Packages. The Council requested the Secretary-General to assist Members from Developing and Least Developed Countries obtain access to the ISO standard upon request. GENERAL SUMMARY 59
Fellowships
4.6.17 The Council supported the ETR Panel’s decision to review the WMO Fellowship publication and split it into two parts with the first part being in at least English, French, Russian and Spanish targeted for Members and prospective applicants and updated at the start of each financial period to reflect the available funding and fellowship opportunities. The second volume, in English only, should update the complete fellowship procedures as per ETR Publication 18 “Manual on Policies and Procedures for WMO Fellowships”. The Council recognized that by splitting the existing publication into two parts the critical transparency and openness of the WMO Fellowship processes and procedures would be continued in the English only volume, whilst the smaller companion volume would better address the needs of the Members for information on long- and short-term fellowships in the main WMO languages.
4.6.18 The Council recalled that Cg-XVI had requested EC to examine options for fellowship awards to be granted for fellows to study in their home country. The Council appreciated the ETR Panel investigating this question. The Council reiterated the general concept of not supporting requests for fellowships where suitable education and training institutes exist in the fellow’s home country. In such cases the Member is expected to provide national support for such education and training. Exceptions to this general guidance could allow support for fellows to undertake distance learning courses at foreign institutes while still continuing to work in their home country or, in exceptional circumstances to avoid the situation of sending someone abroad to undertake a course that could be undertaken in their home country at a fraction of the cost. In this later situation the WMO fellowship grant should be restricted to the tuition fees alone with the fellows’ institution covering any other costs such as book allowance, medical insurance, thesis allowance and stipend. The Council requested that this clarification be incorporated into the revised Fellowship publication.
4.6.19 The Council agreed with the ETR Panel recommendation that WMO fellows, particularly those taking courses related to aeronautical meteorology, should not be placed in training institutes that could not show that their courses clearly meet the BIP-M/MT requirements. The Council further decided that where fellowships were requested for people to work in regulated areas such as aeronautical meteorological forecasting, and the home country does not have the facility to provide the job specific training following a fellowship award, the Secretary-General could attempt to find an on-the-job or short-term training opportunity in the host or third country to provide this training so that the fellow obtains the required skills.
Key dates for classification of staff as Meteorologists or Meteorological Technicians
4.6.20 Noting the discussion by the ETR Panel the Council reconfirmed the key dates and conditions for personnel to be classified as a Meteorologist or Meteorological Technician. Personnel commencing BIPs Pre 1 January 2007 as described in WMO-No. 258 4th edition (Chapter 1.1, Basic Assumptions part (C)) Personnel commencing BIPs between 1 January 2007 and 30 November 2013 as described in WMO-No. 258 4th edition or WMO Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Vol. I Personnel commencing BIPs Post 30 November 2013 as described in WMO Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Vol. I.
4.6.21 The Council welcomed the continuing support on this matter by the Secretary-General and others and urged Members to act quickly to ensure that the necessary actions are taken to meet the impending deadlines for Aeronautical Meteorological Personnel competency standards (1 December 2013) and BIP-M related requirements (1 December 2016). Whilst recognizing that the responsibility for funding these activities lies at the national level, the Council encouraged Members and the Secretary-General to seek further support for those countries struggling to meet the deadlines. 60 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
4.6.22 The Council recalled that the ETR Panel had a Working Group on Enhancing Distance and Online Learning (WG-EDOL) to liaise with regional associations and Regional Training Centres to support activities to help address competency and qualification requirements for Aeronautical Meteorological Personnel (AMP) standards. The Council commended this forward- looking approach and asked the WG-EDOL to liaise with CAeM expert teams to ensure an integrated approach to this important activity.
Education and training support for GFCS
4.6.23 The Council acknowledged the ETR Panel discussions regarding qualifications and competencies for climate service personnel. The Council encouraged the Commission for Climatology (CCl) to give high priority to the development of a competency framework, particularly for tasks associated with the GFCS basic and essential climate services. The Council requested CCl to work with the ETR Panel to further adapt and adopt the proposed climate competency outlines for discussion at CCl-16.
4.6.24 The Council noted that in addition to the ongoing general capacity development activities, the fellowship programme was specifically advertising postgraduate course opportunities in climate change, climate services and climate application at institutions such as the University of Reading in the United Kingdom, Kyoto University in Japan and the EWHA Womans University in the Republic of Korea.
Human Resource Development Capability Framework
4.6.25 The Council recalled the request from Cg-XVI for increased support for Members, particularly in developing and least developed countries, for development of the management capabilities of the NMHS workforces. In this context the Council encouraged the ETR Panel to continue their activities in developing guidance for Members for their Human Resource Development and Strategic Plans.
Role of regional associations in the Education and Training Programme
4.6.26 The Council recalled that in renewing the Education and Training Programme Cg-XVI invited the regional associations and technical commissions to:
(a) Regularly review the education and training needs including peer-review monitoring and evaluation within their Region or Commission with the aim of assisting in the prioritization of regional and specialized training needs of Members;
(b) Ensure that the RTCs have a regional outlook, particularly in the selection of meteorological and hydrological instructors;
(c) Improve coordination of ongoing activities within, and between, Regions and within relevant subject areas;
(d) Establish a policy dialogue between WMO-RTCs, the countries hosting WMO-RTCs and their respective regional associations, aimed at further development of those centres within the context of addressing Members’ needs in the WMO high priority areas.
4.6.27 The Council encouraged the regional associations to take on the actions outlined by Congress and further encouraged the regional associations to consider the designation of regional association ETR Focal Points (ETR FP) to assist the Regional Association Management Group address these actions. The ETR FP could be a PR from the Regional Association Management Group (MG), could work in close coordination with the designated EC Panel of Experts on Education and Training regional representative and Regional Training Centres and could be assigned responsibilities for: GENERAL SUMMARY 61
(a) Gathering and prioritizing regional learning needs for consideration by the Regional Association Management Group;
(b) Monitoring and evaluation of regional education and training activities;
(c) Reporting on, and requesting endorsement of, prioritized regional learning needs at regional association sessions and at the four yearly ETR Symposium;
(d) Coordinating the use of regional meetings/workshops/seminars as opportunities for gathering regional learning needs.
Monitoring and Evaluation
4.6.28 The Council recalled that for Expected Result 6 the WMO Monitoring and Evaluation Plan states that the ETR Office will collect the statistics for the first performance indicator while the second and third will be collected via regular surveying of WMO Members. Recalling that the response rate on WMO Questionnaires was generally quite low, and the returns often did not fully represent the requirements and needs of the developing and least developed countries, the Council noted that the ETR Panel suggested that if the primary means of collecting data on the second and third performance indicators was to be by questionnaire, EC-64 could consider whether to link Member support for activities such as training courses and fellowships to return of this key WMO questionnaire.
4.6.29 The Council discussed the matter raised by the ETR Panel in the above paragraph at length, noting the delicate balance between encouraging Members to return key questionnaires and punative measures that may be counterproductive. In principle this measure is similar to the one EC already uses in regard to return of fellowship reports, but the Council indicated that it could be pre-emptive to implement it at this stage. The Council requested the Secretary-General to keep it advised of the return rate of the Monitoring and Evaluation questionnaire. If the returns continue to be low, an analysis of why this is the case and how it could be addressed should be provided to EC-65 as part of the Monitoring and Evaluation report. The Council also requested the presidents of regional associations to work with the WMO Offices in the field to increase the return rate of this key questionnaire, which the regional associations will also require for their reporting purposes.
WMO Resource Mobilization
4.6.30 With the increasing international recognition of the important role of NMHSs and of the contribution of Weather, Water and Climate Services to economic development and to the safety and well-being of society, the Council recalled that Cg-XVI recognized the need for increased investment in strengthening the capacities of WMO Members, especially LDCs, SIDSs, Emerging Economies and Countries Emerging from Conflict, to provide effective Weather, Water and Climate Services that satisfy the needs of users.
4.6.31 Recalling also that Cg-XVI (Resolution 37) “authorizes the Executive Council, during the sixteenth financial period, to incur expenditure from budget funded from Voluntary Contributions estimated at CHF 175 M, CHF 142 M requested by WMO Budget Office and the WMO Technical Programmes as per the Project Compendium (http://www.wmo.int/pages/ about/documents/Compendium_Project_Initiatives_en.pdf) and an anticipated CHF 33 M for joint cooperation programmes (such as JCOMM, GCOS, WCRP), the Council agreed that resourcing WMO efforts to fulfill its mandate and commitments in line with this budget will require significant effort on behalf of the entire Secretariat and Members, capitalizing on all potential sources of direct and indirect investment including direct financing, technology transfer, sharing of expertise, and leveraging on related initiatives.
4.6.32 In this respect Council noted with satisfaction the wide range of initiatives underway to support NMHS modernization projects and enhancement of Weather and Climate Services through WMO and development partners (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra/CDS.html). Noting that there is currently no regional initiative underway in the Arab region and considering that NMHSs and 62 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
weather and climate services in the region have been impacted by recent events, and that the affects span WMO Regions I, II and VI, the Council welcomed the efforts of the Permanent Council on Meteorology of the League of Arab States (PCM-LAS) to address these issues and the offer of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as current Chair PCM-LAS to host a Conference to launch such an initiative. The Council requested the Secretary-General to support this event and the capacity development of meteorological, hydrological and climate services in affected countries.
Voluntary Cooperation Programme (VCP)
4.6.33 Recalling Resolution 30 (Cg-XVI) for continuation of the Voluntary Cooperation Programme (VCP), and considering the report of the Informal Planning Meeting on the VCP 2011, (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra/vcp/eventsandmeetings.php) (in English only). The Executive Council recognized that Members continued to benefit from the activities carried out under the WMO VCP and expressed its appreciation to VCP donors for their valuable support. Recognizing that the VCP mechanism clearly remains an important delivery mechanism, the Council encouraged Members to further contribute to and participate more actively in the Programme.
4.6.34 The Council welcomed the information that in 2011, in addition to major regional development projects, support in the form of replacement, upgrading and extension of observing and communications infrastructure was provided through the VCP Programme. In terms of VCP(F) and VCP(ES), support provided amounted to some US$ 1,901,762. Additionally, six Members made cash contributions to the VCP Fund (VCP (F)) amounting to US$ 148,678.
4.6.35 The Council was informed of a broad range of development assistance being provided through bilateral means by WMO Members to improve the delivery of climate-, weather- and water- related service in developing Members including the efforts of Argentina, Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States. A large number of countries were supported through bilateral arrangements and the value of the total support provided is estimated at US$ 24,951,779.
4.6.36 In addition, the Council was briefed on the support provided through the Emergency Assistance Fund. In 2011, the support provided and benefited three countries, namely Haiti, Pakistan, and Myanmar.
4.6.37 The Council considered the priority areas for VCP(F) for 2012 and supported the allocation shown in Annex V to the present report.
WMO Resource Mobilization Strategy 2012–2015
4.6.38 The Council welcomed the strong alignment of the proposed Resource Mobilization Strategy for 2012–2015 with the WMO Strategic Plan, in particular the priorities and Expected Result 6. The Council appreciated that the range of potential financing mechanisms and partnerships to the Resource Mobilization Strategy, presents both opportunities and challenges for WMO and Member countries.
4.6.39 The Council also noted that WMO has a major role to play in assisting NMHSs to directly access financing and also to leverage support through the programmes of the UN system and other development partners. In this respect, Climate Financing Mechanisms offer significant financing opportunities for NMHSs.
4.6.40 Noting that the RMO has a staff compliment of 2 core positions, (D.1 and P.5) and, as with other WMO Departments, the RMO is challenged to strategically deliver its contribution to the WMO SP/OP and the financing requirements of WMO and Members, the Council welcomed the support of Member Governments to the RMO through the JPO programme (Finland and Japan) and also through secondments (United Kingdom Met Office and Finnish Meteorological Institute) to partially address this human resource issue. The Council encouraged other Members to consider such support. GENERAL SUMMARY 63
Project Coordination
4.6.41 Regarding Voluntary (extrabudgetary) Funds held in trust funds and managed by the WMO Secretariat, and in light of the target aimed at in the Compendium 2012–2015, noting that Cg-XVI recognized that implementing this level of externally funded activities will pose a significant challenge for WMO in terms of meeting implementation deadlines, complying with Agreements and also donor requirements for reporting and evaluation and that many of the multi-year, major projects cut across regions and technical areas within WMO, the Council recognized that greater internal coordination is needed for more effective and efficient project implementation.
4.6.42 In this respect, the Council welcomed the new Project Management mechanisms recently established in WMO for the coordination of implementation of the more complex, larger projects, recognizing that the Project Management Board and the Project Coordination Unit could contribute significantly to the successful implementation of major cross-sectoral projects.
4.6.43 The Council noted that the Project Coordination Unit has been established within the RMO on an interim basis with seconded staff with a view to moving towards a more permanent solution during this financial period using, for example, using cost recovery from secured projects through direct cost integrated into project budgets or an allocation from programme support costs levied against projects funded from voluntary contributions. In this respect the Council recommended that a portion of support costs be directed to project management and coordination.
WMO Programme Support Cost Policy
4.6.44 The Council acknowledged that efforts are being made to incorporate direct costs of project implementation, including project management costs, into project budgets whenever possible, but recognized that recovery of costs associated with project development and management and technical support services remains a significant challenge as WMO seeks to attract donors, some of which have different policies or strict regulations regarding direct and indirect costs.
4.6.45 The Council recalled that the EC-WG on Capacity-Building (Croatia, 2010) recommended that the Council review the WMO Programme-Support Cost Policy. In this regard, the Council noted that the Secretariat commissioned an independent review of the WMO Programme Support Cost Policy in 2012 which confirmed the overall validity of the programme support cost recovery rates (7%–13%) in line with the practice of the United Nations system organizations.
4.6.46 The Council noted that the proposed revised WMO Programme Support Cost Policy took into account the fact that some major donors, such as the World Bank, European Commission, some Climate Funds and the United Nations system Multi-Donor Trust Funds, have base rates set by their own regulations that cannot be altered, in most cases in the region of 7% to 10%. Furthermore, the Council recognized the need for a reinforcement of the project management and coordination capability within the Secretariat which may be funded using programme-support cost income where the costs of project management are not included as direct costs of the projects.
4.6.47 The Council adopted Resolution 20 (E-64) –WMO Programme Support Cost Policy.
Terms of Reference for the EC Working Group on Capacity Development
4.6.48 The Council recalled that EC-LXIII renamed the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity-Building and requested the EC WG-CD to make any further modifications the Working Group felt appropriate to its Terms of Reference as contained in Resolution 10 (EC-LX) – Executive Council Working Group on Capacity-Building, in order to ensure a more coherent approach towards assistance provided by WMO and its partners to Members, with a particular focus on developing countries, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and to be in line with the Capacity Development Strategy. 64 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
4.6.49 The Council noted the changes proposed to the Terms of Reference by the first meeting of the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development in December 2011 and adopted Resolution 21 (EC-64) – Terms of reference of the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development.
4.7 New and strengthened partnerships and cooperation activities to improve NMHSs’ performance in delivering services and to increase the value of the contributions of WMO within the United Nations system, relevant international conventions and national strategic issues (agenda item 4.7)
Cooperation with the United Nations system and with international organizations
Cooperation with the United Nations system
4.7.1 The Council noted the actions taken by the Secretary-General to strengthen the cooperation with the United Nations through the active participation of WMO in sessions of the United Nations General Assembly and high-level events on Climate Change, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, interactive dialogue on oceans, energy, water, the ECOSOC session and its commission meetings on sustainable development, status of women and on statistics, as well as UNFCCC and UNCCD COPs and other events related to climate change, disaster risk reduction, water and food security. It noted the importance of the WMO engagement in informal consultations on UN reform, particularly in relation with international development governance and the transition to Green Economy as well as on pressing emerging issues like food and human security implications of climate change.
4.7.2 The Council took note of the resolutions of the sixty-fourth session of the UN General Assembly addressed to the UN specialized agencies and relevant to WMO. The Council requested Members and the Secretary-General to ensure appropriate follow-up to those resolutions. The Council invited Members to participate actively in relevant follow-up to the decisions of UN bodies in order to enhance the contribution of WMO as well as NMHSs to the sustainable development of Members and to the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals.
4.7.3 The Council appreciated the actions taken to further strengthen the role of WMO in the UN system coordinated response to climate change and contribution to the UNFCCC process, and to proactively pursuing through UN inter-agency mechanisms and other international partnerships enhanced cooperation on climate knowledge, including in support of adaptation in climate sensitive sectors in the context of the GFCS implementation plan.
4.7.4 The Council noted that at its thirty-third session, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) invited the GCOS Secretariat to report on a regular basis on progress made in the implementation of the 2010 update of the Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC at subsequent sessions of the SBSTA, as appropriate. In this regard, it encouraged the GCOS Steering Committee to review, in broad consultation with relevant partners, the adequacy of observing systems for climate, such as by updating the Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global Observing Systems for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC. It noted that updating the Implementation Plan on a regular basis would allow consideration of developments under the Convention and their related observational needs. The SBSTA deferred consideration of issues related to the timing of GCOS contributions to the SBSTA to its 36th session in May 2012. The Council noted that SBSTA requested to have regular information on GFCS to be provided to its sessions.
4.7.5 The Council also noted that the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) of the UNFCCC considered, in response to an invitation by the SBSTA, the funding needs for global climate observations. SBI concluded, and a COP decision confirmed, that the Global Environment Facility should “continue to provide financial resources to developing countries for strengthening existing and, where needed, establishing national and regional systematic observation and monitoring networks under the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate Change GENERAL SUMMARY 65
Fund”. The Council requested the WMO and GCOS Secretariat to monitor developments in both SBSTA and SBI and to contribute to the process as required.
4.7.6 The Council noted that, compliant with the decision of Cg-XVI, WMO and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) will be organizing a High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy (HMNDP) from 11 to 15 March 2013 in Geneva, in collaboration with a number of UN agencies, international and regional organizations and key national agencies. As the ultimate goal of national drought policies is to create more drought resilient societies through enhanced cooperation and coordination at all levels of governments, the Council urged all NMHSs to extend their full support and encourage relevant ministries and agencies in their countries to actively participate in the HMNDP.
4.7.7 The Council noted that WMO is actively involved in the implementation process of the World Summit of Information Society (WSIS) outcomes. The role of WMO in advancing the use of ICT in disaster risk reduction and climate monitoring has been increasingly emphasized in the past two annual forums (2011 and 2012). The Council recognized the benefit of using the WSIS process as a collaboration framework on ICT with other WSIS participating organizations to support climate monitoring, early warning and disaster risk reduction and help developing and least developed countries in these areas.
4.7.8 The Council noted that WMO is collaborating with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), League of Arab States (LAS) and other partners, on the implementation of a new project entitled “Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region”. The project is funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). The activities of the project have a substantive role for WMO in networking the NMHSs of the Arab Region for collaborative climate data diagnostics, climate prediction/projection and development of knowledgebase. The project outcomes include, inter alia, the establishment of an Arab Climate Outlook Forum (ArabCOF) to promote common understanding on climate issues relevant to the Arab Region. The Council urged all NMHSs of the Arab Region to actively contribute to this effort, and work towards a sustained regional climate framework.
4.7.9 The Council recognized the value of the cooperation activities in which WMO is engaged, and the benefit for its Members. The ultimate goal of the WMO partnership is to enhance the ability of the Members to provide better services to their customers. Special attention should be given to partnerships that lead to mobilization of resources for NMHSs. As some Members have chosen to engage in a green economy path for their development, the Council encouraged them to ensure that their NMHSs are well integrated in such policy to provide the necessary services to inform and support national development efforts.
Partnership with the European Commission
4.7.10 The Council welcomed and encouraged initiatives by the Secretary-General to capitalize on and enhance the partnership with the European Commission. It agreed that, with the continuing involvement of the liaison office in Brussels, such efforts should be pursued pro-actively in order to strengthen collaboration or larger attention devoted to the potential role and added value of the meteorological community within different European Union strategic and policy activities.
Rio+20 Conference outcomes and WMO contribution to their implementation
4.7.11 The Council noted the actions taken by the Secretary-General to ensure a visible and well-recognized participation of WMO at the Rio+20 Conference. WMO organized two well- attended side-events; one on the GFCS – with Jan Egeland, former co-chair of the HLT on the GFCS as a Key speaker – and one on the High-Level Meeting on National Drought Policies (HMNDP). WMO was also a panelist at several side-events organized by UNEP/EMG on Green Economy, GEO, ICSU, IPCC, UNCCD on the occasion of the World Day to Combat Desertification, UNGIS and the United States. The Secretary-General of WMO, as chair of UN 66 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Water, chaired and participated in several events on the occasion of the UN Water Day and was an invited speaker at the ceremony of the launch of a Tripartite Cooperation Agreement (Africa, Brazil, France), at the UNESCO/IOC side-event on “Know our Ocean, Protect our Marine Treasures, Empower Ocean Citizens”, as well as at a Round Table and a UN CEB meeting chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
4.7.12 The Council noted that the Rio+20 Conference had made important decisions on key issues on the road to sustainable development. In particular, the Council was satisfied that the importance of robust appropriate scientific information to support decision-making is clear in the Outcome Declaration.
4.7.13 With respect to climate change, Rio+20 recognized this as one of the biggest threats to sustainable development. The successive IPCC reports have provided increasingly authoritative assessment of scientific knowledge, and they have contributed to significantly reduce various uncertainties and provide policy-relevant advice. However, in order to support concrete actions to adapt to climate change (as well as to mitigate it), it is now seen as critical to bridge the gap between scientific information and actual decision-making. In this respect, the Council was pleased with the success of the side event on the GFCS and the recognition of the link between adaptation to climate change and sustainable development.
4.7.14 The Council welcomed that Rio+20 has confirmed water as the core of sustainable development and has underlined its critical importance in all three dimensions of sustainable development. The Outcome Declaration reaffirms that universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a fundamental human right. It has also highlighted the need to deal with waste water. Water is fundamentally a multi-facetted issue, coordinated between multiple agencies and programmes and achieved in the UN system through UN Water, which stands ready to support the development of associated sustainable development goals, to define relevant and measurable indicators, to support implementation including through capacity-building and to monitor progress. In this regard, the Council recognized the importance of a WMO contribution in this process.
4.7.15 A continuous concern and priority area of WMO – DRR – was recognized in the Rio+20 Outcome Declaration as a major obstacle to sustainable development. The Conference was informed that the loss of human lives caused by natural disasters has decreased significantly over the last 50 years, thanks in particular to increasingly accurate early warnings issued by the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services under the umbrella of WMO. However, more remains to be done, especially since the frequency or intensity of several such extreme events is likely to increase as a result of climate change. The Council welcomed that the UN system, through the ISDR with a key contribution from WMO, is committed to ensure further progress towards a more secured world.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Report of the Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4.7.16 The Council thanked the Chair of the IPCC, Dr R.K. Pachauri, for his report on the current status of the work of the Panel, and expressed its continued appreciation of the key role of the IPCC in preparing and disseminating high quality assessments in support of international policy formulation on the climate change issue.
4.7.17 The Council reiterated WMO’s commitment to assist IPCC in delivering its work programme, including through financial, administrative and operational support.
4.7.18 The Council noted the relevance of IPCC work for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process as was reiterated in decisions by the 17th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 17) and encouraged the IPCC to continue to respond to requests from the UNFCCC. It noted further the relevance of IPCC work for the GFCS and invited the IPCC to explore adequate ways of cooperation. GENERAL SUMMARY 67
4.7.19 The Council expressed its appreciation for the successful completion of the Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). It encouraged NMHSs to work closely with the IPCC to disseminate the findings of that report as well as the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) that was completed in the first half of 2011. It further welcomed the progress made in preparation of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and encouraged the IPCC to reflect in its assessment work, inter alia, local knowledge and matters related to developing regions which are extremely vulnerable to climate change.
4.7.20 The Council noted the ongoing work of the IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and welcomed the preparations for “2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands” in response to a request from the UNFCCC. It also welcomed the activities by the IPCC to review and, if necessary, update supplementary methodologies for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities. The Council also recommended IPCC to emphasize the greenhouse gas inventories related to sustainable use of forest resources in its future work.
4.7.21 The Council expressed appreciation and gratitude to: (i) governments, institutions and organizations that continue to contribute to the functioning and work of the Panel and the WMO/UNEP IPCC Trust Fund; (ii) to the leadership of the IPCC, the Secretary, and the experts who continue to contribute to the writing and review of IPCC reports; and (iii) to UNEP for its continued co-sponsorship of the Panel.
4.7.22 The Council noted with satisfaction that the IPCC has responded to the review of IPCC processes and procedures conducted by the InterAcademy Council with a number of important decisions implementing recommendations related to its governance and management, procedures, conflict of interest, and the development of a communications strategy. These decisions also address issues of representation of experts in IPCC work and the Council re-emphasized the need for adequate participation of experts from developing countries.
4.7.23 The Council noted with satisfaction the action taken by the IPCC Secretariat to bring to the attention of Members States Resolution 28 (Cg-XVI) of the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress entitled “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”. The Secretariat has encouraged greater participation of NMHSs in the activities of the Panel, e.g. by considering the regular inclusion of NMHS representatives in national delegations to IPCC meetings, and involvement in nomination of authors, reviewers, and experts for IPCC assessment work and in the review of IPCC reports. The letter by the Secretariat was widely disseminated to the Ministries for Foreign Affairs, IPCC Focal Points, the Permanent Representatives with WMO and Focal Points of UNEP in Member States. The Council further encouraged NMHSs active participation in the preparation of IPCC Reports and in sessions of the IPCC.
4.7.24 The Council noted the growing importance of the Polar Regions. The Council therefore recommended IPCC to pay additional attention to the polar climate change issues. The Council also recognized the importance of the cryosphere in the work of the IPCC.
Cooperation with GEO
4.7.25 The Council reviewed the Cg-XVI discussion regarding the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and its Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), reaffirming that WMO engagement is to be based on mutual benefit that maximizes synergies and avoids duplication. The Council noted that a key WMO value-add to GEO is the relationship WMO has with NMHSs and through them, other national institutions. It highlighted, in particular, the role WMO plays in nurturing service delivery and user engagement across disciplines (e.g. health, emergency management, etc.) and in capacity-building.
4.7.26 The Council reviewed WMO contributions to the GEO Workplan for 2005–2011 and then noted that WMO’s involvement in the revised GEO Work Plan (2012–2015) is in the 68 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Agriculture, Water and Weather Societal Benefit Areas (SBAs) through its Programmes as well as in the Climate (SBA) through its co-sponsored Programmes (GCOS and WCRP). The Council further noted that programmatic linkages are strong with the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW) and Radio Frequency Coordination (RFC). In addition, it noted that very good linkages exist between WIS and the GEOSS Common Infrastructure (GCI).
4.7.27 The Council noted some benefits to WMO from participating in GEO which included: support to developing countries to attend workshops; additional training support for WMO courses and enhanced access to datasets beyond those covered by WMO Resolutions 40 (Cg-XII) and 25 (Cg-XIII). The Council agreed that, to date, the specific benefits of cooperation with GEO for WMO Members have not been fully realized. In this regard, WMO’s future participation in GEO should increase benefits to WMO Members. The Council also expressed concern at the expansion of the mandate of GEO beyond observations. The Council supported continued GEO focus on improving observations and encouraged that GEO continue to enhance efforts to fulfil this mandate.
4.7.28 In terms of other programmatic linkages, alignment with the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) should be examined. The four priority areas of GFCS including agriculture (food security), disasters, health and water (each being a GEO SBA) will require Earth observation data beyond WMO’s traditional mandate and/or beyond ‘‘essential” data defined by Resolutions 40 (Cg-XII) and 25 (Cg-XIII). Data available through GEOSS, combined with GEO’s focus on broad, open data sharing practices should be leveraged to the greatest extent possible for GFCS. Similarly, existing communities of practice in GEO for agriculture, disasters, health and water should be leveraged by GFCS in order to maximize synergies and avoid duplication.
4.7.29 WMO has also worked closely with the other co-sponsors of GCOS, GOOS and GTOS, including FAO, UNEP, UNESCO/IOC and ICSU, in order to develop a “One-UN’’ approach for GEO, and in making formal statements at the GEO Ministerial meetings. Over time and for a number of reasons, this coordination mechanism – the Interagency Committee for Planning and Coordination (ICPC) – has lost momentum. WMO may try to re-energize this mechanism, recognizing that it will take both time and resources to do so.
4.7.30 The Council noted that the GEOSS 10-year Implementation Plan concludes in 2015 and that the future of GEO and GEOSS will, in part, be determined at the 2013 Ministerial Summit when the GEO Post-2015 Working Group deliberations are considered. The Council noted the importance of using the Post-2015 process to better understand and shape the mutual value-add between the WMO systems and GEOSS, as well as between WMO itself and GEO. It further noted that WIGOS will be a pre-eminent WMO contribution to GEOSS post-2015. The Council welcomed that the WMO community is well represented on the Post-2015 Working Group, and emphasized the value of developing a common WMO position as input to the framing of the Post-2015 efforts would be beneficial.
4.7.31 The Council noted the multi-faceted relationship between WMO and GEO/GEOSS. The Council noted that WMO contributes programmatically to GEOSS through both the WMO Secretariat as a Participating Organization, and through contributions from NMHSs as GEO Member States. Examples of these contributions include providing access to observational data and information collected by NMHSs, and by participating in tasks identified in the GEO Work Plan which aim to improve socio-economic benefits derived from earth observations.
4.7.32 The Council further noted that WMO, through the World Weather Watch (WWW) and the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP), is the primary contributor to GEO for the Weather Societal Benefit Area (SBA). It also noted key contributions to the GEO Climate SBA through its co-sponsored programmes (GCOS and WCRP). In the future GEO and the Climate SBA will benefit greatly from engagement in the GFCS. Moreover, for the Water SBA, the Council acknowledged the potential for enhanced benefit to WMO from increased access to water resource information from GEOSS. The Council noted that there may be enhanced benefits to GEOSS through the universal exchange of water data, better facilitated through mechanisms in the UN system. GENERAL SUMMARY 69
4.8 An effective and efficient Organization (agenda item 4.8)
Report of the External Auditor
4.8.1 The Council took note of the report of the external auditor on the financial statements for 2011 that he had issued an unqualified opinion, and dealt with the recommendations therein under relevant agenda item.
4.8.2 The Council took note of the Secretary-General’s acceptance of all eight recommendations put forward by the external auditor, as well as all outstanding recommendations from the previous year. The Council emphasized the strategic importance of risk management. The recommendations of the External Auditor can be found in Part 2 of the EC-64 report.
4.8.3 Noting that the external auditor is completing his tenure at 30 June 2012, the Council expressed appreciation for his rigorous, firm and constructive work throughout his tenure. The Council highlighted the invaluable contribution of the external auditor to the WMO reform process during his eight-year mandate, including the strengthening of internal controls, the introduction of the IPSAS accounting standards, the formation of the WMO Audit Committee and the improvements of financial and management information.
Report of the Audit Committee
4.8.4 The Executive Council noted with appreciation the report and recommendations of the Audit Committee on the annual Financial Statements, and on reports of the external and internal auditors, including financial reporting, budgeting, procurement, information technology, cash management, the implementation of Risk Management, and Monitoring and Evaluation system. The Council welcomed the new members of the Audit Committee (Mr Murari Aryal, Mr Mamadou Bah, Mr Anol Chatterji, Mr John Hirst, Ms Linda Makuleni, Ms Hélène Ploix, and Mr Michael Ryan) and thanked the former members of the Committee (Mr Pierre-Étienne Bisch, Mr John Hayes, Mr Michel Huissoud, Mr Bertrand Juppin de Fondaumière, Ms Hilary Wild, and Mr Zheng Guoguang) for their contribution.
4.8.5 The Council endorsed the recommendations of the Committee (these can be found in Part 2 of the EC-64 report). The Council further requested the Secretary-General to express its appreciation to the outgoing Audit Committee members as well as to the NAO as it ends its external auditing functions of WMO.
Selection process for the WMO External Auditor
4.8.6 The Council considered the selection process of the External Auditor developed by the Secretary-General and the Audit Committee and adopted Resolution 22 (EC-64) – Selection process of the External Auditor.
Policy on Disclosure of Internal Audit Reports
4.8.7 The Council recalled Resolution 13 (EC-LX) on “Policy on Disclosure of Internal Audit Reports” (the Policy), and further inclusion in the Policy a definition of the term “authorized representatives of Members”; agreed upon by the Council in June 2009 (paragraph 7.2.4, Abridged Final Report of EC-LXI). The Policy was implemented on a trial basis and adjusted according to experience and under the guidance of the Audit Committee. Its operability was to be reviewed by the Audit Committee in two years time.
4.8.8 The Council noted that in the recent past, the Secretariat has received requests from donors/potential donors (not covered by the Policy) for access to internal audit reports. Such requests have been considered by the Audit Committee and access to the reports granted.
4.8.9 The Council noted the operation of the policy and endorsed the recommendation made by the Audit Committee regarding disclosure of internal audit reports to other WMO stakeholders. 70 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
The Council subsequently amended the Policy and adopted Resolution 23 (EC-64) – Policy on Disclosure of Internal Audit Reports.
Annual Accountability Report of the Internal Oversight Office (IOO) for 2011
4.8.10 The Council considered the accountability report of the Director of the Internal Oversight Office (D/IOO) for 2011, as well as the comments of the Secretary-General thereupon. The Council also took into account the report of the Executive Council’s Audit Committee in considering the report of IOO.
4.8.11 The Council considered the summary of oversight findings, recommendations and actions taken in response, and D/IOO’s opinion on adequacy of governance, risk management and internal control processes. The Council noted the progress on implementation of audit recommendations, and the steps taken by the Secretariat to address the issues raised therein.
Status of implementation of the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) recommendations
4.8.12 Recalling the WMO procedures of follow-up on JIU reports, (Resolution 11 (EC-LIV)), the Council noted with appreciation the report on implementation of JIU recommendations addressed to the legislative bodies. The Council also acknowledged with appreciation the work and reports of the JIU on matters concerning United Nations system-wide issues and WMO- specific matters.
EC Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning – Proposals on the next Strategic Plan
4.8.13 The Executive Council recalled the decisions of Cg-XVI (paragraphs 8.5.1–8.5.5) with respect to the preparation of the next WMO Strategic Plan (SP) and the WMO Operating Plan (OP) for the period 2016–2019. The Council noted with appreciation the report and recommendations of its Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning on these issues.
4.8.14 The Council considered the recommendations of its working group and decided to endorse the following parameters for the development of the next Strategic and Operating Plans:
(a) The SP and OP should be articulated as plans for the entire Organization;
(b) The structure of the SP should be simplified to reduce the layers that are currently GSNs-STs-ERs-KOs;
(c) The ERs should be proposed by the RAs in consultation with the TCs and the Programmes;
(d) Five priorities were adequate but should be better integrated into the SP at an earlier stage, and their clarity should be improved;
(e) The SP should be shorter, more concise and simple. A short summary for the SP should be developed;
(f) Risks should be included in each section of the SP, rather than in a separate chapter;
(g) The Organization should have a single Operating Plan that includes the activities of RAs and TCs;
(h) The strategic planning process should be driven by the needs/priorities set by the Members (through RAs);
(i) KPIs should be measurable where possible, and clear milestones and responsibilities (Members, Secretariat, task forces and/or technical commissions) should be defined; GENERAL SUMMARY 71
(j) The GSNs should represent global needs to which WMO activities can contribute to provide solutions;
(k) The current WMO SP is adequate for the next planning cycle. However, key priorities that would guide the investments in the next financial period should be identified;
(l) The EC and WG/SOP should focus on developing a “single” operating plan for the next financial period.
4.8.15 The Council further agreed to proceed with the development of the next Strategic and Operating Plans based on the outlines of the SP and OP, and the proposed process and timelines, as contained in Annex VI to the present report, Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Implementation of WMO Monitoring and Evaluation System
4.8.16 The Executive Council recalled the decisions of Cg-XVI (paragraphs 8.4.1–8.4.4) with respect to further development and implementation of the WMO Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) System. The Council noted with appreciation the report of its Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning (WG/SOP) and encouraged constituent bodies to make use of the M&E System and Guide prepared by the Secretariat, and provide feedback to enable further improvements to the documents. The Council also noted that the results of the Survey on the Impacts of Achieved Results on Members provided useful information on areas where WMO has made significant achievement and those that needed more attention. The Council encouraged those Members who haven’t done so to respond to the questionnaire (survey opened until 31 July 2012) so that the results become more representative of the situation for most Members.
4.8.17 The Council agreed with the assessment of the working group that the M&E process is complex; the M&E System could start to be used to assess the progress of achieving strategic priorities of the Organization, and further improvements be made by integrating experiences gained through implementation. The Council also agreed with the following recommendations of the WG/SOP:
(a) To include regional specific questions in the questionnaire assessing the impacts of achieved results on Members by getting input from RAs planning groups;
(b) A smaller set of indicators be identified to monitor, particularly those related to the five strategic priorities, so as to reduce the cost involved in implementing the M&E System;
(c) To allow the Secretary-General flexibility to present progress on a smaller set of indicators for the mid-term M&E review.
Continuous Improvement of WMO Processes and Practices
4.8.18 The Council noted that in response to the decisions of EC-LXIII and Cg-XVI, the EC Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning (WG/SOP) continued to address the topic on continuous improvement of WMO processes and practices through its Task Group on Continuous Improvement of WMO Processes and Practices.
4.8.19 The Council considered the recommendations of its working group related to the need to align the planning among the various constituent bodies of WMO in a consistent way, improve the documentation for the sessions and decision-making process of constituent bodies, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Organization.
4.8.20 The Council considered the recommendations of its working group and requested the WG/SOP to: (a) Continue to examine the mechanisms for enhancing coordination between the presidents of regional associations and technical commissions including the use of electronic means and conjoint meetings; 72 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(b) Conduct a review and develop a proposal for an improved definition of the roles and responsibilities of the regional associations and technical commissions including proposals for the amendment of the WMO Convention and General Regulations, as appropriate (see Resolution 1 (EC-64)); (c) Define the conditions and procedures under which session documents can be considered and processed as ‘non controversial; and to report to EC-65.
4.8.21 The Council recognized that the implementation of the GFCS may have implications for the constituent bodies of WMO, particularly the technical commissions and requested the WG/SOP to keep this issue under review.
4.8.22 The Council noted further the outcome of the meetings of presidents of RAs and presidents of TCs, held in 2012 that called for further improvement of the coordination and collaboration between the RAs and TCs and their respective subsidiary bodies. This collaboration was considered essential for achieving the Expected Results of the WMO Strategic Plan in an effective and efficient way. Presidents of both RAs and TCs emphasized that the roles and responsibilities of the RAs and TCs in the planning and implementation process should be better defined, outlining their specific and complementary functions. This would improve the working mechanisms and mutual engagement, thus enabling a coherent and well documented WMO integrated planning and implementation framework.
4.8.23 The Council, noting Resolution 2 (EC-LX), agreed that a mechanism, allowing information sharing and coordination between the presidents of RAs and TCs was extremely important and should be utilized as necessary in the planning process to ensure consistency across the constituent bodies, particularly when formulating input into the strategic and operational planning process. The Council noted the positive experience of the existing joint meetings of PRAs and PTCs, but expressed concern that their effectiveness was limited by their short duration. The Council requested the Secretary-General to ensure an adequate duration for these joint meetings, within available resources allocated to it.
Guidelines on the planning and production of WMO publications
4.8.24 The Council noted the efforts of the Secretariat to implement a new publication policy based on the principles set out in Resolution 35 (Cg-XVI). It approved Resolution 24 (EC-64) – Guidelines on the planning and production of WMO publications. As these strengthen the quality assurance measures, the Council recommended that they be followed by technical commissions and regional associations in the process of the preparation of new publications or the updating of existing ones.
5. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (AGENDA ITEM 5)
Consideration of the financial statements for 2011
5.1 Taking into account the reports of FINAC (agenda item 2.3) and the Audit Committee (agenda item 4.8), the Executive Council considered the audited financial statements of the World Meteorological Organization for the year 2011 and the report of the External Auditor to the Executive Council. The Executive Council noted with satisfaction that the External Auditor has issued an unqualified opinion on the accounts for the year 2011.
5.2 The Council noted that for the year 2011, total revenue amounted to CHF 100.1 million (2010: 87.7 million) and total expenses to CHF 91.5 million (2010: 90.2 million), resulting in a surplus of CHF 8.6 million (2010: deficit of 2.5 million). GENERAL SUMMARY 73
5.3 The Council noted that as at 31 December 2011, total assets amounted to CHF 208.1 million (2010: 194.1 million) and total liabilities to CHF 121.7 million (2010: 139.7 million), resulting in net assets/equity of CHF 86.4 million (2010: 54.4 million).
5.4 The Council noted that as at 31 December 2011, the total cash balance amounted to CHF 60.1 million (2010: 64.7 million) and remained sound despite a decrease of CHF 4.6 million (2010: decrease 8.3 million).
5.5 The Council noted that for the year 2011, total budget appropriation and budget expenditure amounted to CHF 72.9 million (appropriation 2010: 77.2 million; expenditure 2010: 69.9 million).
5.6 The Council noted that as at 31 December 2011, arrears of contributions amounted to CHF 22.2 million (2010: 17.1 million), resulting in an increase of CHF 5.1 million (2010: increase 3.2 million). The Council recognized that non-payment and delayed payment of contributions may have serious impacts on the cash flow and financial situation of the Organization as well as on the implementation of approved programmes. The Council urged the Members to clear their dues at an early date.
5.7 The Council noted that for the year 2011, the revenue of the General Fund amounted to CHF 68.7 million (2010: 75.1 million) and expenses to CHF 79.2 million (2010: 77.2 million) resulting in a deficit of CHF 10.5 million (2010: deficit of 2.1 million).
5.8 The Council noted that as at 31 December 2011, the General Fund cash balance amounted to CHF 10.1 million (2010: 16.5 million).
5.9 The Council noted that for the year 2011, the revenue from voluntary resources amounted to CHF 33.4 million (2010: 14.9 million in 2010) and expenses to CHF 14.2 million (2010: 15.2 million), resulting in a surplus of CHF 19.2 million (2010: deficit of 0.3 million).
5.10 The Council noted that as at 31 December 2011, the cash balance for voluntary resources amounted to CHF 30.9 million (2010: 25.7 million), reflecting the policy to engage in expenditure only after the voluntary contributions have been received.
5.11 The Council considered that the financial position of the World Meteorological Organization remained sound at the end of 2011.
5.12 The Council adopted Resolution 25 (EC-64) – Financial statements of the World Meteorological Organization for the year 2011.
Status of voluntary contributions
5.13 The Council noted that the status of voluntary contributions as of June 2012 indicated a risk of not fully meeting the approved funding targets. The Council expressed concern on the possible implications of a shortfall of voluntary contributions on the delivery of the approved programmes and considered the need for additional measures to achieve the approved funding targets. The Council urged Members to make voluntary contributions to mitigate such a risk.
Fellowships
5.14 The Council noted with appreciation the assurance by the Secretary-General that the balance of appropriation after fellowships are completed or otherwise terminated will remain available for future fellowships in accordance with Financial Regulation 7.5.
Report of the Secretary-General on malicious act coverage
5.15 The Council noted that the Secretary-General had assessed various options of participating in malicious act insurance based on risk assessment and exposure as well as costs. 74 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
The Council also took note of the decision of the Secretary-General to join the United Nations Malicious Act Insurance Programme (UN MAIP) as of 1 January 2012 at a cost of CHF 3,000 annually.
Amendments to Staff Rules
5.16 The Council noted the amendments to the Staff Rules applicable to Secretariat staff made by the Secretary-General since the sixty-third session of the Executive Council.
Pensionable remuneration of ungraded officials
5.17 The Council noted that, in accordance with the provisions of Article 54(b) of the Regulations of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, the scale of pensionable remuneration for the Professional and higher categories must be adjusted with the same effective date by the same percentage as the net remuneration increase. The Council further noted that the ICSC had promulgated the consequent revised scale of pensionable remuneration applicable to those categories of staff and that comparable United Nations agencies (ITU and UPU) had consequently adjusted the pensionable remuneration of their ungraded officials. The Council therefore decided also to apply with retroactive effect from 1 August 2011 the following levels of annual pensionable remuneration: Existing provision New provision Secretary-General USD 321,772 USD 330,550 Deputy Secretary-General USD 297,381 USD 305,493 Assistant Secretary-General USD 275,206 USD 282,714
5.18 The Council requested the Secretary-General to take appropriate action as required by the decision thus taken. This amendment involves an increase of expenditures of CHF 4,000 for one year.
Salaries of ungraded officials
5.19 The Council noted that in December 2011, the General Assembly of the United Nations had adopted a new base salary scale for staff in the Professional and higher categories which came into effect on 1 January 2012. It further noted that this scale reflected an increase of 0.13 per cent through the standard consolidation procedure of reducing post adjustment multiplier points and increasing base salary, i.e. on a no loss/no gain basis.
5.20 The Council noted that in accordance with Staff Regulations 3.1, the revised salary scale showing the new net amounts had been implemented in the Secretariat in respect of staff members in grades from P.1 to D.2.
5.21 The Council recalled that Sixteenth Congress had decided to authorize the Executive Council to carry out any adjustment of salary in respect of the Secretary-General, the Deputy Secretary-General and the Assistant Secretary-General, which might become necessary if an increase in the salaries of comparable United Nations staff occurred during the sixteenth financial period.
5.22 The Council noted that comparable United Nations agencies (ITU and UPU) were adjusting, or had adjusted, the salaries of their ungraded officials in accordance with the rates shown below. Based on the decisions of the United Nations General Assembly, the Council decided to set the annual rates of net basic salary of WMO ungraded officials with retroactive effect from 1 January 2012 as follows: Existing provision New provision Net with Dependants Secretary-General USD 164,650 USD 164,864 Deputy Secretary-General USD 151,134 USD 151,331 Assistant Secretary-General USD 138,846 USD 139,027 GENERAL SUMMARY 75
5.23 The Council requested the Secretary-General to take appropriate action as required by the decision thus taken, noting that this scale reflected an increase of 0.13 per cent through the standard consolidation procedure of reducing post adjustment multiplier points and increasing base salary, i.e. on a no loss/no gain basis.
Human resources management (staff matters)
Progress on actions from Sixteenth Congress
5.24 The Council considered the report of the Staff Association and actions taken to address the staffing issues identified by Cg-XVI and EC-LXIII. It requested the Secretary-General to support the training programmes within the resources allocated by Congress. In addition to ensuring position descriptions do identify relevant supervisory and management skills, the Council requested the Secretary-General to make existing staff aware of management and supervisory tools available to supervisors and that all staff be encouraged to undertake relevant courses to maintain and improve their management skills. It encouraged all staff to participate in the development and implementation of the induction programme, and in maintaining the currency and relevance of the content.
5.25 The Council noted the initiation of a staff survey and requested the Secretary-General to keep the Council informed on any issues revealed through the analysis of the results. It emphasized that a healthy and dedicated Secretariat is an important component of the Organization. The Council also recommended that the Secretary-General conduct management surveys on a regular basis.
Report on appointments, promotions, nominations and transfers of staff in the Professional category and above
5.26 In accordance with Article 21 (b) of the Convention, the Council examined and approved the appointments made by the Secretary-General since its sixty-third session and listed in Table 1 of Annex VII to the present report.
5.27 The Council further approved the extensions of appointment of staff beyond the statutory age of retirement initiated by the Secretary-General since the last session of the Council and listed in Table 2 of Annex VII to the present report.
5.28 The Council noted the transfers, nominations and promotions made by the Secretary- General since its last session and listed in Table 3 of Annex VII to the present report.
5.29 The Council requested that an introductory paragraph is included in future reports, providing an overview of the distribution of Secretariat staff by Region and gender. It furthermore requested that staff departures from the Secretariat are listed in the reports.
6. COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (AGENDA ITEM 6)
6.1 The Council decided that the theme for World Meteorological Day in 2013 would be “Watching the weather to protect life and property”. It further agreed to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the World Weather Watch, which was established in April 1963. For that reason, the subtitle “Celebrating 50 years of World Weather Watch” may also be used as part of the World Meteorological Day theme. The Council requested the Secretary-General to develop a list of actions for marking this event (for example, WMO Bulletin, Jubilee status report on WWW). The Council further decided that the theme of “Weather and climate: engaging youth”, which was originally foreseen for World Meteorological Day 2013 by EC-LXIII, will instead be used in 2014. To facilitate future decisions on World Meteorological Day themes, the Secretariat was requested to furnish information on relevant anniversaries such as that of the World Weather Watch in future. 76 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
6.2 The Council noted with appreciation some of the WMO communication activities and publications produced and disseminated in cooperation with a variety of intergovernmental organizations and regional institutions as well as with professional media and private and public partners. The Council urged the Secretary-General and Members to further strengthen support to WMO communication activities as directed by Congress and to enhance resources for communication activities, including extrabudgetary resources for production of high-quality communication products and events.
6.3 The Council welcomed the efforts to inform Members of activities and events which could draw media attention, and to inform the media of Members’ activities. It welcomed initiatives to strengthen communications with the UN system and to extend distribution of press releases to the Permanent Missions in Geneva to increase understanding of WMO’s role, contribution and achievements.
6.4 The Council agreed that in order to assist the outreach activities of its Members, it is imperative that the WMO Communications and Public Affairs Office develops strong and dynamic links with NMHSs and Information and Public Affairs (IPA) Focal Points in regions and countries. In accordance with the role and purpose of the Organization in a broader perspective, feature stories about national and regional benefits could be shared more widely. Such stories enrich the WMO Website online “News from the Members” and attract global media attention. Like other WMO outreach activities, such stories should seek to educate the general public using language that is accessible and appropriate for non-scientists.
6.5 The Council endorsed current efforts to reach new audiences by developing WMO presence on social networks including Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. It agreed that the use of social media was an important tool to increase the outreach of WMO and Members and to enhance the global visibility of the meteorological community, and it encouraged the Secretary- General to develop appropriate policies. The Secretariat was requested to support Members by providing information on good practices in the domain of social media and other information dissemination technologies.
7. GENERAL AND LEGAL MATTERS (AGENDA ITEM 7)
7.1 Fifty-seventh International Meteorological Organization Prize and other awards (agenda item 7.1)
7.1.1 The Executive Council awarded the fifty-seventh IMO Prize to Dr Zaviša Janjić (Serbia/United States).
7.1.2 The Council established the IMO Prize Selection Committee for the fifty-eighth IMO Prize comprising Messrs A.D. Moura (chair), M.L. Bah, A. Rolle and Mrs S.W.B. Harijono.
Other awards
Norbert Gerbier-MUMM International Award
7.1.3 The Council approved the proposal of the Selection Committee for the Norbert Gerbier-MUMM International Award and conferred the 2013 award to Drs M.A. Bollasina, Y. Ming, and V. Ramaswamy for their paper entitled “Anthropogenic aerosols and the weakening of the South Asian Summer Monsoon”. This paper was published in 2011 in Science, Vol. 334, Number 6055.
WMO Research Award for Young Scientists
7.1.4 Based on the recommendation of its Selection Committee, the Council conferred the 2012 WMO Research Award for Young Scientists upon Mr Yijian Zeng for the paper entitled “Numerical analysis of air-water-heat flow in unsaturated soil: Is it necessary to consider airflow in GENERAL SUMMARY 77
land surface models?” by Zeng, Y., Z. Su, L. Wan and J. Wen (2011), published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, D20107, doi:10.1029/2011JD015835. The Council noted the importance of urging WMO Members to further encourage young scientists from the meteorology and climate communities to undertake and submit scientific research.
Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Awards
7.1.5 With respect to the Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Awards, the Selection Committee of the Executive Council recommended that R. Boers, M.J. de Haij, W.M.F. Wauben, H. Klein Baltink, L.H. van Ulft, M. Savenije (all from the Netherlands) and C.N. Long (United States), should receive the twenty-third Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Award for an Outstanding Research Paper on Instruments and Methods of Observation for the paper entitled “Optimized fractional cloudiness determination from five ground-based remote sensing techniques” published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, D24116, doi:10.1029/2010JD014661,2010, and that Q. Lu (China), and W. Bell, P. Bauer, N. Bormann and C. Peubey ((all from the United Kingdom) should receive the fourth Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Award for the Development and Implementation of Instruments and Methods of Observation for the paper entitled “Characterizing the FY-3A Microwave Temperature Sounder Using the ECMWF Model” published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 28, p. 1373–1389, 2011. The Council approved the proposals of the Selection Committee.
7.2 Constitutional and regulatory matters (agenda item 7.2)
Terms for the Secretary-General
7.2.1 The Council noted the report of its Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning (WG-SOP) regarding the terms of office for the Secretary-General.
7.2.2 In order to formulate a recommendation to Congress on the matter, the Council agreed that consideration should be given to the following elements:
(a) Number of terms, noting the UN system’s most common practice of two terms, and recalling that Congress appoints the Secretary-General at each session and that a new Secretary-General will need to be selected in 2015;
(b) The duration of each term, as this can have an impact on better continuity and return benefits and recognition for the Organization, such as in the UN system, and noting that changing the duration of a term to a number of years different from four (4) which is the Congress intersessional period and also the financial period, as implied by Article 10 of the Convention and stipulated by Article 2 of the Financial Regulations, might benefit from modifying this Article, and Regulations 11, 170, 187 and 198 of the General Regulations (2011 edition) and Articles 2, 5, 8, 14 of the Financial Regulations;
(c) The WMO spirit and interest, noting that any proposal put forward by EC to Congress should take into account the cooperative spirit, the WMO planning processes and strategic framework, for a good decision to be made for the best interests of the Organization;
(d) Publicity of EC recommendation(s) to Congress, noting the importance that potential candidates should have a clear understanding of the situation and expectations.
7.2.3 The Council requested the WG-SOP to provide an in depth analysis of the impact of changing Regulation 198 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), and to make a proposal to the sixty-fifth session of the Council on the process to be followed up to the seventeenth session of Congress, with a recommendation to adopt a resolution for any required amendment to the Convention and/or General Regulations, as appropriate. 78 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
7.3 Designation of acting member(s) of the Executive Council (agenda item 7.3)
The Executive Council designated Dr D. Cano (Spain), Mr L. De Leonibus (Italy), Dr A. Kijazi (United Republic of Tanzania), Mr A. Traoré (Niger), and Dr R. Vertessy (Australia), as acting members of the Executive Council replacing Mr R. García Herrera (Spain), Mr C. De Simone (Italy), Mr M.A.R. Abdel Gadir (Sudan), Mr M. Ndiaye (Senegal), and Mr G.P. Ayers (Australia), respectively.
7.4 Review of panels and other bodies of the Executive Council (agenda item 7.4)
7.4.1 Following changes in the membership of the Executive Council, the Council decided on the following replacements and changes in the composition of its working groups and committees:
Executive Council Advisory Panel of Experts on Gender Mainstreaming Dr A. Kijazi (Ms) to replace Ms M. Araneda (Ms)
Executive Council Panel of Experts on Education and Training Mr F. Travaglioni (Italy) Dr D. Cano (Spain)
Executive Council Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning Mr L. De Leonibus to replace Mr C. De Simone Dr D. Cano to join the Group
Executive Council Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters Dr A. Kijazi (Ms) to replace Mr M.A.R. Abdel Gadir
Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development Dr A. Kijazi (Ms) to replace Mr M.A.R. Abdel Gadir Dr. D. Cano to replace Mr R. García Herrera
Executive Council Working Group on Service Delivery Mr A. Traoré to replace Mr M. Ndiaye Mr L. De Leonibus to replace Mr C. De Simone
Executive Council Task Team on the Global Framework for Climate Services Mr A. Traoré to replace Mr M. Ndiaye Mr J. Báez Benítez to replace Ms M. Araneda Mr L. De Leonibus to replace Mr C. De Simone Dr D. Cano to replace Mr R. García Herrera Dr A. Frolov to join the Team
Audit Committee Mr S. Kandasamy to replace Mr A. Chatterji
WMO Staff Pension Committee Mr S. Bal to replace Mr B. Richard (as alternate)
Focal Point on Research Dr R. Vertessy to replace Mr R. García Herrera
Focal Point on Quality Management Dr A. Frolov
Focal Point on Climate, Food and Water Dr A. Kijazi (Ms) GENERAL SUMMARY 79
7.4.2 Following the proposal by the EC Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services, the Council approved the membership of the Panel, including additional experts to ensure appropriate skills are included to address the responsibilities of the Panel, as follows:
Active members of the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services D. Grimes (Co-chair) Canada R. Vertessy (Co-chair) Australia J.M. Hörler Argentina J. Abraham Canada D. Campbell (Ms) Canada J. Carrasco Chile C. Xiao China J. Damski Finland P. Taalas Finland E. Brun France H.-W. Hubberten Germany P. Lemke Germany R. Hartig Germany T. Jung Germany, Expert from WWRP Polar Prediction Project K. Satheesan India M.-L. Ou (Ms) Republic of Korea A. Snorrason Iceland G.M. Pedrini Italy M. Drinkwater Netherlands J. Renwick New Zealand O. Hov Norway R. Skalin Norway L.-O. Reiersen Norway, Expert from Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme A. Frolov Russian Federation A. Klepikov Russian Federation J. Stander South Africa A. Jönsson (Ms) Sweden S. Colwell United Kingdom, Expert from Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research J. Key United States A. Devaris (Ms) United States B. Arheimer (Ms) Sweden V. Rachold Germany, Expert from International Arctic Science Committee
7.5 Amendments to the Technical Regulations (agenda item 7.5)
The Council considered the outcome of the revision of Volume I of the Technical Regulations undertaken by the Secretariat following the introduction of a number of new and amended Manuals since the last full review of Volume I. The Council approved the amendments to Volume I in its current structure with the editorial changes for consistency among its parts and annexes. The Council recognized the need to revise the structure of the document, considered the outline of the new structure as provided in Annex VIII to the present report, and decided on a process for revision of the document structure in line with the up-to-date and emerging WMO systems and services. The Council adopted Resolution 26 (EC-64) – Amendments to the Technical Regulations. 80 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
8. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS (AGENDA ITEM 8)
8.1 At its sixty-third session, the Council conferred the 56th IMO prize on the late Professor Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen. In light of their close academic and professional relationship, Professor Lennart Bengtsson was invited to prepare a lecture in honour of the work of Professor Wiin-Nielsen who passed away during the intersessional period.
8.2 The Council thanked Professor Bengtsson for his lecture, and requested the Secretary- General to arrange for the appropriate publication of the lecture.
9. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL (AGENDA ITEM 9)
The Executive Council reviewed those of its previous resolutions which were still in force at the time of the sixty-fourth session and adopted Resolution 27 (EC-64) – Review of previous resolutions of the Executive Council.
10. DATE AND PLACE OF THE SIXTY-FIFTH AND SIXTY-SIXTH SESSIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL (AGENDA ITEM 10)
10.1 The Council agreed that its sixty-fifth session will be held at the WMO Headquarters from Wednesday, 15 May to Thursday, 23 May 2013, following the FINAC-32 session from Monday, 13 May to Tuesday, 14 May.
10.2 The Council further tentatively scheduled its sixty-sixth session would be held at the WMO Headquarters from Wednesday, 14 May to Friday, 23 May 2014, following the FINAC-33 session from Monday, 12 May to Tuesday, 13 May.
11. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION (AGENDA ITEM 11)
The sixty-fourth session of the Executive Council closed at 12:42 on 3 July 2012.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE SESSION
Resolution 1 (EC-64)
REVIEW OF THE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting: (1) The WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015) (WMO-No. 1069), in particular Expected Result 8 – An effective and efficient Organization, (2) Resolution 34 (Cg-XVI) – WMO Regional Programme, (3) The decisions of Congress and the Executive Council on continuous improvement of the WMO processes and practices, (4) The report of the Meeting of Presidents of Regional Associations, Geneva, 30–31 January 2012, (5) The outcome of the joint Meeting of Presidents of Regional Associations and Presidents of Technical Commissions, Geneva, 1 February 2012, (6) The report of the first session of the Executive Council Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning, Geneva, 2–4 April 2012, (7) The report of the sixth meeting of the Regional Association VI (Europe) Management Group, Offenbach, Germany, 19–20 April 2012, (8) The WMO General Regulations (2011 edition), Annex II – Regional associations, and Annex III – Structure and terms of reference of technical commissions,
Noting further the recommendation submitted by the presidents of all regional associations, for better definition of the role and responsibilities of regional associations in the WMO General Regulations,
Recognizing the need to ensure consistency across the constituent bodies, particularly in developing and documenting a WMO integrated planning and implementation process,
Recognizing further that currently the WMO General Regulations do not describe in detail the role and responsibilities of the regional associations in the planning and implementation process,
Requests the Executive Council Working Group on WMO Strategic and Operational Planning:
(1) To review the provisions relating to the functions, roles and responsibilities of the regional associations in the WMO Convention and General Regulations and evaluate the need for their update and amendment, especially as the role and responsibilities of the regional associations relate to the preparation and implementation of the WMO Strategic and Operating Plans;
(2) In conducting the review, to take due consideration of the required consistency and alignment of the role, responsibilities and working mechanisms of the regional associations with those of the technical commissions set out in their terms of reference, along with the functions of the Secretariat, all contributing to a fully integrated planning and implementation process across the Organization;
(3) Based on the outcome of the review, to propose to the Executive Council amendments to the WMO General Regulations, as necessary.
82 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 2 (EC-64)
REPORT OF THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE JOINT WMO/IOC TECHNICAL COMMISSION FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE METEOROLOGY
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Having considered the Executive Summary of the Abridged Final Report with Resolutions and Recommendations of the Fourth Session of the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (WMO-IOC/JCOMM-4/3s),
Notes:
(1) The Executive Summary of the Abridged Final Report with Resolutions and Recommendations of the Fourth Session of the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (WMO-IOC/JCOMM-4/3s);
(2) Resolutions 1 to 5 (JCOMM-4);
Decides to take the following action on Recommendations 1 to 7 (JCOMM-4):
Recommendation 1 (JCOMM-4) – Provision of Ocean Instrument/Platform Metadata
Approves the recommendation;
Recommendation 2 (JCOMM-4) – Marine Climate Data System (MCDS)
(a) Approves the recommendation;
(b) Requests the Secretary-General, in coordination with the Executive Secretary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO/IOC), to facilitate implementation of this recommendation and provide appropriate technical advisory assistance to Members/Member States concerned as required, in the operations of Centres for Marine- Meteorological and Oceanographic Climate Data;
Recommendation 3 (JCOMM-4) – The IODE Ocean Data Portal (IODE ODP)
Approves the recommendation;
Recommendation 4 (JCOMM-4) – Enhancement of Capability for Marine Environmental Emergencies
(a) Approves the recommendation;
(b) Requests the Secretary-General, in coordination with the Executive Secretary of UNESCO/IOC, to arrange for the development and implementation of the strategy, in consultation with the co-presidents of the Commission, and other bodies and organizations as appropriate;
Recommendation 5 (JCOMM-4) – Quality Management Implementation for JCOMM
(a) Approves the recommendation;
(b) Requests the Secretary-General, in coordination with the Executive Secretary of UNESCO/IOC, to support developing guidelines and training material for a quality management framework/quality management system for marine meteorological and oceanographic services, based on the developed competence standards; RESOLUTIONS 83
Recommendation 6 (JCOMM-4) – Amendment to the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471) and WMO-No. 9, Volume D, Information for Shipping
(a) Approves the recommendation;
(b) Requests the Secretary-General to arrange for the inclusion of these procedures in the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services and the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services;
(c) Authorizes the Secretary-General to make any consequent editorial amendments to the chapters of the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services and the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services;
Recommendation 7 (JCOMM-4) – Review of relevant resolutions of the governing bodies of WMO and UNESCO/IOC
Approves the recommendation. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 4 (EC-LXII), which is no longer in force.
Resolution 3 (EC-64)
TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WORKING GROUP ON CLIMATE AND RELATED WEATHER, WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) The Abridged Final Report with Resolutions of the Sixty-third Session of the Executive Council (WMO-No. 1078),
(2) Resolution 2 (EC-LXIII) – Coordination of climate activities,
(3) The Abridged Final Report with Resolutions of the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress (WMO-No. 1077), including its decisions contained in Resolution 47 (Cg-XVI) – Response to the report of the High-level Taskforce on the Global Framework for Climate Services, Resolution 18 (Cg-XVI) – World Climate Programme, Resolution 16 (Cg-XVI) – Climate Data Requirements, and Resolution 48 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services,
(4) The report of the High-level Taskforce on the Global Framework for Climate Services, Climate Knowledge for Action: A Global Framework for Climate Services – Empowering the Most Vulnerable (WMO-No. 1065),
(5) The WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015) (WMO-No. 1069),
Recognizing:
(1) That Expected Results 3, 4 and 7 of the WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015) contribute to producing better weather, climate, water and related environmental information; enhanced capabilities of Members to access, develop and implement Earth- and space-based 84 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
observation systems; and strengthened partnerships and cooperation in delivering services,
(2) That the Steering Committee on Climate Activities in the Secretariat will coordinate the contribution of the World Climate Programme (WCP) to the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS),
(3) The active partnership of WMO with other agencies with regard to WCP and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and also with several other United Nations bodies and international organizations on climate-related matters,
Decides to approve the following terms of reference of the Executive Council Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters for the sixteenth financial period:
(1) Review and provide strategic guidance on WMO climate-relevant activities including, inter alia, those related to the development and delivery of climate services, as well as the related weather, water and environmental aspects, in accordance with the WMO Strategic Plan and Expected Results;
(2) Provide guidance to enable close alignment of WMO climate-related activities with the various components of the GFCS and their respective governance structures and substructures;
(3) Provide guidance on strengthening collaboration on climate, water and environmental related areas among all the component programmes of the World Climate Programme, Global Atmosphere Watch, World Weather Research Programme and Hydrology and Water Resources Programme;
(4) Assess the proposal from the United Nations Environment Programme to join WCP with the new Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA), duly considering its scope, governance structure, funding arrangements, priorities vis-à-vis its relation with GFCS, and recommend appropriate decisions in this regard;
(5) Provide overall guidance for the implementation of WMO climate-related activities in line with relevant Expected Results;
(6) Advise on the evaluation, monitoring and adjustments of the actions and plans that contribute to achievement of the main Expected Results framing climate activities in the WMO Strategic Plan 2012–2015, with particular focus on Expected Results 3 and 4;
(7) Review decisions of other international organizations and conventions related to the functioning and activities of all climate-related programmes of WMO, assess the implications and recommend appropriate actions;
(8) Review outcomes of conferences dealing with climate and related weather, water and environmental matters, taking into account the needs of developing and least developed countries, and recommend appropriate actions;
(9) Collaborate with the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development and provide advice on mobilization of resources in support of climate services and related climate change adaptation needs of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, particularly for developing and least developed countries.
RESOLUTIONS 85
Resolution 4 (EC-64)
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL TASK TEAM ON THE WMO POLICY FOR INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF CLIMATE DATA AND PRODUCTS TO SUPPORT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE SERVICES
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMO policy and practice for the exchange of meteorological and related data and products including guidelines on the relationships in commercial meteorological activities,
(2) Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) – Exchange of hydrological data and products,
(3) Resolution 48 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services,
Recognizing:
(1) The importance of the free and unrestricted exchange of data and products necessary for the effective implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services,
(2) The role of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in the provision of climate services,
(3) The successful experience gained by Members in the development and implementation of Resolutions 40 (Cg-XII) and 25 (Cg-XIII),
Decides:
(1) To establish an Executive Council Task Team on the WMO Policy for International Exchange of Climate Data and Products to Support the Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services to assist the Executive Council on this topic;
(2) To adopt the terms of reference of the Task Team as contained in the annex to the present resolution;
(3) That the membership of the Task Team include one representative from each of the following:
Regional Association I (Africa) nominated by the president of the Regional Association Regional Association II (Asia) nominated by the president of the Regional Association Regional Association III (South America) nominated by the president of the Regional Association
Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) nominated by the president of the Regional Association
Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) nominated by the president of the Regional Association
Regional Association VI (Europe) nominated by the president of the Regional Association
Executive Council Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services Executive Council Working Group on Climate and Related Weather, Water and Environmental Matters 86 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Commission for Climatology nominated by the president of the Commission
Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology nominated by the co-presidents of the Commission
Commission for Basic Systems nominated by the president of the Commission
Commission for Hydrology nominated by the president of the Commission
Commission for Agricultural Meteorology nominated by the president of the Commission
Designates the President of WMO, Mr D. Grimes, as chair of the Task Team;
Requests the Secretary-General:
(1) To take the relevant actions to support the activities of the Task Team;
(2) To take appropriate actions on the related issues and to keep Members and other pertinent international organizations informed on relevant developments associated with the international exchange of climate data and products.
Annex to Resolution 4 (EC-64)
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL TASK TEAM ON THE WMO POLICY FOR INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF CLIMATE DATA AND PRODUCTS TO SUPPORT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE SERVICES
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Taking into account the outcomes of the 2012 Extraordinary World Meteorological Congress to be held in October 2012 and new developments within WMO related to the exchange of data and products, for example, the WMO Integrated Global Observing System and the WMO Information System, the Task Team shall:
(a) Study the implications of, and the potential for, applying the principle of free and unrestricted exchange of data and products, while respecting national policies, for the provision of climate services, including identification of examples of climate data and products that are available;
(b) Based on an analysis of the implementation of Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMO policy and practice for the exchange of meteorological and related data and products including guidelines on the relationships in commercial meteorological activities and Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) – Exchange of hydrological data and products, provide guidance and advice on how best to apply Resolutions 40 (Cg-XII) and 25 (Cg-XIII) to advance the WMO policy on exchange of data and products for the provision of climate services;
(c) Consider how other United Nations agencies and international organizations can collaborate with WMO on the exchange of climate data and products for the provision of climate services;
(d) Prepare a report to the Executive Council for consideration at its sixty-fifth session.
RESOLUTIONS 87
Resolution 5 (EC-64)
JOINT MECHANISM TO SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLIMATE SERVICES INFORMATION SYSTEM
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) The major role for WMO in ensuring that the operational mechanisms needed for the provision of climate information, products and services at different levels are put in place,
(2) That the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress, through Resolution 17 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the Climate Services Information System, established the Climate Services Information System (CSIS) with global, regional and national entities providing operational climate information, including data, monitoring and prediction products within the Global Framework for Climate Services,
(3) That the Commission for Climatology, the Commission for Basic Systems, the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), inter alia, have been making significant contributions to the various operational and research aspects of climate analysis/diagnostics, climate system monitoring and prediction/projection involved in the Climate Services Information System,
Considering:
(1) The need to ensure complementarity and consistency in the activities of WMO bodies in their contributions to the implementation of the Climate Services Information System,
(2) The need to be responsive to the evolving needs of an operational worldwide climate services system,
(3) The need to jointly support the increasing capabilities/responsibilities of CSIS entities with new and improved methods and tools,
(4) The need for relevant standards, regulations, criteria, and so forth, that will support a quality management approach to CSIS operations and assist the governance entities of the Global Framework for Climate Services in ensuring the availability of high-quality climate products and services,
Requests the presidents of the Commission for Climatology, the Commission for Basic Systems, the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences and the Chair of the Joint Scientific Committee of the World Climate Research Programme to improve coordination of their CSIS-relevant programmes and activities and, if necessary, propose an appropriate joint mechanism under which these matters could be better addressed to ensure an effective, sustained and seamless operation of the Climate Services Information System.
88 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 6 (EC-64)
ALTERNATE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION SIGMET PROVISIONS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 53 (Cg-XVI) – Aeronautical Meteorology Programme,
(2) That Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress had expressed concern over long-standing deficiencies in SIGMET issuance resulting in serious concerns and user complaints, which were being addressed by a trial production of regional SIGMET advisories conducted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in cooperation with WMO,
Noting further that a systemic non-conformance with ICAO SIGMET regulations would constitute a serious finding in any safety or quality management audit of a meteorological service provider,
Considering:
(1) That ICAO is developing a final proposal for a global or multi-regional concept of operations for regional SIGMET advisory centres, which could become a longer-term solution,
(2) That the competency assessments of Aeronautical Meteorological Forecasters working in Meteorological Watch Offices require the ability to generate and issue SIGMETs for specific aviation weather hazards,
(3) That relevant training resources are available both from WMO and ICAO,
Urges Members to address such deficiencies as a matter of priority using the training resources available from WMO and ICAO;
Further urges Members:
(1) That are experiencing serious difficulties in meeting the ICAO requirements to consider cost recovery mechanisms and to notify both the WMO and ICAO Secretariats of this situation, and engage in negotiations through ICAO with nearby Members in a position to provide this service on their behalf to transfer the SIGMET responsibility on a temporary basis to such Members;
(2) That are lacking basic resources in infrastructure and/or trained personnel to seek assistance through appropriate channels (national government, Voluntary Cooperation Programme, Regional Training Centres, regional aviation projects) to capacity development to establish or re-establish the necessary capability, and to make best use of advisories when they become available;
Requests the Secretary-General and the presidents of technical commissions and regional associations to provide technical expertise, coordination and support where possible to facilitate early compliance with the relevant regulations.
RESOLUTIONS 89
Resolution 7 (EC-64)
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLICY IMPACTS OF WEATHER, CLIMATE AND WATER SERVICES
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 29 (Cg-XV) – Evolution of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services and WMO,
(2) That in approving the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery, the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress had stressed that implementation of the Strategy should be used by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to improve their relationships with users, thus increasing the relevance of NMHS products and services to decision-making processes and ultimately demonstrating the role and position of NMHSs in the national social, economic and policy development processes of Members,
Noting further the relevant initiatives taken in response to the Congress request, including:
(1) The preparation of a set of guidelines and practical recommendations on methods and procedures for conducting socio-economic benefit studies,
(2) The successful holding of the WMO Regional Association VI (Europe) Conference on Social and Economic Benefits of Weather, Climate and Water Services (Lucerne, Switzerland, 3–4 October 2011),
(3) Collaboration on a joint project between WMO and the World Bank to compile existing methodologies for socio-economic benefits assessment of hydrometeorological services,
Considering that the joint WMO–World Bank project aims to capture, improve and disseminate existing approaches for assessing the socio-economic benefits of NMHSs through the following four thrusts:
(1) Compiling and carrying out comparative analysis of the impact of the services provided by NMHSs through socio-economic benefit studies,
(2) Improvement of methodologies in socio-economic benefit studies through concurrent field testing and training as part of specific demonstration/pilot projects as well as ongoing NMHS investment programmes,
(3) Dissemination through an authoritative joint WMO–World Bank guidance document, (4) Creation of professional exchange and peer review mechanisms,
Requests the Secretary-General: (1) To support the implementation of pilot projects on socio-economic benefits of services provided by NMHSs, collect and analyse their outcomes and make this information available to Members and funding agencies;
(2) To use the lessons learned from the pilot projects to coordinate the adoption of an agreed WMO–World Bank methodology for assessing the benefits arising from meteorological and hydrological services; (3) To arrange for publication of the guidance material and the proceedings from the Lucerne Conference.
90 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 8 (EC-64)
ENHANCED CAPABILITIES OF MEMBERS TO REDUCE RISKS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF HAZARDS CAUSED BY WEATHER, CLIMATE, WATER AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) The Abridged Final Report with Resolutions of the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress (WMO-No. 1077), general summary, paragraphs 11.5.1 to 11.5.21, and Resolution 52 (Cg-XVI) – Disaster Risk Reduction Programme,
(2) The final report of the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Technical Commissions, Geneva, 30 January–1 February 2012,
(3) The final report of the 2012 Meeting of Presidents of Regional Associations Geneva, 30–31 January 2012,
Considering:
(1) Disaster risk reduction as one of the five priority areas for consideration under voluntary resources of WMO and among the high-priority areas recommended by the High-level Taskforce on the Global Framework for Climate Services,
(2) The WMO Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Programme as cross-cutting and inextricably linked to other WMO Programmes, technical commissions, regional associations and the Secretariat,
(3) The importance of a user-driven approach to development and delivery of meteorological, hydrological and climate services to support policy development, risk analysis, multi-hazard early warning systems, sectoral risk management and disaster risk financing,
(4) The high value of sharing lessons learned, and opportunities for improved operational procedures among National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, the Global Data- processing and Forecasting System, and other United Nations international agencies,
Considering further:
(1) The expressed need of Members for guidelines, standards and training modules for development and delivery of meteorological, hydrological and climate services to support DRR decision-making, in alignment with principles of quality management systems,
(2) As a good example, the significant contributions of Members and WMO DRR partner agencies to the documentation of good practices in Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems and development of respective guidelines,
(3) The importance of lessons learned from national/regional coordinated DRR and adaptation projects for further implementation of the DRR Programme and governance mechanism,
Decides to endorse:
(1) The Disaster Risk Reduction Programme two-tier work plan, as contained in the annex to the present resolution, and hereinafter referred to as the DRR Work Plan;
(2) Establishment of the DRR User-Interface Expert Advisory Groups and mechanisms to help guide the implementation of the DRR Work Plan; RESOLUTIONS 91
Requests the Executive Council Working Group on Service Delivery:
(1) To develop recommendations to the Executive Council for further development of the governance mechanism of the DRR Programme based on assessment of lessons learned from the achievements of the Programme to date, pertaining to systematic involvement of WMO technical commissions and Programmes, regional associations and strategic partners in the implementation of the DRR Work Plan;
(2) To ensure development of guidelines, standards and training modules for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services for provision of products and services to support risk-based decision-making, in consultation with the DRR user-interface mechanisms;
(3) To collaborate with the presidents of technical commissions to ensure that a number of technical assistance projects, namely, the Severe Weather Forecasting Demonstration Project, Flash Flood Guidance systems and Coastal Inundation Forecasting Demonstration Project, Integrated Drought Management Programme, WMO Flood Forecasting Initiative, the WMO Emergency Response Activities as well as further development of the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System, WMO Integrated Global Observing System and WMO Information System, are coordinated with the DRR Programme cross-cutting framework as key contributions to the DRR Work Plan;
(4) To establish a link between the DRR Work Plan and the implementation activities of the Global Framework for Climate Services;
Urges Members to support the implementation of the DRR Work Plan.
Annex to Resolution 8 (EC-64)
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION PROGRAMME WORK PLAN
1. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a priority for WMO because protection of lives, property and livelihoods are at the core of the priorities of the WMO Members and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). Furthermore, the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) by national governments is leading to changes in national DRR policies, legal and institutional frameworks, with implications on the role, responsibilities and new working arrangements for the NMHSs. These changes provide opportunities such as increased recognition of the NMHSs by their governments and stakeholders, which could result in strengthened partnerships and increased resources. However, NMHSs face increasing demand and liabilities related to the provision of products and services to larger and more diverse group of DRR stakeholders (e.g., government authorities, public and private sectors, NGOs, general public and media, etc.) whom have direct responsibilities for DRR decision-making. To meet these new challenges, as illustrated in Figure 1, the crosscutting DRR Programme two-tier work plan (hereafter referred to as the DRR Work Plan) aims to facilitate better alignment of the activities of WMO constituent bodies and global operational network as well as strategic partners to assist NMHSs to:
(a) Engage effectively in the National DRR governance and institutional frameworks;
(b) Identify, prioritize, establish partnerships and service delivery agreements with national DRR user community (users); 92 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(c) Establish partnership agreements with other national technical agencies (e.g., hydrological services, ocean services, etc.) as well as global and regional specialized centres (e.g. Global Producing Centres (GPC), Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs), Regional Climate Centres (RCC), Tsunami Watch Centres, etc.), with standard operating procedures;
(d) Develop and deliver core and specialized products and services for DRR decision support (e.g., hazard/risk analysis, multi-hazard EWS, sectoral risk management and disaster risk financing and risk transfer) in a cost-effective, systematic and sustainable manner;
(e) Ensure that core operational capacities (e.g., observing networks, forecasting systems, telecommunication systems, data management systems, human resources, etc.) are built upon the principles of Quality Management Systems (QMS) to support product and service development and delivery;
(f) Engage in regional and global efforts for development of risk information for large scale and transboundary hazards, through strengthened regional and global cooperation.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of linkages between meteorological services and DRR stakeholders
2. The DRR Work Plan (see Figure 2) includes: (i) development of guidelines, standards and training modules for DRR thematic topics based on documentation and synthesis of good practices; and (ii) coordinated DRR and climate adaptation national/regional capacity development projects to support capacity development of NMHSs as per paragraph 1 (a–f). A critical aspect of the coordinated DRR national/regional projects is strengthening of cooperation of NMHSs, RSMCs, RCCs and DRR users for development of products and services based on user needs and requirements.
RESOLUTIONS 93
Figure 2. Two-tier schematic of the implementation approach of the DRR Programme
3. Making the implementation plan a reality would require substantial building of the operational capacities of many NMHSs in developing countries, an outcome that can only be achieved through a successful and well focused capacity development activities also engaging development partners such as the World Bank for the modernization of the NMHSs infrastructure, particularly in the developing and least developed countries. As one strategy for achieving this, significant efforts have been taken to engage Members, regional associations (RAs), technical commissions (TCs) and Programmes, to develop strategic alliances with key partners at regional and international levels to implement the DRR Work Plan.
DRR thematic guidelines, standards and related training modules
4. Thematic areas of the DRR Programme include provision of meteorological, hydrological and climate services to support: (i) Hazard/Risk Analysis; (ii) Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS); (iii) sectoral risk management through improved planning in land zoning, infrastructure and urban planning, agriculture, health, transport, water resource management, and, (iv) disaster risk financing, and financial risk transfer mechanisms such as weather-indexed insurance. Efforts are underway to develop guidelines, standards, and training modules spanning institutional, technical and operational aspects, consistent with QMS principles. Risk-based decision-making and disaster risk financing are critical for the development of national DRR and climate adaptation policies, institutional and financial planning, sectoral risk management and operations, for which access to meteorological, hydrological and climate services is essential. Therefore, development of these guidelines and requirements are critical in assisting the NMHSs for providing services for these areas.
5. A number of thematic DRR user-interface expert advisory groups have been established to guide and support implementation of the DRR Work Plan and related deliverables, WMO TCs and Programmes, RAs and WMO global operational network. These user-interface expert advisory groups involve leading experts from the diverse DRR user community (public and private sectors), UN and international partner agencies, academia as well as NMHSs. These advisory groups are established to: (i) guide documentation of good practices and development of user needs and requirements for products and services to support thematic areas in DRR decision-making; (ii) support development of and provide feedback on the WMO DRR knowledge products; and, (iii) support the implementation of the DRR Work Plan. These include:
(a) Expert Advisory Group on Climate Services for Hazard/Risk Analysis (EAG-HRA) with focus on issues related to standards and guidelines for hazard definition, standardization of 94 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
hazard databases, metadata and statistical analysis and forecasting techniques of hazard analysis to support risk modelling;
(b) Expert Advisory Group on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS) with focus on the operational aspects of MHEWS, building on the principles of QMS;
(c) Expert Advisory Group on Climate Services for Disaster Risk Financing (EAG-CSDRF) with focus to develop requirements for climate services for disaster risk financing such as ex- ante and post-disaster government funding mechanisms, insurance and external development funding;
(d) Inter-commission ad hoc Task Team on Meteorological, Hydrological and Climate Services for Improved Humanitarian Planning and Response, established under the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS), with the Commission for Climatology (CCl), and the Commission for Hydrology (CHy), with focus on development of requirements of the humanitarian community for meteorological and climate services.
6. Following the discussions at the 2012 Meeting of the Presidents of Technical Commissions, the WMO TCs and Programmes have been actively reviewing the DRR Programme Work Plan with a view to contribute to development of standards, guidelines and training modules, through their engagement in the relevant “DRR user-interface mechanisms” to leverage and align their relevant activities.
Coordinated DRR and Adaptation national/regional capacity development projects
7. The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress endorsed the: (i) DRR and Adaptation DRR national/regional capacity development projects in South East Europe, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia; and (ii) the national Costa Rica Early Warning System Project funded by the World Bank. These projects are designed to demonstrate the benefits of leveraging the WMO’s Programmes, constituent bodies, global operational network and partners to address capacity development needs of NMHS to demonstrate the benefits of the DRR crosscutting framework. To date, efforts have been undertaken to strengthen coordination and cooperation among TCs and Programmes, RAs, and strategic partners at regional and international levels to support these projects.
8. These projects provide enabling environments for integrated planning, engaging the WMO TCs and Programmes with the RAs, Members and other partners for a more coordinated approach to assist Members. To this end, the project proposals and related implementation plans should ensure reflection of the specific contributions of the RAs and TCs, in particular with respect to the identification of needs and requirements, development of guidelines, norms and standards.
DRR resource mobilization
9. Resource mobilization in support of DRR is coordinated through WMO’s broader resource mobilization processes, leveraging emerging DRR funding opportunities.
Linkages to Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
10. Through the aforementioned implementation approach, the DRR Programme is significantly contributing to the development of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), in particular related to the development of User Interface Mechanisms as a key contribution to the GFCS User Interface Platform (UIP), and the development climate products and services to support DRR decision-making, one of the four priority areas of GFCS. The outputs of the DRR user-interface expert advisory groups would identify the needs for Climate Services Information Systems (CSIS), research, observation and monitoring and capacity development components of the GFCS.
RESOLUTIONS 95
Resolution 9 (EC-64)
HIGH-LEVEL MEETING ON NATIONAL DROUGHT POLICY
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) The repeated occurrences of drought impacts on different socio-economic sectors and the gap in the policy aspects of droughts and that there is a need for concerted efforts for a dialogue on the formulation and adoption of national drought policies to provide a clear legal framework,
(2) That the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress recommended the organization of a High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy in close collaboration with the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), which is also engaged in efforts to support drought mitigation activities in the context of the UNCCD National Action Programmes implementation processes,
(3) That the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, at its tenth session held in Changwon, Republic of Korea, from 10 to 21 October 2011, welcomed the organization of the High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy in collaboration with WMO,
(4) That the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress recommended that WMO and UNCCD should associate other relevant organizations and organize the High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy using voluntary resources,
Considering the recommendations of the meeting of the International Organizing Committee for a broader engagement of stakeholders including national governments, United Nations agencies, international, regional and non-governmental organizations and for the organization of a large conference to be held from 11 to 15 March 2013 in Geneva,
Requests the Secretary-General to support continuation of the work of the International Organizing Committee to further develop the agenda for the science and high-level segments of the Meeting; to develop precise budget estimates and a plan for resource mobilization; and to continue coordination with relevant agencies and organizations at the national and international levels to seek their active participation in the meeting.
96 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 10 (EC-64)
WMO INTEGRATED GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 50 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System,
(2) Resolution 4 (EC-LXIII) – Inter-Commission Coordination Group on the WMO Integrated Global Observing System,
Noting further the final report of the first session of the Coordination Group and its recommendations on implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), including the development of the WIGOS Framework Implementation Plan,
Decides to adopt the WIGOS Framework Implementation Plan, as contained in the annex to the present resolution,
Requests:
(1) Members, the regional associations and the technical commissions to organize their activities so as to realize WIGOS goals and associated outcomes as described in the Plan;
(2) The Commission for Basic Systems and the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation to provide the technical lead in WIGOS implementation activities;
(3) The Coordination Group to keep the Plan under regular review and to update and monitor the progress in the implementation of the Plan and to submit a report to the Seventeenth World Meteorological Congress;
(4) Members to continue to provide resources, including through the WIGOS Trust Fund and/or seconded experts, to help support the implementation of WIGOS;
Requests the Secretary-General:
(1) To provide the necessary assistance and Secretariat support for the implementation of WIGOS, including for the WIGOS Project Office and the regional offices, subject to availability of resources;
(2) To propose possible adjustments to the budget for the second biennium;
Invites the Partners to participate in relevant implementation activities as specified in the WIGOS Framework Implementation Plan.
Annex to Resolution 10 (EC-64)
WMO INTEGRATED GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
RESOLUTIONS 97
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
WMO INTEGRATED GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (WIGOS)
WIGOS FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION PLAN (WIP) Version 1.0
98 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Purpose of WIGOS and Scope of the WIGOS framework Implementation Plan (WIP)
1.2 WIGOS Vision and Congress Guidance for WIGOS Implementation
2. KEY ACTIVITY AREAS FOR WIGOS IMPLEMENTATION
2.1 Management of WIGOS Implementation
2.2 Collaboration with WMO and co-sponsored observing systems
2.3 Design, planning and optimized evolution of WIGOS component observing systems
2.4 Integrated Observing System Operation and Maintenance
2.5 Integrated Quality Management.
2.6 Standardization, System Interoperability and Data Compatibility
2.7 The WIGOS Information Resource
2.8 Data Discovery, Delivery and Archival
2.9 Capacity Development
2.10 Communication and Outreach
3. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
3.1 Project Framework
3.2 Project monitoring, review and reporting mechanism
3.3 Project evaluation
4. IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Activities, Deliverables, Milestones, Costs and Risks
5. RESOURCES
6. RISK ASSESMENT/MANAGEMENT
7. OUTLOOK
ANNEX I. SUGGESTED WIGOS COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH MATERIALS
ANNEX II. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
ANNEX III. LIST OF ACRONYMS RESOLUTIONS 99
WIGOS FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Purpose of WIGOS and Scope of the WIGOS framework Implementation Plan (WIP)
The WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) provides a new framework for WMO observing systems and the contributions of WMO to co-sponsored observing systems. It is important to recognize that WIGOS is not replacing the existing observing systems, but is rather an over-arching framework for the evolution of these systems which will continue to be owned and operated by a diverse array of organizations and programmes. WIGOS will focus on the integration of governance and management functions, mechanisms and activities to be accomplished by contributing observing systems, according to the resources allocated on a global, regional and national level.
This plan for the implementation of WIGOS (WIP) addresses the necessary activities to establish an operational WIGOS by the end of the period 2012–2015, as per the direction of WMO Congress. Yet WIGOS will continue to evolve and improve beyond 2015 through the governance and management mechanisms established by the execution of this plan.
The WIP also addresses a number of additional activities that would substantially improve the operational capabilities of WIGOS beyond the 2012–2015 implementation; however these activities are dependent on resources in addition to the regular budget. If these activities are not completed, WIGOS can still be considered operational. The resulting system will, however, be less effective in achieving its goals and benefits to Members will be reduced or delayed.
This plan is laid out in several chapters that identify and describe the various activity areas to be addressed. Specific activities for each area are included in Table 2 (see Section 4), which identifies deliverables, timelines, responsibilities, costs and risks, and applicability to global, regional or national levels of implementation. Similar activities are grouped under the title corresponding to the respective sub-section of Section 2.
Following the Congress and Executive Council guidance WIGOS has produced and published a number of valuable documents detailing the concept, architecture, vision and brochure for WIGOS. These were used to great benefit by the WIGOS Pilot and Demonstration Projects and can be accessed from the following link: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/wigos/principal_documents.html
1.2 WIGOS Vision and Congress Guidance for WIGOS Implementation
The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress decided that the enhanced integration of the WMO observing systems should be pursued as a strategic objective of WMO and identified this as a major expected result of the WMO Strategic Plan.1
Congress agreed with the WIGOS vision that calls for an integrated, coordinated and comprehensive observing system to satisfy, in a cost-effective and sustained manner, the evolving observing requirements of Members in delivering their weather, climate, water and related environmental services. WIGOS will enhance the coordination of WMO observing systems with those of partner organizations for the benefit of society. Furthermore, WIGOS will provide a framework for enabling the integration and optimized evolution of WMO observing systems, and of WMO’s contribution to co-sponsored systems. Together with the WMO Information System (WIS), this will allow continuous and reliable access to an expanded set of environmental data and products, and associated metadata, resulting in increased knowledge and enhanced services across all WMO Programmes.
1 See http://www.wmo.int/pages/about/documents/1069_en.pdf. 100 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Congress further decided that the WIGOS implementation be undertaken in an active and prudent manner in the sixteenth financial period and will focus on a framework for improved governance, management, integration and optimization of the multiple observing systems coordinated by WMO, so as to achieve a smooth transition, and no effort should be spared to make WIGOS operational by 2016.
Congress emphasized that the implementation of WIGOS should build upon and add value to the existing WMO observing systems with emphasis on integration of surface- and space-based observations in an evolutionary process to satisfy requirements of WMO and WMO co-sponsored Programmes. Congress noted that, since all WMO Programmes would benefit, each should actively participate and contribute its own expertise and resources in implementing WIGOS.
Congress agreed that in implementing WIGOS, it is imperative that the current management, governance and support activities be reviewed and aligned with WMO priorities. This alignment would promote cooperation and coordination at the technical, operational and administrative levels.
Congress reaffirmed the importance of integrated satellite systems as a unique source of observational data for monitoring of weather, climate and the environment. It stressed the importance of further advancing instrument intercalibration, data exchange, data management standardization, user information and training, in order to take full advantage of space-based capabilities in the context of the WMO Integrated Global Observing Systems (WIGOS).
Congress underlined that WIGOS will be essential for the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), aviation meteorological services, disaster risk reduction, and capacity development as WMO priorities. It will also ensure a coordinated WMO contribution to the co-sponsored GCOS, GOOS, GTOS, and to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
2. KEY ACTIVITY AREAS FOR WIGOS IMPLEMENTATION
To migrate the existing observing systems (the Global Observing System (GOS), the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), the WMO Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) and the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW), including surface-based and space-based components and all WMO contributions to GFCS, GCOS, GOOS, GTOS and GEOSS) into a more integrated single system that is WIGOS,2 focused effort is required in the following key areas, detailed in the sub- chapters to follow: (a) Management of WIGOS implementation; (b) Collaboration with WMO and co-sponsored observing systems; (c) Design, planning and optimized evolution; (d) Integrated Observing System operation and maintenance; (e) Integrated Quality Management; (f) Standardization, system interoperability and data compatibility; (g) The WIGOS Operational Information Resource; (h) Data and metadata management, delivery and archival; (i) Capacity development; (j) Communication and outreach.
2 The WIGOS Functional Architecture document provides a description of the integrated single system that is WIGOS and which represents the goal of this Implementation Plan. That document is in early draft form at the time of this version of WIGOS-IP (version 1). RESOLUTIONS 101
2.1 Management of WIGOS Implementation
WIGOS implementation is an integrating activity for all WMO and co-sponsored observing systems: it supports all WMO Programmes and activities. The Executive Council and regional associations, through their respective working bodies, have a governing role in the implementation of WIGOS. WMO Congress (Cg-XVI) has decided that the technical aspects of WIGOS implementation will be guided by the technical commissions, with leadership provided through CBS and CIMO. Within the WMO Secretariat, WIGOS implementation will be supported by the WIGOS Project Office.
Executive Council
The WMO Executive Council will continue to monitor, guide, evaluate and support the implementation of WIGOS. Following the guidance by Cg-XVI, EC-LXIII established the Inter- Commission Coordination Group on WIGOS (ICG-WIGOS) with a view to providing technical guidance and assistance for the planning, implementation and further development of the WIGOS components. Progress on implementation of WIGOS will be reported to subsequent sessions of EC. The Council designated the president of CBS as chairperson of ICG-WIGOS.
Technical Commissions
Given the need for significant and active cooperation and enhanced coordination among the technical commissions, in particular those with responsibility for the WIGOS observing system components, the ICG-WIGOS will ensure that technical aspects of WIGOS implementation are incorporated in the work programmes and implementation plans of all those WMO Technical Commissions concerned.
Regional Associations
Regional associations will play an essential role in WIGOS implementation. Regional associations, through their WIGOS regional working bodies (working groups, or task teams), will coordinate planning and implementation of WIGOS on the regional level taking into account all WMO future priorities, such as GFCS and DRR. The regional working bodies, under guidance from ICG- WIGOS, will be responsible for: (a) The development of regional WIGOS Implementation Plans; (b) The integration of WIGOS regional network components; (c) The evolution of their regional networks according to the implementation plan for the evolution of global observing systems (EGOS-IP).3
Regional WIGOS implementation plans will also address regional aspects of requirements, standardization, observing system interoperability, data compatibility, data management, Quality Management System (QMS) procedures including performance monitoring and data quality monitoring, and proposed improvements in observing networks/systems. An important role of RAs will be to assess and continuously monitor regional requirements, identify regional gaps and identify capacity development projects to address those gaps.
WMO Members
Members will plan, implement, operate and maintain national networks and observing programmes based on the standards and best practices stated in the WMO Technical Regulations and its WIGOS Manual. They will be encouraged to adopt a composite network approach to their networks and to include the acquisition, and onward transmission, of data from external sources, including NMHSs and other government agencies, the commercial sector and members of the public. A particular area of focus for WMO Members under WIGOS will be increased attention to site protection and radio frequency spectrum protection.
3 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/gos-vision.html#egos-ip. 102 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Plans should also be developed to strengthen cooperation through partnership with different owners overseeing the WIGOS observing components. Specifically, these activities aim to enhance cooperation amongst meteorological, hydrological, marine/oceanographic and academic/ research institutions/services where they are separated at the national level.
WMO Secretariat
The overall coordination and support to WIGOS implementation will be performed by the WIGOS Project Office under the guidance of the WMO constituent bodies and a Project Oversight Board on WIGOS (POB/WIGOS) which is responsible for the coordination mechanism within the Secretariat. The WIGOS Project Office will also be in regular contact with the relevant partner organizations in relation to the implementation of WIGOS.
2.2 Collaboration with WMO and co-sponsored observing systems
WIGOS will be an integrated, comprehensive, and coordinated system primarily comprising the surface-based and space-based observing components of the GOS, GAW, GCW, and WHYCOS, plus all WMO contributions to GCOS, GOOS and GTOS. It should be noted that in contrast to the primarily NMHS owned observing systems upon which the WWW was built, the proposed WIGOS component observing systems are owned and operated by a diverse array of organizations, both research and operational. Therefore, the interaction between these various communities is important for the implementation of WIGOS. In particular, strengthening the interaction between research and operational observing communities is important for sustaining and evolving observing systems and practices, in line with new science and technology outcomes.
Partner Organizations
Improved coordination and cooperation will need to be supported by a high-level reconciliation mechanism to be defined in the WMO-UNESCO/IOC-UNEP-FAO-ICSU MoU, in order to resolve possible problems in data policy, product delivery and other governance issues. These interagency and inter-observing system coordination mechanisms will need to be complemented and supported through similar cooperation and coordination arrangements among NMHSs and through national implementation mechanisms for GFCS, GCOS, GOOS, GTOS, and GEOSS.
Congress agreed that the Architecture for Climate Monitoring from Space should be defined as an end-to-end system, involving the different stakeholders including operational satellite operators and R&D space agencies, the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS), the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO). Within the WMO context, the Architecture shall be part of the space-based component of WIGOS. Therefore, particular emphasis will be placed on their coordinated contribution to WIGOS, building on existing coordination mechanisms stated above.
2.3 Design, Planning and Optimized Evolution of WIGOS component observing systems
The WMO has agreed on the Vision for the Global Observing Systems in 20254 which provides high-level goals to guide the evolution of the global observing systems during the coming decades. To complement and respond to this Vision, an Implementation Plan for the Evolution of Global Observing Systems (EGOS-IP) will be submitted to CBS-15 for approval. This EGOS-IP will focus on the long-term evolution of WIGOS observing systems components, while the WIGOS IP will focus on the integration of these observing system components. Beyond 2015 these plans will provide Members with clear and focused guidelines, specifying actions that stimulate the cost- effective evolution of the observing systems to address in an integrated way the requirements of all WMO Programmes and relevant parts of co-sponsored programmes.
4 Available from the WMO Website at: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/gos-vision.html RESOLUTIONS 103
Concerning the surface-based sub-system of WIGOS, the current composition of mainly separate networks of observing stations comprises numerous different types of sites, for example: (a) Surface synoptic stations (Land and Sea stations); (b) Upper-air synoptic stations; (c) Aircraft meteorological stations; (d) Aeronautical meteorological stations; (e) Research and special-purpose vessel stations; (f) Climatological stations; (g) GCOS Surface Network (GSN); (h) GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN); (i) Agricultural meteorological stations; (j) Hydrological stations; and (k) Special stations, that include: (l) Weather radar stations; (m) Radiation stations; (n) Wind profiler stations; (o) Atmospherics detection stations (lightning detection network stations); (p) Micrometeorological flux stations; (q) Plant phenology observation stations; (r) Meteorological rocket stations; (s) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations; (t) Global Cryosphere Watch stations; (u) Planetary boundary-layer stations; (v) Data buoys (drifting and moored) and ocean surface gliders; (w) Ocean profiling floats and sub-surface gliders; (x) Ship-based observations (surface marine, oceanographic, and upper-air); (y) Tide-gauge stations; and (z) Tsunami monitoring stations.
With the implementation of WIGOS, these separate networks will continue to evolve but will also be given a more prominent collective identity as the WIGOS surface-based sub-system and for some purposes may be considered as a single composite system of observing (fixed or mobile) sites/platforms. Regional associations will adopt a broader role in coordinating the implementation of relevant elements of the WIGOS surface-based sub-system, evolving from the previous concepts of the synoptic and climatological networks.
Similarly, the space-based sub-system of WIGOS is composed of many different platforms and types of satellites. There is already partial integration due to the existence of a globally coordinated plan, which is maintained by WMO and CGMS, and which takes into account the needs of a number of application areas. However, it should be further developed and expanded to better support certain application areas that, at present, are not benefiting from the full potential of space- based observations, for example, other components of GAW and WHYCOS and new initiatives like GFCS and GCW. In addition, further integration shall be pursued in terms of inter-calibration, data and product harmonization, and composite product delivery. Regional associations will adopt an 104 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
active role for compiling the views of Members and maintaining documented requirements and priorities for data and products to be available from the WIGOS space-based sub-system.
Rolling Review of Requirements (RRR)5
Coordinated strategic planning at all levels will be based on the RRR process, and will be supported by the WIGOS regulatory material.
The RRR process involves regularly reviewing the observational data requirements6 for each of the defined WMO Application Areas and all required variables (see Table 1). The RRR process also involves reviewing the capabilities of WMO observing systems and co-sponsored systems, and the details of the networks/platforms in existence7, for both space-based and surface-based systems, in delivering data on different variables. The comprehensive information collected for the globe on both requirements and capabilities is quantitatively recorded in the WMO RRR Database, which is currently accessible from the WMO Website8 and will ultimately be accessible via the WIGOS Portal. The information on surface-based networks and instrumentation details is currently recorded in Volume A, but will ultimately be available, with additional metadata, in the WIGOS Operational Database, a component of the WIGOS RRR database (see also Section 2.7), and to be accessible via the WIGOS Portal. Space-based capabilities are also recorded in the RRR database. When these databases are made available, gap analyses can be performed to identify weaknesses in existing observing programmes.
The above steps represent the analysis phase of the RRR, which is as objective as possible. Next is the prioritization and planning phase of the RRR in which experts from the various application areas interpret the gaps identified, draw conclusions, identify key issues and priorities for action. This input is composed as Statements of Guidance (SoG) from each application area. The technical commissions respond to the SoG by formulating new global observing system requirements and the regulatory and guidance publications to assist Members in addressing the new requirements. Additionally, CBS and other technical commissions draw on the SoGs to develop a Vision and an Implementation Plan for further developments of WIGOS.
Table 1. The 12 recognized WMO Application Areas
No. Application Area No. Application Area 1 Global NWP 7 Ocean Applications
2 High Resolution NWP 8 Agricultural Meteorology
Nowcasting & Very Short-range 9 3 9 Hydrology Forecasting
4 Seasonal to Inter-annual Forecasts 10 Climate Monitoring
5 Aeronautical Meteorology 11 Climate Applications
6 Atmospheric Chemistry 12 Space Weather
5 Currently specified in the Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), elaborated in the Guide to the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 488), and described further on the WMO Website at http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/GOS-RRR.html 6 The RRR describes data requirements, which are expressed in terms of space/time resolution, uncertainty, timeliness, etc., for each of the required observed variables, and are measures independent of observing technology. 7 Capabilities are derived from the individual platforms characteristics submitted by Members to WMO e.g. through WMO No. 9, Volume A, or its evolution 8 Requirements: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/RRR-DB.html: Space-based capabilities: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/gos-dossier_en.php; the surface-based capabilities database is currently under development 9 Hydrological information only; water quality monitoring and information is currently excluded. RESOLUTIONS 105
At the Regional Level
The primary coordination of the RRR will lie with CBS for overall WIGOS planning. Regional associations, through their respective WIGOS regional working bodies, will follow the technical guidance of the technical commissions as represented in the EGOS-IP and other observation system implementation plans in order to evolve and implement observing systems in the various Regions.
Regional associations will also be encouraged to examine, and report back to CBS, the global requirements for data, taking into account the particular requirements of the Region and international river basin authorities. This process will involve, in essence, the use of the global data to prepare regional data requirements, then use this for planning of observing system components at the regional scale and then encourage Members within the Region to implement these components, subject to further review at the national or sub-regional level, where appropriate.
The regional associations will also coordinate and identify issues regarding the data and product utilization needs of Members especially in regard to the application of actions and guidance from EGOS-IP and this Plan to inform and influence global level implementation and activities including the RRR.
At the National or Sub-Regional Level
WMO Members will contribute to the collective regional effort to evolve and implement observing systems following the EGOS-IP and other observation system implementation plans.
WMO Members will also have available the global and regional data requirements information available to use as guidance for the preparation of national requirements information which can then be used to carry out the detailed planning for evolution of national observing components of WIGOS.
In some cases, where countries are small and geographically close or already have established multilateral working relationships, there may be more merit in taking a sub-regional, as opposed to national, approach to WIGOS observing infrastructure planning. In this case, it will be necessary for the Members concerned to work in close cooperation to prepare sub-regional reviews of requirements to be used as a basis for detailed planning at that scale.
2.4 Integrated Observing System Operation and Maintenance
Observing system owners or custodians are responsible for operating and maintaining their systems and for complying with the regulations of the WMO and co-sponsored observing systems to which they contribute. System owners are generally NMHSs or other organizations within WMO Member countries but are sometimes other entities.
WIGOS involves, between observing systems, a process for sharing of operational experiences, of expertise and for pooling resources for joint activities. The benefit is to realize synergies and greater efficiencies. These interactions may be between different teams within a single organization (such as an NMHS) or between organizations. These may benefit from technical guidance from relevant technical commissions and, while occurring primarily at a national level, may also occur at a regional or global level. For example:
(a) Maintenance visits: meteorological, hydrological and other networks often require their technicians to visit similar geographical areas to maintain observing equipment. It may be possible, where appropriate, to manage maintenance visits as a joint activity thereby realizing efficiencies;
(b) Spectrum management: greater influence nationally which feeds into ITU; 106 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(c) Calibration and Traceability: Potential for efficiencies and improvements to observational data quality through combining efforts at a national, regional and global level;
(d) Procurement: considerable effort is often required to conduct procurement processes for observing systems. Where requirements allow, a joint procurement exercise can realize significant efficiencies;
(e) Protection of weather radar from wind turbine interference: shared risk and greater influence with planning objections;
(f) Many synergies are achieved by satellite operators through CGMS and the WMO Space Programme by harnessing the joint efforts of satellite operators, and these best practices will be expanded further to new WMO initiatives like GFCS.
It should also be noted that WMO Members need to increase their efforts to maintain metadata and provide it to WMO so that WIGOS support tools are effective.
2.5 Integrated Quality Management
Congress recognized that meeting the quality requirements and expectations of users will be critical to the success of WIGOS. This would require an in-depth examination of current practices used by WMO observing programmes, specific mission-related requirements that were already in place, and available technological opportunities. The WIGOS implementation strategy would specify all processes of the Quality Management System (QMS) for WIGOS observing components including guidance on effective management of such a component.
The WIGOS Quality Management approach is to apply the WMO QMF to the WIGOS observing components (see Technical Regulation 49, Part 4). WIGOS quality management will strive for compliance of all components of WIGOS with international standards, such as ISO 9001/9004 and the ISO 17025 standard where appropriate (i.e. with respect to instrument calibration and traceability of data). Compliance with international standards should be pursued in all quality assurance (QA) procedures applied by Members to all their national WIGOS observing components. In addition to the WMO QMF document, further guidance to Members will be provided by WMO via the standards and best practices described in the Regulatory Materials, such as the WIGOS Manual and Guide. Such guidance, for both mandatory and desirable practices, can be referred to for the application and implementation of quality management in national observing systems. In this context, WIGOS will give attention to:
(a) The examination of current quality management practices being used by WMO observing programmes;
(b) The documentation of the quality of observation at all stages of data processing; and
(c) Ensuring, where possible, traceability to the International System of Units (SI).
One component of WIGOS worthy of particular mention in the context of quality management is the space-based component. CGMS, in coordination and collaboration with WMO, supports the development of quality assurance standards and formats for satellite observations, multi-satellite and multi-sensor algorithms for estimating retrieved data and products, and advanced atmospheric sounding derivation packages for use by WMO Members. This is a well-established and effective process and it is expected it will continue to address WMO’s new requirements and to make significant contributions. To assist this effort, WIGOS will also ensure that surface-based sites that are needed for calibration/validation of satellite data are specified.
A key aspect of quality management that requires particular attention under WIGOS is the systematic and rigorous performance monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) of WIGOS capabilities, in terms of both: (a) the flow of observational data/products to models; and (b) provision of products/ information for decision-support tools and services in accordance with requirements specified by RESOLUTIONS 107
end users. Effective PM&E can improve the overall performance of WIGOS and its ability to effectively interact with its user community and to meet community needs and requirements.
In summary, responsibility for the development of WIGOS quality management, and for the provision of guidance to Members on how to achieve compliance with the relevant technical standards, lies with the WMO Technical Commissions and with CGMS, while the responsibility for ensuring compliance with the WIGOS quality management principles (such as ISO 9001, 9004, 17025) will fall primarily to the WMO Members themselves.
2.6 Standardization, System Interoperability10 and Data Compatibility
Congress recognized the important role of WIS in WIGOS implementation, in relation to data exchange and discovery, and the provision of effective standards and practices for data management. Congress stressed the importance of coordination between WIGOS and WIS implementation activities.
Congress also stressed that taking into account the ongoing rapid progress in technology that will continue to provide a basis for further improvements in the capability, reliability, quality and cost- effectiveness of observations, WIGOS must utilize international standards and best practices set by WMO and partner organizations.
The required key areas of standardization are:
(a) Instruments and methods of observation across all components including surface-based and space-based elements (observations and their metadata);
(b) WIS information exchange, as well as discovery, access and retrieval (DAR) services;
(c) Data Management (Data Processing, Quality Control, Monitoring and Archival).
The interoperability (including data compatibility) of WIGOS observing components is achieved through utilization and application of the same, internationally accepted standards and best practices (that is, standardization). Data compatibility is also supported through the use of standardized data representation and formats. In this regard, observing system interoperability and data compatibility are key to turning observations into effective data/products that meet real needs of various users.
All standard practices will be documented in the WMO Technical Regulations through the WIGOS Manual and other relevant Manuals. Recommended practices will be documented in the Guides and other technical documentation under the responsibility of the respective technical commissions.
2.7 The WIGOS Information Resource
The WIGOS Information Resource, accessible via a centralized point (web portal), will provide all WIGOS related operational information, including observational user requirements, a description of the contributing observing networks (instrument/site/platform metadata), and their capabilities, list of standards used in the WIGOS framework, data policies applicable, and information on how to access data. It will also provide general information on WIGOS benefits, and impacts to Members. It will be a tool for conducting critical reviews as part of the Rolling Review of Requirements, and assist Members and regional associations for conducting observing network design studies as appropriate. It will be providing guidance on how to develop capacities in developing countries according to WIGOS requirements, and will be providing them with a toolbox to be used nationally if and when required. The information collected is intended in particular to identify the gaps in the observational networks, identify areas where existing observing systems could be used, or their scope expanded at limited cost to address the requirements of more application areas. The
10 Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems to work together (inter-operate) 108 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
information provided on standards will support the production of more homogeneous data-sets and make the observations traceable and of known quality.
The WIGOS Information Resource will also include information on planned observing networks, and the planned evolution of existing observing systems, allowing having a vision of the future global, regional, and national contributions to WMO networks, and how they will address user requirements. It will rely on and give access to key WIGOS support tools as shown schematically in Figure 1. Based on feedback from Members and users of the information resource, the need for additional functionality and/or information sources to be accessible from within the resource will be considered by ICG-WIGOS once it has been implemented.
General Information Communications Information for Capacity and Outreach Building Information
WIS
WIGOS Web Members Portal Partners
WIS
WIGOS Standardization DB Distributed DB part
WIGOS Operational DB
RRR Database
Surface- User based Space- Requirements capabilities based Database Database capabilities Database
Figure 1: WIGOS Information Resource and its Key Support Tools RESOLUTIONS 109
The key support tools of WIGOS are:
(a) A central web portal (WIGOS Portal) providing access to all the other support tools;
(b) The WIGOS Standardization Database, which provides user-friendly direct access to on-line search tools for all WMO standards, guidelines, best practices, procedures, etc., addressing all aspects of observations (instruments, methods of observation, metadata format, coding, data formats, etc.). This database enables the network managers and operators to easily access the information they need to set-up and run their systems and to help the data users to understand the standards used in generating specific observations needed for their applications;
(c) The Rolling Review of Requirements (RRR) Database, which is used to support gap analysis, network evaluation, redesign and optimization. It contains the following parts to permit conducting the critical review by comparing the user requirements with the observing systems capabilities:
(i) Observational user requirements for the 12 WMO Application Areas (see Table 1) (for each variable, the requirements are expressed in terms of threshold, breakthrough, and goal for each of the space/time resolution, uncertainty, timeliness, criteria);
(ii) Space-based observing capabilities;
(iii) Surface-based observing capabilities.
(d) The Operational Database, which describes all WIGOS observing components and provides end users with relevant metadata. It is divided in two parts:
(i) A centralized version with limited and standardized metadata consisting of two parts: (1) space-based capabilities; and (2) an expanded version of WMO No. 9, Volume A, Observing Stations with limited site/platform metadata, as well as capabilities. These two databases are those used to represent capabilities as an input to the RRR process; supplemented by,
(ii) A distributed version connected to the centralized version, whereby Members make detailed metadata about the sites/observing platforms they operate available through national websites (or web services); access (e.g. web service) to the information of individual platforms is standardized internationally, but the information returned is not standardized (or it is only a national standard). Supplementary information on space- based observing systems can also be provided through distributed databases by the Space Agencies and Members as appropriate.
Network owners and data custodians, in the case of ‘external’ data sources, are responsible for providing detailed and correct metadata related to all parts of their observing systems and networks. Generally, the WIGOS operational database includes the following:
(a) Basic observing component characteristics (governance, management, observing programme, standard compliance information, data policy, planning, etc.);
(b) Basic site/platform characteristics (name, number/identifier, geographical coordinates, observing programme, etc.);
(c) Basic instrument characteristics (siting, exposure, sensor type, principle of operation, instrument performance); data-processing, handling, transmission, quality assurance information, etc.).
The operational database is also supported by WMO and Partner’s catalogues on observing programmes, related statistics and standards. 110 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
2.8 Data Discovery, Delivery and Archival
Within the WIGOS framework, the WMO Information System (WIS11) provides exchange of data and interpretation metadata12, and management of related discovery metadata13. These discovery metadata play an important role in the discovery, access and retrieval of WIGOS observations and products.
Submission, management and archival of the data themselves is generally the responsibility of observing system owners/data custodians. However, several World Data Centres and a number of regional or specialized data centres exist that collect, manage and archive basic observational data that are relevant to WMO Applications.
An important aspect of WIGOS implementation is to ensure all participants adopt WIGOS and WIS standards and make their data and metadata available through WIS for delivery or for discovery, access and retrieval services. In this regard, promotion and implementation of DCPCs (Data Collection and Production Centres) as well as National Centres will be supported and encouraged. Guidance will be developed and provided through the appropriate WIGOS regulatory and technical documents.
2.9 Capacity Development
A coordinated capacity-development effort at global, regional and national levels is of paramount importance to the developing countries. This is especially the case for NMHSs of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDSs), to enable them to develop, improve and sustain national WIGOS observing components. This needs to be complemented by capacity development efforts outside of WIGOS but in closely related areas to improve access to and effective utilization of observations, data and products, and related technologies. The WIGOS capacity development activities at national and regional levels are focused on:
(a) Providing assistance to Members to introduce or improve institutional mandates and policies that enable effective implementation, operation and management of observing systems;
(b) Filling the existing gaps in the design, operation and maintenance of WIGOS observing systems, including both the infrastructure and human capacities development;
(c) Technological innovation, technology transfer, technical assistance and decision-support tools.
Capacity development in satellite applications for developing countries, LDCs and SIDSs are also addressed in the Implementation Plan for the Evolution of the GOS (see WMO/TD-No. 1267). The virtual lab (VL) will continue to grow and help all WMO Members realize the benefits of satellite data.
2.10 Communication and Outreach
WIGOS will establish its communication and outreach strategy through the efforts of WMO Members, Programmes, Regional Associations (RAs) and Technical Commissions (TCs), and co- sponsors. The strategy will start by describing its purpose, the target audiences and the key messages to convey to those audiences.
The strategy will provide details on WIGOS benefits, increased effectiveness, and efficiency, and impact on the WMO Members activities, as well as on the socio-economical benefits of WIGOS
11 http://www.wmo.int/wis 12 Interpretation metadata is the information required to interpret the data 13 Discovery metadata is the information describing the data-sets, generally using ISO-19115 standard, and WMO core profile in case of WIS RESOLUTIONS 111
data. It will take advantage of outreach programmes developed and effectively deployed so far by WMO and its partner organizations. A suggested list of outreach materials identified to support WIGOS is shown in Annex I.
The WIGOS Portal will provide convenient access to relevant information on communication, outreach and capacity development, aimed at complementing, not duplicating, others’ efforts. A variety of outreach materials will be developed to educate the Members, funding agencies, policy-makers and the general public, on the importance of WIGOS to society. Materials include posters and other educational material for elementary and high school classes, a WIGOS brochure, a semi-annual or annual, newsletter, an online photo and video library, and information on the current state of the observing systems.
3. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
3.1 Project Framework
The WIGOS project framework consists of two parts:
(a) The organizational framework set up by the WMO Executive Council in order to monitor, guide and support the implementation of WIGOS in accordance with Congress decisions. EC-LXIII established ICG-WIGOS with a view of providing technical guidance and assistance for the planning, implementation and further development of WIGOS and designated the president of CBS as chairperson of ICG-WIGOS;
(b) The administrative structure within the WMO Secretariat. The WMO Secretariat, through the Project Oversight Board on WIGOS (POB/WIGOS), with WIGOS-relevant programmes and departments (OBS, RES, CLW and DRA) provides integrated support to ICG-WIGOS, its Task Teams and other relevant working bodies.
Further, Cg-XVI, through Resolution 50, requested the Secretary-General to establish a WIGOS Project Office. The staff of the Project Office, duties and staff cost are presented in Chapter 5 below.
3.2 Project monitoring, review and reporting mechanism
(a) The Executive Council will monitor, review, guide and support the overall implementation of WIGOS;
(b) The ICG-WIGOS will report to subsequent sessions of the Executive Council on the progress in implementation of WIGOS;
(c) The WIGOS Project Office, under the institutional guidance of the WMO constituent bodies and through the secretariat internal coordination and oversight mechanism, will be responsible during the implementation phase for reporting to all WMO constituent bodies and Members on a regular basis, to present and document the progress in the WIGOS implementation as well as for the purpose of their close and active involvement.
3.3 Project Evaluation
The evaluation methodology will be designed against WIGOS implementation activity tables, i.e. with respect to the activities, deliverables, timeline, responsibility and budget allocations. This will include a schedule of monitoring and evaluation activities and related responsibilities. Mid-term evaluation, interim progress reports and post-implementation reviews are planned as a means of providing early feedback on progress towards success, and as a means of meeting accountability and transparency requirements for the whole implementation phase. RAs, TCs and NMHSs will provide progress reports at the request of the Project Office. 112 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
4. IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Activities, Deliverables, Milestones, Costs and Risks
In its discussions of WIGOS at Cg-XVI (agenda item 11.3), Congress recognized the progress being made with WIGOS and decided that WIGOS implementation be undertaken with the establishment of a WIGOS Project Office and the delivery of an implementation plan by the end of 2012, with the goal of WIGOS becoming operational by 2016. Table 2 presents the key implementation activities that are required for WIGOS implementation within the timeframe 2012– 2015. The table is arranged to correspond to the activity areas presented in Section 2. In the table each implementation activity is presented along with its associated deliverables, timelines, responsibilities, costs and associated risk.
For each activity in Table 2, a detailed activity plan will be developed by the responsible entity or entities, with support of the Project Office and guidance from ICG-WIGOS. The Project Office has responsibility for tracking execution of these activities and this plan itself.
Table 2. WIGOS Implementation Activities
Activities in bold are considered the most critical for WIGOS to gain operational acceptance by 2015. Depending on the implementation scale, planned activities are specified as follows: G = Global activity, R = Regional activity and N = National activity. Key to activity numbers: a.b.c, where a is number of respective sub-section of section 2, b is for a global (1), regional (2) or national (3) activity, and c is a sequential number to distinguish activities from one another. ARB = Available Regular Budget. RB = Regular Budget.
Estimated Costs (2012–2015) K CHF Potential No. Activity Deliverables Timeline Responsibility Short- Risks Total ARB fall 1. Management of WIGOS Implementation 1.1.1 Develop/Revise/Update Updated WMO Cg-17 ICG-WIGOS 400K 245K 155K Coordi- WMO Regulatory Material Technical Regulations (2015) nation, G (Technical Regulations, (WMO-No. 49) commu- WIGOS Manual). WIGOS Manual for nities’ Develop WIGOS Guide. Cg-17 approval interest Develop WIGOS WIGOS Guide and Functional Architecture Functional (FA) Architecture 1.1.2 Incorporate technical 1) RA &TC working 2012– CBS, CIMO RB from relevant Low aspects of WIGOS structure adjusted 2014 CAS, CHy, departments G Implementation and to address WIGOS CAgM continuing evolution into activities. JCOMM, CCl existing/new TCs and 2) Cross body RAs RAs working structures coordination ICG-WIGOS and procedures mechanisms in place 1.1.3 Provide annual reports and Annual reports to EC, EC-65, ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant Low recommendations to EC Cg on WIGOS EC-66, departments G and Cg on progress in implementation status Cg-17 WIGOS implementation 1.2.1 Develop regional WIGOS Regional WIGOS 2012/13 RAs RB from relevant Low Implementation Plans Implementation Plans departments R 2. Collaboration with WMO and co-sponsored observing systems1 2.1.1 Develop guidance, 1) Partner Strategy is 1) 2014 ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant Med mechanisms and published & available departments G procedures for on the Portal Partners engagement coordination 2) Appropriate bodies 2) 2014 and collaboration with have responsibilities partner organizations in their TORS RESOLUTIONS 113
Estimated Costs (2012–2015) K CHF Potential No. Activity Deliverables Timeline Responsibility Short- Risks Total ARB fall 2.1.2 Develop the Architecture 1) ACMS design docs 1) 2013 CGMS, CEOS RB from relevant Low for Climate Monitoring 2) Initial 2) 2015 WSP, CBS departments G from Space (ACMS) implementation focusing on GFCS four priorities 2.2.1 Examine and recommend Recommendations to 2013– RAs RB from relevant Low areas where closer be included in regional 2015 departments R regional cooperation WIPs and coordination would be beneficial 2.3.1 Establish closer Reports from Members 2012, Members, RAs RB from relevant Medium collaboration at the national (individually or through 2014 departments N level, within NMHS, with RAs) to CBS and other government CIMO agencies, and with potential external data providers 3. Design, planning and optimized evolution of WIGOS and its regional, subregional and national observing components 3.1.1 Complete RRR practices, 1) RRR included in 1) 2013 CBS RB from relevant High procedures, the Manual other TCs departments G responsibilities and 2) Responsible 2) 2014 mechanisms for all bodies have RRR systems and agreed responsibilities application areas identified in their TORs 3.1.3 Using the RRR process & Initial global-scale 2012– ET-EGOS, 250 0 250 High capitalizing on relevant specification for 2015 ICG-WIGOS, G experience of Members, WIGOS observing TCs develop procedures for infrastructure and carry out a design for WIGOS at the global scale 3.2.1 Evolve and implement 1) Report back to 1) 2013 RAs 80 0 80 High observing systems in the ET-EGOS on the R Region following the actions detailed in technical guidance of the the EGOS-IP. technical commissions as 2) Initiate the EGOS-IP 2) 2015 represented in the EGOS- within the Region. IP and other observation system implementation plans 3.2.2 Validate current global Refined RRR 2014– RRR against regional user database 2015 R requirements and update WMO database 3.3.1 Contribute to the collective 1) Report back to 1) 2013 Members Members High regional effort to evolve ET-EGOS on the N and implement observing actions detailed in systems following the the EGOS-IP. EGOS-IP and other 2) Initiate the EGOS-IP 2) 2015 observation system at a National level. implementation plans 3.3.2 Update the global RRR Refined RRR 2014– Members Members High database to take into database 2015 N account subregional and national user requirements 4. Integrated Observing System Operation and Maintenance 4.1.1 Develop guidance, 1) Integration Strategy 2015 ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant High mechanisms and is published & departments G procedures for available on the Portal improved integration 2) Appropriate bodies of observational data have responsibilities and products in their TORS 3) Work is underway for some specific product integration activities 114 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Estimated Costs (2012–2015) K CHF Potential No. Activity Deliverables Timeline Responsibility Short- Risks Total ARB fall 4.1.2 Develop guidance for Proposed text for 2013 ICG-WIGOS Expert Medium the process of sharing, inclusion in Guide + Sec G between component on WIGOS. Time observing systems, operational experiences, of expertise and for resourcing joint activities. 5. Integrated Quality Management 5.1.1 Develop WIGOS Quality 1)WIGOS QMF to be 2014 ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant Medium Management guidance, incorporated into Relevant TCs departments G mechanism, practices WIGOS Manual and and procedures to Guide include monitoring 2) Appropriate bodies responsibilities identified in their ToRs 5.1.2 Examination of current Report which 2013 ICG-WIGOS Expert Medium quality management documents processes + Sec G practices being used used and identifies Time by WMO observing areas for improvement. programmes. 6. Standardization, System Interoperability and Data Compatibility 6.1.1 1) Develop guidance for 1) Guidance to WIGOS 2013 Relevant TCs RB from relevant Low WIGOS standards standardization WIGOS PO departments G 2) Document the 2) Implemented implemented standards, standards and including best practices, best practices procedures on incorporated into instruments, methods WIGOS Manual, of observations, data Guide and Portal products, etc. as appropriate 6.1.2 Develop and maintain Operational Acceptance Cg-17 ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant High the Standardization, of the databases in the departments G Operational and RRR WIGOS Information databases. Resource. 7. The WIGOS Operational Information Resource 7.1.1 Design and develop 1) Technical 1) 2013 Secretariat in 330 97 233 Medium the WGOS Information Specification cooperation G Resource 2) Make decision 2) 2013– with Members on developments of 2014 WIGOS Information Resource (internal vs. call for tender) 3) Operational 3) 2015 Acceptance 7.1.2 Investigate the need for a Documented 2012 ICG-WIGOS, RB from relevant Low database describing the requirements for the TCs departments G Global Observations database Products (Satellite Data, Weather Radar)
7.1.3 Survey WMO Members Survey results and 2012 WIGOS-PO RB from relevant Low on what they could offer resulting decisions departments G to support development and operations of WIGOS Information Resource. 7.3.1 Collect, maintain and Compliance on Cg-17 Members Members Medium/ provide the metadata requirements for High N required by WIGOS metadata by all support tools. Members. RESOLUTIONS 115
Estimated Costs (2012–2015) K CHF Potential No. Activity Deliverables Timeline Responsibility Short- Risks Total ARB fall 8. Data discovery, delivery and archival 8.1.1 Develop WIGOS 1) Initial WIGOS 1) 2015 CBS, CIMO RB from relevant Medium metadata standards Metadata standard CAS, CHy departments G and guidance practices approved JCOMM for maintenance of 2) Initial access to 2) 2013 ICG-WIGOS and access to WIGOS WIGOS Metadata Members metadata through portal 3) Practices 3) 2015 established in manual & guide 4) Body(s) created or 4) 2013 identified for maintenance of MD standard 8.1.2 To initiate and develop a Mechanism and 2012– ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant Low mechanism and outreach outreach strategy in 2013 departments G strategy for the integration place of more relevant observation data and associated interpretation metadata. 8.3.1 Outreach activities More relevant 2014– WMO Members Nationally funded Low/ targeting more observational data made 2015 with support from activities; WMO Medium N observational data visible and accessible the WMO Secretariat activities available through WIS through WIS Secretariat covered in RB budget 9. Capacity development2 9.1.1 Develop a WIGOS 1) WCD Strategy is 1) 2013 ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant Medium Capacity Development published & available ETR, RAs departments G (WCD) strategy on the WIGOS including education Information Resource. and training 2) Appropriate bodies 2) 2014 have responsibilities in their ToRs 3) WCD activities 3) 2015 underway 9.1.2 Assistance to WMO National observational 2012– WMO Secretariat RB from relevant Medium Members regarding networks better 2015 departments G WIGOS integration responding to WMO Applications requirements 9.1.3 Develop WIGOS related Training materials and 2013 WIGOS-PO RB from relevant Low guidelines and training guidelines available departments G materials and other relevant documentation 9.3.1 Resource mobilization More resources made 2012– WMO Members Nationally funded Medium available to NMHSs and 2015 with assistance activities; WMO N partner organizations from the WMO Secretariat activities for better integration of Secretariat covered in RB budget observational networks contributing to WMO Applications 9.3.2 Tools from the WIGOS WIGOS Operational 2014 WMO Members Nationally funded Medium Information Resource to Information Resource activities; WMO N be used nationally for the and tools used by Secretariat activities design and management of WMO Members covered in RB budget national WIGOS networks. 116 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Estimated Costs (2012–2015) K CHF Potential No. Activity Deliverables Timeline Responsibility Short- Risks Total ARB fall 10. Communication and outreach 10.1.1 Develop an effective WIGOS Communication 2012 ICG-WIGOS RB from relevant Medium communication, outreach, and outreach Strategy departments G capacity development, and education strategy 10.1.2 Develop communication Communication and 2012– WIGOS-PO RB from relevant Low and outreach materials outreach materials 2013 departments G (see Annex 1 for available suggestions) and make them available via the WIGOS Portal
Notes: 1. Congress emphasized that strong support and close collaboration among Members were needed to advance scientific knowledge and technical infrastructure to meet the WIGOS requirements. Within the Regions, it would be desirable to strengthen cooperation and partnership through Region-wide organizations or subregional groupings overseeing the WIGOS observing components. It specifically refers to enhanced cooperation among meteorological, hydrological and marine/oceanographic institutions/services where they are separated at the national level. 2. Congress stressed that an effective capacity-building strategy is an essential component of the WIGOS implementation. Specialized education, training activities and improvement of necessary observing infrastructure should be reflected in the regional, subregional and national WIGOS implementation plans, especially for NMHSs of LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS. Hence, capacity-building is not to be limited to scientific and technological concerns, but also to strategic and management consideration including human resources development, resource mobilization and communications and outreach activities.
5. RESOURCES
Congress agreed that the timely completion of the WIGOS implementation in the sixteenth financial period directly depended on the available resources. Congress assigned a high priority to the proposed budget allocations for WIGOS activities. Congress also urged Members to continue to provide resources to help support the implementation of WIGOS. Congress recognized that the key role to be played by the technical commissions in WIGOS implementation would require additional resources, and therefore further urged Members to also provide the resources to enable this role to be fully realized, as a part of their voluntary contributions.
Congress agreed that the full staffing requirement would need to be met primarily through the secondment of experts from NMHSs. In this connection, Congress urged Members to provide secondment services to the Secretariat during the WIGOS Implementation to ensure its successful completion.
The investment for fully implementing WIGOS should be given a high priority in Members’ development and implementation plans. In addition, extra resources will need to be provided to the WMO Secretariat for both staff (see Table 3 below) and non-staff costs for the implementation and coordination that are beyond the normal programmatic activities of the Secretariat. To ensure the funding needed for WIGOS implementation, provision of the following resources should be considered:
(a) WMO Regular Budget for WIGOS implementation support activities;
(b) WIGOS Trust Funds to supplement the WMO Regular Budget;
(c) In kind contributions;
(d) Staff secondments;
(e) Voluntary Cooperation Programme funds for WIGOS related technical cooperation and capacity-development activities; RESOLUTIONS 117
(f) Regional fund-raising activities to support WIGOS; and
(g) Operational hosts for information systems.
The strong need to assist the two regular staff must be met primarily through the secondment of experts, including Junior Professional Officer (JPO) from Members, for completion of the key Project Office tasks, as follows:
(a) To assist the regular staff for the management and coordination of WIGOS project (JPO, extrabudgetary 200 KCHF is needed);
(b) To design, develop and maintain the WIGOS Information Resource (JPO, extrabudgetary 200 KCHF is needed);
(c) To assist the development of WIGOS technical documentation (secondments);
(d) To assist the WIGOS global and regional activities (secondment), and coordinate the management of the content of the WIGOS Operational Information Resource.
Table 3. WIGOS Project Office Regular staff resources needed for a period 2012–2015
Staff cost for No. Position Activities/Duties 2012–2015 (CHF)
1 WIGOS To lead the WIGOS Implementation Project Office to ensure the 900,000 Project management of, and support to, the WIGOS implementation process and Needed from Manager activities, including support to the ICG-WIGOS sessions and its Task extrabudgetary Team meetings, CBS and other technical commission WIGOS relevant support working structure meetings and activities.
Coordinate with Members, the technical commissions and the regional associations to identify needs for nominated experts, including National Focal Points, and to work with Members to fill those needs.
Oversee and coordinate the development of appropriate regulatory documentations.
Undertake the necessary liaison within the Secretariat and stakeholders to ensure effective coordination and collaboration with partner organizations and programmes in WIGOS activities.
2 WIGOS To review existing Technical Documentation and Regulations for RB Scientific observing systems and to support the production of WIGOS technical Officer material, such as WIGOS Manual, Guide and WIGOS Metadata and related guidelines.
To provide technical support to the WIGOS global and regional working bodies meetings.
To oversee and guide the development of WIGOS Information Resource.
To collaborate with Development and Regional Activities (DRA) department to provide technical assist to regional associations (including the Members in the Regions, especially in least developed countries) for their WIGOS implementation activities.
To work together with WMO Education and Training Programme to support WIGOS education, training and outreach activities.
TOTAL 900 KCHF
118 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
6. RISK ASSESSMENT/ MANAGEMENT
The Risk Management Plan (RMP) will be developed for each implementation activity/projects, including risk mitigation. The following risk areas were identified:
(a) Complexity of WIGOS;
(b) Availability of basic infrastructure;
(c) The firm commitment of all stakeholders to implement initial activities/projects within the agreed time frame, including a provision of required resources, both human and financial;
(d) The requirement for appropriate leadership for the implementation of activities/projects;
(e) Partial interests of stakeholders not converging into the stated objectives;
(f) Coordination of interdependent projects;
(g) Provision of an effective interface between users of services and entities operating observing systems;
(h) Authority and responsibilities of entities and individuals for the implementation of projects;
(i) Lack of transparency in the management of the implementation;
(j) The potential for inadequate implementation if human resources are not available.
7. OUTLOOK
This document has described the key activities for the period 2012 to 2015. As determined by Cg-XVI, the goal is to have WIGOS operational by 2016. This is a challenging task. The experience gained during the WIGOS test of the concept phase clearly shows that it will be impossible to complete integration of all observing systems on global, regional and national levels in only four years. While WIGOS operations should start in 2016, there will still be a strong need to continue a significant number of implementation activities. It is essential to realize that additional resources will be needed to ensure the secretariat support for the continuation of the implementation process. However, it is too early to make a precise statement on how many resources in terms of staff and funding should be made available. The decision on these matters should be taken by the time of Cg-17.
______RESOLUTIONS 119
ANNEX I
SUGGESTED WIGOS COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH MATERIALS
Targeted Type and size Time- Activity Status audience of document frame Web portal WMO Members Web pages WIGOS-PO to oversee 2012– To be RAs, TCs with links to development of the portal 2013 done Space Agencies other materials Partner Organizations General Public WIGOS WMO Members 10-page WIGOS-PO to update doc. 2012 Done Imperative document (pdf) WIGOS brochure General Public 2-page WIGOS-PO to produce draft 2012 Materials brochure (pdf) brochure, circulate to ICG- exist WIGOS and relevant experts, updated and seek approval from ICG-WIGOS Chair WIGOS standard WMO Members 20-page WIGOS-PO to produce draft 2012 Materials presentation (to presentation standard presentation, exist be used at (ppt) circulate to ICG-WIGOS and various events relevant experts, updated and adjusted as and seek approval from needed) ICG-WIGOS Chair WIGOS standard Ad hoc Poster WIGOS-PO to produce draft 2012 Materials poster (to be Conferences (A2, pdf) poster, circulate to ICG- exist used at various WIGOS and relevant events and experts, updated and seek adjusted as approval from ICG-WIGOS needed) Chair WIGOS rationale WMO Members 1-page WIGOS-PO to consolidate 2012 Materials Space Agencies document information on WIGOS exist Partner (pdf) rationale from various Organizations existing materials WIGOS benefits WMO Members 2-page WIGOS-PO to draft first To be in terms of, Space Agencies document version, circulate to ICG- done as observing Partner (pdf) WIGOS and relevant new systems Organizations experts, updated, and seek document implementation approval from ICG-WIGOS effectiveness, Chair and efficiency Socio-economical Governments 2-page WIGOS-PO to draft first 2012 To be benefits of WMO Members document version, with other done as WIGOS data Funding (pdf) Departments (WDS, RES), new Agencies update document, circulate document Space Agencies to ICG-WIGOS and relevant Partner experts, updated and seek Organizations approval from ICG-WIGOS General Public Chair Impact on WMO WMO Members 5 to 10 page WIGOS-PO to draft first 2012– To be Members of document version, consult Members 2013 done as WIGOS (pdf) via survey, update new implementation document, circulate to ICG- document WIGOS and relevant experts, update and seek approval from ICG-WIGOS Chair 120 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
ANNEX II
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
Reports of WMO constituent bodies 1. Fifteenth World Meteorological Congress, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1026) 2. Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1077) 3. EC-LVIII, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1007) 4. EC-LIX, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1027) 5. EC-LX, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1032) 6. EC-LXI, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1042) 7. EC-LXII, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1059) 8. EC-LXIII, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions (WMO-No. 1078) 9. CBS-XIV, Abridged Final Report with Resolutions and Recommendations (WMO-No. 1040) 10. CBS-Ext.(2010), Abridged Final Report with Resolutions and Recommendations (WMO-No. 1070) 11. Final report of the 1st session of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (December, 2007) 12. Final report of the 2nd session of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (May, 2009) 13. Final report of the 3rd session of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (March, 2010) 14. Final report of the 4th session of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (February, 2011) 15. Final report of the 1st session of the Subgroup on WIGOS of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (November, 2008) 16. Final report of the 2nd session of the Subgroup on WIGOS of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (October, 2009) 17. Final report of the 3rd session of the Subgroup on WIGOS of the EC WG on WIGOS-WIS (October, 2010) 18. Final report of the 1st session of ICG-WIGOS (September, 2011)
Other relevant documentation 19. Vision for the GOS in 2025 (CBS-XIV, 2009) 20. WIS Project and Implementation Plan (v. 1.2, February, 2010) 21. Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (GCOS-138, WMO/TD-No. 1523) 22. WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Strategic Plan: 2008–2015 (WMO/TD-No. 1384) 23. Implementation Plan for Evolution of Space-and Surface-based Subsystems of the Global Observing system (WMO/TD-No. 1267) 24. WCRP Implementation Plan 2010–2015 (WMO/TD-No. 1503 25. The first U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Development Plan, Washington, DC, January 2006 26. Global Earth Observation System of Systems GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan (GEO 1000, February 2005) 27. EUCOS programme management documentation 28. THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan (WMO/TD-No. 1258) 29. JCOMM Observing System Implementation Goals for Building a Sustained Global Ocean Observing System in Support of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (2009) 30. Overarching Implementation Plan for the Ocean Data Portal and WIGOS Pilot Projects for IODE and JCOMM (6 November 2008) RESOLUTIONS 121
ANNEX III LIST OF ACRONYMS
CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CGMS Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites CONOPS Concept of Operations DAR Discovery, Access and Retrieval DB Database DCPC WIS Data Collection or Production Centre DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ET Expert Team (of WMO Technical Commission) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GAW Global Atmosphere Watch GCOS Global Climate Observing System GCW Global Cryosphere Watch GEO Group on Earth Observations GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems GISC WIS Global Information System Centre GFCS Global Framework for Climate Services GOOS Global Ocean Observing System GTOS Global Terrestrial Observing System ICG-WIGOS Inter-Commission Coordination Group on WIGOS ICPC Interagency Coordination and Planning Committee for Earth Observations ICSU International Council for Science IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ISO International Standards Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union LDCs Least Developed Countries MOU Memorandum of Understanding NMHS National Meteorological and Hydrological Service NOS National Observing System OSEs Observing Systems Experiments OSSEs Observing System Simulation Experiments QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QMF Quality Management Framework QMS Quality Management System RA Regional Association RCC Regional Climate Centre RIC Regional Instrument Centre RMIC Regional Marine Instrument Centre RRR Rolling Review of Requirements SIDS Small Island Developing States SoG Statement of Guidance SLA Service Level Agreement TC Technical Commission TOR Terms of Reference UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WCRP World Climate Research Programme WIGOS WMO Integrated Global Observing System WIP WIGOS framework Implementation Plan WIS WMO Information System WHYCOS World Hydrological Cycle Observation System WWW World Weather Watch
122 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 11 (EC-64)
RADIO FREQUENCIES FOR METEOROLOGICAL AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Recalling Resolution 4 (Cg-XV) – Radio frequencies for meteorological and related environmental activities,
Noting:
(1) The WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015),
(2) Resolution 3 (Cg-XVI) – Global Observing System,
(3) Resolution 50 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System,
(4) Resolution 16 (Cg-XVI) – Climate data requirements,
(5) Resolution 19 (Cg XVI) – Development of an architecture for climate monitoring from space,
(6) Resolution 48 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services,
(7) Resolution 34 (Cg-XVI) – WMO Regional Programme,
(8) The current radio-frequency allocations and regulatory provisions related to the meteorological aids, meteorological satellite, Earth exploration satellite and radiolocation (weather and wind profiler radars) services in the international treaty status Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
(9) The outcome of the ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences revising the Table of Frequency Allocations to radiocommunication services including meteorological and Earth observation services and modifying the Radio Regulations,
(10) The agenda of the forthcoming ITU World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 (WRC-15) and future WRCs and related WMO activities for development of WMO positions submitted during the ITU preparatory process to WRCs,
Considering:
(1) The prime importance of the specific terrestrial and space radiocommunication services for meteorological, Earth exploration and related environmental activities required for climate monitoring, climate change prediction and development of international and national adaption and mitigation programmes,
(2) The increasing role of environment monitoring systems for the prevention, detection, early warning and mitigation of natural and technological (man-made) disasters, the safety of life and property, the protection of the environment and scientific research,
(3) The importance of information provided by the meteorological and Earth exploration systems for a wide range of economic activities such as agriculture, transportation, construction and tourism, RESOLUTIONS 123
(4) The crucial importance of the allocation of suitable radio-frequency bands for the operation of surface-based meteorological observing systems including, in particular, radiosondes, weather radars and wind profiler radars,
(5) The increasingly important role of onboard radio-based remote-sensing systems on satellites for global observations in the long-term monitoring of the Earth’s environment,
(6) The crucial importance of the allocation and protection from interferences of suitable radio- frequency bands for the operation of meteorological, Earth exploration and research and development satellites, including remote sensing, data collection and data distribution links,
Appreciating:
(1) The long-standing excellent collaboration and partnership between WMO and the International Telecommunication Union in ensuring the availability and protection of radio-frequency bands for observations, reflected in Resolution ITU-R 60 and Resolution 673 (Rev.WRC-12),
(2) The support of national and international meteorological agencies and organizations in radio-frequency spectrum activities,
(3) The very active role of the WMO Commission for Basic Systems Steering Group on Radio- Frequency Coordination in development and protection of meteorological community interests at the International Telecommunication Union,
(4) The support of the WMO Secretariat,
Stressing that some radio-frequency bands are a unique natural resource due to their special characteristics and natural radiation enabling spaceborne passive sensing of the atmosphere and the Earth surface, that deserve adequate allocation to the Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and absolute protection from interference,
Expresses its serious concern at the continuing threat to several frequency bands allocated to the meteorological aids, meteorological satellite, Earth exploration satellite and radiolocation (weather and wind profiler radars) services posed by the development of other radiocommunication services;
Decides to support radio-frequency coordination as a high priority of the Organization;
Requests the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) to pursue the continuous review of regulatory and technical matters related to radio frequencies for operational and research meteorological and related environmental activities, and preparation of guidance and information for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, in coordination with other technical commissions, especially the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, and in liaison with other relevant international bodies, in particular the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites and the Space Frequency Coordination Group;
Requests Members:
(1) To provide experts to participate in the CBS Steering Group on Radio Frequency Coordination, ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) and other activities related to radio- frequency coordination;
(2) To continue to support the advancement of radio-frequency coordination efforts through voluntary in-kind contributions, secondments to the Secretariat and/or contributions to the WMO Radio Frequency Trust Fund;
(3) To share relevant experience and cooperate with one another in coordination of meteorological and other observation systems; 124 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Urges all Members to do their utmost to ensure the availability and protection of suitable radio- frequency bands required for meteorological and related environmental operations and research, and in particular:
(1) To ensure that their national radiocommunication administrations are fully aware of the importance of and requirements for radio frequencies for meteorological and related activities, and to seek their support in the ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences, Radiocommunication Assemblies and other ITU-R activities;
(2) To participate actively in the national, regional and international activities on relevant radiocommunication regulatory issues and, in particular, to involve experts from their Services in the work of relevant regional radiocommunication organizations and of ITU-R, especially ITU-R Study Group 7 on Science Services;
(3) To register adequately with their national radiocommunication administrations all terrestrial and space radiocommunication stations/systems and radio frequencies used for meteorological and related environmental operations and research;
Appeals to the International Telecommunication Union and its Member States:
(1) To ensure the availability and absolute protection of the radio-frequency bands which, due to their special physical characteristics, are a unique natural resource for spaceborne passive sensing of the atmosphere and the Earth surface; these “passive” bands are of crucial importance for weather, water and climate monitoring, research and operations;
(2) To continue giving due consideration to the WMO requirements for radio-frequency allocations, regulatory provisions, protection requirements and relevant international regulatory and technical standards for meteorological and related environmental operations and research;
(3) To pay special attention to the WMO positions related to WRC agendas, in the light of Appeals (1) and (2) above;
Requests the Secretary-General:
(1) To bring the present resolution to the attention of all concerned, including the International Telecommunication Union; (2) To give a high level of priority to the WMO activities in obtaining and defending the radio- frequency bands essential for the implementation of the WMO Programmes and meteorological activities at the regional and international levels, in particular through the CBS Steering Group on Radio Frequency Coordination;
(3) To continue the coordination role of the Secretariat in radio-frequency matters, especially with ITU-R, including participation of WMO in ITU-R Radiocommunication Study Groups, conference preparatory meetings, Radiocommunication Assemblies and World Radiocommunication Conferences;
(4) To facilitate the coordination between National Meteorological and Hydrological Services and their national radiocommunication administrations, particularly in preparing for the ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences, by providing appropriate information and documentation; (5) To assist the Commission for Basic Systems in the implementation of the present resolution.
RESOLUTIONS 125
Resolution 12 (EC-64)
DESIGNATION OF CENTRES OF THE WMO INFORMATION SYSTEM
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Having considered the Abridged Final Report with Resolutions of the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress (WMO-No. 1077),
Noting:
(1) The designation procedure for Global Information System Centres and Data Collection or Production Centres, as endorsed by the Fifteenth World Meteorological Congress (Abridged Final Report with Resolutions of the Fifteenth World Meteorological Congress (WMO-No. 1026), general summary, paragraph 3.1.2.13),
(2) Resolution 51 (Cg-XVI) – Designation of Centres of the WMO Information System,
(3) The Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060),
Considering:
(1) Those WMO Information System (WIS) centres that have been endorsed by the Commission for Basic Systems since the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress,
(2) That some conditionally designated centres are in the process of implementing WIS and have still to demonstrate their capability to the Commission for Basic Systems,
(3) Notification from Members to add or remove centres from Appendix B.2 of the Manual on the WMO Information System,
Decides:
(1) To update the Manual, Appendix B, Table B.1, to change the status from “conditionally designated” to “designated” for centres in Australia and the Republic of Korea;
(2) To update the Manual, Appendix B, Table B.2, to change the status from “conditionally designated” to “designated” for centres as listed in the table of the annex to the present resolution;
(3) To extend the period of conditional designation to the sixty-fifth session of the Executive Council in order to allow those centres in the process of implementing WIS to complete their installation and to demonstrate their compliance to the Commission for Basic Systems;
(4) To remove “IPY (International Polar Year) data repository” from the Manual, Appendix B, Table B.2;
Requests the Secretary-General to take appropriate actions to update the list of centres in the Manual;
Requests Members listed in the Manual to make operational those WIS centres identified and to ensure that the centres maintain compliance with required WIS functions;
Requests the Commission for Basic Systems to monitor the implementation of WIS and continue to identify WIS centres, in particular Data Collection or Production Centres and National Centres for consideration by the Executive Council at its future sessions; 126 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Urges Members:
(1) To work with the Commission for Basic Systems, regional associations and the Secretariat to complete the initial identification of WIS centres, including Data Collection or Production Centres and National Centres and identification of centres associated with Global Information System Centres;
(2) To develop regional and national implementation plans for strengthening and further implementing operational WIS functionality before 2015, and to notify the Secretariat of candidate WIS Data Collection or Production Centres and National Centres.
Annex to Resolution 12 (EC-64)
DESIGNATION OF CENTRES OF THE WMO INFORMATION SYSTEM
Centres endorsed by the Commission for Basic Systems as per Resolution 51 (Cg-XVI) – Designation of Centres of the WMO Information System to serve as WMO Information System Data Collection or Production Centres and recognized as satisfying the pre-operational compliance requirements
WMO Member or contributing Centre name Function organization
Australia IPS (Ionospheric Prediction Service) IPS
NCC (National Climate Centre) NCC
Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre RSMC Geographical (RSMC) Darwin
World Meteorological Centre (WMC) Melbourne WMC
Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre Tsunami Warning System (JATWC) (TWS)
China National Climate Centre (NCC) Regional Climate Centre (RCC)
National Satellite Meteorological Centre (NSMC) Meteorological Satellite Centre
RSMC Beijing (National Meteorological Centre RSMC-Activity-Geographical (NMC))
RSMC – Environmental Emergency Response RSMC-Activity-Atmospheric (EER) (NMC) transport Modelling (ATM)
Croatia Marine Meteorological Centre Marine Meteorology
Czech Republic RTH Prague RTH
France RSMC La Réunion – Tropical Cyclone Centre RSMC-Activity-Tropical Cyclone (TC)
Norway Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) NILU
Republic of Korea Global Producing Centre/ Lead Centre for GPC / LC-LRFMME LRF Multi-Model Ensemble (GPC/LRFMME) – Seoul RESOLUTIONS 127
WMO Member or contributing Centre name Function organization
Republic of Korea NMSC (National Meteorological Satellite Centre) Meteorological Satellite Centre (continued) WAMIS (World AgroMeteorological WAMIS Information Service)
Serbia RCC Belgrade RCC
Sweden RTH Norrköping RTH
Resolution 13 (EC-64)
RESPONSIBILITY FOR CREATING AVIATION EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) intends to foster the exchange of aviation meteorological information in extensible markup language (XML),
Noting further that weather information is a key element of the information required by aviation, in particular for reasons of flight safety and efficient Air Traffic Management,
Considering the need for consistency between information exchanged between WMO Members and with ICAO,
Considering further:
(1) That using inconsistent data representations for WMO and ICAO purposes would increase costs and risks to Members,
(2) That other organizations also need to exchange weather, climate and water information in combination with data from other disciplines,
Requests the Commission for Basic Systems to develop a method of working with ICAO and other organizations that permits WMO to retain control over the structure and definition of weather, climate and water information for those organizations’ purposes while cooperating with these in the development of XML and other expressions of that information that meet the stated requirements of those organizations;
Decides:
(1) That WMO shall control a WMO Logical Data Model for weather, climate and water information;
(2) That ICAO and other organizations with data representation needs for weather, climate and water information that are not met by a WMO standard data representation shall be strongly encouraged to use relevant elements of the WMO Logical Data Model to create the technical implementations of that organization’s data representations.
128 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 14 (EC-64)
SUBMISSION OF WORLD WEATHER RECORDS ON AN ANNUAL BASIS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL;
Noting Resolution 16 (Cg-XVI) – Climate data requirements,
Considering:
(1) The experience of WMO and the World Data Center for Meteorology at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center (NOAA-NCDC) in facilitating the submission and compilation of the World Weather Records (WWRs) on the basis of a 10-year cycle, which have served the climate community since the initiation of WWRs in 1927,
(2) That a large majority of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services acquired modern Climate Data Management Systems, which offer the possibility of computing averages of climate elements in an easy and consistent way,
(3) That the advances in communication technology including access to the Internet now make it possible to exchange data with greater efficiency and timeliness than was possible ten years ago,
Considering further the fast pace of decision-making needed for assessment, planning, adaptation, mitigation and response to the changing state of the climate which requires more readily and timely accessible climate information,
Decides:
(1) To improve the current practice which is based on a 10-year cycle for the computation and submission of WWRs by migrating to an annual cycle in updating and submitting WWRs;
(2) That WWRs should be submitted before the end of June of each year following the year for which WWRs were computed;
(3) To implement the annual WWRs starting from 2011. As an exceptional provisional practice, records for 2011 can be submitted by the end of 2012;
Urges the Commission for Climatology in collaboration with the regional associations and the Commission for Basic Systems lead centres for the Global Climate Observing System to promote the implementation of the annual submission of WWRs, and provide guidance on improving the capabilities of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in developing and least developed countries to fulfil annual WWR computation and submission;
Requests the Secretary-General to facilitate the submission and compilation of the World Weather Records by the Members in collaboration with the Commission for Basic Systems lead centres for the Global Climate Observing System and the World Data Center for Meteorology at NOAA- NCDC.
RESOLUTIONS 129
Resolution 15 (EC-64)
GLOBAL CLIMATE OBSERVING SYSTEM
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 13 (EC-LXII) – Global Climate Observing System,
(2) Resolution 29 (Cg-XVI) – Global Climate Observing System,
(3) Resolution 48 (Cg-XVI) – Implementation of the Global Framework for Climate Services,
(4) The Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update) (GCOS-138, WMO/TD-No. 1523),
(5) The Systematic Observation Requirements for Satellite-based Products for Climate – 2011 Update – Supplemental details to the satellite-based component of the “Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update” (GCOS-154),
(6) The conclusion on research and systematic observation (FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.27) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), taken at its thirty-fifth session, held in Durban, South Africa, from 28 November to 3 December 2011,
Recognizing:
(1) The major contribution provided by the Implementation Plan and its supplemental details to the satellite-based component as an action framework for implementing an integrated global observing system for climate,
(2) The need for the direct involvement of WMO Members, technical commissions and Programmes in implementing many of the actions in the Plan,
(3) The importance of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a mechanism whereby Members can address deficiencies in the observing systems required to meet their commitments to the Convention,
(4) The development of the Global Framework for Climate Services and its need for an observation and monitoring pillar that builds on the achievements of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), both in relation to improved climate observing practices and systems at the national, regional and global levels, and in sustaining productive partnerships between WMO and the GCOS co-sponsoring agencies,
(5) The reconstitution of the World Climate Programme to now include the Global Climate Observing System,
(6) The important contribution of GCOS to the development of an architecture for climate monitoring from space,
(7) The essential partnership with the World Climate Research Programme and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well as the close relationship with the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Programme, 130 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(8) The implementation of the WMO Information System as a major infrastructure of WMO for providing information,
Urges Members:
(1) To fully support and participate in the implementation of the relevant actions in the Implementation Plan, including coordination at the national level to ensure balanced development of national observing systems for climate;
(2) To assist other Members in improving their systems contributing to global coverage of the GCOS Surface Network (GSN) and GCOS Upper-air Network, GCOS Reference Upper-air Network and, as appropriate, systems contributing to the GCOS oceanic and terrestrial domain, and in implementing priority projects in their Regional Action Plans;
(3) To enhance their work and collaboration on observation of the Essential Climate Variables and on development of climate products as an important contribution to the WMO observing programmes and the needs of users of climate information, and as appropriate on the future Global Framework for Climate Services;
(4) To assist in improving basic systems for the observation of all three domains, atmosphere, ocean and land, in developing countries through participation in the GCOS Cooperation Mechanism;
(5) To take the steps needed to provide historical data and metadata from their respective GSN stations to the GSN archive at the National Climatic Data Center, as a Data Collection or Production Centre within the WMO Information System, in accordance with Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMO policy and practice for the exchange of meteorological and related data and products including guidelines on relationships in commercial meteorological activities, Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) – Exchange of hydrological data and products, and the GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles, in order to improve the dataset needed for global analysis by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the international climate science community;
(6) To work with the WMO Space Programme, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, and the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites to further coordinate the response to the needs expressed in the GCOS Implementation Plan (for Members and space agencies participating in the space-based component of the Global Observing System);
(7) To support the efforts of the GCOS Secretariat to facilitate, monitor and report on the actions of Parties and international organizations in response to the Implementation Plan;
(8) To enhance their support to the GCOS Secretariat to the extent possible, through the secondment of experts or through contributions to the Climate Observing System Fund;
(9) To further improve the Regional Basic Synoptic Networks and Regional Basic Climatological Networks and included upper-air stations, in particular in developing and least developed countries;
Requests the GCOS Secretariat:
(1) To collaborate appropriately with the Group on Earth Observations for the GCOS Implementation Plan;
(2) To provide assistance to Members in mobilizing resources needed to implement relevant action plans; RESOLUTIONS 131
(3) To provide information to the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice as required, at subsequent sessions, on how the actions identified in the Implementation Plan are being implemented;
(4) To continue close interaction with the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a high-priority activity to maintain the strong support of the Convention for implementation and maintenance of the global observing system for climate and to ensure that the needs of the Parties for systematic observation are met;
(5) To contribute, if required, to the considerations of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Implementation with regard to the funding needs for global climate observations;
(6) To make every effort, in close cooperation with the other co-sponsoring organizations, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the International Council for Science, to identify the resources needed to maintain basic operations of the GCOS Secretariat and to monitor and to report on the actions in the Implementation Plan;
Requests the presidents of technical commissions and regional associations to ensure that the relevant actions identified in the Implementation Plan are incorporated, as appropriate, in the workplans of the commissions and in the operational plans of the associations, especially in the implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System;
Requests the Secretary-General:
(1) To incorporate the relevant actions within the Implementation Plan into the WMO Programmes and coordinate with the presidents of technical commissions on their workplans;
(2) To assess how further partnership between GCOS and the Group on Earth Observations that benefits Members of WMO and the Group on Earth Observations could be enhanced and to support this partnership as required;
Urges other organizations sponsoring GCOS to provide financial support for the proper functioning of the GCOS Secretariat and to incorporate the relevant actions with the Implementation Plan into their programmes. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 13 (EC-LXII), which is no longer in force.
Resolution 16 (EC-64)
SUB-SEASONAL TO SEASONAL PREDICTION PROJECT
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting the development of an implementation plan for sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction research by the World Climate Research Programme and the planning group of the World Weather Research Programme/The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment,
Considering the need for improved predictions at sub-seasonal to seasonal timescales and the relevance of such forecasts to the Global Framework for Climate Services, 132 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Approves the establishment of a Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project and urges Members to consider hosting a project office as well as supporting a trust fund to implement the project;
Requests the Secretary-General to establish a trust fund and to solicit offers from Members for a project office for the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project.
Resolution 17 (EC-64)
POLAR PREDICTION PROJECT
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting the development of an implementation plan for polar prediction research by the steering group of the World Weather Research Programme/The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment,
Noting further the recommendation of the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Polar Observations, Research and Services for a combined polar prediction project that includes weather and climate timescales,
Considering the changing needs for improved weather predictions in polar areas partially related to relatively rapid changes in these regions as a consequence of warming of the oceans and atmosphere,
Approves the establishment of a Polar Prediction Project with strong links with the World Climate Research Programme polar climate predictability initiative and urges Members to consider hosting a project office and make voluntary contributions to a trust fund to implement the project;
Requests the Secretary-General to establish a trust fund and to solicit offers from Members to host a project office for the Polar Prediction Project.
Resolution 18 (EC-64)
WMO CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting Resolution 49 (Cg-XVI) – WMO Strategy for Capacity Development,
Considering:
(1) That capacity-building is one of the priority areas for WMO in the sixteenth financial period (2012–2015) and has significant implication for the other four priority areas and implementation of the WMO Strategic Plan,
(2) The need for a cohesive and coordinated approach to capacity development to maximize the outcome of capacity development activities by WMO, RESOLUTIONS 133
Approves the Capacity Development Strategy as contained in the annex to the present resolution;
Requests the Secretary-General to communicate the WMO Capacity Development Strategy to Members and constituent bodies.
Annex to Resolution 18 (EC-64)
WMO CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
1. INTRODUCTION
The need for WMO capacity development assistance is grounded on the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) which recognizes that Members need to work with each other and with other organizations to coordinate, standardize, improve and encourage efficiencies in the exchange of information to further their application to the needs of society. The Convention further notes the vital mission of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in the provision of weather, climate and water observations and services, and their contributions to addressing societal needs. WMO implements its Programmes through the NMHSs of its Members and utilizes the capabilities of NMHSs to provide effective services for the safety and well being of society. The scope of services provided by NMHSs has increased as the need for environmental information has grown. Increasing vulnerability of many societies to natural hazards and extreme weather events, and sensitivity of national economies to climate variability and change have exposed gaps in the existing capabilities of NMHSs, particularly those of developing countries, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress considered that the collaborative work of WMO depends on observations and technical contributions from developing and developed country NMHSs alike, and therefore assisting the NMHSs in developing countries to fill these gaps is necessary to the work of WMO, and benefits all WMO Members.
Cg-XVI adopted the WMO Strategic Plan which recognizes “capacity-building for the developing and least developed countries” as one of the five strategic priority areas expected to make a significant contribution to the achievement of the Expected Results”. To further elaborate how capacity-building as a cross-cutting priority will be addressed and in light of the factors discussed above, Cg-XVI adopted Resolution 49 (Cg-XVI) – calling for a WMO Capacity Development Strategy (CDS).
The purpose of the CDS is to provide a coordinated and cohesive approach to capacity development activities by WMO in assisting Members to meet their mandates and contribute to the goals of the WMO. The overall objective of the CDS is to foster effective capacity development assistance to WMO Members and facilitate sustainable development of their National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), particularly in developing countries, LDCs and SIDS. The CDS seeks to build upon existing capacities in NMHSs, reduce duplication and utilize opportunities to leverage investments in strategic partnerships and synergies, while integrating the roles and requirements of regional associations, technical commissions, WMO co-sponsored Programmes as well as WMO Programmes within the strategic priority areas in the provision of development assistance to Members.
While the CDS requires a collaborative approach to what is a common goal, particular emphasis is given to the role of the national governments, especially in planning and sustaining the capabilities of the NMHSs in partnership with regional and global community, and in recognition of the importance of the NMHSs to public safety, security, national development and general social and economic benefits which flow from weather, climate and hydrological services. Correspondingly, the CDS is designed to have its greatest impact at country level. WMO’s facilitative role will focus 134 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
on strengthening NMHSs, enhancing subregional, regional and global cooperation while providing a framework for NMHSs to advocate services which further national policies, strategies and plans.
Distinction is made between “capacity-building” and “capacity development”. The former approaches development as if no capacity currently exists and the later considers existing capacities with an emphasis on a more holistic approach and national ownership of the development process. WMO’s use of the term “capacity development” is to recognize that, in most cases, WMO assistance to NMHSs must be informed by existing and planned capacities.
The CDS recognizes that there are four types of NMHSs capacity: institutional, infrastructural, procedural and human resources. These four dimensions of capacities are distinct yet inter-related and must be considered holistically to achieve sustainable capacity development. The CDS also recognizes that WMO capacity development activities should be monitored and results evaluated for sustainability over time.
2. STRATEGY
2.1 Vision and Mission
Capacity Development Vision
Stronger NMHSs to meet society’s need for information on weather, climate and water for the safety and well-being of people throughout the world.
Capacity Development Mission
To facilitate a holistic and integrated approach to sustainable Capacity Development of NMHSs especially in developing countries, LDCs and SIDSs through: advocacy, education and training, outreach, partnerships and resource mobilization, demonstration and pilot projects, service delivery and research.
2.2 Strategic Objectives and Strategic Approaches
Objective 1: Define required capacities and identify deficiencies
An accurate understanding of the required capacities will help formulate appropriate capacity development responses, prioritize investments, and mobilize resources. Baseline information is also vital for the monitoring and evaluation of capacity development activities and for continuous improvement of operations. Requirements and deficiencies will be derived from information relating to the compliance of NMHSs with WMO standards and the service needs of different stakeholders, end users and the society as a whole. Emphasis in Objective 1 will be placed on guidance for the defining of requirements, training on service delivery/stakeholder relations, compliance to WMO standards, clarification of institutional relationships and identifying deficiencies in the delivery, use and impact of weather, climate and hydrological services.
Strategic Approaches include: 1.A: Emphasize compliance with WMO technical requirements to address priorities 1.B: Assist countries in identifying deficiencies of the NMHSs 1.C: Encourage development of services to address specific user needs 1.D: Establish modalities for partner and stakeholder engagement RESOLUTIONS 135
Objective 2: Increase visibility and national ownership
National ownership is the foundation for the enabling environment needed to ensure sustainable development of the NMHSs. The CDS will seek to create closer cooperation between government ministries and departments that are responsible for NMHSs and those sections of government responsible for setting national priorities to secure political buy-in and goodwill in favour of NMHSs within their respective countries. Through these efforts, Members will recognize the national and international significance of investing in the NMHSs as part of their national development priorities reflected in National Development Plans and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), and in essence, demonstrate ownership and commitment needed for sustainable development of the NMHSs.
Socio-economic benefits will be emphasized so that NMHSs are engaging in a strong and long- term partnership with their governments and thus secure national ownership based on requirements, benefits and deficiencies. This is particularly important given current trends in development financing which lay emphasis on alignment with the priorities of governments reflected in National Development Plans or National Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers to attract domestic and external financing.
Coordination amongst partners will be strengthened to avoid duplication and foster the sharing of resources. This coordination is needed to develop, mobilize and harmonize investments for the capacity development of NMHSs of Members. In-country engagement with stakeholders by NMHSs will be seen as part of a wider process of strategic management and an integral part of developing capacity through clear institutional arrangements, roles and responsibilities, and national ownership.
Strategic Approaches include: 2.A: Emphasize socio-economic benefits of services provided by NMHSs to decision- makers 2.B: Assist NMHSs to incorporate requirements into national policy, legislative frameworks and national development plans 2.C: Enhance outreach to end users and decision-makers 2.D: Develop leadership and management capacities 2.E: Reinforce national support to meet societal needs for weather, climate and hydrology services
Objective 3: Optimize knowledge management
Knowledge management serves to improve activities across the CDS and is particularly important to support definition of requirements, needs, gaps and priorities. Knowledge management will provide for continuous renewal of information, best practices, and shared skill across WMO. This Objective will involve the creation of supportive organizational structures, putting in place Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) with emphasis on teamwork and diffusion of knowledge that can assist in capacity development. Strategy Objective 3 will optimize knowledge management as well as foster the sharing of experiences and shared resources by NMHSs through RAs and in partnership with regional bodies and entities. The use of ICT will enable effective collaborative approaches, real-time information sharing, monitoring and feedback. Encouraging communities of practise will complement the ICT recognizing the importance of human interaction for knowledge management. The sharing of needed skills and information will include the use of volunteers and third party contributions. 136 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Strategic Approaches include: 3.A: Enhance mechanisms for collecting and sharing of up-to-date information relating to NMHSs development 3.B: Share best practices and success stories relating to the development of NMHSs 3.C: Enhance communities of practice dealing with the development of NMHSs
Objective 4: Reinforce resource mobilization and project management
Weather, climate and hydrological services are becoming core issues for development in many of the developing countries and are resulting in increased interest for investments by development funding mechanisms. Resource mobilization and project management assistance will be provided to developing countries to build their NMHSs. The development of a stronger regional approach will help the implementation of capacity development activities. The institutional arrangements that enable project and programme implementation for capacity development will be strengthened and human resources developed to address the increased challenges for interaction with development agencies. Voluntary cooperation and bilateral assistance will also be facilitated and encouraged.
Strategic Approaches include: 4.A: Enhance coordination and actively explore new funding opportunities and develop proposals through dialogue with stakeholders and development partners 4.B: Enhance capacity to develop, implement, monitor and evaluate projects 4.C: Encourage innovative voluntary and bilateral cooperation
Objective 5: Strengthen global, regional and subregional mechanisms
Global, regional and subregional mechanisms are critical to the work of the NMHSs. WMO’s global and regional centres, which already provide a range of assistance in technical areas, training, and operational data exchange and guidance, need to be strengthened to better support NMHSs in line with WMO priorities. In addition, WMO’s engagement through political and scientific mechanisms and initiatives will bring attention to capacities needed to deliver required services.
Strategic Approaches include: 5.A: Strengthen the work of global and regional centres 5.B: Strengthen global, regional and subregional mechanisms to provide support for weather, climate and hydrological services
Objective 6: Increase education and research opportunities
Skilled individuals with competencies relevant for service delivery are essential to the operations of NMHSs. Education and research activities are long-term processes that build the foundation for products and services. The WMO Fellowship Programme provides important basic education for current and future NMHSs employees in developing countries, LDCs and SIDSs based on the most recent developments in science and technologies that form the basis for services.
Strategic Approaches include: 6.A: Improve access to and provision of fellowships 6.B: Strengthen applications of research findings
RESOLUTIONS 137
Resolution 19 (EC-64)
RECONFIRMATION OF REGIONAL TRAINING CENTRES ASSESSED DURING 2010–2011
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) That the external assessment missions undertaken during 2010 and 2011 for Regional Training Centres (RTCs) in China, India, the Russian Federation, Turkey and Uzbekistan have shown that these Centres meet most of the Executive Council Criteria for the Recognition and Reconfirmation of WMO Regional Training Centres, and aspire to meet them all,
(2) That the external assessment reports following the above referred missions recommend the continued recognition of those training Centres as WMO RTCs albeit with recommendations for further improvements in programmes, facilities and curricula,
(3) That Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) at its fifteenth session (Bali, Indonesia, May 2010) nominated the Research Centre for Water Resources facilities in Indonesia as a WMO Regional Training Centre,
(4) That an extensive written proposal submitted by the Permanent Representative of Indonesia with WMO has been reviewed by the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Education and Training with site visits carried out by representatives of the Secretary- General,
(5) That the Executive Council at its fifty-eighth session requested that the revised criteria for the recognition of existing and new WMO-RTCs be strictly applied,
(6) That the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Education and Training has recommended an extensive review of the future roles and operations of RTCs that could suggest major changes to the current RTC concept,
Decides:
(1) To reconfirm the status of RTCs in China, India, the Russian Federation and Turkey as WMO recognized Regional Training Centres for a maximum of four years and the RTC in Uzbekistan for two years;
(2) To recognize the training facilities of the Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency and the Research Centre for Water Resources in Indonesia as two components of a WMO Regional Training Centre in Indonesia to at least 31 December 2015 with possible extension for an additional four years;
(3) To recognize the National Water Academy in India as a third component of the WMO Regional Training Centre in India to at least 31 December 2015 with possible extension for an additional four years;
(4) That reconfirmation of these RTCs past 31 December 2015 for up to four years should be dependent on implementation of the agreed assessment recommendations from this cycle of assessments and on the outcome of the review of the future roles and operations of RTCs due to be provided to the Executive Council at its sixty-sixth session in June 2014.
138 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 20 (EC-64)
WMO PROGRAMME SUPPORT COST POLICY
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting Resolution 19 (EC-LVI) – WMO Programme Support Cost Policy,
Considering the review of the WMO Programme Support Cost Policy proposed by the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity-Building in 2010,
Approves the revised WMO Programme Support Cost Policy as contained in the annex to the present resolution;
Requests the Secretary-General:
(1) To take measures to apply, with immediate effect, the revised WMO Programme Support Cost Policy to future agreements with donors for activities funded from voluntary contributions;
(2) To ensure, as far as possible, that the following charges are included as direct costs when concluding agreements with donors and designing terms of reference for funds-in-trust:
(a) Telephone and postage costs;
(b) Staff travel to specific technical cooperation project operations, monitoring and evaluation;
(c) Costs of the headquarters office space allocated to project staff and consultants;
(d) Costs of information and communication technology support for the projects;
(e) Security costs of WMO field offices involved in the project implementation;
(f) Costs of technical services such as project appraisal, technical monitoring and evaluation;
(g) Other direct costs of accounting, human resources, procurement and project management services based upon the project size and type of project input;
(3) To monitor the implementation of the new Programme Support Cost Policy during the 2012–2013 biennium;
(4) To report to the Executive Council at its sixty-fifth session in 2013 on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 19 (EC-LVI), which is no longer in force.
RESOLUTIONS 139
Annex to Resolution 20 (EC-64)
WMO PROGRAMME SUPPORT COST POLICY
In line with United Nations system-wide practice, this Programme Support Cost Policy applies to voluntary contributions to WMO and refers to variable or incremental costs that would not be incurred if the Organization did not administer voluntary contributions including the work effort directly affected by transaction volume.
The WMO Programme Support Cost Policy is as follows:
(1) A programme support cost recovery rate of 7 per cent should be applied to those activities supplementing regular budget activities of WMO Scientific and Technical Programmes (standard setting and normative activities) in order to recover indirect costs;
(2) A rate of 10 per cent for Voluntary Cooperation Programme (VCP) projects shall be applied as per the Rules of the VCP1 for management of the VCP;
(3) A rate of 12 per cent for support costs for the management of the funds for Junior Professional Officers;
(4) A programme support cost recovery rate of 13 per cent should be applied to technical cooperation projects for capacity development, for which the following flexibility might be granted, even cumulatively where applicable, the minimum recovery rate being 7 per cent in cases where:
(a) The recipient government or the donor assumes responsibilities for certain functions, as direct costs or otherwise, which could be performed by the WMO Secretariat, a reduction in the rate by up to 2 per cent shall be granted;
(b) The technical cooperation project consists only of the procurement of equipment, supplies or materials, a rate of 9 per cent shall be applied;
(c) The donor accepts simplified reporting with a narrative report describing the use of funds and the results achieved, the reduction in the rate by 1 per cent shall be granted, on the understanding that the financial performance will be reported within the framework of the statutory biennial closure of accounts;
(d) The recipient least developed country is the donor, the minimum rate of 7 per cent shall be applied;
(5) Programme support cost recovery rates set by the Climate Funds, the European Commission, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank and regional development banks should be applied respectively for the management of projects financed by these donors. Programme support cost recovery rates for the United Nations system Multi-Donor Trust Funds should be applied for the management of projects financed within the framework of the United Nations system Multi-Donor Trust Funds;
(6) Beyond those mentioned herein, there shall be no exceptions to these overhead rates unless explicitly granted by the Secretary-General after due consideration of the costs and benefits which would accrue to WMO and its Members.
1 Costs involved in the management of VCP should be kept to a minimum and should be met from the appropriate allocations in the regular budget together with allocations from the VCP Fund (VCP(F)), as necessary, but not exceeding 10 per cent of VCP(F) and interest credited to VCP(F) (amended by the Executive Council at its forty- eighth, fiftieth and fifty-sixth sessions).
140 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 21 (EC-64)
TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WORKING GROUP ON CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 1 (EC-LV) – Executive Council Advisory Group of Experts on Technical Cooperation,
(2) Resolution 24 (Cg-XV) – The WMO Voluntary Cooperation Programme,
(3) Resolution 4 (EC-LIX) – Executive Council Working Group on Capacity-Building,
(4) Resolution 10 (EC-LX) – Executive Council Working Group on Capacity-Building, as modified by the Executive Council at its sixty-third session,
Considering the need for a continued mechanism to review on a regular basis issues related to capacity development of Members in respect of the eight Expected Results of the WMO Strategic Plan (2012–2015), in particular Expected Result 6, Enhanced capabilities of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, in particular in developing and least developed countries, to fulfil their mandates,
Decides:
(1) To revise the terms of reference of the Executive Council Working Group on Capacity Development established by Resolution 4 (EC-LIX) and revised by Resolution 10 (EC-LX), as modified by the Executive Council at its sixty-third session, to address all aspects of assistance provided by WMO and its partners to Members, in particular developing and least developed Member countries, and to request the Working Group on Capacity Development to provide advice and pursue a coherent approach towards:
(a) Identifying national, subregional, regional and global development priorities based on the needs of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services end-users and stakeholders, and development of a process to set priority levels;
(b) Being guided by the overarching WMO Capacity Development Strategy to give concrete guidance to all WMO Members, development partners, WMO constituent bodies (regional associations and technical commissions) and all departments of the Secretariat with the goal of improving the service delivery capabilities of Members to meet end-user needs;
(c) Improving capacity in all WMO Regions, with a special emphasis on developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States, and the creation of a system for monitoring of WMO actions at the country level;
(d) Advocating socio-economic benefits of products and services of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, including their achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals;
(e) Developing strategic partnerships with external stakeholders;
(f) Mobilizing resources in support of the above; RESOLUTIONS 141
(2) To achieve these objectives, the Working Group shall:
(a) Give highest priority to the development priorities set by the regional associations and Congress to guide the work of the technical commissions, the Secretariat and other development partners;
(b) Prepare an Implementation Plan for the remainder of the 2012–2014 financial period with clear responsibilities, milestones and measurable outcomes. These should be reported to the Executive Council on an annual basis and to Congress to allow these bodies to provide better-informed guidance for WMO capacity development activities;
(c) Provide guidance on the coordination of the Voluntary Cooperation Programme and Trust Funds to the Informal Planning Meeting on the Voluntary Cooperation Programme;
(d) Strengthen the interface between technical and human resource development in collaboration with the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Education and Training;
(e) Strengthen the interface between WMO and relevant organizations leading to enhanced capacity development of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services;
(f) Invite relevant funding and development agencies, including the World Bank and the European Commission, to contribute to the work of the Working Group;
(g) Invite interested Members to designate experts and representatives of stakeholder communities in capacity development to participate in the work of the Working Group and attend sessions of the Group;
Authorizes the Working Group to establish sub-groups and task teams as and when required;
Requests the Secretary-General to promote active participation of all WMO departments leading to externally funded development projects and take relevant actions to support the activities of the Working Group including assisting in the creation of a system for monitoring of WMO actions at the country level;
Requests the co-chairs, in consultation with Working Group members, the Secretary-General, relevant technical commissions, regional associations and WMO departments, to propose changes to the terms of reference of the Group, whenever required, to be approved by the Executive Council. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 10 (EC-LX), which is no longer in force.
Resolution 22 (EC-64)
SELECTION PROCESS OF THE EXTERNAL AUDITOR
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting the report of the Secretary-General on the selection process of the External Auditor,
Noting further that the Audit Committee reviewed and endorsed the proposed selection process of the External Auditor, 142 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Decides that the selection process of the WMO External Auditor shall be as follows:
(1) A detailed request for proposals for the External Auditor is prepared by the Audit Committee. The request for proposals includes the following: tender procedures and conditions; instructions for the completion of those documents to be submitted as part of the proposal and a description of the requirements including audit approach, experience with the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards, auditors’ curriculum vitae, candidates’ fees including travel and other supplementary costs; and other requirements. The approved criteria for selection should not be changed during the selection process. The tender conditions include the submission terms and closing date and an indication that incomplete proposals will be disregarded;
(2) The request for proposals is reviewed by the Financial Advisory Committee and approved by the Executive Council;
(3) Invitations and the detailed request for proposals are sent to the representatives of all Members and through them to their national Supreme Audit Institutions, requesting proposals;
(4) The Audit Committee constitutes the selection panel, after excluding anyone with a potential conflict of interest;
(5) Once the closing date for receipt of formal proposals has expired, the selection panel considers the proposals in accordance with the pre-agreed criteria. The selection panel may invite candidates to make oral presentations and be interviewed, if required. The selection panel then prepares a recommendation with detailed explanations; (6) The recommendation is reviewed by the Financial Advisory Committee and approved by the Executive Council, which appoints the External Auditor;
(7) The audit engagement contract is established.
Resolution 23 (EC-64)
POLICY ON DISCLOSURE OF INTERNAL AUDIT REPORTS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Recalling Resolution 13 (EC-LX) – Policy on disclosure of internal audit reports,
Noting: (1) That the Policy on disclosure of internal audit reports was implemented on a trial basis and that the Secretariat had received requests from donors/potential donors not covered by the Policy for access to internal audit reports and that such requests had been met following review of the Audit Committee,
(2) The recommendation of the Audit Committee to amend the Policy to include a provision for request for disclosure of internal audit reports from the WMO stakeholders other than WMO Members,
Decides:
(1) To authorize the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Chair of the Audit Committee as necessary, to determine as to whether internal audit reports could be disclosed to other WMO stakeholders, such as donor intergovernmental organizations; RESOLUTIONS 143
(2) To adopt the revised Policy on Disclosure of Internal Audit Reports as contained in the annex to the present resolution. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 13 (EC-LX), which is no longer in force.
Annex to Resolution 23 (EC-64)
POLICY ON DISCLOSURE OF INTERNAL AUDIT REPORTS
Introduction
1. The WMO Policy is to operate in a transparent and accountable manner. Consistent with this guiding principle, annual reports prepared by the Internal Oversight Office for Congress or the Executive Council and its Committees, as specified in the regulatory framework and the Charter of the Internal Oversight Office, are publicly available on the WMO Website. In addition, all final reports of the Office that arise from internal audits, inspections, functional reviews and other assurance work at the Secretariat (Assurance Reports), are accessible to the Executive Council Audit Committee. WMO has further determined that, to the maximum extent possible, such final reports should be accessible to Member States and Territories, subject to conditions/criteria defined in this Policy. In this regard, WMO also recognizes that there may be exceptional circumstances where legal or practical constraints limit the ability of WMO to achieve full transparency if it is to protect the interests of WMO and its Members or the legitimate interests of those who deal with WMO.
2. This Policy governs disclosure of Assurance Reports and supersedes or amends any restrictions as regards such final reports of the Office in the WMO regulatory framework or documents describing the mandate and operations of the Office. Disclosure of evaluation and investigation reports will be covered under separate policies.
3. This Policy will be implemented and adjusted according to experience and under the guidance of the Audit Committee.
General principles
4. All final Assurance Reports issued by the Internal Oversight Office are transmitted to the Secretary-General and other pertinent members of management, as well as to the External Auditor, according to provisions in the WMO regulatory framework and the Charter of the Internal Oversight Office. All such reports are available to the members of the Audit Committee.
5. In addition, all final Assurance Reports issued by the Office will be made available upon request to members of the Executive Council and authorized representatives1 of WMO Members, except where the Audit Committee decides otherwise in accordance with the following provisions.
Restricted reports
6. The Secretary-General and the Director, Internal Oversight Office, may at his or her discretion propose to the Audit Committee limitations to disclosure of Assurance Reports where such disclosure would: (a) Cause undue harm to the interest of WMO, its Members, or the legitimate interests of those who deal with WMO; (b) Expose WMO to the risk of legal action by persons named in the report, or others whose identity may be inferred from it, or by government agencies for alleged violation of a criminal or civil statute; 144 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(c) Impede, jeopardize or interfere with other investigations in progress or pending by the Internal Oversight Office, law enforcement or other investigatory authorities; (d) Risk alerting anyone involved with crimes, that their activities may be known to investigating authorities or under investigation, or be otherwise potentially helpful to anyone perpetrating or contemplating unlawful activities; (e) Put the safety or welfare of anyone who is working for, on behalf of, or with WMO at increased risk.
7. In cases when the Secretary-General or the Director, Internal Oversight Office, proposes to restrict disclosure of a particular report in accordance with this Policy, the initiator of the proposal will send such a report to the WMO Legal Counsel, together with a written submission stating the reasons for wishing to restrict disclosure by reference to the criteria (paragraph 6) outlined in this disclosure Policy and his or her opinion as to whether the report should be made available in a redacted form and, if so, the nature of the proposed redactions.
8. The Legal Counsel will prepare a written response to give his or her opinion on the issue, including whether the report should be made available in a redacted form. If this is the case, the Legal Counsel may also propose appropriate redactions to the report.
9. The Secretary-General or the Director, Internal Oversight Office, will consult with WMO Legal Counsel and may modify his or her proposed restrictions based on the Legal Counsel’s advice. The Secretary-General or the Director, Internal Oversight Office, will then submit the Assurance Report, his or her submission, Legal Counsel’s opinion and, if applicable, the proposed redactions to the report to the Audit Committee for consideration. The Audit Committee will make a final determination as to whether the Assurance Report should be disclosed and in what form. The Office will keep a record of the full process relating to restricted reports.
Disclosure of restricted reports
10. Upon a written request channelled through the Office of the Secretary-General, WMO will provide Executive Council members or authorized representatives of Members the opportunity to read specific restricted reports in any redacted form decided by the Audit Committee in a secured environment, for example the premises of the Internal Oversight Office. The Internal Oversight Office will provide such access on the basis of signed confidentiality undertakings. The confidentiality obligations will prevent public disclosure, but allow Members to discuss the general conclusions set forth in the specific reports with their constituency on an “as needed” basis, provided that no information concerning any person referred to in the reports is publicly disclosed. Neither hard nor electronic copies of the reports will be made available to such authorized representatives.
11. In all cases of requests by other WMO stakeholders such as donor intergovernmental organizations the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Chair of the Audit Committee as necessary, will have the authority to determine as to whether and how internal audit reports could be disclosed.
12. The decision to provide the reports should be made on a case-by-case basis and stakeholders granted access to the internal audit reports shall adhere to WMO confidentiality procedures.
______
1 Assurance Reports are available to the members of the Executive Council, their alternates and advisers, as well as to any authority specifically designated for that purpose by the Government of the Member concerned. By default, Permanent Representatives with WMO and Ministries of Foreign Affairs (including Permanent Missions to the United Nations Office in Geneva) shall have the power to designate the persons whom they authorize to request access to Assurance Reports on behalf of the Member concerned.
RESOLUTIONS 145
Resolution 24 (EC-64)
GUIDELINES ON THE PLANNING AND PRODUCTION OF WMO PUBLICATIONS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 35 (Cg-XVI) – Publications for the sixteenth financial period,
(2) Resolution 20 (EC-LXII) – Mandatory publications and publication distribution policy for the sixteenth financial period,
(3) Resolution 13 (EC-LVI) – Publications Programme,
Noting further the list of WMO publications adopted by the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress for production during the sixteenth financial period and identified in the regular budget,
Recognizing the benefits of more economical and environmentally friendly electronic means of production and dissemination,
Considering a need for reinforcement of quality assurance measures in the implementation of the WMO publications programme,
Approves guidelines on the planning and production of WMO publications, as contained in the annex to the present resolution, to be followed by technical commissions and regional associations in the process of preparing a new publication or updating an existing one. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 13 (EC-LVI), which is no longer in force.
Annex to Resolution 24 (EC-64)
GUIDELINES ON THE PLANNING AND PRODUCTION OF WMO PUBLICATIONS
The aim of the WMO publishing programme is the most effective and widest possible dissemination to target audiences of timely and authoritative information that is directly linked to the objectives of the Organization, as articulated in the WMO mission and Strategic Plan.
Categories of publications and documents
The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress agreed that all formal publications, that is, those bearing a WMO number and ISBN, are grouped into two categories:
(1) Governance and technical publications, including the official records of WMO constituent bodies and weather-, climate- and water-related publications originating from the technical commissions and departments;
(2) General information publications, which are outreach publications targeting the general public, policymakers and decision-makers.
Other information products without a WMO number are also issued. These include design projects (folders, travel kits, posters, etc.), documentation and reports associated with meetings of working bodies of the Executive Council, technical commissions, regional associations and other 146 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
non-constituent bodies, conferences and workshops, and studies prepared by experts and WMO staff. When needed, programme series numbers may be maintained.
Languages and formats
Congress defines the languages in which planned publications are issued. Translation of technical publications, especially education and training publications, into the six official languages of WMO (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) is generally accorded high priority, in order to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and standard and recommended methodology. Offers from Members for in-kind translation and editing of publications are welcome.
The formats and means of distribution of publications (print, Web-based downloadable pdf, CD-ROM, USB key) are chosen to meet the needs of target readers and the requirements of WMO Corporate Visual Identity Guidelines, within the constraints of available resources.
Responsibilities
Management of the publications programme is the responsibility of the Secretary-General within the framework established by Congress and taking into account the guidance given by the Executive Council.
Within this framework, the originating constituent body and relevant Secretariat department are responsible for:
(1) Ensuring the quality of the substantive and technical content of the publications and other information products they prepare;
(2) Delivering a manuscript that complies with WMO style and formatting guidelines for authors;
(3) Allocating funds to cover the costs of publication.
The Publications Board is responsible for reviewing and coordinating the implementation of the WMO publications programme and ensuring the maintenance of high technical standards of WMO publications.
Planning
Planning well in advance helps ensure efficient coordination of the WMO publishing programme and the most cost-effective management of resources. This applies equally to documentation associated with constituent body sessions and other meetings and events, to new governance, technical and general information publications, and to updated or new editions of existing titles.
New publications bearing a WMO number should be initiated and approved by a constituent body resolution and/or by the Secretary-General. In planning new publications, the following criteria should be considered:
(1) The work should add value to the literature within the WMO sphere of activities;
(2) The content must be scientifically, technically and legally valid and of wide interest;
(3) The text will remain valid and of significant interest to Members and the wider scientific community for a reasonable period of time;
(4) The content should not be in breach of copyright or other reproduction restrictions and thus able to be published by WMO.
The list of WMO publications to be produced during a given financial period is defined by a resolution of Congress. The list proposed to Congress is based on the recommendations of WMO RESOLUTIONS 147
constituent bodies or the Secretary-General. Before Congress, departments are also asked to secure the necessary funds to be included in the regular budget proposal for the forthcoming four years.
Publications not included in the list approved by Congress and other information products may be produced given the availability of the necessary funding and subject to the approval of the proposal by the Secretary-General, following a recommendation from the Publications Board.
Initial planning by originating departments and/or constituent bodies should include:
(1) A designated responsible officer;
(2) Designated author(s) or contributor(s);
(3) A decision on the intended status of the material, for example, governance (WMO- endorsed standard), technical or general information;
(4) A review process, depending on the category of the proposed publication, to ensure the quality of the substantive and technical content;
(5) An estimate of the volume of the document;
(6) The languages and formats in which it should be produced, taking into account the target audience and the availability of the financial resources;
(7) A tentative schedule, including time needed for drafting and review;
(8) A cost estimate.
Review
To ensure the high quality of WMO publications, the manuscripts of all governance, technical and general information publications should be reviewed before being submitted for production.
With the exception of abridged constituent body reports, the final manuscript of each governance and technical publication should be appraised by a carefully chosen referee, assisted by advisers, as necessary. The president of a technical commission shall normally act as referee for technical publications related to the work of the commission concerned. The technical commissions, regional associations or an Executive Council panel of experts or working group are encouraged to establish their own review mechanism, as set out in Annex 2 to Resolution 1 (CHy-XIII).
The manuscript of each general information publication should be circulated for review to the Communications and Public Affairs Office.
Dissemination
WMO publications are disseminated in a variety of formats depending on the type of publication and its target audience. The Secretariat publishes a Web catalogue showing a historic listing of publications as well as those available for sale.
Free online availability of documents
The Secretariat should make publications available online and inform Members and experts of each release. As Congress agreed, hard copies should not be provided systematically, but mostly on request.
148 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 25 (EC-64)
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION FOR THE YEAR 2011
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Recalling Resolution 21 (EC-LXII) – Consideration of the accounts of the World Meteorological Organization for the year 2009,
Noting Articles 14 and 15 of the Financial Regulations,
Considering the financial report of the Secretary-General on the financial statements of the Organization for the year ended 31 December 2011 and the report of the External Auditor to the Executive Council,
Gives formal approval to the audited financial statements of the World Meteorological Organization for the year 2011;
Requests the Secretary-General to transmit the financial statements together with his report and the report of the External Auditor thereon to all Members of the World Meteorological Organization;
Noting with concern the substantial amounts of outstanding assessed contributions of certain Members,
Urges Members to clear their dues at an early date.
Resolution 26 (EC-64)
AMENDMENTS TO THE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Considering the Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Volume I – General Meteorological Standards and Recommended Practices,
Recalling Resolution 45 (Cg-XVI) – Technical Regulations of the World Meteorological Organization,
Recalling further Resolution 35 (Cg-XVI) – Publications for the sixteenth financial period,
Considering the editorial amendments to Volume I of the Technical Regulations proposed by the Secretary-General as a result of the revision of the entire Volume to ensure editorial consistency with new and amended Manuals, which are annexes to Volume I, following their adoption by Congress, or by the Executive Council on behalf of Congress, since the last full review of Volume I,
Decides to approve the amended Volume I (2011 edition) of the Technical Regulations as contained in the annex to the present resolution; RESOLUTIONS 149
Requests the Secretary-General to arrange for the publishing of the entire set of Volumes of Technical Regulations with consolidated Manuals and corresponding Guides on the Website in the flexible navigable modular format to allow easy user-friendly search and reference, as well as rapid amendments with the minimum time lag;
Recalling the Agreement on working arrangements between WMO and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on the development of common WMO/ISO technical standards,
Invites Members to notify the Secretary-General on those parts of the WMO Technical Regulations, which, if published as common WMO/ISO technical standards, would enhance the status and the applicability of Technical Regulations and so improve compliance at the national level;
Requests the Secretary-General to develop proposals based on the information provided by Members;
Considering that, following the evolution and development of the WMO systems and services, a considerable number of new standards and recommended practices for methods, procedures, techniques and practices in meteorology, operational hydrology, climatology and related environmental services have emerged or are under development, which need to be accommodated in the Technical Regulations in a more streamlined and consistent manner,
Decides to reorganize the Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Volume I – General Meteorological Standards and Recommended Practices, in order to structure regulatory documents in line with the modern technology and operational practices of Members, as well as to accommodate emerging services;
Requests technical commissions and the Secretary-General to develop, on the basis of the outline proposed by the Secretary-General, an optimal structure of Volume I for consideration by the Executive Council at its sixty-fifth session;
Requests further technical commissions, the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Education and Training and the Secretary-General to undertake measures in order to ensure that the update of the regulatory documents is performed in a systematic manner in view of the need for consistency of Manuals and Guides with the relevant parts of the Technical Regulations, and to issue a consolidated new edition following each Congress;
Urges Members, pursuant to Regulation 128 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), to give effect to, and to inform the Secretary-General on, the degree of their compliance with the WMO standards and recommended practices;
Invites regional associations to monitor the compliance of Members with the Technical Regulations.
Annex to Resolution 26 (EC-64)
AMENDMENT TO THE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS (WMO-NO. 49), VOLUME I 150 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Technical Regulations Basic Documents No. 2
Volume I General Meteorological Standards and Recommended Practices
WMO-No. 49
2011 Edition
RESOLUTIONS 151
EDITORIAL NOTE The following typographical practice has been followed: Standard practices and procedures have been printed in semi-bold roman. Recommended practices and procedures have been printed in light-face roman. Notes have been printed in smaller type, light face roman, and preceded by the indication: NOTE.
WMO-No. 49
© World Meteorological Organization, 2011
The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to:
Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-92-63-10049-8
NOTE
The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. 152 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
DOCUMENT REVISION TRACK RECORD
Date Paragraph / Purpose of amendment Proposed Approval Section by: (body Resolution and session) 3.VII.2012 All Consolidation of amendments Cg-XVI 7.5/1 (EC-64) document approved by the Sixteenth Congress
GENERAL PROVISIONS
1. The WMO Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) are presented in four volumes: Volume I – General meteorological standards and recommended practices Volume II – Meteorological service for international air navigation Volume III – Hydrology Volume IV – Quality management
Purpose of the Technical Regulations
2. The Technical Regulations of the World Meteorological Organization are determined by Congress in accordance with Article 8(d) of the Convention.
3. These Regulations are designed: (a) To facilitate cooperation in meteorology and hydrology between Members; (b) To meet, in the most effective manner, specific needs in the various fields of application of meteorology and operational hydrology in the international sphere; and (c) To ensure adequate uniformity and standardization in the practices and procedures employed in achieving (a) and (b) above.
Types of Regulations and notes
4. The Technical Regulations comprise standard practices and procedures and recommended practices and procedures.
5. The definitions of these two types of Regulations are as follows: The standard practices and procedures: (a) Shall be the practices and procedures which it is necessary that Members follow or implement; and therefore (b) Shall have the status of requirements in a technical resolution in respect of which Article 9(b) of the Convention is applicable; and (c) Shall invariably be distinguished by the use of the term shall in the English text, and by suitable equivalent terms in the Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts. RESOLUTIONS 153
The recommended practices and procedures: (a) Shall be the practices and procedures which it is desirable that Members follow or implement; and therefore (b) Shall have the status of recommendations to Members, to which Article 9(b) of the Convention shall not be applied; (c) Shall be distinguished by the use of the term should in the English text (except where otherwise provided by decision of Congress) and by suitable equivalent terms in the Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts.
6. In accordance with the above definitions, Members shall do their utmost to implement the standard practices and procedures. In accordance with Article 9(b) of the Convention and in conformity with the provisions of Regulation 128 of the General Regulations, Members shall formally notify the Secretary-General, in writing, of their intention to apply the standard practices and procedures of the Technical Regulations, except those for which they have lodged a specific deviation. Members shall also inform the Secretary-General, at least three months in advance, of any change in the degree of their implementation of a standard practice or procedure as previously notified and the effective date of the change.
7. Members are urged to comply with recommended practices and procedures, but it is not necessary to notify the Secretary-General of non-observance except with regard to those contained in Vol. II, C.3.1.
8. In order to clarify the status of the various Regulations, the standard practices and procedures are distinguished from the recommended practices and procedures by a difference in typographical practice, as indicated in the editorial note.
9. Certain notes (preceded by the indication NOTE) are included in the Technical Regulations for explanatory purposes; they may, for instance, refer to relevant WMO Guides and WMO publications of factual information. These notes do not have the status of Technical Regulations. The WMO Guides describe practices, procedures and specifications which Members are invited to follow or implement in establishing and conducting their arrangements in compliance with the Technical Regulations and in developing meteorological and hydrological services in their respective countries.
Status of annexes and appendices
10. WMO publications (other than the Technical Regulations (Volumes I to IV)) which contain regulatory material having the status of the Technical Regulations are annexes to the Technical Regulations. These annexes, normally also called manuals, are established by decision of Congress and are intended to facilitate the application of Technical Regulations to specific fields. In principle, annexes may contain both standard and recommended practices and procedures.
11. Texts called appendices appearing in the Technical Regulations or in an annex to the Technical Regulations have the same status as the Regulations to which they refer.
Updating of the Technical Regulations and their annexes (Manuals)
12. The Technical Regulations are updated, as necessary, in the light of developments in meteorology and hydrology and meteorological and hydrological techniques and in the applications of meteorology. Certain principles previously agreed upon by Congress and applied in the selection of material for inclusion in the Technical Regulations are reproduced below. These principles provide guidance for constituent bodies, in particular technical commissions, when dealing with matters pertaining to the Technical Regulations: (a) Technical commissions should not recommend that a Regulation be a standard practice unless it is supported by a strong majority; 154 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(b) Technical Regulations should contain appropriate instructions to Members regarding implementation of the provision in question; (c) No major changes should be made in the Technical Regulations without consulting the appropriate technical commissions; (d) Any amendments proposed to these Technical Regulations submitted by Members or by constituent bodies should be communicated to all Members at least three months before they are submitted to Congress.
13. Amendments to the Technical Regulations – as a rule – are approved by Congress.
14. If a recommendation for an amendment is made by a session of the appropriate technical commission and if the new regulation needs to be implemented before the time of next Congress, the Executive Council may, on behalf of the Organization, approve the amendment in accordance with Article 14 (c) of the Convention. Amendments to annexes to the Technical Regulations proposed by the appropriate technical commissions are normally approved by the Executive Council.
15. If a recommendation for an amendment is made by the appropriate technical commission and the implementation of the new regulation is urgent, the President of the Organization may, on behalf of the Executive Council, take action as provided by Regulation 9(5) of the General Regulations.
Note: A fast-track procedure can be applied for additions to certain codes and associated code tables, contained in Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306)). Application of the fast-track procedure is described in detail in Annex II.
16. After each session of Congress (every four years), a new edition of the Technical Regulations, including the amendments approved by Congress, is issued. With regard to the amendments to WMO-No. 49 between the sessions of Congress, Volumes I, III and IV are updated, as necessary, upon approval of changes thereto by the Executive Council. The Technical Regulations, updated as a result of an approved amendment by the Executive Council, are considered as a new update of the current edition. The material in Volume II is prepared by the World Meteorological Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization working in close cooperation, in accordance with the Working Arrangements agreed by these Organizations. In order to ensure consistency between Volume II and Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the issuance of amendments to Volume II are synchronized with the respective amendments to Annex 3 by the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Note: Editions are identified using the year of the respective session of Congress while updates are identified with numbers, followed by the year of approval, for example «Update 1 (2012)» indicates the first update approved by the Executive Council in 2012.
Updating of the WMO Guides
17. The recommended practices, procedures and specifications consolidated in the Guides are updated, as necessary, in the light of scientific and technological developments in hydrometeorology, climatology and their applications. The WMO technical commissions are responsible for the selection of material to be included in the Guides. Recommendations for amendments made by a session of the appropriate technical commission are subject to the approval of the Executive Council.
RESOLUTIONS 155
CONTENTS
Definitions Requirements for the international exchange of observational data and products to meet the needs of WMO Programmes
PART I – WORLD WEATHER WATCH
1. GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM 1.1 Meteorological observing networks, stations and observations 1.1.1 General - Scope, purpose and operation of the Global Observing System
2. GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM 2.1 Organization and functions of the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System 2.1.1 General 2.1.2 Functions of centres
2.2 Analysis and forecasting practices 2.2.1 General – Constants, definitions and specifications 2.2.2 Weather charts – Projections, scales and symbols 2.2.3 Properties of aerological diagrams – General requirements 2.2.4 Upper-air analyses – Reference surfaces 2.2.5 General – Publication of synoptic observations
2.3 International codes 2.3.1 General – Code forms 2.3.2 Symbolic words, groups and letters 2.3.3 Code figures
3. WMO INFORMATION SYSTEM 3.1 Purpose 3.2 Principles 3.3 Organization 3.4 Responsibilities 3.5 Practices, procedures and specifications
PART II – OTHER GENERAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
1. Climatology 1.1 General – Climatological data 1.2 Collection of climatological data 1.2.1 National arrangements 1.3 Exchange of climatological data 1.3.1 International requirements 1.4 Climatological statistics 1.4.1 Time units 1.4.2 Climatological frequencies, sums and averages 1.5 Publication of climatological data 1.5.1 General 1.5.2 Publication of surface observations 1.5.3 Publication of upper-air observations 1.5.4 Publication of old climatological data 1.6 Climatic atlases 156 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
2. Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) 2.1 General 2.2 Principles of implementation 2.3 Requirements for data on the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere 2.3.1 Classification of requirements 2.3.2 Systems for meeting the requirements 2.4 Networks of stations 2.4.1 General 2.4.2 Global stations 2.4.3 Regional stations 2.5 Location of the stations 2.6 Information about the stations 2.7 Supervision of the stations 2.8 Measurement programme 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 2.10 Monitoring of the operation of GAW
3. Meteorological bibliography and publications 3.1 Meteorological documents and abstracts 3.1.1 General form of meteorological documents and abstracts 3.1.2 Classification of meteorological documents and abstracts 3.1.3 Preparation of catalogues of meteorological documents
4. Education and training 4.1 General 4.2 Categories of personnel 4.3 Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists 4.4 Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians 4.5 Meteorological education and training facilities 4.6 Status of meteorological personnel
5. Competence of Meteorological, Hydrological and Climatological Personnel 5.1 Competence of Aeronautical Meteorological Personnel
6. Meteorological research 6.1 Units 6.2 Standard atmosphere
PART III – METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES
1. Meteorological services for marine activities 1.1 General 1.2 Marine meteorological services for the high seas 1.2.1 General responsibilities 1.2.2 Provision of weather and sea bulletins 1.2.3 Marine meteorological support to maritime search and rescue (SAR) 1.2.4 Provision of information by radio-facsimile 1.2.5 Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme 1.2.6 Special marine climatological information 1.2.7 Provision of marine meteorological information and expert advice 1.3 Marine meteorological services for coastal and offshore areas 1.3.1 International responsibilities 1.3.2 Regional cooperation 1.3.3 National responsibilities RESOLUTIONS 157
1.4 Marine meteorological services for main ports and harbour areas 1.4.1 International responsibilities 1.4.2 General services 1.4.3 Port Meteorological Officer (PMO) services 1.5 Training in marine meteorology 1.5.1 General
2. Meteorological services for agriculture 2.1 Presentation of agricultural meteorological data 2.1.1 Publication of agricultural meteorological data 2.2 Agricultural meteorological reports 2.2.1 Crop-weather reports 2.3 Forecasts for agriculture 2.3.1 Forecasting programme
ANNEXES:
I International Cloud Atlas (WMO-No. 407), Volume I – Manual on the Observation of Clouds and -Other Meteors Part I; Part II: paragraphs II.1.1, II.1.4, II.1.5, II.2.3, sub-paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 of each paragraph from II.3.1 to II.3.10, paragraphs II.8.2 and II.8.4; Part III: paragraph III.1 and the definitions (in italics) of paragraph III.2 (not attached)
II Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I (not attached)
III Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386), Volume I (in part) (not attached)
IV Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No.485), Volume I (not attached)
V Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), Volume I (not attached)
VI Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558) Volume I, (not attached)
VII Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060), (not attached)
VIII Manual on the Implementation of Education and Training Standards in Meteorology and Hydrology (WMO-No. 1083), Volume I (not attached)
APPENDICES:
A Values of some physical functions and constants used in meteorology
B Definitions and specifications of water vapour in the atmosphere
C Universal Decimal Classification
D Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists and Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians
E Criteria for the recognition of WMO Regional Training Centres 158 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
DEFINITIONS
Introductory note: A definition does not have independent status but is an essential part of each Standard and Recommended Practice in which the term is used, since a change in the meaning of the term would affect the specification. The following terms, when used in Volume I of the Technical Regulations, have the meanings given below:
Aeronautical meteorological station. A station designated to make observations and meteorological reports for use in international air navigation.
Agricultural meteorological station. A station that provides meteorological data for agricultural and/or biological purposes and makes other meteorological observations under the programmes of Agrometeorological Research Centres and other relevant organizations.
Aircraft meteorological station. A meteorological station situated on an aircraft.
Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL).
Auxiliary ship station. A mobile ship station, normally without certified meteorological instruments, that transmits reports in code form or in plain language, either as a routine or on request, in certain areas or under certain conditions.
Bulk density. The ratio of mass to volume of an undisturbed sample of oven-dried soil expressed as grams per cubic centimetre.
Climatological data. Various types of data – instrumental, proxy, historical – which constitute the major source of climate study and theory.
Climatological record. Any record made of meteorological events in alphanumerical, graphical or map form.
Climatological standard normals. Averages of climatological data computed for the following consecutive periods of 30 years: 1 January 1901–31 December 1930, 1 January 1931– 31 December 1960, etc.
Note: When data are not continuous, adjusted normals may be computed.
Climatological station. A station whose observations are used for climatological purposes. Elevation. The vertical distance of a point or a level on, or affixed to, the surface of the Earth, measured from mean sea level.
Field capacity. Soil is said to be at field capacity when it is allowed to drain for a few days and only the capillary spaces are filled with water.
Fixed ship station. An ocean weather station or a station situated aboard a light-ship.
Geostationary satellite. A type of meteorological satellite orbiting the Earth at an altitude of approximately 36 000 km with the angular velocity of the Earth and within the equatorial plane, thus providing nearly continuous information in an area within a range of about 50° from a fixed sub-satellite point at the Equator.
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Upper-Air Network (GUAN). The global baseline network of about 150 selected RBSN upper-air stations established with relatively homogenous distribution to meet the requirements of GCOS for the compilation of long-term climate records.
Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS). The coordinated global system of meteorological centres and arrangements for meteorological analyses and forecasting, and the RESOLUTIONS 159
processing, storage and retrieval of meteorological information within the framework of the World Weather Watch.
Global Observing System (GOS). The coordinated system of methods, techniques and facilities for making observations on a worldwide scale within the framework of the World Weather Watch.
Global Telecommunication System (GTS). The coordinated global system of telecommunication facilities and arrangements for the rapid collection, exchange and distribution of observations and processed information within the framework of the World Weather Watch.
Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.
Note: The datum may be specified either in the text or in an explanatory note in the publication concerned.
Land station. A meteorological observing station situated on land.
Meteorological analysis (Analysis). A statement of analysed meteorological conditions for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of air space.
Meteorological bulletin. A text comprising meteorological information preceded by an appropriate heading.
Meteorological forecast (Forecast). A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace.
Meteorological message. A message comprising a single meteorological bulletin, preceded by a starting line and followed by end-of-message signals.
Note: Details on the starting line, the end-of-message signals and the structure of a meteorological bulletin are contained in Annex III (Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386), Volume I).
Meteorological observation (Observation). The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements.
Meteorological observing network. A group of meteorological observing stations spread over a given area for a specific purpose.
Meteorological observing station (Station). A place where meteorological observations are made with the approval of the Member or Members concerned.
Meteorological report (Report). A statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified time and location.
Meteorological satellite. An artificial Earth satellite making meteorological observations and transmitting these observations to Earth.
Meteorological technician. A person who has successfully completed the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians (BIP-MT) requirements.
Meteorologist. A person who has successfully completed the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists (BIP-M) requirements, at university degree level.
Mobile ship station. A station aboard a mobile ship.
National Meteorological Centre (NMC). A centre responsible for carrying out national functions including those under the World Weather Watch. 160 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Near-polar orbiting satellite. A type of meteorological satellite with nearly circular, nearly polar orbit. The combination of satellite motion and the Earth’s rotation beneath the orbit provides overlapping strips of satellite data covering swaths (up to 3 000 km) from pole to pole. The satellite’s altitude can be chosen within a wide range (between 600 and 1 500 km) in order to provide data over the entire globe twice a day.
Nephanalysis. The graphical depiction of analysed cloud data on a geographical map.
Normals. Period averages computed for a uniform and relatively long period comprising at least three consecutive ten-year periods.
Ocean weather station. A station aboard a suitably equipped and staffed ship that endeavours to remain at a fixed sea position and that makes and reports surface and upper-air observations and may also make and report sub-surface observations.
Ordinary radiation station. A radiation station whose observing programme includes at least the continuous recording of the global solar radiation.
Note: The terminology of radiation quantities and measuring instruments is given in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8).
Period averages. Averages of climatological data computed for any period of at least ten years starting on 1 January of a year ending with the digit 1.
Permanent wilting point. The point reached by a plant when the moisture content of the soil is reduced and the plant wilts and does not recover its turgidity when placed in a humid atmosphere.
Principal radiation station A radiation station whose observing programme includes at least the continuous recording of global solar radiation and of sky radiation and regular measurements of direct solar radiation.
Prognosis. A representation of the future state of the atmosphere.
Note: This representation can be obtained from the integration of a numerical prediction model, from the judgment of a forecaster, or from any other appropriate method or combination of several methods.
Reanalysed data. Data obtained by reanalysis – a method for constructing a high-quality record of past climate conditions by combining observations with model information.
Reference climatological station. A climatological station the data of which are intended for the purpose of determining climatic trends. This requires long periods (not less than thirty years) of homogeneous records, where man-made environmental changes have been and/or are expected to remain at a minimum. Ideally the records should be of sufficient length to enable the identification of secular changes of climate.
Regional Basic Climatological Network (RBCN). A network of climatological stations with a specified observational programme within a WMO Region, which is a minimum regional requirement to permit Members to fulfil their responsibilities within the World Weather Watch and also serve as a target list for WWW monitoring of climatological data. It is based primarily on RBSN stations and includes all Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Surface Network (GSN) and GCOS Upper-air Network (GUAN) stations.
Regional Basic Synoptic Network (RBSN). A network composed of synoptic stations with a specified observational programme within a WMO Region, which is a minimum regional requirement to permit Members to fulfil their responsibilities within the World Weather Watch and in the application of meteorology.
Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC). A centre that specialises either in an activity or in a geographical area of the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System: RESOLUTIONS 161
(a) The Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre with activity specialization has the primary purpose of providing tailored-made products to service users in a particular area of activity;
(b) The Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre with geographic specialization has the primary purpose of issuing meteorological analyses and prognoses on a regional scale for a specified geographical area.
Sea station. An observing station situated at sea.
Space-based sub-system. A complementary part of the Global Observing System composed of near-polar orbiting meteorological satellites and geostationary satellites.
Standard isobaric surface. An isobaric surface used on a worldwide basis for representing and analysing the conditions in the atmosphere.
Standard time of observation (Standard time). A time specified in Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No.544), Volume I) for making meteorological observations.
Supplementary ship station. A mobile ship station that is equipped with a limited number of certified meteorological instruments for making observations and that transmits the required observations in an abbreviated code form for ships.
Surface observation. An observation, other than an upper-air observation, made on the Earth’s surface.
Surface synoptic station. A station at which surface synoptic observations are made.
Synoptic observation. A surface or upper-air observation made at a standard time.
Synoptic station. A station at which synoptic observations are made.
Upper-air observation. An observation made in the free atmosphere either directly or indirectly.
Upper-air synoptic station. A station at which upper-air synoptic observations are made.
Weather chart. A geographical map on which meteorological conditions or elements are represented by figures, symbols or isopleths.
World Meteorological Centre (WMC). A centre of the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System which has the primary purpose of issuing meteorological analyses and prognoses on a global scale.
World Weather Watch (WWW). The worldwide, coordinated, developing system of meteorological facilities and services provided by Members for the purpose of ensuring that all Members obtain the meteorological information they require both for operational work and for research. The essential elements of the World Weather Watch are:
The Global Observing System,
The Global Data-processing and Forecasting System, and
The Global Telecommunication System. 162 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA AND PRODUCTS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF WMO PROGRAMMES
A. DATA
Note: There is a general requirement for metadata to be made available through appropriate channels (e.g. Weather Reporting (WMO-No. 9)). The following tables represent the total data requirements for international exchange to support all WMO Programmes and WMO-sponsored programmes.*
Table 1 – Three-dimensional data
Horizontal Vertical Temporal Source of resolution resolution resolution requirements (km) (km) (h= hours)
Wind (horizontal) 100 1 up to 2 km 3h Most programmes 5 up to16 2 up to 30
Temperature 100 1 up to 2 km 3h Most programmes 5 up to 16
Geopotential 100 2 up to 30 3h Most programmes
Dew-point temperature 100 1 up to 2 km 3h Most programmes 5 up to tropopause
Turbulence 100 3 1h Aeronautical Meteorology (AeM)
Ozone Variable Variable Variable Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), World Weather Watch (WWW)
Greenhouse gases Variable Variable Variable GCOS, GAW
Reactive gases Variable Variable Variable GCOS, GAW
Aerosols – chemical Variable Variable Variable GCOS, GAW and physical properties
Salinity 250 Variable 6h Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS), GCOS, Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)
Subsea surface 250 Variable 6h IGOSS, GCOS, GOOS temperature
Subsea surface current 250 Variable 6h IGOSS, GCOS, GOOS
Soil moisture 0–10 cm 100 – 1 day Most programmes
Soil moisture 10–100 100 – 1 week Most programmes cm
* The requirements for hydrological programmes are subject to further review. RESOLUTIONS 163
Table 2 – Surface data
Horizontal Temporal Source of resolution resolution requirements (km) (h=hours)
Pressure 100 1h Most programmes
Wind 100 1h Most programmes
Temperature (air) 100 1h Most programmes
Dew-point temperature 100 1h Most programmes
Visibility 100 1h Most programmes
Present weather 100 1h Most programmes
Accumulated precipitation 100 1h Most programmes
Precipitation rate 100 1h Most programmes
Sea-surface temperature 100 1 day Most programmes
Land-surface temperature 100 3h Most programmes
Sea-ice cover 100 1 day Most programmes
Snow and ice cover 100 1 day Most programmes
Snow equivalent-water depth 100 1 day Most programmes
River runoff 250 1 day Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), Operational Hydrology Programme (OHP)
Lake water levels Variable 1 week GCOS, OHP
Water quality 250 1 week OHP
Sediment 250 1 week OHP
Percentage of vegetation 100 1 week Most programmes
Phenological data Variable 10 days GCOS, Agricultural Meteorology (AgM)
Soil temperature, 20 cm 100 6h GCOS, AgM
Deep soil temperature, 100 cm 100 1 day GCOS, AgM
Surface roughness 50 1 month GCOS, AgM
Albedo, visible 100 1 day Most programmes
Albedo, near infrared 100 1 day Most programmes
Long-wave emissivity 100 1 day Most programmes
Multipurpose imagery 1 or 4 6h Most programmes
Surface net radiation 50 6h GCOS, AgM
UV incoming 50 1h Public Weather Services (PWS), Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme (AREP), World Climate Programme (WCP)
Wave spectra 100 1h World Weather Watch (WWW), Marine Meteorology (MM) 164 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Horizontal Temporal Source of resolution resolution requirements (km) (h=hours)
Salinity 100 6h GCOS
Sea level 50 12h GCOS
Ocean current 100 6h Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS), GCOS, Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)
Greenhouse gas concentrations Variable Variable GCOS, WCP, AREP
Ozone Variable Variable GCOS, Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
Precipitation chemistry Variable Variable GAW, GCOS
Aerosols — chemical and Variable Variable GAW, GCOS physical properties
Reactive gases Variable Variable PWS, Commission for Climatology (CCI), GAW
Radionuclides Variable Variable Environmental Emergency Response (EER), GAW
Volcanic activity Variable Variable PWS, Aeronautical Meteorology (AeM)
Note: For programmes such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, hydrology, environmental emergency response and public weather services, much higher resolution data are needed operationally.
Table 3 – Other two-dimensional data
Horizontal Temporal Source of resolution resolution requirement (km) (h=hours)
Cloud fractional cover 100 3h Most programmes
Cloud top height 100 3h Most programmes
Cloud base height 100 3h Most programmes
Total liquid water content 100 3h Most programmes
Cloud phase/particle size 50 6h Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
TOA net short-wave radiation 100 3h Most programmes
TOA net long-wave radiation 100 3h Most programmes
Multipurpose IRA/IS imagery 1–4 30 min. Most programmes
Radiance 1–4 6h Most programmes
Column ozone Variable Variable GCOS, Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
Optical depth/turbidity Variable Variable GCOS, GAW
Column greenhouse and reactive Variable Variable GCOS, GAW gases
RESOLUTIONS 165
The following notes provide some explanation of the tables and some provisos on their use:
Variables:
Following past convention, the observational requirements for data assimilation are stated in terms of geophysical variables. This is thought to be useful since, from a user’s perspective, these are the variables on which information is required. However it is important to note that these variables are not always observed directly (satellite systems observe none of them directly, with the exception of top-of-the-atmosphere radiation). Also it is no longer true that the users need their data exclusively in the form of geophysical parameters; recent developments in data assimilation have demonstrated the potential and the benefits of using data at the engineering level (e.g. radiances, brightness temperatures).
Horizontal resolution: (a) In general (and with some over-simplification), data are useful for assimilation and validation on spatial scales which the models are attempting to represent. One hundred kilometres is given as the requirement for the variables listed in the tables. However, it is possible to benefit from higher resolution data, considering the current developments towards global models with a grid length of less than 50 km; (b) Regional models attempted to represent spatial scales above the mesoscale. Observational data are required at a resolution of 10 km; (c) The horizontal resolutions provided for hydrological data are averages only and will vary with physiographic characteristics.
Vertical resolution: (a) The same rationale is applied here: global numerical weather prediction models are expected to have a resolution of less than 1 km throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, with considerably higher resolution in the planetary boundary layer. In the mid and upper stratosphere, a resolution of 2 km is likely to be sufficient. The requirements for observations should be comparable; (b) For regional models, observations are required at a resolution of 100 m (50 m in the planetary boundary layer).
Temporal resolution: (a) Just as with spatial resolution, data will be useful for assimilation and validation on temporal scales which the models are attempting to represent. In the past, this has not been the case; so-called “four-dimensional” assimilation systems would more appropriately be described as “intermittent three-dimensional” systems, and they have not been able to make proper use of observations more frequently than the period of the data assimilation cycle (typically six hours). However, continued progress towards truly four-dimensional data assimilation is making it possible to extract useful information from observations at higher temporal frequency. With such systems, higher temporal resolution of two-dimensional data can compensate to some extent for the loss of three-dimensionality. A requirement of three hours for upper-air data and one hour for surface data has been specified. However, as in the case of spatial resolution, upper-air data of higher specification (up to one hour) should also be made available (e.g. cloud motion wind data from geostationary satellites, wind profiles from wind profilers); (b) For regional models, both upper-air and surface data are required at a resolution of one hour.
Timeliness:
For real-time activities, the value of data degrades with time, and it does so particularly rapidly for variables which change quickly. Operational assimilation systems are usually run with a cut-off time of about three hours for global models, and 1.5 hours for regional models. 166 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
B. PRODUCTS
Note Within the constraints of technology and programme requirements, model output should be supplied at the highest possible resolution.
Analysis – Surface (including synoptic features)
925 hPa 850 hPa 700 hPa 500 hPa 400 hPa Parameters: Pressure (P)/ 300 hPa geopotential height (H), 250 hPa temperature (T), wind 200 hPa (W) and humidity (R), 150 hPa as appropriate and 100 hPa applicable 70 hPa 50 hPa 30 hPa 20 hPa 10hPa
– Tropopause and maximum wind or tropopause and vertical wind shear – Relative topography, in particular the thickness 500/1 000 hPa – Jet streams – Digitized cloud mosaics – Mapped radiometric data – Stability – Precipitable water – Snow depth – Changes to 500 hPa, 24 hours – Changes to relative topography, thickness 500/1 000 hPa, 24 hours – Freezing level – Outgoing long-wave radiation – Pressure changes, three hours – Pressure changes, 12 and/or 24 hours – Precipitation areas, six hours – Precipitation areas, 24 hours – Sferics – Radar echoes – Rainfall deficiency (or drought) – Nephanalyses – Sea-surface temperature – Land-surface temperature – Snow and ice cover – Storm alerts – Sea ice – State of sea – Storm surge – Subsurface ocean – Thermoclines – Superstructure icing – Top of Ekman layer – Transpiration and evaporation estimates – Grid related estimates of hydrological variables RESOLUTIONS 167
– Water balance assessments involving estimates of soil moisture deficits or soil moisture contents – Estimates of potential photosynthesis (possible dry matter production) – Surface-air trajectories – 850 hPa air trajectories – 700 hPa air trajectories – 500 hPa air trajectories – Health risk index for travellers – Stratospheric ozone bulletins – Diagnostic analyses of: Spatial distributions Temporal variations – Atmospheric reactions and mechanisms based on atmospheric composition and radiation measurements – Assessments of satellite ground-truthing radiation experiments – Climate-related analyses (e.g. climate system monitoring and climate normals)
Five-day, 15-day and 30-day mean analysed values and anomalies Surface 800 hPa Parameters: P/H, T, W and R, as appropriate and applicable 500 hPa
Sea-surface temperature anomaly
Plotted data Plotted surface data (three-hourly) Plotted upper-air data (850, 700, ..., 100 hPa) Tabulated winds Aerological diagrams
Forecasts – Surface (including synoptic features)
925 hPa 850 hPa 700 hPa 500 hPa Parameters: P/H, T, W 400 hPa and R, as appropriate 300 hPa and applicable 250 hPa 200 hPa 150 hPa 100 hPa 70, 50, 30, 20 10 hPa
– Jet-stream location and tropopause/layer of maximum wind – Significant weather – Relative topography, thickness500/1 000 hPa – Freezing level
Note: The above list includes products which are required as part of the ICAO World Area Forecast System in accordance with the requirements determined by ICAO.
– Vorticity – Vertical motion – Areal distribution of cloudiness – Precipitation location, occurrence, amount and type 168 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
– Sequences at specific locations (time diagrams) at the surface and aloft of T, P, Wand R – Vorticity advection, temperature/thickness advection, vertical motion, stability indices, moisture distribution and other derived parameters – Tropical storm positions and intensities – River stage, discharge and ice phenomena – Tropical depression and easterly wave positions and movement – Four-to-ten-day outlook in middle latitudes and subtropical areas or four- to five-day outlook in the tropics for T, W, R and precipitation – Forecasts of probability of precipitation and temperature extremes for middle latitudes and subtropical areas or forecasts of cloudiness, temperature range and precipitation probability for tropical areas – State of the sea – Storm surge – Sea-surface temperature – Thermoclines – Sea ice – Superstructure icing – Three-dimensional trajectories with particle locations at synoptic hours for Environmental Emergency Response – Time integrated pollutant concentration within the 500 m layer above ground in three time periods up to 72 hours for Environmental Emergency Response
Total deposition upto 72 hours Levels and parameters as Extended range forecasts appropriate five-, 10-, 15- or 30-day and applicable mean values
– Long-term forecasts (seasonal to interannual).
RESOLUTIONS 169
PART I
WORLD WEATHER WATCH
1. GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM
1.1 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVING NETWORKS, STATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS
1.1.1 General – Scope, purpose and operation of the Global Observing System
1.1.1.1 The Global Observing System shall be constituted as a coordinated system of methods, techniques and facilities for making observations on a worldwide scale and defined as one of the main components of the World Weather Watch.
1.1.1.2 The purpose of the Global Observing System shall be to provide the meteorological and related environmental observations from all parts of the globe that are required by Members for operational and research purposes.
1.1.1.3 The Global Observing System shall consist of two sub-systems: the surface- based sub-system and the space-based sub-system, the former being composed of the regional basic synoptic networks of surface and upper-air stations, climatological stations, agricultural meteorological stations, aircraft meteorological stations, and other networks of synoptic stations on land and at sea as detailed in Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), Volume I) and the latter of near-polar-orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites.
1.1.1.4 The Global Observing System shall be established and operated in accordance with the procedures and practices set out in Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), Volume I).
2. GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM
2.1 ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM
2.1.1 General
2.1.1.1 The Global Data-processing and Forecasting System shall include World Meteorological Centres, Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and National Meteorological Centres.
2.1.1.2 Members which have accepted the responsibility of establishing and operating World Meteorological Centres and Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres specified in the World Weather Watch plan shall:
(a) Prepare and make available to other Members processed meteorological information;
(b) Archive and process data for research and applications;
(c) Provide opportunities for training, conducting of both basic and applied research and publishing of selected data.
2.1.1.3 The Global Data-processing and Forecasting System shall be established and operated in accordance with procedures and practices set out in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I). 170 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
2.1.2 Functions of centres
Real-time and non-real-time functions of World Meteorological Centres, Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and National Meteorological Centres should be as given in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
2.2 ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING PRACTICES
2.2.1 General – Constants, definitions and specifications
2.2.1.1 If the formula fora function or the value of a constant is given in Appendix A, Members shall use that formula or value, when required, for meteorological purposes.
2.2.1.2 Each Member shall use the definitions and specifications of water vapour in the atmosphere given in Appendix B.
2.2.2 Weather charts –Projections, scales and symbols
2.2.2.1 Appropriate projections and scales along the standard parallels used for weather charts should be as given in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
2.2.2.2 The symbols used for the pictorial representation of observed data and for analysis and prognosis on weather charts should be those set out in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data- processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I, AppendixII.4).
2.2.3 Properties of aerological diagrams – General requirements
2.2.3.1 Diagrams used for representation and analysis of upper-air observations of pressure, temperature and humidity should be as given in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
2.2.3.2 Diagrams used for the accurate computation of geopotential from upper-air observations of pressure, temperature and humidity should possess the features given in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
2.2.4 Upper-air analyses – Reference surfaces
2.2.4.1 Rules and procedures for representing and analysing the conditions in the free atmosphere, including standard isobaric surfaces to be used (except above 100 hPa), shall be as given in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
2.2.4.2 The standard isobaric surfaces for representing and analysing the conditions in the atmosphere above 100 hPa should be as given in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data- processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
2.2.5 General – Publication of synoptic observations
Each Member should publish, with as little delay as possible, a daily or monthly bulletin consisting, if so desired, of reports in the international code form, including:
(a) Reports made at main standard times by its surface land stations included in the regional basic synoptic network, or a selection of them if the network is dense; (b) Reports from all its upper-air stations;
(c) Reports from sea stations, or a selection of them if the network is dense. RESOLUTIONS 171
2.3 INTERNATIONAL CODES
2.3.1 General – Code forms
Coded information exchanged for international purposes shall be in the appropriate international code forms specified in Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I).
Note. Coded information exclusively for exchange between one Member and another may be in other forms by bilateral agreement.
2.3.2 Symbolic words, groups and letters
2.3.2.1 The symbolic words, groups and letters (or groups of letters) used in international code forms and their meanings or specifications shall be as given in Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I).
2.3.2.2 Symbolic words, groups and letters (or groups of letters) required for regional or national purposes only shall be selected so as not to duplicate those used in international code forms.
2.3.3 Code figures
Specifications of code figures (code tables) used in international code forms specified in 2.3.1 above shall be as given in Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I).
3. WMO INFORMATION SYSTEM
3.1 Purpose
Note: WMO recognizes that its mission in weather, climate, water, and related environmental issues depends upon the collection, distribution and open sharing of information, often using rapid and highly reliable methods. The WMO Information System is a key tool for optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of WMO.
3.2 Principles
3.2.1 The WMO Information System shall:
(a) Be used for the collection and sharing of information for all WMO and related international programmes;
(b) Provide a flexible and extensible data management and data communication structure that allows the participating centres to enhance their capabilities as their national and international responsibilities grow;
(c) Make use of international standards for relevant practices, procedures and specifications.
3.2.2 The basic engineering principles adopted for the WMO Information System data communication networks shall provide for the integration of global, regional and national data communication systems to ensure transmission of the required information within the specified acceptable time delays.
3.3 Organization
3.3.1 The WMO Information System shall be organized primarily by data management functions and also incorporate the required information exchange functions. The WMO Global Telecommunication System shall be incorporated into WMO Information System and be operated as part of it. 172 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
3.3.2 Centres participating in the WMO Information System shall be categorized as follows:
(a) Global Information System Centres;
(b) Data Collection or Production Centres;
(c) National Centres.
3.3.3 Based on the recommendations of the Commission for Basic Systems, coordinated with relevant technical commissions and regional associations, as appropriate, the Congress and Executive Council shall:
(a) Consider the designation of Global Information System Centres and Data Collection or Production Centres;
(b) Regularly review previously designated Global Information System Centres and Data Collection or Production Centres, including the reconsideration of their designation.
3.3.4 Members shall designate National Centres.
3.3.5 The WMO Information System functions and operation shall be based on catalogues that contain metadata for data and products available across WMO, and metadata describing dissemination and access options. These catalogues shall be maintained by WMO Information System Centres.
3.3.6 Members operating Global Information System Centres shall:
(a) Provide comprehensive search across catalogues, through collaboration amongst all Global Information System Centres;
(b) Provide access to and disseminate WMO data and products intended for global exchange;
(c) Be associated with Data Collection or Production Centres and National Centres within their area of responsibility.
3.3.7 Members operating Data Collection or Production Centres shall:
(a) Use WMO Information System to collect, disseminate, provide access to, and store relevant regional or programme-specific data and products;
(b) Maintain catalogues of their holdings and services, and provide appropriate parts of these catalogues to the Global Information System Centres to ensure a comprehensive catalogue of WMO Information System holdings.
3.3.8 Members operating National Centres shall:
(a) Use the WMO Information System to provide data and products in accordance with their programme responsibilities;
(b) Provide associated metadata to other WMO Information System Centres to become part of the comprehensive catalogue of WMO Information System holdings. RESOLUTIONS 173
3.3.9 Members operating Global Information System Centres, Data Collection or Production Centres and National Centres shall monitor the performance of the WMO Information System.
3.3.10 The WMO Information System shall feature data communication network management that includes dedicated data network services, especially for mission-critical information exchange, and public data network services such as the Internet, to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of the required information exchange.
3.4 Responsibilities
3.4.1 Members operating Global Information System Centres, Data Collection or Production Centres, and National Centres shall ensure that all appropriate measures are taken for the installation and good functioning of their centres, and of the required data communication systems and services, in relation to their needs and the roles which they have accepted.
3.4.2 Members shall ensure that their national information collecting systems allow not only national but also international needs to be met.
3.5 Practices, procedures and specifications
3.5.1 The WMO Information System data management and information exchange functions shall be established and operated in accordance with practices, procedures and specifications set out in Annex VII (Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO- No. 1060)).
3.5.2 The Global Telecommunication System shall be operated in accordance with practices, procedures and specifications set out in Annex III (Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386), Volume I).
Note: The Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060) complements the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386). Eventually, the Manual on the WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060) will replace the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386) while incorporating relevant content.
174 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
PART II OTHER GENERAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
1. CLIMATOLOGY
1.1 General – Climatological data
Note Detailed guidance regarding the collection, processing and publication of climatological data is given in the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No.100, Second edition).
1.1.1 Members should establish, maintain and update explanatory metadata and ensure data homogeneity. Such metadata should provide details and history of local conditions of the observing stations, instruments, operating procedures as well as information describing data sets and data processing algorithms and other factors pertinent to using and interpreting the data in accordance with Annex V (Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544)) Volume I, Part III, paragraph 2.8.4.
Note: Detailed guidance regarding the establishment, maintenance and update of metadata is given in the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No. 100), Chapter 3, 3.3.4, the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8), Part I, Chapter 1, 1.3.4 and Part III, Chapter 1, 1.9, and in the Guide to the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 488), Appendix III.3.
1.1.2 Climatological data should include the results of observations made at the meteorological observing stations specified in Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), Volume I, Part III).
1.1.3 Members should collect, quality control and process, on at least a monthly basis, data from a selection of representative high-quality stations for climatological purposes.
1.2. Collection of climatological data
1.2.1 National arrangements
1.2.1.1 Collection, maintenance and transfer of climatological data and records should be carried out by Members as indicated in Annex IV (Manual on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (WMO-No. 485), Volume I).
1.2.1.2 The international maritime meteorological tape format shown as Appendix I.15 of Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I) should be used for recording surface synoptic observations made at sea stations.
1.3. Exchange of climatological data
1.3.1 International requirements
1.3.1.1 Each Member shall arrange for the distribution of the climatological data for a selection of its stations, in accordance with the provisions of Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I) and Annex III (Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386), Volume I). The data shall be available as soon as possible after the end of the month.
1.3.1.1.1 The climatological data referred to in Regulation 1.3.1.1 above should be available not later than the fifth day of the following month.
1.3.1.1.2 The distribution of stations from which monthly surface climatological data are transmitted should be such that every 250 000 km2 is represented by at least one station and up to 10 stations where the density of the regional basic synoptic network permits; the distribution of stations from which monthly upper-air climatological data are transmitted should be such that every 1 000 000 km2 is represented by at least one station. RESOLUTIONS 175
1.3.1.2 Each Member should establish normals (including climatological standard normals) and periodically revise them as appropriate, for stations whose climatological data are distributed on the Global Telecommunication System in accordance with the provisions of Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I) and forward those normals to the Secretariat.
1.3.1.3 Members should exchange routine and special climatological publications by mutual agreement.
1.3.1.4 Copies of climatological data, either in ordinary script or on digital media, microfilm or in some other suitable form, should be made available on request, provided that the requesting Member undertakes to bear any additional expenditure involved.
1.3.1.5 When supplying synoptic surface observational data from mobile ship stations to meteorological services for international use, the international maritime meteorological tape format reproduced as Appendix I.15 of Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I), should be used; when supplying such data originating before 1960, the coding procedure given in Appendix I.15 of Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No.558), Volume I) should also be used, or some mutually acceptable format.
Note: Regulations pertaining to the Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme are contained in Part III, 1.
1.3.1.6 Members which have agreed to compute and distribute monthly mean surface pressure values for oceanic areas should arrange for the distribution in accordance with the provisions of Annex II (Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I) and Annex III (Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386), Volume I). The data should be available as soon as possible after the end of the month and not later than the fifth day of the following month.
1.4 Climatological statistics
1.4.1 Time units
The time units used in processing climatological data should be selected from the following:
(a) The Gregorian calendar year;
(b) The months of this calendar;
(c) The mean solar day, from midnight to midnight, according to the zonal time or the mean solar time of the station, when the climatological data permit.
1.4.2 Climatological frequencies, sums and averages
1.4.2.1 Frequencies, sums or averages, whichever applicable, of the observations of a meteorological element at a fixed time of the day or of extreme values for the day should be computed, either for individual time units or for a sequence of recurring time units (e.g. ten successive Januaries, etc.), using international time designation.
1.4.2.2 Frequencies, sums or averages, whichever applicable, of all or most of the following data from a selection of climatological stations should be computed for each month:
(a) Atmospheric pressure at fixed times at the reference level appropriate to the station, as indicated in 1.5.2.2.2 (b) below;
(b) Air temperature at fixed times;
(c) Daily air temperature extremes;
(d) Relative humidity at fixed times; 176 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(e) Vapour pressure at fixed times;
(f) Wind speed at fixed times, and for fixed periods;
(g) Wind direction at fixed times;
(h) Cloud amount at fixed times;
(i) Amounts of precipitation for fixed periods;
(j) Duration of bright sunshine for fixed periods.
1.4.2.3 Frequencies, sums and averages of hourly values at a selection of climatological stations should be computed for each month for at least the following elements:
(a) Atmospheric pressure at the reference level appropriate to the station as indicated in 1.5.2.2.2(b) below;
(b) Air temperature;
(c) Relative humidity or vapour pressure;
(d) Wind speed and direction;
(e) Precipitation;
(f) Hours of bright sunshine.
1.4.2.3.1 In so far as the type of observation permits, frequencies, sums, averages, anomalies and percentages of normals from ocean weather stations should be computed on a monthly and annual basis.
1.4.2.4 Annual averages should be computed by dividing the sum of the monthly averages by twelve, without consideration of the varying lengths of the months.
1.4.2.5 Members should compute for representative stations within their territory period averages, normals and climatological standard normals.
Note: When records are not available for the computation of period averages, normals or climatological standard normals, averages for shorter periods, for example five years, may be useful, especially for ocean weather stations and for upper-air stations in tropical countries.
1.5 Publication of climatological data
1.5.1 General
Whenever period averages, normals and climatological standards are published, the period to which they refer should be included as well as the standard hours of the observations used.
1.5.2 Publication of surface observations
1.5.2.1 Each Member should publish annual climatological reports.
Note: Monthly reports plus an annual summary may constitute an annual report.
1.5.2.2 The general information contained in annual climatological reports should consist of:
1.5.2.2.1 A statement giving:
(a) The standards of time used; RESOLUTIONS 177
(b) The types of instrument used;
(c) The methods of applying corrections;
(d) The methods with which conventional means are computed;
(e) The times at which extreme temperatures are read.
1.5.2.2.2 A list for each station giving:
(a) Name and geographical coordinates using as reference the geodetic system WGS 84 (reference for GPS);
(b) The altitude of the reference level for station pressure;
(c) The heights of the thermometer bulb, the anemometer head and the rim of the raingauge above ground level.
Note: Model tables for climatological summaries are given in the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No. 100).
1.5.2.3 If the main language of a publication is not English, French, Russian or Spanish, all headings of tables should be in one of these official languages, or in internationally recognized symbols or letters.
Note: Although Arabic and Chinese are official languages of WMO, Congress has not yet approved their use in all aspects of the work of WMO.
1.5.2.4 Each Member should publish or make available on a national and regional basis at least the following radiation data:
(a) For principal radiation stations, hourly totals of global solar radiation and of sky radiation, in accordance with Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO- No. 544), Volume I, Part III);
(b) For ordinary radiation stations, daily totals of global solar radiation, in accordance with Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), Volume I, Part III).
1.5.3 Publication of upper-air observations
1.5.3.1 Where publication of checked data from upper-air observations is impracticable, the data shall be made available on request by other means.
1.5.3.2 Members, either individually or in groups under mutual agreement, should publish checked data from upper-air observations with their monthly means and extremes, including those from ocean weather stations.
Note: Model tables for climatological summaries are given in the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No. 100).
1.5.3.3 Published upper-air data should include data for the standard isobaric surfaces referred to in Part I, 2.2.4.1 and 2.2.4.2.
Note: Upper-air data may also be published for additional isobaric surfaces as indicated in the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No. 100) and for the significant levels as defined in this Guide.
1.5.4 Publication of old climatological data
Members should publish or make available on request old series of reliable data which have not previously been published.
Note: Publication of data from reference climatological stations is especially desirable. 178 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1.6 Climatic atlases
Members should prepare and keep up to date national climatic atlases.
Note: Specifications for the layout and the contents of these atlases are given in the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No. 100).
2. GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH
2.1 General
2.1.1 The purpose and long-term goal of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) shall be to provide data and other information on the atmospheric chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the background atmosphere from all parts of the globe required to improve understanding of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its interactions with the oceans and the biosphere, and to enable prediction of the future states of the Earth system. Notes: (1) The GAW measurements will facilitate the preparation of scientific assessments of the state of the atmospheric environment that are required for operational, research, policy and other appropriate purposes. (2) In particular, the GAW measurements will be essential to the investigation of: (a) The links between meteorological and chemical phenomena in the atmosphere; (b) The relationship between changes in atmospheric composition and physical characteristics and changes in the global and regional climate; (c) The impact of changes in climate and other aspects of the Earth system on the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere; (d) The long-range atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition of potentially harmful substances; (e) The natural cycling of chemical elements in the global atmosphere/ocean/biosphere system, and anthropogenic impacts thereon.
2.1.2 GAW shall be a coordinated system of networks of observing stations, facilities and arrangements encompassing the many monitoring and related scientific assessment activities devoted to the investigation of the changing chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the global atmosphere.
2.1.3 Existing WMO networks of stations, such as the Global Ozone Observing System and the Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network, shall be consolidated into the GAW system.
2.1.4 The GAW system should also encompass a number of other relevant existing and new networks, both within and outside WMO.
2.1.5 GAW shall be organized, to the extent feasible, in cooperation with other international programmes concerned with aspects of the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the evolving state and behaviour of the atmosphere and the climate.
2.1.6 GAW shall be composed of networks of stations and central facilities operated by Members and shall include arrangements for the:
(a) Scientific leadership and the continuing involvement of scientists in the component programmes;
(b) Collection of samples of atmospheric precipitation, gases and particles and the chemical analysis of the samples for selected chemical constituents; RESOLUTIONS 179
(c) Direct measurement of selected chemical constituents and physical properties of the atmosphere;
(d) Provision of concurrent meteorological data;
(e) Collection of air, aerosol and precipitation samples for archiving;
(f) Central facilities for, inter alia, the preparation and supply of standards, and for carrying out calibrations and intercomparisons;
(g) Central facilities for, inter alia, the processing, archiving, and publication of data, derived products and information, which provide a means to assess the integrity and uncertainties of the basic data;
(h) Quality control and quality assurance procedures;
(i) Continuing use and scientific assessments of the data;
(j) Training of appropriate operational, managerial and scientific personnel.
2.1.7 GAW shall be designed as a flexible and evolving system, capable of continual improvement in response to advances in scientific knowledge and technology, and in accordance with changing needs for data on atmospheric composition and related physical characteristics.
2.1.8 The planning, implementation and ongoing coordination of GAW shall be realized through the recommendations of the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences in consultation with Members, regional associations, other technical commissions and other organizations, as necessary.
2.2 Principles of implementation
GAW should be implemented in accordance with the following principles:
(a) All activities connected with the implementation of GAW in the territories of individual countries should be the responsibility of the countries themselves and should, as far as possible, be met from national resources;
(b) The implementation of GAW in the territory of developing countries should be based on the principle of the utilization of national resources. However, where necessary and so requested, particularly by least developed countries, full assistance should be provided through WMO within joint bilateral (including “twinning”) and/or multilateral projects with other Members or organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme and the WMO Voluntary Cooperation Programme;
(c) The implementation of GAW in regions outside the territories of individual countries – for example in outer space, the oceans or the Antarctic – should be based on the principle of voluntary participation of countries that desire and are able to contribute by providing facilities and services, on a sporadic or regular basis, either individually or jointly from their national resources, or by having recourse to collective financing. The possibility of granting assistance under the WMO Voluntary Cooperation Programme or other international sources should not, however, be excluded;
(d) In the implementation of GAW, maximum use should be made of existing facilities, personnel and arrangements in the different related fields of activity involved. 180 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Notes: (1) The implementation of GAW includes the improvement of existing facilities and the establishment of new ones called for in the GAW planning, and any necessary further work concerning these facilities; (2) The establishment and/or operation of existing, improved and new facilities and services require a considerable amount of scientific research, development, engineering, coordination of procedures and standardization of methods; (3) The further development of the GAW will include an important feature of the GAW planning which aims at the following actions: (a) The establishment of additional stations, laboratories and centres, especially in developing countries; (b) The short- and long-term training of experts and scientists in developing nations with a view to the full participation of those countries in GAW activities; (c) The extension and improvement of the operation of the stations and related facilities with a view to achieving system effectiveness, reliability and stability as measured by promptness in data processing and publication, the high quality and completeness of the data produced and the quality of the scientific assessments; (d) The rapid adaptation to opportunities provided by scientific and technological advances; (e) Placing additional emphasis on the analysis, interpretation and application of the collected data, in particular by linking the chemical data and data on related physical characteristics of the atmosphere with both conventional meteorological data and theoretical models; (f) The timely response to changing environmental needs; (g) The provision of the support needed by other WMO programmes and by relevant international programmes established by other organizations such as UNEP-GEMS, EMEP and IGBP-IGAC).
2.3 Requirements for data on the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere
2.3.1 Classification of requirements
2.3.1.1 Requirements for data from global stations shall be related to Members’ needs to address environmental issues of global scale and importance such as climate change, stratospheric ozone changes and the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere.
2.3.1.2 Requirements for data from regional stations shall be related to regional aspects of global environmental issues, to environmental issues of regional scale and importance such as acid rain, photo-oxidants including ozone and long-range transport of pollutants across national boundaries, and to recommendations by regional and national bodies.
2.3.2 Systems for meeting the requirements
The networks of surface-based stations, complemented by satellites, shall be the main source of the data.
Note: Data from satellites are of increasing importance in GAW.
2.4 Networks of stations
2.4.1 General
2.4.1.1 To satisfy the requirements for data on the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere, two categories of stations – global and regional – shall be established.
2.4.1.2 The global stations shall have extensive research and monitoring programmes and shall focus on the measurement of a broad spectrum of variables related to atmospheric composition, climate and atmospheric ozone changes and other environmental issues of global scale and importance.
2.4.1.3 They should serve as reference stations for regional networks and have facilities for visiting investigators to conduct complementary short-term research and development studies. RESOLUTIONS 181
2.4.1.4 The regional stations shall be similar to the existing Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network and Global Ozone Observing System stations but shall have a more loosely defined measurement programme. Their goals shall be to satisfy regional needs in different parts of the world as well as the specific needs of individual Members.
2.4.1.5 The frequency and spacing of the various observations shall be appropriate to the temporal and spatial requirements of the specific issues addressed.
2.4.2 Global stations
2.4.2.1 Global stations shall be designed to meet the global requirements for data to address environmental issues of global scale and importance.
2.4.2.2 The specifications for the network configuration, observing programmes and frequency of observations for global stations should be as laid down in the recommendations of the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences, based on the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan.
2.4.2.3 Subject to the specific observational requirements of the various issues under investigation, Members should establish or cooperate in the establishment of a minimum of about 30 global stations worldwide.
Note: It would be desirable to locate at least one global station in each principal climate zone and in each major biome.
2.4.3 Regional stations
Regional stations shall be designed primarily to address regional aspects of global environmental issues and environmental problems of regional scale and importance.
Notes: (1) In addition to global and regional stations, Members may wish to establish other stations to satisfy specific national requirements for data on the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere. (2) However, when establishing such stations, Members should take into account the need to complete the networks of global and regional stations and the desirability of using global and regional stations as reference stations for national networks. (3) The list of all global and regional stations can be found on the GAW Station Information System website at http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis.
2.5 Location of the stations
2.5.1 Each global station should preferably be located in a remote area where no significant changes in land-use practices are expected for the coming decades within a reasonable distance (30–50 km) in all directions from the station. The site should be away from major population centres and major highways, preferably in a principal terrestrial biome or on an island, entirely free of the effects of local pollution and nearly free of the influence of regional pollution sources at least 60 per cent of the time evenly distributed over the year. The site should at most infrequently experience direct effects from natural phenomena such as volcanic activity, forest fires and severe dust storms.
2.5.2 Each global station should have a complete set of surface meteorological observations and be located on or near (50–70 km) an upper-air synoptic station.
2.5.3 Locations for GAW regional stations should be selected in such a way that the observations collected there are representative of a significant portion of the region and are not unduly affected by nearby pollution sources such as roads, combustion, industrial and extensive farming activities, etc. Furthermore, sites should be avoided where significant land-use changes are foreseen. Regional stations should also have a complete set of surface meteorological observations and be co-located with, or located near (50–70 km), upper-air synoptic stations. 182 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Notes: (1) For regional stations which are dedicated to studies on the atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition of potentially harmful substances, the representativity of the station site and the avoidance of local pollution sources ought to take priority over co-location with upper-air synoptic stations. (2) The surface meteorological observations obtained at a GAW station or at a co-located surface synoptic station and the upper-air observations from a co-located or nearby upper-air synoptic station are essential for a thorough interpretation of the GAW data set. (3) The definitions of “surface synoptic station”, “upper-air synoptic station”, “meteorological observing station”, “surface observation” and “upper-air observation” are given in the Definitions section of this volume. (4) Since baseline conditions are not necessary for the measurements of total column ozone and/or those of the vertical distribution of ozone, GAW Global Ozone Observing System stations may be located farther (100– 150 km) away from GAW background stations. (5) The figures given in 2.5.1 to 2.5.3 above are approximate and for guidance only. The situation will differ for each station. Each station must, however, establish and record its conditions for the background mode of operation.
2.6 Information about the stations
2.6.1 When a Member establishes a GAW global or regional station, the Member shall send the following information to the WMO Secretariat within six months of the start of operations:
(a) Name, address and, if the station is also a synoptic station, the WMO index number;
(b) Latitudinal and longitudinal co-ordinates in degrees and minutes of arc;
(c) Elevation above mean sea level, in whole metres;
(d) List of variables to be measured, with a description of the initial measurement programme and, for each variable, details of the instrument(s) used such as type, serial number, calibration method and factors;
(e) A brief description of the local topography and other major characteristics of the station’s surroundings;
(f) Name and address of the chemical laboratory where samples are analysed, with the name of the person in charge and, for each variable, the method(s) of analysis used;
(g) Name and address of the organization, agency or institution supervising the station, with the name and title of the person in charge;
(h) Any other information required for the completion of each entry in data reporting forms prepared by the Secretariat.
2.6.2 Members shall send the necessary amendments to the information supplied under 2.6.1 (a) to (h) above to the Secretariat as soon as possible after any change occurs, but not later than 31 December of the year in which the change occurs.
2.6.3 Each Member should maintain and publish or make available in a convenient form an up-to-date directory of its atmospheric composition monitoring stations participating in GAW. The description of each station should give the information mentioned in 2.6.1 (a) to (h) above and should be in sufficient detail to enable the assessment of eventual departures from site representativeness. RESOLUTIONS 183
2.7 Supervision of the stations
In order to promote high quality measurements of the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere and the proper functioning of the instruments, Members shall arrange for annual inspections of their GAW stations, including systems and performance audit based on the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan by qualified scientists.
Note An additional reason for annual station visits is to maintain direct contact with the station personnel as such contact is vital to maintain their morale and commitment.
2.8 Measurement programme
2.8.1 Members shall ensure that a record of all the measurements made at each of their stations and the supporting information to assess the integrity and uncertainties of the data are preserved in the country and that the final data set and supporting information are submitted without undue delay to the appropriate WMO data centre for publication and archiving.
2.8.2 At each global station, measurements shall be carried out in accordance with the Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Plan and shall include as many of the following variables as possible:
(a) Greenhouse gases (concentration near the surface, total column density and vertical profile): carbon dioxide; chlorofluorocarbons, their substitutes, intermediates and final products; methane, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone, and water vapour;
(b) Ozone (concentration near the surface, total column density and vertical profile) and related precursor gases such as volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen;
(c) Radiation and the optical depth or transparency of the atmosphere: turbidity, solar radiation, ultraviolet B radiation, visibility, total aerosol load (concentration near the surface, in a marine or continental background, and when possible vertical profile up to the tropopause);
(d) Chemical composition of rain, snow and clouds;
(e) Reactive gas species (concentration near the surface, total column density and vertical profile): sulphur dioxide, reduced sulphur species, oxides of nitrogen, reduced nitrogen species, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, peroxyacetyl nitrate, hydrogen peroxide and others;
(f) Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric particles, including mineral aerosols and their vertical distribution;
(g) Radionuclides: krypton-85, radon, tritium and isotopes of selected substances;
(h) Routine measurements of the classical meteorological elements (in particular wind direction and speed, wet- and dry-bulb air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, present weather and aerological soundings);
(i) Chemical composition of water in the soil and plants, in collaboration with other interested organizations;
(j) Cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei;
(k) Integrated air samples for archiving. 184 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
2.8.3 At regional stations, measurements shall be made of as many or few of the variables listed in 2.8.2 (a) to (k) above and others as the needs of the region or country dictate. However, the following variables shall constitute the core measurement programme at GAW regional stations, with the highest priority given to the first four:
(a) Ozone concentration near the surface;
(b) Precipitation chemistry;
(c) Carbon black (in precipitation and in aerosols);
(d) Meteorological parameters;
(e) Solar radiation (visible, ultraviolet B);
(f) Methane;
(g) Carbon monoxide;
(h) Total ozone;
(i) Aerosol composites. Notes: (1) Surface and upper-air synoptic and asynoptic observations at or near GAW sites are required for calculations of pollutant trajectories and studies of the effects of meteorological variables on the dispersion, transport, chemical transformations and deposition of the chemical compounds. (2) The observational needs listed in 2.8.2 above are those that, at present, appear to be established clearly enough to be regarded as priority measurements at existing and new GAW stations. They are not a hard and fast set of variables to be measured at each and every station but recommendations to serve as a guide to the spectrum of observational requirements assessed as appropriate for current scientific objectives. This list is likely to evolve steadily with the development of the science of atmospheric physics and chemistry. (3) Consideration ought to be given to obtaining ground measurements with coincident satellite observations.
2.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
2.9.1 Within the framework of GAW, the purpose of the assurance and control of data quality shall be error detection, possible error correction and, therefore, error prevention, in order to ensure that the data meet and/or exceed the stated standards of accuracy and precision for the optimum use of these data by as many users as possible.
2.9.2 The primary responsibility for Quality Assurance/Quality Control of all GAW observational data shall rest with the Members from whose stations the observations originate.
2.9.3 Members shall implement minimum standards of Quality Assurance/Quality Control at all levels of GAW data flow for which they are responsible (e.g. stations, chemical laboratories and data centres), including relevant inspection procedures.
2.9.4 Methods and recommended minimum standards of Quality Assurance/Quality Control at the levels of the stations, the chemical laboratories and the data centres shall be published in the form of a GAW Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan.
2.9.5 Members not capable of implementing these standards should establish agreements with appropriate global stations to perform the necessary Quality Assurance/ Quality Control.
2.9.6 In addition to the Quality Assurance/Quality Control established by individual Members for their measurement programmes, GAW shall have the responsibility of maintaining a network-wide quality assurance programme which shall promote data RESOLUTIONS 185
completeness and representativeness and data comparability between the participating Members.
2.10 Monitoring of the operation of GAW
2.10.1 The objectives of GAW operational monitoring shall be to:
(a) Improve the performance of GAW;
(b) Ensure that the global and regional stations, the chemical laboratories analysing samples of precipitation and other variables, and the designated data centres are applying the prescribed standards and adhering to the established procedures and practices;
(c) Identify deficiencies and propose corrective action.
2.10.2 The basic responsibility for monitoring the operation of GAW shall rest with the participating Members.
2.10.3 The procedures to be used in monitoring the operation of GAW shall be determined by the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences in consultation with the participating Members. The Secretary-General shall arrange the details of the monitoring and shall make the results available to participating Members.
3. METEOROLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATIONS
3.1 Meteorological documents and abstracts
3.1.1 General form of meteorological documents and abstracts
3.1.1.1 Official publications which give the results of research in meteorology and which may be distributed internationally should include an abstract in at least one of the following official languages of WMO: English, French, Russian and Spanish.
Note: Although Arabic and Chinese are official languages of WMO, Congress has not yet approved their use in all aspects of the work of WMO.
3.1.1.2 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) system of Cyrillic transliteration should be used in all meteorological documents and publications for international use.
3.1.1.3 Films, perforated or not, used for making microfilm copies of meteorological documents should have a width of 16, 35 or 70 mm.
3.1.2 Classification of meteorological documents and abstracts
Official meteorological documents, abstracts and bibliographies intended for international dissemination shall be classified in conformity with the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), Section 551.5, as given in Appendix C and shall bear the relevant number.
3.1.3 Preparation of catalogues of meteorological documents
3.1.3.1 The catalogue cards prepared by Members and intended for international dissemination shall contain the relevant UDC numbers of the meteorological documents, books, pamphlets and periodicals to which the cards pertain.
3.1.3.2 Catalogue cards prepared by Members for books, pamphlets and periodicals should contain the following information: the UDC indexes, the name or names of the author(s), the title and its translation where applicable, the name of the editor, the number of the edition, the volume 186 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
number, the year of publication or of reprinting (in the case of a series or periodicals), the number of fascicle or issue, the place of publication, the publisher and date of publication, the number of volumes of a single work, the format, the pagination of the book or article, the illustrations and plates, the collection or series to which the work belongs, a note on the existence of an author’s abstract, if any, and any amplification of the title.
4. EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF METEOROLOGICAL PERSONNEL
4.1 General
4.1.1 Each Member shall ensure that, in the fulfilment of its national and international responsibilities as prescribed in other chapters of these Technical Regulations, the personnel involved are educated and trained to the standards recognized by WMO for their respective duties. The education and training requirements shall apply both to initial recruitment and to continuing professional development and be in line with advances in science and technology, changing service requirements and responsibilities, and the ongoing need for refresher training.
Note: The education standards are outlined below and job specific competencies are included in the relevant chapters of these Technical Regulations.
4.1.2 Members should maintain records of the education and training of their personnel as part of their Quality Management System, for their human resource development activities and for auditing purposes, where appropriate, in accordance with Annex VII (Manual on the Implementation of Education and Training Standards in Meteorology and Hydrology (WMO-No. 1083), Volume I).
4.2 Categories of personnel
The meteorological personnel shall be classified as follows:
(a) Meteorologist
(b) Meteorological Technician.
Note: The definitions of «Meteorologist» and «Meteorological Technician» are given in the Definitions section of this volume.
4.3 Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists
The Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists, as defined in Appendix D, shall be used by Members to ensure that the meteorological personnel in the category Meteorologist, are provided with a robust and broad range of knowledge of atmospheric phenomena and processes, together with skills related to the application of this knowledge.
4.4 Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians
The Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians, as defined in Appendix D, shall be used by Members to ensure that the meteorological personnel in the category Meteorological Technician, are provided with basic knowledge of atmospheric phenomena and processes, together with skills related to the application of this knowledge.
4.5 Meteorological education and training facilities
4.5.1 Members should endeavour to provide national facilities, or participate in regional facilities, for the education and training of their personnel. RESOLUTIONS 187
4.5.2 As not all national training facilities are recognized as regional training facilities, the criteria given in Appendix E should apply for the designation of a WMO Regional Training Centre.
4.6 Status of meteorological personnel
Each Member should ensure that meteorological personnel referred to in 4.1.1 above are accorded status, conditions of service and general recognition within that country commensurate with the technical and other qualifications required for the fulfilment of their respective duties.
5. COMPETENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL, HYDROLOGICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL PERSONNEL
5.1 Competence of Aeronautical Meteorological Personnel
Note: The Competence Standards of Aeronautical Meteorological Personnel are maintained by the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology.
5.1.1 Members should ensure that an Aeronautical Meteorological Forecaster, for the area and airspace of responsibility; in consideration of the impact of meteorological phenomena and parameters on aviation operations; and, in compliance with aviation user requirements, international regulations, local procedures and priorities, has successfully completed the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists as defined in Appendix D.
Note: This provision will become a standard practice on 1 December 2016.
5.1.2 Members should ensure that an Aeronautical Meteorological Forecaster is able to:
(a) Analyse and monitor continuously the weather situation;
(b) Forecast aeronautical meteorological phenomena and parameters;
(c) Warn of hazardous phenomena;
(d) Ensure the quality of meteorological information and services; and
(e) Communicate meteorological information to internal and external users for the area and airspace of responsibility, in consideration of the impact of meteorological phenomena and parameters on aviation operations, and in compliance with aviation user requirements, international regulations, local procedures and priorities.
Note: This provision will become a standard practice on 1 December 2013.
5.1.3 Members should ensure that an Aeronautical Meteorological Observer is able to:
(a) Monitor continuously the weather situation;
(b) Observe and record aeronautical meteorological phenomena and parameters;
(c) Ensure the quality of system performance and of meteorological information; and
(d) Communicate meteorological information to internal and external users for the area and airspace of responsibility, in consideration of the impact of meteorological phenomena and parameters on aviation operations, and in compliance with aviation user requirements, international regulations, local procedures and priorities.
Note: This provision will become a standard practice on 1 December 2013. 188 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Notes: (1) Reference to 5.1 - Guidance on the competence standards is given in Guidance on Implementation of Aeronautical Meteorological Forecaster Competency Standards (in preparation) and in Guidance on Implementation of Aeronautical Meteorological Observer Competency Standards (in preparation). (2) Reference to 5 - Competence standards of other meteorological, hydrological and climatological personnel will be developed in due course and subsequently included in this chapter.
6. METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH
6.1 Units
6.1.1 Except where WMO practices indicate otherwise, Members should use the International System of Units (SI units), as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in scientific publications and other scientific documents.
Note: Guidance on the use of these units is given by ISO.
6.1.2 The hectopascal shall be used as the unit of atmospheric pressure for both the operational and research work of WMO.
6.2 Standard atmosphere
Members should use as the standard atmosphere that which has been defined by ISO and specified in International Standard ISO-253.
RESOLUTIONS 189
PART III
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES
1. Meteorological services for marine activities
Note: Detailed guidance is given in the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471).
1.1 General
1.1.1 Members shall provide, to the extent possible, marine meteorological, climatological and other related geophysical information for all activities on the high seas, in offshore and coastal areas and in main ports and harbour areas, required for the safety of life and for the promotion of efficiency and economy of marine operations.
1.1.2 The marine meteorological and other related geophysical information shall be provided in accordance with internationally or regionally established procedures, in order to achieve the required uniformity.
1.2 Marine Meteorological Services for the high seas
Note: In this context, the term “high seas” applies to open oceans or sea areas for which Members bear the responsibility of issuing weather and sea bulletins, governed by the procedures given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I, Part I).
1.2.1 General responsibilities
1.2.1.1 For the regular issue of warnings, synopses and forecasts for shipping, fishing and other marine activities in the high seas, Members shall establish defined geographical areas of responsibility to ensure complete coverage of these services.
1.2.1.2 Geographical areas of responsibility and procedures concerning their allocation shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.2.1.3 Members having accepted the responsibility of issuing marine meteorological information for the high seas shall:
(a) Issue weather and sea bulletins comprising warnings, synopses and forecasts, for the areas for which they have assumed responsibility;
(b) Provide, in addition to the regular weather and sea bulletins, sea ice information and forecasts and, to the extent possible, other marine meteorological information, as required, for the areas for which they have assumed responsibility;
(c) Maintain a close liaison with users in order to ensure that information provided meets user requirements.
Note: Details concerning the action to be taken in the case of discontinuance of the issue of weather and sea bulletins are given in the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471).
1.2.2 Provision of weather and sea bulletins
International procedures concerning the form, content and issue of weather and sea bulletins, comprising warnings, synopses and forecasts, shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I). 190 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1.2.3 Marine meteorological support to maritime search and rescue (SAR)
1.2.3.1 Members shall arrange to provide, to the extent possible, any marine meteorological information requested by a Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC).
1.2.3.2 Marine meteorological services to maritime SAR shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.2.4 Provision of information by radio-facsimile
1.2.4.1 Members should endeavour to issue radio-facsimile charts containing marine meteorological information and covering areas of interest to mariners.
1.2.4.2 Members issuing radio-facsimile charts for marine use shall ensure that these charts as regards projection, scale, symbols and information content meet the requirements as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.2.5 Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme
1.2.5.1 Members operating fixed ship stations, selected, supplementary and auxiliary ship stations should ensure that all surface observations from these stations are put on magnetic tape in accordance with the layout of the international maritime meteorological tape format and despatched at quarterly intervals to the Members (Global Collection Centres) having accepted the responsibility for processing these data.
1.2.5.2 Members having accepted the responsibility for the preparation of marine climatological summaries annually for a number of selected representative areas in their area of responsibility shall make these summaries available in the internationally agreed formats.
1.2.5.3 Procedures for international arrangements for the Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.2.6 Special marine climatological information
1.2.6.1 Members operating fixed ship stations, selected, supplementary and auxiliary ship stations should arrange through cooperative action for the provision of climatological information on the occurrence and magnitude of special phenomena of importance to the safety of marine operations, such as sea ice, ocean waves and ocean currents as well as information on factors relevant to the preservation of the marine environment, such as floating pollutants, oil films and slicks.
1.2.6.2 Procedures for international arrangements regarding the collection, storage and eventual processing of observations of specified phenomena shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.2.7 Provision of marine meteorological information and expert advice
1.2.7.1 Members should arrange for the provision, on request, of meteorological and related oceanographic information and expert advice on the use and interpretation of marine meteorological data for special applications such as marine engineering or marine operational planning and for questions requiring marine meteorological expertise.
1.2.7.2 Procedures for the provision of marine meteorological information and expert advice shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO- No. 558), Volume I). RESOLUTIONS 191
1.3 Marine meteorological services for coastal and offshore areas
Note: In this context, the term “coastal and offshore areas” applies to areas for which Members issue weather and sea bulletins, governed by the procedures given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I, Part II).
1.3.1 International responsibilities
1.3.1.1 Members shall issue warnings, synopses and forecasts for general use by international marine activities, such as shipping, in coastal and offshore areas.
1.3.1.2 Procedures for the provision of marine meteorological services for international activities in coastal and offshore areas shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.3.2 Regional cooperation
In servicing coastal or offshore activities which are of interest to more than one country bordering the same sea basin, Members should arrange for mutual exchange of marine meteorological information including observational data, warnings and forecasts which might contribute in any way to the safety of human life and preservation of the marine environment.
1.3.3 National responsibilities
Services provided in response to national requirements should follow, as far as possible, international procedures.
Note: Requirements for services and possible ways of implementation are given in the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471).
1.4 Marine meteorological services for main ports and harbour areas
Note: In this context, the term “main ports and harbour areas” applies to areas for which Members issue port weather and sea bulletins, governed by the procedures given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO- No.558), Volume I, Part III).
1.4.1 International responsibilities
1.4.1.1 Members should arrange for marine meteorological services based on international procedures to be provided for main ports frequented by international shipping.
1.4.1.2 Members establishing marine meteorological services shall designate forecasting offices or facilities responsible for the provision of services for main ports and harbour areas.
1.4.1.3 International procedures for marine meteorological services for main ports and harbour areas shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
1.4.2 General services
1.4.2.1 Members shall issue warnings, synopses and forecasts, where appropriate and to the extent possible, for main ports and harbour areas.
1.4.2.2 Members establishing marine meteorological services for main ports and harbour areas should:
(a) Make available facilities for the provision of oral briefings;
(b) Arrange for climatological information pertaining to the port or harbour areas; 192 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(c) Maintain a close liaison with users in order to ensure that the information provided meets user requirements.
1.4.3 Port Meteorological Officer (PMO) services
Port Meteorological Officer services shall include at least those specified in Annex V (Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544), Volume I) Part III.
1.5 Training in marine meteorology
1.5.1 General
1.5.1.1 Members supplying marine meteorological services should provide opportunities for training of meteorological personnel in marine meteorology and relevant subjects of physical oceanography.
1.5.1.2 Members concerned shall ensure that attention is given to meteorology in their navigation schools taking into account international requirements and recommendations with respect to the training and certification of seafarers.
1.5.1.3 Members concerned shall provide facilities for the training in marine meteorology of Port Meteorological Officers, seafarers whilst at sea and marine observers on board ships.
1.5.1.4 Procedures for the training in marine meteorology shall be as given in Annex VI (Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558), Volume I).
2. METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES FOR AGRICULTURE
Note: In addition to the regulations contained in this chapter, detailed advice is given in the Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (WMO-No. 134).
2.1 Presentation of agricultural meteorological data
2.1.1 Publication of agricultural meteorological data
2.1.1.1 Each Member should periodically publish its agricultural meteorological data, when the need for this information is not met by other climatological publications, and should make them available to users.
2.1.1.2 Published agricultural meteorological data should include the following:
(a) Frequency, duration and threshold values of the different elements;
(b) Mean values, and also such statistical parameters (standard deviation, mean error, quintiles, etc.) as are necessary for determining the probability of different values.
2.1.1.3 Published soil-temperature data should include information concerning:
(a) Soil type;
(b) Soil cover and surface management;
(c) Degree and direction of slope of ground.
Whenever possible, the following information should also be included with published soil- temperature data: RESOLUTIONS 193
(a) Physical soil constants such as bulk density, thermal conductivity at field capacity and moisture content at field capacity;
(b) Level of water table if it is within five metres of the surface.
2.1.1.4 When soil-moisture data are published, the following information should be given:
(a) Soil type;
(b) Soil cover;
(c) Physical constants of the soil, including bulk density, moisture content at field capacity and moisture content at permanent wilting point.
2.1.1.5 Published potential or actual evapotranspiration data should include:
(a) Short description of equipment or method used;
(b) Type of soil in the area of observation;
(c) Vegetation cover and surrounding conditions.
2.2 Agricultural meteorological reports
2.2.1 Crop-weather reports
2.2.1.1 Members should arrange that reports on weather development and state of crops and pastures (crop-weather reports) are prepared and issued at intervals of five, seven or ten days, or at longer intervals, as convenient.
2.2.1.2 The contents of crop-weather reports should include the following elements:
(a) State of development and prospects of principal crops;
(b) Favourable and unfavourable weather factors;
(c) Data on significant meteorological elements or derived parameters.
2.3 Forecasts for agriculture
2.3.1 Forecasting programme
2.3.1.1 Members should ensure that special forecasts are issued for agricultural purposes.
2.3.1.2 The forecasting programme for agricultural purposes should include:
(a) Regular and detailed forecasts for agriculturists and foresters, seasonal to interannual predictions of the likelihood of climatic anomalies, including temperature, rainfall and other climate variables, specifying local variations in weather to the greatest possible extent;
(b) Forecasts related to the selection of the most favourable weather conditions for preparing the soil, planting, cultivating and harvesting crops, and for other agricultural operations;
(c) Forecasts for the control of crop and animal pests and diseases;
(d) Warnings of hazardous weather conditions (such as hail, frost, droughts, floods, gales, tornadoes, tropical cyclones, etc.). 194 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
APPENDIX A (See Part I, 2.2.1.1)
VALUES OF SOME PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTANTS USED IN METEOROLOGY
(1) Composition of dry air up to about 25 km
Constituent gas Mole fraction* (per cent) Nitrogen 78.09 Oxygen 20.95 Argon 0.93 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Neon 1.8 x 10–3 Helium 5.24 x 10–4 Krypton 1.0 x 10–4 Hydrogen 5.0 x 10–5 Xenon 8.0 x 10–6 Ozone 1.0 x 10–6 Radon 6.0 x 10–18
th * The mole fraction xi of the i component of a mixture of gases is defined by
th where mi is the mass of the i component in a given volume or mass of the mixture and Mi is its molecular weight, the summation indicated being made over all components.
(2) Molecular weight of gases constituting dry air
Constituent gas Molecular weight (12C = 12.000 0)
Nitrogen (N2) 28.013
Oxygen (02) 31.999 Argon (A) 39.948
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 44.010 Neon (Ne) 20.183 Helium (He) 4.003 Krypton (Kr) 83.80
Hydrogen (H2) 2.016 Xenon (Xe) 131.30
Ozone (O3) 47.998 Radon (Rn) 222
(3) Apparent molecular weight of dry air (M) M = 28.964 4
(4) The absolute thermodynamic Kelvin scale of temperature (TK) is defined by assigning to the triple point of pure water (T1) as the fundamental fixed point, the temperature of 273.16 K. RESOLUTIONS 195
(5) Temperature on the thermodynamic Celsius scale (t °C)
There are two definitions which may be used to describe temperature on the Celsius scale:
(a) The definition of the thermodynamic Celsius scale in terms of the absolute thermodynamic temperature (TK) which is given by the relationship: t°C = TK – 273.15
(b) The definition based on the International Temperature Scale of 1948 [°C (Int. 1948)] which is determined by readings of standard instruments capable of interpolating smoothly and reproducibly between the normal ice point [0°C (Int. 1948)] and the normal point of water [100°C (Int. 1948)]. Notes: (1) For most purposes, the results given by the two definitions may be regarded as indistinguishable. (2) Temperature on the International Scale should be designated as “degrees Celsius (International Scale 1948)” and the designation “degrees centigrade” should be discontinued.
(6) The fundamental unit of energy and its relation to other units of energy
(a) The fundamental unit of energy, in whatever form energy is concerned, is the joule (J);
(b) The relation of the fundamental unit to other units of energy is as follows:
1 joule = 0.238 844 International Steam Table (IT) calorie 1 IT calorie = 4.186 84 joule 1 IT calorie = 1.000 32 cal15(15°C water calorie) 1 IT calorie = 1.163 01 x 10–6 kilowatt-hour 1 thermochemical (TC) calorie = 4.184 0 joule (definitive) 1 joule = 0.239 006 TC calorie
Note: The thermochemical (TC) calorie has the advantage over the IT calorie of being precisely connected to the joule by action of an authoritative standard standardizing body.
(7) Geopotential altitude
The geopotential altitude of a point mass within the Earth’s gravity field is equal to the altitude in a homogeneous standard gravity field* at which the point mass has the same potential energy as in the given gravity field**.
Thus,
where: –2 gs = standard acceleration of gravity, 9.80665 m s ; g (z) = acceleration of gravity, in m s–2, as a function of geometric height; z = geometric height, in metres; HG = geopotential altitude, in metres.
Notes: * Radial geometry with a spherical reference level and a homogeneous acceleration of 9.80665 m s–2 ** Measured with respect to the zero reference mean sea level (geoid) along the line of force in the Earth’s gravity field. 196 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(8) Gas constant (R*) for 1 gram mole of ideal gas
–1 –1 R* = 8.314 32 ± 0.000 34 joule (g mole) K = 1.987 5 ± 0.000 08 IT calorie (g mole)–1 K–1
(9) Gas constant (R) for 1 gram of dry air
(10) Molecular weight (Mw) of water vapour:
Mw = 18.015 3
(11) Gas constant (Rw) for 1 gram of water vapour
(12) Heats of transformation of phases of water
Recommended value Range of actual value
joule g–1 IT cal g–1 joule g–1 IT cal g–1
Heat of fusion (Lf) 334 (0°C) to 79.7 (0°C) to 203 (–50°C) 48.6 (–50°C)
Heat of sublimation 2 835 677 2 834 (0°C) to 677(0°C) to 678 (Ls) 2 839 (–30°C) to (–30°C) to 674 2 824 (–100°C) (–100°C)
Heat of vaporization 2 406(40°C) to 575 (40°C) to 597 (Lv) 2 501 (0°C) to (0°C) to 629 2 635 (–50°C) (–50°C)
(extrapolation below 0°C)
(13) Saturation vapour pressures
(a) Over water (ew), 0°C to 100°C
log10ew = + 10.795 74 (1–T1/T) – 5.028 00 log10 (T/T1) + 1.504 75 x 10–4 [1 – 10–8.296 9 {T/T1–1}] + 0.428 73 x 10–3 [10+4.769 55 (1-T1/T )–1)] + 0.786 14 where: T1 = 273.16K (the triple point of water), ew is expressed in hectopascals, and T in K.
Note: The above formula is based on data which have been experimentally confirmed only in the range 0° to 100°C, but the same formula can be used for saturation vapour pressure over super-cooled water in the range –50° to 0°C with, as far as is known, insignificant error. RESOLUTIONS 197
(b) Over ice (ei), 0°C to –100°C
where: Td = 273.16K (the triple point of water), ei is expressed in hectopascals, and T in K. 198 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
APPENDIX B (See Part I, 2.2.1.2)
DEFINITIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF WATER VAPOUR IN THE ATMOSPHERE
(1) The mixing ratio r of moist air is the ratio of the mass mv of water vapour to the mass ma of dry air with which the water vapour is associated:
(2) The specific humidity, mass concentration or moisture content q of moist air is the ratio of the mass mv of water vapour to the mass mv + ma of moist air in which the mass of water vapour mv is contained:
(3) Vapour concentration (density of water vapour in a mixture) or absolute humidity: For a mixture of water vapour and dry air the vapour concentration pv is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapour mv to the volume V occupied by the mixture:
(4) Mole fraction of the water vapour of a sample of moist air: The mole fraction xv of the water vapour of a sample of moist air, composed of a mass ma of dry air and a mass mv of water vapour, is defined by the ratio of the number of moles of water vapour(nv = mv/Mv) to the total number of moles of the sample nv + na, where na indicates the number of moles of dry air (na = ma/Ma) of the sample concerned. This gives us:
or
where: r is merely the mixing ratio (r = mv/ma) of the water vapour of the sample of moist air.
(5) The vapour pressure e’of water vapour in moist air at total pressure p and with mixing ratio r is defined by:
(6) Saturation: Moist air at a given temperature and pressure is said to be saturated if its mixing ratio is such that the moist air can co-exist in neutral equilibrium with an associated condensed phase (liquid or solid) at the same temperature and pressure, the surface of separation being plane.
(7) Saturation mixing ratio: The symbol rwdenotes the saturation mixing ratio of moist air with respect to a plane surface of the associated liquid phase. The symbol ri denotes the saturation mixing ratio of moist air with respect to a plane surface of the associated solid phase. The associated liquid and solid phases referred to consist of almost pure water and almost pure ice respectively, there being some dissolved air in each. RESOLUTIONS 199
(8) Saturation vapour pressure in the pure phase: The saturation vapour pressure ew of pure aqueous vapour with respect to water is the pressure of the vapour when in a state of neutral equilibrium with a plane surface of pure water at the same temperature and pressure; similarly for ei in respect to ice. ew and ei are temperature-dependent functions only, i.e.:
ew = ew (T)
ei = ei (T)
(9) Mole fraction of water vapour in moist air saturated with respect to water: The mole fraction of water vapour in moist air saturated with respect to water, at pressure p and temperature T, is the mole fraction xvw of the water vapour of a sample of moist air, at the same pressure p and the same temperature T, that is in stable equilibrium in the presence of a plane surface of water containing the amount of dissolved air corresponding to equilibrium. Similarly, xvj will be used to indicate the saturation mole fraction with respect to a plane surface of ice containing the amount of dissolved air corresponding to equilibrium.
(10) Saturation vapour pressure of moist air: The saturation vapour pressure with respect to water e’w of moist air at pressure p and temperature T is defined by:
Similarly, the saturation vapour pressure with respect to ice e’i of moist air at pressure p and temperature T is defined by:
(11) Relations between saturation vapour pressures of the pure phase and of moist air: In the meteorological range of pressure and temperature the following relations hold with an error of 0.5 per cent or less:
e’w = ew
e’i = ei
(12) The thermodynamic dew-point temperature Td of moist air at pressure p and with mixing ratio r is the temperature at which moist air, saturated with respect to water at the given pressure, has a saturation mixing ratio rw equal to the given mixing ratio r.
(13) The thermodynamic frost-point temperature Tf of moist air at pressure p and mixing ratio r is the temperature at which moist air, saturated with respect to ice at the given pressure, has a saturation mixing ratio ri equal to the given ratio r.
(14) The dew- and frost-point temperatures so defined are related to the mixing ratio r and pressure p by the respective equations:
(15) The relative humidity Uw of moist air with respect to water at pressure p and temperature T is the ratio in per cent of the vapour mole fraction xv to the vapour mole fraction xvw which the air would have if it were saturated with respect to water at the same pressure p and temperature T. Accordingly: 200 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
where subscriptions p, T indicate that each term is subject to identical conditions of pressure and temperature. The last expression is formally similar to the classical definition based on the assumption of Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
Uw is also related to the mixing ratio r by:
where: rw is the saturation mixing ratio at the pressure and temperature of the moist air.
(16) The relative humidity Ui of moist air with respect to ice at pressure p and temperature T is the ratio in per cent of the vapour mole fraction xv to the vapour mole fraction xvi which the air would have if it were saturated with respect to ice at the same pressure p and temperature T.
Corresponding to the defining equation in (15):
(17) Relative humidity at temperatures less than 0°C is to be evaluated with respect to water. The advantages of this procedure are as follows: (a) Most hygrometers which are essentially responsive to the relative humidity indicate relative humidity with respect to water at all temperatures; (b) The majority of clouds at temperatures below 0°C consist of water, or mainly of water; (c) Relative humidities greater than 100 per cent would in general not be observed. This is of particular importance in synoptic weather messages, since the atmosphere is often supersaturated with respect to ice at temperatures below 0°C; (d) The majority of existing records of relative humidity at temperatures below 0°C are expressed on a basis of saturation with respect to water. (18) The thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of moist air at pressure p, temperature T and mixing ratio r is the temperature Tw attained by the moist air when brought adiabatically to saturation at pressure p by the evaporation into the moist air of liquid water at pressure p and temperature Tw and containing the amount of dissolved air corresponding to equilibrium with saturated air of the same pressure and temperature.
Tw is defined by the equation: h(p, T, r) + [rw(p, Tw) –r] hw (p, Tw) = h (p, Tw,rw(p, Tw)) where: rw(p, Tw) is the mixing ratio of saturated moist air at pressure p and temperature Tw; hw (p, Tw) is the enthalpyof 1 gram of pure water at pressure p and temperature Tw; h (p, T, r) is the enthalpy of 1 + r grams of moist air, composed of 1 gram of dry air and r grams of water vapour, at pressure p and temperature T; h (p, Tw,rw(p, Tw)) is the enthalpy of 1 + rw grams of saturated air, composed of 1 gram of dry air and rw grams of water vapour, at pressure p and temperature Tw. (This is a function of p and Tw only and may appropriately be denoted by hsw (p,Tw).)
If air and water vapour are regarded as ideal gases with constant specific heats, the above equation becomes: RESOLUTIONS 201
where: Lv (Tw) is the heat of vaporization of water at temperature Tw; cp is the specific heat of dry air at constant pressure; cpv is the specific heat of water vapour at constant pressure.
Note: Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature as here defined has for some time been called “temperature of adiabatic saturation” by the air-conditioning engineers.
(19) The thermodynamic ice-bulb temperature of moist air at pressure p, temperature T and mixing ratio r is the temperature Ti at which pure ice at pressure p must be evaporated into the moist air in order to saturate it adiabatically at pressure p and temperature Ti. The saturation is with respect to ice.
Ti is defined by the equation: h (p, T, r) + [ri(p, Ti) –r] hi (p, Ti) = h (p, Ti,ri(p, Ti)) where: ri(p, Ti) is the mixing ratio of saturated moist air at pressure p and temperature Ti; hi(p, Ti) is the enthalpy of 1 gram of pure ice at pressure p and temperature Ti; h (p, T, r) is the enthalpy of 1 + r grams of moist air, composed of 1 gram of dry air and r grams of water vapour, at pressure p and temperature T; h (p, Ti, ri (p, Ti) is the enthalpy of 1 + ri grams of saturated air, composed of 1 gram of dry air and ri grams of water vapour, at pressure p and temperature Ti. (This is a function of p and Ti only, and may appropriately be denoted by h (p, Ti).)
If air and water vapour are regarded as ideal gases with constant specific heats, this equation becomes:
where: Ls(Ti) is the heat of sublimation of ice at temperature Ti.
The relationship between Tw and Ti as defined and the wet-bulb or ice-bulb temperature as indicated by a particular psychrometer is a matter to be determined by carefully controlled experiment, taking into account the various parameters concerned, for example, ventilation, size of thermometer bulb and radiation.
202 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
APPENDIX C (See Part II, 3.1.2) UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION
Geographical subdivision (Table e) is essential for papers classified under numbers accompanied by the letter (e)
551.5 METEOROLOGY 551.50 PRACTICAL METEOROLOGY (METHODS, DATA, INSTRUMENTS, FORECASTS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS) 551.501 Methods of observation and computation – Observatories .1 Instructions for observers .3 Systems of units, weather notations and scales (e.g. Beaufort Scale) .4 Methods of and tables for reduction and computation .42 Methods of and tables for reduction .45 Methods of and tables for statistical computation .5 Graphical methods of representation - Isopleths .6 Methods of data control. Quality control. .7 Upper air, methods of observation and computation .71 Methods of observation and computation of composition and density including twilight spectrum and searchlight methods .721 Methods of observation and computation of radiation .724 Methods of observation and computation of air temperature .74 Methods of observation and computation of pressure .75 Methods of observation and computation of wind .755 Methods of observation and computation of atmospheric turbulence parameters .771 Methods of observation and computation of humidity .774 Methods of observation and computation of condensation and deposits .776 Methods of observation and computation of cloud properties .777 Methods of observation and computation of precipitation .79 Methods of observation and computation by various techniques .793 Methods of observation and computation using optical techniques .795 Methods of observation and computation using microwave techniques .796 Methods of observation and computation using acoustical techniques .8 Methods of observation by radar, radio, and satellite-borne instruments .81 Radar storm detection and radar weather reconnaissance .815 Use of Doppler radar .816 Use of LIDAR .83 Uses of sferics .86 Use of satellite-borne instruments .89 Other uses .9 Construction and maintenance of observatories. Exposure of instruments. Site 551.502 Meteorological networks 1 General principles. Theory of network density RESOLUTIONS 203
.2 Synoptic-aerological networks .21 Surface networks .22 Upper air networks .3 Climatological networks .4 Agricultural networks .42 Phenological networks 5. Radiation networks .6 Air pollution networks .9 Other special purpose networks
551.506 Periodical observational data (from pentadal to annual means) .1 Pentadal, weekly, monthly and annual weather reports, charts, maps and bulletins (e) .2 Observations and reports referring to particular periods (e) .21 First and Second Polar Years .22 International Geophysical Year .23 IQSY (International Years of Quiet Sun) .24 GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Programme) .3 Observations and reports for periods exceeding one year (e) .5 Expeditions (e) .7 Upper air observations (e) .8 Phenology (plants and animals regarded as meteorological indicators) .9 Other observational data 551.507 Devices for carrying or supporting meteorological instruments or stations Note: The subdivisions .1 to .7 are only for use within the meteorological libraries. In the Universal Classification, 629.1 is used for vehicles (.1 to .5), 624.9 for constructions under .7 and 621.22 for supports under .6. .1 Mobile land vehicles for carrying meteorological instruments or stations .2 Water-borne vehicles or supports for meteorological instruments or stations (meteorological use of ships, craft and rafts, buoys, etc.) .22 Ocean weather ships .23 Selected ships .25 Other ships .3 Sounding vehicles for upper air, meteorological uses .32 Vehicles lighter than air .321 Balloons without means of propulsion .321.2 Free balloons; sounding balloons .321.3 Constant-level balloons .321.4 Captive balloons .322 Dirigible balloons .35 Vehicles heavier than air, with wings or planes .351 Without means of propulsion - kites, gliders .352 Aircraft .354 Helicopters, autogyros .355 Hydroplanes, seaplanes, flying boats .36 Apparatus heavier than air, without wings .361 Parachutes 204 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.362 Projectiles, rockets, artificial satellites .362.1 Rockets .362.2 Artificial satellites .362.7 Manned space stations .6 Methods of supporting or fixing meteorological apparatus or instruments .7 Masts, towers, etc. on land or ice
551.508 Meteorological instrumentation .1 Whole section dropped .2 Instruments for determining radiation and temperature .21 Actinometers, pyrheliometers, pyrgeometers, lucimeters .22 Black-bulb thermometers .23 Recorders of sunshine duration, solarigraphs .25 Other instruments for determining radiation .26 Thermometers, thermographs .27 Screens, thermometer stands, etc. .29 Other instruments (for determining temperature) .4 Instruments for determining atmospheric pressure .41 Barometers and barographs depending upon liquid pressure .43 Metallic barometers(aneroids), barographs, microbarographs – 551.508.43: 551.541 .45 Hypsometers .49 Other instruments (for determining atmospheric pressure) .5 Instruments for determining wind .51 Simple instruments (wind vanes, weathercocks) .53 Anemometers for direction only .54 Anemometers for velocity only .55 Instruments for determining atmospheric turbulence parameters .56 Pilot-balloon theodolites .57 Balloon or target radio-direction finders or radar trackers; rawin equipment .58 Nephoscopes .59 Other instruments (for determining wind) .7 Instruments for determining humidity, evaporation, deposits, precipitation, cloud characteristics .71 Psychrometers, hygrometers, hygrographs .72 Evaporimeters .74 Drosometers .76 Instruments for measuring cloud characteristics .761 Cloud cameras .762 Cloud base and top indicators. (“Ceilometers”, cloud searchlights) .765 Cloud water content and drop size meters .768 Instruments for measuring ice accretion .769 Other instruments for investigating clouds .77 Raingauges, pluviographs, snow-gauges, etc. .79 Other instruments (for determining humidity, evaporation, evapotranspiration, deposits, precipitation, cloud characteristics) RESOLUTIONS 205
8. Combined instruments .82 Meteorographs .821 Graphical recording meteorographs .822 Radiosondes and rawinsondes .823 Wire-transmitting meteorographs .824 Automatic land station instrumentation (including on ice and on mountains) .825 Automatic station instrumentation on lakes or sea (meteorological buoys instrumentation) .826 Automatic instrumentation on space stations, weather satellites, and rockets .85 Radar equipment for detecting meteorological phenomena .855 Doppler radar .856 LIDAR .86 Sferics equipment .9 Instruments for measuring various physical phenomena .91 Instruments for measuring nuclei or impurities .912 Instruments for measuring ice nuclei .92 lnstruments for measuring visibility such as transmissiometers .93 Instruments for measuring scattering of light .94 Instruments for atmospheric electricity, e.g. lightning counters .95 Instruments for measuring composition and structure of the atmosphere .951 Instruments for measuring air pollution .952 Ozonometers .953 Spectrometer-type instruments for measuring atmospheric structure .96 Instruments for investigating ionosphere (as part of atmospheric structure) .964 Instruments for observation on aurorae .98 Instruments for measuring cooling power and heat loss .99 Other instruments 551.509 Weather forecasting, artificial action on weather .1 Meteorological telecommunications and codes used in weather forecasting services .13 Meteorological telecommunications and communications networks .15 Meteorological codes and specifications .2 Regular meteorological bulletins, charts and diagrams used in forecasting .21 Synoptic bulletins, charts and diagrams; short-range forecasts (up to three days) .22 Bulletins, charts and diagrams giving mean values for a period. Extended range forecasts .25 Prognostic charts .3 Bases and methods of forecasting .31 Forecasts from daily synoptic charts .311 Structure of disturbances, including air masses and fronts on a small scale, as applied to forecasting .312 Kinematics as applied to forecasting. Barometric tendencies. Isallobaric charts .313 Dynamics applied to forecasting, numerical weather prediction (NWP) .313.1 Numerical anlaysis. Initialization. Integrations .313.11 Atmospheric wave motion 206 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.313.12 Initialization. Balancing .313.13 Advection schemes .313.14 Filters. Smoothing. Interpolation .313.2 Initial data .313.21 Data sets, grids, resolution .313.22 Data assimilation .313.23 Intervention. Manual modification .313.3 Boundary condition data and data handling .313.31 Surface,e.g. albedo, ice, topography .313.32 Lateral and vertical,e.g. radiation .313.4 Prediction models .313.41 Global and hemispheric .313.42 Limited area (20–200) .313.43 Mesoscale (1–20) .313.5 Error growth. Verification. Predictability .313.6 Interpretation of numerical weather prediction products .314 Statistical methods of forecasting .316 Nowcasting .317 Upper-air information as applied to forecasting .318 Types of atmospheric circulation on a large scale as applied to forecasting .319 Other bases of forecasting from daily synoptic charts .32 Forecasting of particular features and phenomena .321 Radiation .322 Wind .322.7 Upper-air wind, including forecasting of least time tracks under 551.509.322.7: 629.13 or 551.509.322.7: 656.7 .323 Temperature .323.2 Frosts .323.7 Upper-air temperature .324 Cloud, precipitation, rime, glazed frost .324.1 Cloud type, amount, height of base and thickness .324.2 Precipitation .324.3 Ice accretion (rime or glazed frost on terrestrial objects or aircraft) .325 Visibility, mist, fog .326 Thunderstorms .327 Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes .328 Forecasts for longer periods: Other .329 elements and phenomena .33 Forecasts for longer periods : week, month, season .331 Statistical bases for long-range forecasting .332 Pressure waves, symmetry patterns, trend charts .333 Dynamic methods for longer periods 551.509.333 ≅ 551.509.313 .334 Patternsofcirculation (long waves, “Grosswetterlagen”, Multanovsky’s methods) .335 Analogue methods RESOLUTIONS 207
.336 Solar relations .338 Climate singularities .339 Other methods .34 Single station forecasting (forecasting with only local observation) .39 Other forecasts .5 Forecasts: their organization and verification .51 Weather .52 Strong winds .53 Temperature .532 Frost. Former number 551.509.53 .54 Cloud, precipitation, rime, glazed frost. Subdivisions as for 551.509.324 .55 Visibility, mist, fog .56 Thunderstorms .57 Tropical cyclones, waterspouts, tornadoes .58 Forecasts for special purposes .59 Other forecasts .6 Artificial actions on the weather .61 Deliberate action on the weather .612 Temperature or radiation. Former number 551 .509.62 .615 Fog. Former number 551 .509.65 .616 Cloud. F Former number 551.509.66 .617 Precipitation. Former number 551.509.67 .62 Number dropped. New number 551.509.612 .65 Number dropped. New number 551.509.615 .66 Number dropped. New number 551.509.616 .67 Number dropped. New number 551.509.617 .68 Accidental action on the weather (artificial explosions, fires, forest fires) .8 Weather lore .9 Other questions relating to weather forecasting and artificial action on the weather
551.51 PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE. COMPOSITIONS AND STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE. DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY –> 504.3 , 523.31–852 551.510 Physical properties, composition and general structure of the atmosphere .3 Density .4 Composition of the atmosphere .41 Natural and background (chemical) composition of the atmosphere .411 Surface and planetary boundary layer (PBL) .411.2 Spatial variations .411.3 Time variations .411.43 Cyclic or periodic .411.35 Non-cyclic .412 Tropospheric .413 Atmospheric above tropopause .413.2 Stratospheric .413.3 Mesopheric .413.5 Ionospheric .413.6 Exospheric 208 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.413.7 Magnetospheric .42 Compositions of the impurities or dust of the atmosphere 551.510.42 ≅ 551.510.41 .43 Photochemical processes in the atmosphere .5 General description of structure of the atmosphere .52 Troposphere .522 Surface and planetary boundary layer (PBL) .528 Tropopause .529 Interaction between troposphere and stratosphere .53 Atmosphere above the tropopause (highest tropopause if there is a multiple arrangement) .532 Stratosphere .533 Mesosphere .534 Ozone layer .534.1 Physics of the ozone layer .534.2 Chemistry of the ozone layer .534.3 Variations in the ozone layer .535 Ionosphere and thermosphere .535.2 Cold layer at 80 km .535.4 Ionosphere .536 Extreme exterior layers, exosphere .537 Magnetosphere .61 Optical refractive index .62 Radio refractive index. Former number 551.594.7 .7 Radioactivity of the atmosphere. Former number 551.594.14 .71 Natural radioactivity .72 Artificial radioactivity .721 Radioactive fall-out
551.511 Mechanics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere .1 Statics and quasi-statics .12 Hydrostatics. Standard atmospheres .13 Static and quasi-static thermodynamic states and processes. Thermal equilibrium .2 Kinematics .3 Dynamics .31 Gravity waves .32 Hydrodynamics .33 Thermodynamics .331 Stratisfactions of the atmosphere .6 Turbulence and diffusion .61 Theoretical or mathematical models of atmospheric turbulence and diffusion .62 Energy budget of atmospheric turbulence .63 Experimental studies of turbulence and diffusion .632 Wind tunnel experiments .639 Other experiments
RESOLUTIONS 209
551.513 General circulation of the atmosphere .1 Mechanics and thermodynamics. See 551.511 .11 Planetary waves .2 Distribution of elements, including air masses .22 Surface .27 Upper level .3 Centres of action .5 ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergency Zone) .7 Relations between distant regions
551.515 Weather, atmospheric formations and disturbances .1 Barometrical depressions, extratropical cyclones .11 Mechanics and thermodynamics .12 Distribution of elements .127 Distribution of elements in the upper air .13 Life history, displacement, tracks .17 Upper level .2 Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons. Subdivisions as for 551.515.1 if necessary .3 Tornadoes, waterspouts, whirlwinds and dust devils. Subdivisions as for 551.515.1 if necessary .4 Convective precipitation systems, thunderstorms and showers. Subdivisions as for 551.515.1 if necessary .5 Tropical atmospheric formations and disturbances other than tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons. Subdivisions as for 551 .515.1 .6 Mesoscale systems, e.g. mesoscale cyclones, mesoscale thunderstorms 551.515.6 ≅ 551.515.1 .7 Anticyclones. Subdivisions as for 551.515.1 if necessary .8 Air masses and fronts. Subdivisions as for 551.515.1 if necessary .9 Damage caused by weather in general
551.52 RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE 551.521 Radiation –> 550.35 .1 Solar radiation in general. Radiation balance .11 Sunshine (e) .12 Actinometer or pyrheliometer observations (e) .13 Solar constant .14 Reflection of solar radiation from surface of earth or clouds. Albedo .16 Daylight illumination .17 Ultra-violet radiation .18 Infra-red component of solar radiation .2 Terrestrial radiation .3 Absorption, scattering and transmission in the atmosphere –> 551.593 .31 Solar radiation .32 Terrestrial and atmospheric radiation .321 Infra-red radiation from clear atmosphere 210 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.322 Infra-red radiation from earth .324 Infra-red radiation from sea .325 Infra-red radiation from clouds .326 Radiation from the night sky .327 Dayglow .33 Irradiation of various surfaces .37 Solar energy studies .6 Cosmic and corpuscular radiation .61 Number dropped .63 Number dropped .64 Cosmic radiation (meteorological aspects) .67 Corpuscular radiation from the sun (meteorological aspects) .9 Other radiations
551.524 Temperature of the air .1 Structure, microvariations .2 Distribution at earth’s surface. Isotherms (e) .3 Variations at earth’s surface .31 Diurnal variation .32 Annual variation .33 Other periodic variations .34 Secular trend .35 Non-periodic variations .36 Frequencies. Maximum and minimum temperatures .37 Frosts. Former number .372 Damage caused by frost. For damage to plants see 632.111 .5 and for other damages see 624.142 .4 Vertical distribution in the turbulent layer near the earth’s surface .7 Upper-air temperatures .72 Distribution .73 Variations. Subdivisions as for 551.543 .77 Vertical gradient .78 Horizontal gradient
551.525 Earth temperature .2 Surface temperature (including grass minima) .4 Vertical distribution .5 Permanently frozen soil For other aspects of permanently frozen soil see 551.345 .6 Temperature in soil cavities (e.g. caves, mines, tunnels)
551.526 Temperature of water surfaces as a meteorological element .6 Oceans and seas .64 Vertical distribution .8 Lakes and rivers .84 Vertical distribution
RESOLUTIONS 211
551.54 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 551.541 Microvariations 551.542 Distribution at earth’s surface. Isobars (e) .1 Barometric gradient
551.543 Variations of pressure .1 Diurnal and semi-diurnal variations .2 Annual variation .3 Other periodic variations .4 Secular trend .5 Non-periodic variations .6 Frequencies: range of variation
551 547 Upper-air pressure .1 Computation of altitude by barometric observation .2 Reduction to standard levels .3 Variations .5 Distribution in space. Isohypses Isobars
551.55 WIND 551.551 Turbulence, gustiness, micro-variations of wind, turbulent diffusion in the atmosphere .2 Turbulence in the lower layers defined as the region accessible by instruments mounted on the ground, on masts, towers or fixed balloon cables .21 Turbulence in the layers up to normal anemometer height .25 Turbulence in the lower layers above normal anemometer height .3 Orographic turbulence .5 Turbulence in the free atmosphere .8 Turbulent diffusion of momentum, heat, water vapour and aerosols
551.552 Horizontal distribution near the earth’s surface. Streamlines (e) 551.553 Variations of wind at the earth’s surface .1 Diurnal variation .11 Land and sea or lake breezes .12 Mountain and valley winds .2 Annual variation .21 Monsoons .22 Other seasonal winds .3 Other periodic variations .4 Secular trend .5 Non-periodic variations .6 Frequencies: range of variation. Wind roses .8 Gales 551.554 Vertical distribution in the turbulent layer near the earth’s surface 551.555 Winds of special localities (e) .1 Trade winds, doldrums .3 Warm catabatic winds (e.g. föhn winds) 212 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.4 Cold catabatic winds (e.g. bora, mistral, bise, tramontana) .6 Outbreak of polar air (e.g. blizzard, norther, barber) .8 Sand and dust-bearing winds (e.g. sirocco, harmattan, khamsin, haboob, simoon, chergui, etc.) .9 Other winds
551.556 Effects of wind .1 Damage by wind .2 Protection against wind .3 Utilization of wind .4 Transport of foreign bodies by wind .42 Short-range: plumes .44 Long-range: tracers .5 Effects of wind on trees and plants .6 Effects of wind on buildings .8 Effects of wind on water surfaces
551.557 Upper-air wind 2. Horizontal distribution of upper winds. Streamlines (e) .3 Variations of wind in the upper air .31 Diurnal variation .32 Annual variation .33 Other periodic variations .34 Secular trend .35 Non-periodic variations .36 Frequencies: range of variation. Wind roses .4 Vertical variation in upper-air wind. Wind shear .5 Specific large-scale winds (e.g. jet-stream, anti-trades)
551.558 Vertical component of air motions .1 Convection, thermals, vertical currents of air in or below individual clouds .2 Large-scale vertical components .21 Orographic disturbance to the winds of the free air (e.g. helm winds, moazagot) .29 Other large-scale vertical components in the free air
551.559 Influence of buildings, vegetations, topography, etc. on the wind 551.57 AQUEOUS VAPOUR AND HYDROMETEORS 551.571 Humidity structure .1 Distribution at earth’s surface (e) .2 Variations .3 Diurnal variation .31 Annual variation .32 Other periodic variations .33 Secular trend .35 Non-periodic variations .36 Frequencies: range of variations RESOLUTIONS 213
.4 Vertical distribution in the turbulent layer near the earth’s surface .7 Upper-air humidities
551.573 Evaporation and evapotranspiration 551.574 Condensation and deposits .1 Physics of condensation .11 Nuclei .12 Cloud droplets .13 Ice particles in clouds .14 Change of state of cloud particles .2 Artificial condensation .4 Condensation on the earth’s surface .41 Liquid (dew) .42 Solid (rime, hoar-frost, glazed frost, silver thaw, etc.) .7 Condensation and deposits on objects in the upper air 551.575 Fog and mist .1 Structure, formation and dissolution .2 Distribution (e) .3 Variations. Subdivisions as for 551.571 .3 if necessary .5 Particular occasions
551.576 Cloud .1 Structure, formation, evolution and dissolution; classification .11 Structure, formation, evolution and dissolution .12 Nomenclature, classification, description .2 Amount, nebulosity (e) .3 Variations. Subdivisions as for 551.571.3 if necessary .4 Height .5 Movement
551.577 Precipitation in general .1 Structure, formation and dissolution, classification .11 Structure, formation and dissolution .12 Nomenclature, classification, description .13 Chemical properties of precipitation. Acid precipitation .2 Distribution at earth’s surface (e) .21 Amount, isohyets (e) .22 Duration, days with precipitation (e) .23 (1/9)Intensity of precipitation .3 Variations .31 Diurnal variation .32 Annual variation .33 Other periodic variations .34 Secular trend .35 Non-periodic variations .36 Frequencies .37 Excessive falls in short or long periods 214 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.38 Droughts .5 Various influences .51 Influence of topography .52 Influence of vegetation (e.g. forests) .53 Influence of human activities (e.g. towns) .54 Influence of sheets of water .59 Other influences .6 Damage .61 Damage caused by precipitation .62 Damage caused by droughts .7 Radioactivity of precipitation 551.578 Special forms of precipitation .1 Liquid precipitation (e.g. rain and drizzle) .11 Structure, composition and temperature .13 Variations .16 Precipitation from fog – fog drip .4 Crystalline precipitation (e.g. snow, sleet, granular snow, ice needles) .41 Structure, composition and temperature. Form of snow crystals See 551.322 : 548.54 Habit, appearance of ice crystals .42 Distribution at earth’s surface (e) .43 Variations .45 Snow storms .46 Snow cover (including depth, temperature and density) .461 Methods of reporting snow cover. Coding .462 Ablation. Thermal balance of snow cover See also 551.324.433 Ablation of glaciers .463 Changes in the nature of snow cover. Firnification .465 Stratification of snow cover .466 Snow surface forms. Snow drift formation See 624.144.4 Control of snow drifting, fences, etc. .467 Cornices .468 Protection afforded by snow cover: thermal insulation .48 Avalanches See also 624.182 Avalanche counter-measures .481 Types of avalanche .482 Theory of avalanches. Causes .483 Forecasting of avalanches .486 Specific avalanche disasters .7 Solid amorphous precipitation (e.g. hail and soft hail) .71 Structure, composition and temperature .72 Distribution at earth’s surface (e) .73 Variations .8 Precipitation containing foreign matter (e.g. sand) .9 Other forms of precipitation
551.579 Soil moisture and hydrology. Hydrometeorology .1 Water supply from precipitation RESOLUTIONS 215
.2 Water supply from snow cover. Water equivalent of snow. Melting of snow .3 Water supply from glaciers .4 Fluctuations of surface water (caused by precipitation) .5 Soil moisture, percolation
551.58 CLIMATOLOGY 551.581 Theoretical climatology. Climatic models. Solar climate. Climatic zones. .1 Theoretical climatology. Climate models. Solar climate. .2 Climatic zones. => (211/213) .21 Polar climate .22 Temperate climate .23 Subtropical climate .24 Tropical climate
551.582 Climatology of particular places, regions and parts of the earth. Climatological monographs (e) .1 Qualitative descriptions (e) .2 Numerical data (e) .3 Charts and atlases (except periodic weather charts) (e)
551.583 Variations of climate See also 551.324.63 Response of glaciers to climatic changes .1 Instrumental data .13 Periodic variations .14 Secular trend .15 Non-periodic variations .16 Climatic extremes 2 Historical period (non-instrumental) 3 Prehistoric and the Quaternary geological period .4 Dendroclimatology .7 Paleoclimatology
551.584 Microclimatology and mesoclimatology .1 General principles; concepts .2 Mesoclimates; local climates .3 Microclimates due to minor topographical and soil features .31 Microclimates of slopes; thermal belts; frost pockets .32 Microclimates of bare soil or rocky surfaces .33 Microclimates of shores or water surfaces .34 Microclimates of ice and snow surfaces .4 Microclimates of air layers modified by vegetation .41 Microclimates of forests and forest clearings .42 Microclimates of low growing vegetation and small openings within it .43 Plant climates; the climate of air layers near surfaces of individual plants or plant parts .5 Microclimates of streets and open spaces in towns 216 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.6 Cryptoclimates; climates of enclosed spaces .61 Indoor climates .65 Cave, mine and tunnel climates, ice-caves .7 Climate of air spaces in soil and snow layers .9 Other microclimates
551.585 Types of climate. Classification of climate .1 Oceanic climates .3 Monsoon climates .4 Mediterranean climate .5 Continental climates .53 Desert climate .55 Steppe climate .7 Mountain climates .9 Other types of climate
551.586 Biometeorology and bioclimatology Example: 58 In relation to botany
551.587 Upper-air climatology. Climate in the free air above specified places or regions 551.588 Influence of environment on climate .1 Land and sea distribution. Degree of continentality .16 Influence of sea surface temperature and currents on climate –> 551.465.7 .2 Topography and aspect .3 Soil and subsoil .4 Lakes and rivers .5 Ice .6 Vegetation and forests .7 Human influence. Effect of towns, buildings, etc. .74 Effect of atmospheric pollution (including carbon dioxide) .9 Other influences
551.589 Synoptic climatology .1 Average or frequency of climatic elements associated with synoptic types See also subdivisions of 551.513 and 551.515 .5 Frequency of simultaneous occurrence of two or more climatic elements .6 Special phenomena (e.g. Ice Saints’ Days)
551.59 VARIOUS PHENOMENA AND INFLUENCES 551.590.2 Cosmical influences .21 Solar influences (except heat radiation 551.521) .22 Lunar influences .23 Planetary influences .24 Phenomena attending eclipses .25 Phenomena attending meteors RESOLUTIONS 217
.29 Other cosmical influences .3 Effects of volcanic eruptions on weather and climate
551.591 Visibility .1 Physics of visibility .2 Distribution at earth’s surface (e) .3 Variations at earth’s surface .31 Diurnal variations .32 Annual variations .33 Other periodic variations .34 Secular trend .35 Non-periodic variations .36 Frequencies: range of variation .361 Exceptional visibility .6 Vertical and slant visibility .7 Variation with height
551.593 Optical phenomena in the atmosphere .1 Phenomena produced by refraction in the air .11 Mirage .12 Scintillation .13 Deformation of the heavenly bodies .5 Phenomena produced by absorption and scattering .51 Green ray .52 Spectra, rainband .53 Blue of the sky .54 Dry haze, turbidity .55 Twilight phenomena, alpine glow .6 Phenomena produced by condensation products .61 Fog bows. Broken spectra. Glories .62 Rainbows .63 Haloes, parhelia, paraselenae, anthelia, sun pillars .64 Coronae .65 Coloration of the clouds .651 Clouds up to Cirrus .652 Mother-of-pearl clouds .653 Noctilucent clouds .7 Polarization. Neutral point .9 Other optical phenomena
551.594 Electrical phenomena in the atmosphere .1 Electricity of fine weather 11 Potential gradient 12 Ionization. Charge .13 Ion mobility. Conductivity. Current .14 Number dropped. New number 551.510.7 .18 Relations to other meteorological elements 218 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
.2 Electricity of disturbed weather .21 Electricity of thunderstorms .22 Electrical discharges .221 Disruptive discharges (lightning) .222 Silent discharges (St. Elmo’s fire) .223 Ball lightning .25 Electricity of aerosols .252 Electricity of snow and ice crystals, except wind-blown snow .253 Electricity of water drops including liquid cloud particles, rain and drizzle .254 Electricity of wind-blown snow .254 Electricity of sand, dust and smoke particles in the atmosphere .5 Aurora .51 Physics of aurora .52 Height and geographical distribution of aurora .53 Periodicity .6 Atmospherics regarded as phenomena of atmospheric electricity. See also 551.508.86 and 621.396.821 .7 Number dropped. See 551.510.62 .9 Other electrical phenomena
551.596 Acoustic phenomena in the atmosphere .1 Propagation of sound. Audibility. Zones of silence .3 Supersonic bang .5 Thunder .9 Other noises caused by meteorological phenomena RESOLUTIONS 219
APPENDIX D
BASIC INSTRUCTION PACKAGE FOR METEOROLOGISTS AND BASIC INSTRUCTION PACKAGE FOR METEOROLOGICAL TECHNICIANS
(1) Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists
(1.1) General
1.1.1 To satisfy the requirements of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists, Members shall ensure that the meteorological personnel achieve the following learning outcomes: (a) The acquisition of knowledge concerning physical principles and atmospheric interactions, methods of measurement and data analysis, behaviour of weather systems (through the synthesis of current weather data with conceptual models), and the general circulation of the atmosphere and climate variations. (b) The ability to apply knowledge based on the use of scientific reasoning to solve problems in atmospheric science, and participation in the analysis, prediction and communication of the impacts of weather and climate on society.
Note: It is intended that satisfying the requirements of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists will provide meteorological personnel with the knowledge, skills and confidence to develop their expertise and with a basis for further specialization.
1.1.2 Members shall ensure that meteorologists wishing to work in areas such as weather analysis and forecasting, climate modelling and prediction, and research and development, undertake further education and training to meet the specialized job competencies in these areas. In addition, Members shall ensure that meteorologists enhance their knowledge and skills by participating in continuous professional development throughout their careers.
Note: The requirements of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists will usually be satisfied through the successful completion of a university degree in meteorology or a postgraduate programme of study in meteorology following a university degree that includes the foundation topics in mathematics and physics – such topics are typically covered in science, applied science, engineering or computational courses. Where this is not the case, educational institutions will have to demonstrate that their programme of study provides the characteristic learning outcomes associated with a university degree course.
1.1.3 Members should take the lead in consulting with the appropriate national and regional bodies to define the academic qualifications required by Meteorologists in their country. Members should also work with their national education and training establishments to ensure that meteorological graduates achieve all the learning outcomes of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists as part of the academic qualification.
(1.2) Components of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists
Note: The aim is to ensure that a meteorologist has the underlying knowledge and expertise that supports the learning outcomes associated with physical meteorology, dynamic meteorology and numerical weather prediction, synoptic and mesoscale meteorology, and climatology.
1.2.1 Foundation topics
Members shall ensure that that a meteorologist is able to: (a) Demonstrate the knowledge of mathematics and physics that is required to successfully complete the meteorological components of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists; (b) Demonstrate the knowledge of other sciences and related topics that complements the meteorological expertise covered in the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorologists; 220 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
(c) Analyse and utilize data, and communicate and present information.
1.2.2 Physical meteorology
Members shall ensure that a meteorologist is able to: (a) Explain the structure and composition of the atmosphere, the processes affecting the radiative transfer in the atmosphere and global energy balance, and the causes of optical phenomena in the atmosphere; (b) Apply the laws of thermodynamics to atmospheric processes, use a thermodynamic diagram to assess the properties and stability of the atmosphere, identify the effect of water on thermodynamic processes and explain the processes leading to the formation of water droplets, clouds, precipitation and electrical phenomena; (c) Use knowledge of turbulence and surface energy exchanges to explain the structure and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer and the behaviour of contaminants; (d) Compare, contrast and explain the physical principles used in conventional instruments to make surface and upper-air measurements of atmospheric parameters, and explain the common sources of error and uncertainty and the importance of applying standards and using best practices; (e) Describe the range of meteorological data obtained from remote-sensing systems, explain how radiation measurements are made and the processes by which atmospheric data is derived from those measurements, and outline the uses and limitations of remote-sensing data.
1.2.3 Dynamic meteorology
Members shall ensure that a meteorologist is able to: (a) Explain the physical basis of the equations of motion in terms of forces and frames of reference, apply scale analysis to identify the dynamic processes in balanced flows, describe the characteristics of balanced flows, and use the equations of motion to explain quasi-geostrophy, ageostrophy, and the structure and propagation of waves in the atmosphere; (b) Describe and explain the scientific basis, characteristics and limitations of numerical weather prediction for short-, medium- and long-range forecasting, and explain the applications of numerical weather prediction.
1.2.4 Synoptic and mesoscale meteorology
Members shall ensure that a meteorologist is able to: (a) Use physical and dynamical reasoning to describe and explain the formation, evolution and characteristics (including extreme or hazardous weather conditions) of synoptic-scale weather systems in (1) mid-latitude and polar regions and (2) tropical regions, and assess the limitations of theories and conceptual models of these weather systems; (b) Use physical and dynamical reasoning to describe and explain the formation, evolution and characteristics (including extreme or hazardous weather conditions) of convective and mesoscale phenomena and assess the limitations of theories and conceptual models of these phenomena; (c) Monitor and observe the weather situation, and use real-time or historic data, including satellite and radar data, to prepare analyses and basic forecasts; (d) Describe service delivery in terms of the nature, use and benefits of the key products and services, including warnings and assessment of weather-related risks.
RESOLUTIONS 221
1.2.5 Climatology
Members shall ensure that a meteorologist is able to: (a) Describe and explain the Earth’s general circulation and climate system in terms of the physical and dynamical processes that are involved, and describe the key products and services based on climate information and their inherent uncertainty and use; (b) Apply physical and dynamical reasoning to explain the mechanisms responsible for climate variability and climate change (including the influence of human activity), describe the impacts in terms of possible changes to the global circulation, primary weather elements and potential effects on society, outline the adaptation and mitigation strategies that might be applied, and describe the application of climate models.
(2) Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians
(2.1) General
2.1.1 To satisfy the requirements of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians, Members shall ensure that the meteorological personnel achieve the following learning outcomes: (a) The acquisition of basic knowledge concerning physical principles and atmospheric interactions, methods of measurement and data analysis, a basic description of weather systems, and a basic description of the general circulation of the atmosphere and climate variations. (b) The ability to apply basic knowledge to observe and monitor the atmosphere and interpret commonly used meteorological diagrams and products.
Note: It is intended that satisfying the requirements of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians will provide meteorological personnel with the knowledge, skills and confidence to develop their expertise and with a basis for further specialization.
2.1.2 Members shall ensure that meteorological technicians wishing to work in areas such as weather observation, climate monitoring, network management, and provision of meteorological information and products to users, undertake further education and training to meet the specialized job competencies in these areas. In addition, Members shall ensure that meteorological technicians enhance their knowledge and skills by participating in continuous professional development throughout their careers.
Note: The requirements of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians will be usually satisfied through the successful completion of a post-secondary programme of study at an institution such as a training institution of a National Meteorological and Hydrological Service or college of further education.
(2.2) Components of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians
Note: The aim is to ensure that a meteorological technician has the underlying knowledge and expertise that supports the learning outcomes associated with basic physical and dynamic meteorology, basic synoptic meteorology, basic climatology, and meteorological instruments and methods of observation.
2.2.1 Foundation topics
Members shall ensure that a meteorological technician is able to: (a) Demonstrate the knowledge of mathematics and physics that is required to successfully complete the meteorological components of the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians; (b) Demonstrate the knowledge of other sciences and related topics that complements the meteorological expertise covered in the Basic Instruction Package for Meteorological Technicians; (c) Analyse and utilize data, and communicate and present information. 222 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
2.2.2 Basic physical and dynamic meteorology
Members shall ensure that a meteorological technician is able to: (a) Explain the basic physical and dynamic processes that take place in the atmosphere; (b) Explain the physical principles used in instruments to measure atmospheric parameters.
2.2.3 Basic synoptic and mesoscale meteorology
Members shall ensure that a meteorological technician is able to: (a) Describe the formation, evolution and characteristics of synoptic-scale and mesoscale tropical, mid-latitude and polar weather systems, and analyse weather observations; (b) Describe the forecast process and the use made of the associated products and services.
2.2.4 Basic climatology
Members shall ensure that a meteorological technician is able to: (a) Describe the general circulation of the atmosphere and the processes leading to climate variability and change; (b) Describe the use made of products and services based on climate information.
2.2.5 Meteorological instruments and methods of observation
Members shall ensure that a meteorological technician is able to: (a) Explain the physical principles used in instruments to measure atmospheric parameters; (b) Make basic weather observations. RESOLUTIONS 223
APPENDIX E
CRITERIA FOR THE RECOGNITION OF WMO REGIONAL TRAINING CENTRES
To be designated as a WMO Regional Training Centre, training institutions should satisfy the following criteria:
(a) A Centre should only be established for the purpose of meeting the expressed requirements of Members, which cannot be met by existing facilities in the same Region;
(b) A Regional Training Centre should be designed to meet the requirements of Members of the Region, as expressed in a decision of the regional association;
(c) Each Centre should be within the particular Region concerned and its location decided by the Executive Council in the light of the views of the regional association and the comments of the Secretary-General;
(d) The following conditions should apply to each Centre:
(i) The Centre should be open to students from all countries in the Region;
(ii) The educational level of the various courses of instruction carried out at the Centre should be consistent with the guidance material issued by WMO;
(iii) The Centre should have adequate buildings and training facilities and competent instructors;
(e) Since the establishment and maintenance of the Centre will largely be the responsibility of the host country, WMO should have the right to monitor the work of the Centre. The obligations of WMO and the host country should be the subject of a signed agreement to abide by certain principles between WMO and the host country. This agreement should cover the following matters:
(i) The purpose and functions of the Centre;
(ii) The numbers and entrance qualifications of the students;
(iii) The right of WMO to examine syllabi and other relevant material to ensure that the level of education is consistent with the guidance material issued by WMO;
(iv) The scope and level of the final examinations;
(v) The administrative arrangements of the Centre;
(vi) WMO obligations – financial or otherwise;
(vii) Obligations of the government of the host country;
(viii) Obligations of the Centre;
(ix) Withdrawal of the designation of the Centre;
(x) Termination of the agreement.
224 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Resolution 27 (EC-64)
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,
Noting:
(1) Resolution 14 (EC-LXIII) – Review of previous resolutions of the Executive Council,
(2) Regulation 156 (9) of the General Regulations (2011 edition), concerning the review of the Executive Council resolutions,
(3) Rule 27 of the Rules of Procedure of the Executive Council on the same subject,
Having examined its previous resolutions still in force,
Decides:
(1) To keep in force the following resolutions: EC-IV 2 EC-XII 6 EC-XXV 12 EC-XXXIV 13 EC-XXXV 21 EC-XXXVI 6 EC-XL 4 EC-XLII 19 EC-XLIV 15 EC-XLV 13 EC-XLVIII 3, 4, 12 EC-LI 5 EC-LVI 9, 18 EC-LVII 5, 17, 18 EC-LVIII 15 EC-LIX 6, 16, 17, 19, 26, 27 EC-LX 1, 2, 4, 6, 14, 18 EC-LXI 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15 EC-LXII 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 19*, 20* EC-LXIII 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13
(2) Not to keep in force the other resolutions adopted before its sixty-fourth session;
Requests the Secretary-General to publish the in-force resolutions, including those with corrigenda, in a new issue of Resolutions of Congress and the Executive Council (WMO-No. 508), and to bring this publication to the attention of all concerned parties. ______Note: This resolution replaces Resolution 14 (EC-LXIII), which is no longer in force.
* Indicates that some resolution(s) mentioned in the given resolution are now not in force (see the annex to the present resolution).
RESOLUTIONS 225
Annex to Resolution 27 (EC-64)
FOOTNOTES TO FOLLOWING RESOLUTIONS
1. Resolution 19 (EC-LXII) – Terms of reference of the Executive Council Panel of Experts on Education and Training
Resolution 23 (Cg-XV) not in force
2. Resolution 20 (EC-LXII) – Mandatory publications and publication distribution policy for the sixteenth financial period
Resolution 10 (EC-LXI), 26 (Cg-XV) not in force
ANNEXES
ANNEX I Annex to agenda item 2.3 of the general summary
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FINANCIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
1. Financial statements for 2011, including report of the External Auditor Recommendation 1: That the Executive Council adopts: (a) The text (paragraphs 5.1–5.12) for inclusion in the general summary of the present report, with the additional note describing that the Secretary-General accepted all eight recommendations put forward by the External Auditor, as well as all outstanding recommendations from the previous year and the strategic importance of risk management; (b) Resolution 25 (EC-64) – Financial statements of the World Meteorological Organization for the year 2011.
2. Proposed process for selection and appointment of the External Auditor Recommendation 2: That the Executive Council adopt Resolution 22 (EC-64) – Selection process of the External Auditor.
3. Status of Members’ contributions and Status of Voluntary Contributions Recommendation 3: That the Executive Council: (a) Urge Members in arrears of contributions to settle their dues as early as possible; (b) Consider the implication of a possible shortfall of voluntary contributions and additional measures to achieve the approved funding targets.
ANNEX II Annex to paragraph 3.1.3 of the general summary
AGENDA FOR THE EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF CONGRESS 2012
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION
1.1 Opening of the session
The formal opening of the extraordinary session of World Meteorological Congress 2012 will take place at 09:30 a.m. on 29 October 2012 at the International Conference Centre of Geneva (CICG).
1.2 Establishment of the Credentials Committee
In accordance with Regulation 23 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), and immediately following completion of opening formalities, the Congress will be invited to establish a Credentials Committee for the duration of the session. The Credentials Committee shall examine the ANNEXES 227
credentials of delegates and observers as well as any observation, which may be submitted to it by the representative of the Secretary-General.
In accordance with Regulations 21 to 24 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), a list of representatives attending the session will be based upon the credentials received by the Secretary-General before the session and on those handed to his representative at the session.
It is desirable that Members communicate to the Secretariat names and addresses of the persons who will constitute the delegations as much in advance as possible. This information may accompany the credentials required under Regulation 21 of the General Regulations (2011 edition).
1.3 Approval of the agenda
In accordance with Regulation 137 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), the agenda for an extraordinary session of Congress shall contain only the following items:
(1) Establishment of the Credentials Committee;
(2) Establishment of other committees of Congress; (3) Consideration of the report of the Credentials Committee; (4) Consideration of the question(s) for which the session was convened.
1.4 Report of the Credentials Committee
The Credentials Committee will report to the Congress as soon as possible after its establishment, and subsequently as required.
1.5 Establishment of other Working Committees
In accordance with Regulation 25 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), the Congress may establish for the duration of its session a Drafting Committee, a Coordination Committee and such other committees as it deems necessary.
Regulation 28 of the General Regulations (2011 edition) defines the role of the Drafting Committee. With the exception of First Congress, previous Congresses have not set up such a Committee. Experience has shown that, at past sessions of Congress, the most expedient method to use is for each working committee or sub-committee to establish its own arrangements for drafting its report to Plenary. Therefore, in accordance with Regulation 30 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), a number of open subcommittees will be set up for detailed review of specific matters.
To ensure the proper coordination of the activities of the session, it is usual practice to set up a Coordination Committee, according to Regulation 29 of the General Regulations (2011 edition). The Coordination Committee shall consist of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Organization, the Secretary-General or his representative, and the chairpersons of the working committees of the Congress.
In accordance with Regulation 31 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), with the exception of the Coordination Committee, the chairperson of which is the president of the constituent body, each committee or subcommittee shall elect its own chairperson and, whenever necessary, other officers.
1.6 Programme of work
The Congress will decide on the working hours, which normally are:
Monday to Wednesday: from 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and from 2.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. 228 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
The tentative work plan will provide an indication of the meetings and agenda items to be taken up each day. The actual programme of work will be adjusted by the Coordination Committee, as necessary, during the session, and will be provided in the daily order of business.
2. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE SERVICES (GFCS)
2.1 Implementation Plan for the Global Framework for Climate Services
The Congress will be invited to review and adopt the draft Implementation Plan for the GFCS, developed by the Executive Council pursuant to Resolution 47 (Cg-XVI).
2.2 Establishment of the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services
The Congress will be invited to consider and adopt the Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure for the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services. The proposal has been developed by the Executive Council pursuant to Resolution 47 (Cg-XVI).
The Congress will address funding requirements for the Intergovernmental Board functioning and secretariat support and take decisions on this matter.
3. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION
The extraordinary session of the World Meteorological Congress 2012 is scheduled to close on 31 October 2012.
ANNEX III Annex to paragraph 3.1.4 of the general summary
LIST OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO BE INVITED TO THE EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF CONGRESS 2012
Organizations within the United Nations system Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Commission for Africa Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations* International Civil Aviation Organization* Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO International Atomic Energy Agency* International Fund for Agricultural Development* International Labour Organization International Maritime Organization* International Monetary Fund International Telecommunication Union* Joint Inspection Unit of the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Convention on Biodiversity United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Development Programme ANNEXES 229
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization* United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) United Nations University United Nations* Universal Postal Union World Bank World Food Programme World Health Organization* World Intellectual Property Organization World Tourism Organization* World Trade Organization ______
* Regulation 131 (a) of the General Regulations (2011 edition) requires that an invitation be sent to the United Nations. The organizations within the United Nations system marked with an asterisk (*) have an agreement or a working arrangement with WMO, which provide for reciprocal representation. They should, therefore, normally be invited to Congress.
Organizations with an agreement or working arrangements with WMO providing for representation African Union Agency for Air Navigation Safety in Africa and Madagascar (ASECNA) Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOD) Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission) Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Danube Commission East African Community Economic Community of West African States European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) European Space Agency Intergovernmental Council for Hydrometeorology of the Commonwealth of Independent States (ICH CIS) International Association for Urban Climate International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction International Council for Science International Council for the Exploration of the Sea International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis International Ocean Institute International Seismological Centre International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) League of Arab States Niger Basin Authority 230 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel Permanent Joint Technical Commission for Nile Waters Permanent South Pacific Commission South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) World Organization for Animal Health
Organizations with consultative status* Association of Hydro-Meteorological Equipment Industry International Association of Broadcast Meteorology International Association of Oil and Gas Producers International Astronautical Federation International Astronomical Union International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage International Federation for Documentation International Federation of Agricultural Producers International Federation of Airline Pilots’ Associations International Maritime Radio Committee International Organization for Standardization International Society of Biometeorology International Society of Soil Sciences International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources International Union of Radio Science Organization to the ETC Group-Action on Erosion Technology and Concentration World Energy Council World Federation of United Nations Associations ______
* The consultative status (Resolution 2 (EC-IV)) accords to a non-governmental international organization entitlement to be represented by an observer without voting rights as sessions of constituent bodies in conformity with Article 26 (b) of the WMO Convention and Resolution 2 (EC-IV).
Other organizations/institutions African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD) African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) African Development Bank African Ministerial Conference on Meteorology (AMCOMET) AGRHYMET Regional Centre Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) APEC Climate Centre Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) Arctic Council Asian Development Bank Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (ADRC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) Central African Forests Commission (COMIFAC) Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI) Committee on Earth Observations Satellites (CEOS) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) Council for Europe ANNEXES 231
CRIA Agency Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) Euro-Mediterranean Centre for Climate Change (CMCC) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) European Cooperation in Science and Technology European Commission European Meteorological Services network (EUMETNET) European Meteorological Society (EMS) Global Water Partnership Group on Earth Observations (GEO) IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) Indian Ocean Commission (COI) Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) International Air Transport Association International Chamber of Shipping International Commission for the Congo–Oubangui–Sangha Basin (CICOS) International Commission for the Hydrology of the Rhine Basin International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations (IAOPA) International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Research Centre on El Niño (CIIFEN) International Research Institute for Climate and Society Lake Victoria Basin Commission Latin American Energy Organization Limpopo Water Course Commission Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Organization of American States Pacific Meteorology Council (PMC) Regional Committee for Water Resources Regional Committee on Hydraulic Resources / Central American Integration System – CRRH-SICA SADC Climate Services Centre (SADC-CSC) Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) South African Development Community (SADC) The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) The International Rice Research Institute Water Resource Coordination Union (WRCU) World Aerospace Education Organization World Water Council Zambezi River Authority
Invitations governed by Resolution 39 (Cg-VII) Palestine ______
* The designation “Palestine” is used following the decision of the Executive Council at its forty-first session (general summary, paragraph 13.3 of the Abridged Final Report with Resolutions of the Forty-first Session of the Executive Council (WMO-No. 723)). 232 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Invitations to non-Member countries
In accordance with Regulation 20 of the General Regulations (2011 edition), invitations will be issued to the following non-Member countries because of their status as Members of, or observers to, the United Nations: Andorra Equatorial Guinea Grenada Holy See Liechtenstein Marshall Islands Nauru Palau Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines San Marino South Sudan Tuvalu
There are no other names of independent countries, for which prior approval of the WMO Members is required, that were brought to the attention of the Secretary-General.
ANNEX IV Annex to paragraph 4.1.10 of the general summary
RECENTLY REVIEWED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE WMO/IUGG VOLCANIC ASH SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUP
1. The Volcanic Ash (VA) Scientific Advisory Group (VASAG) established under the auspices of the WMO and IUGG, shall comprise geophysical and meteorological scientists. The VASAG shall confirm or elect two co-chairs at each meeting and will be supported by the WMO Secretariat. Requests for membership or observer status on the VASAG will be decided upon by the co-chairs in consultation with the Secretariat.
2. The task of the VASAG shall be to address requests for specific advice or assistance from the ICAO IAVWOPSG and/or other relevant stakeholders.
3. The VASAG shall use appropriate scientific groups, networks, contacts and other opportunities to gather and document scientific advice from the international science community. Responsibilities and delivery deadlines will be set and documented in line with IAVWOPSG requirements.
4. The VASAG shall meet at the discretion of the co-chairs in consultation with the Secretariat (preferably at least every 18 months) but in any case in conjunction with the WMO International Scientific Workshop on Volcanic Ash (currently held every 3 years).
5. The VASAG shall provide a report to each IAVWOPSG meeting.
ANNEXES 233
ANNEX V Annex to paragraph 4.6.37 of the general summary
VCP(F) PROPOSAL FOR ALLOCATIONS IN 2012 (IN SWISS FRANCS)
Proposed Allocations 2012 Balance at 01/01/12 718,287 Commitments at 01/01/12 49,531 Available Balance 01/01/12 668,751 Anticipated Contributions 01/01/12 250,000 Anticipated Available Balance 01/01/12 918,751
Priority Areas
1 VCP spares/shipping 30,000 2 Expert services 50,000 3 Short-term fellowships and training activities 100,000 4 Project Development Activities 50,000 5 Improvement of GTS general 50,000 Improvement of observing sub-system (including GOS 6 70,000 and GCOS) 7 Improvement of GDPS 30,000 8 Agricultural Meteorology activities 30,000 9 Support to CDMS and climatological activities 30,000 11 Emergency assistance 50,000 12 Operational hydrology activities 30,000 13 Improvement of satellite reception 30,000 14 Internet capabilities 20,000 15 Least Developed Countries 50,000
16 Sub Total 620,000
17 Reserve 298,751
18 TOTAL 918,751
234 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
ANNEX VI Annex to paragraph 4.8.15 of the general summary
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEXT WMO STRATEGIC AND OPERATING PLANS
Table 1 The outline of the WMO Strategic Plan 2016–2019
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
• Societal benefits of weather, climate and water services • Purpose and context of the WMO Strategic Plan • Structure of the WMO Strategic Plan 2016–2019 • Global Framework for Climate Services
STRATEGIC THRUSTS LINKING TO EXPECTED RESULTS, KEY OUTCOMES AND KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
• Strategic Thrust 1: Improving service quality and service delivery • Strategic Thrust 2: Advancing scientific research and application, as well as development and implementation of technology • Strategic Thrust 3: Strengthening capacity-building • Strategic Thrust 4: Building and enhancing partnerships and cooperation • Strategic Thrust 5: Strengthening good governance Expected results, strategic priorities and potential risks shall be presented within each strategic thrust. Strategic thrusts are broad indications of strategic directions to address the global societal needs (GSNs) to achieve expected results. The ERs represent long-term objectives that WMO seeks to achieve in pursuing its mission. The key outcomes represent the expected effects of the achieved results on Members. The RAs will be requested to propose strategic priorities and activities focusing on their unique needs and those for the Organization. The priorities and activities of TCs should aim at addressing the needs of the RAs along with advancing global scientific research and applications.
WMO OPERATING PLAN
WMO RESULTS-BASED BUDGET
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ANNEXES 235
Table 2 The outline for WMO Operating Plan 2016–2019
I. Introduction The proposed structure of the OP puts all activities under the associated ER and KO for ease of monitoring and to make it easy to recognize commonality in the proposed activities. It is expected that the activities of the TCs will be aimed at addressing the shared and unique needs of RAs.
II. WMO Programme activities planned for implementation in 2016–2019 II.1 Expected Result 1 II.1.1 KO1 for ER1 Funded programme activities, and In-kind activities of RAs and TCs II.1.2 KO2 for ER1 Funded programme activities, and In-kind activities of RAs and TCs II.2 Expected Result 2 II.2.1 KO1 for ER2 Funded programme activities, and In-kind activities of RAs and TCs II.2.2 KO2 for ER2 Funded programme activities, and In-kind activities of RAs and TCs . . . II.8 Expected Result 8 II.8.1 KO1 for ER8 Funded programme activities, and In-kind activities of RAs and TCs II.8.2 KO2 for ER8 Funded programme activities, and In-kind activities of RAs and TCs
Annex on programmatic focuses in the implementation of Expected Results
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF OP
Expected Result
Key Outcome
• Activities funded from the regular budget (EC, RA, TC, Secretariat) • In-kind activities of RAs and TCs
236 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Table 3 Process and timelines for preparing the WMO Strategic and Operating Plans 2016–2019
1. Input to EC-64 (2012)
(a) (EC WG/SOP considers the proposed structure, outline, scenarios and planning process (April 2012) – Done (b) Secretariat prepares input to EC-64 based on the recommendations of WG/SOP (April 2012) – Done (c) EC provides further guidance on GSNs, ST, ERs, Scenarios, and on the structures and outlines of SP and OP 2016–2019 (June/July 2012) (d) Secretariat requests presidents of regional associations and technical commissions to submit strategic priorities focusing on their unique needs and those for the Organization. Proposals for Organization-wide priorities should take into consideration the strategic priorities for 2012–2015. The PRAs and PTCs will also be requested to provide activities relevant for addressing the proposed priorities. The MGs of RAs and TCs would assist the PRAs and PTCs to make submission without waiting for the sessions of the constituent bodies (September 2012)
2. Input to EC-65 (2013)
(a) Secretariat concludes the preparation of the draft SP and OP using the information from RAs and TCs (January 2013) (b) PRAs/PTCs are requested to review the draft SP and OP and provide further input (January 2013) (c) EC WG/SOP meeting to consider the draft SP and OP (April 2013) (d) EC considers the draft WMO SP and OP, and provides guidance for further development (June 2013) (e) Members are requested to review the revised draft SP and make input for further improvement (July 2013)
3. Input to EC-66 (2014)
(a) EC considers the revised draft SP and OP and makes appropriate recommendations to Cg-17 (June 2014) (b) The Secretary-General submits to EC-66 the draft RBB proposal 2016–2019, that is based on the WMO SP and OP 2016–2019, for consideration (June 2014)
4. Input to Cg-17 (2015)
(a) The revised SP and OP are finalized for presentation to Cg-17 (October 2014) (b) The revised RBB proposal 2016–2019 is finalized for presentation to Cg-17 (October 2014)
ANNEXES 237
ANNEX VII Annex to paragraphs 5.26, 5.27 and 5.28 of the general summary
STAFF APPOINTMENTS, PROMOTIONS, NOMINATIONS AND TRANSFERS SINCE THE SIXTY-THIRD SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Table 1. List of appointments made since EC-LXIII through competition after issuance of vacancy notices
WMO Name and Nationality Title, grade and organizational unit Effective date Region
RIXEN, Mr M. RA VI Senior Scientific Officer (P.5), World 31 August 2011 (Belgium) Climate Research Programme Joint Planning Staff, Research Department
BOJINSKI, Mr S. RA VI Scientific Officer (P.4), Satellite Data 1 September 2011 (Germany) Utilization Division, Space Programme Office, Observing and Information Systems Department
GOUAINI, Mr E. RA I Chief (P.4), Conference Services Unit, 1 September 2011 (Morocco) Language, Conference and Publishing Services Department
LYNN, Mr J. RA VI Programme Manager, Communications and 30 November 2011 (United Kingdom) Media Relations (P.5), Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
RAVALITERA, Mr N. RA VI Scientific Officer (P.2), Hydrology and Water 5 December 2011 (Switzerland) Resources Branch, Climate and Water Department
CASTONGUAY, Ms S. RA IV Editor (P.4), Public Information Products 1 January 2012 (Dominica) and Website Management Unit, Communication and Public Affairs Office, Cabinet and External Relations Department
FOREMAN, Mr S. RA VI Chief (P.5), WIS Data Representation, 1 February 2012 (United Kingdom) Metadata and Monitoring Division, WMO Information System Branch, Observing and Information Systems Department
TAMRAKAR, Mr N. RA II Project Officer (P.2), Associated 1 February 2012 (Nepal) Programme on Flood Management, Hydrology and Water Resources Branch, Climate and Water Department
SCHLINGEMANN, Ms S. RA VI Legal and Liaison Officer (P.4), Secretariat 1 March 2012 (Netherlands) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
NULLIS KAPP, Ms C. RA VI Media Officer (P.4), Communication and 1 May 2012 (United Kingdom) Public Affairs Office, Cabinet and External Relations Department 238 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
WMO Name and Nationality Title, grade and organizational unit Effective date Region
ZABULA, Ms W. RA I Information and Communications Specialist 21 May 2012 (Malawi) (P.3), Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ATKINSON, Mr R. RA V Scientific Officer (P.4), Instruments and 1 June 2012 (Australia) Methods of Observations Unit, WMO Observing Systems Division, WMO Integrated Global Observing System Branch, Observing and Information Systems Department
WILLIAMS, Mr M. RA IV Chief (P.5), Communication and Public 1 June 2012 (United States) Affairs Office, Cabinet and External Relations Department
BURKE, Ms N. RA IV External Relations Officer (P.4), Cabinet 1 July 2012 (Barbados) and External Relations Department
DORSOUMA, Mr A. RA I Senior Programme Manager (P.5), 13 August 2012 (Chad) Resource Mobilization Office, Development and Regional Activities Department
List of appointments made since EC-LXIII of Junior Professional Officers
AVELLAN, MS C. RA VI Junior Professional Officer (P.2), Global 1 October 2011 (Germany) Framework ror Climate Services
KRÜGER, MR J.M. RA VI Junior Professional Officer (P.2), 1 February 2012 (Germany) Associated Programme on Flood Management, Hydrology and Water Resources Branch, Climate and Water Department
Table 2. List of extensions of appointment beyond the statutory age of retirement since EC-LXIII
WMO Name and Nationality Title, grade and organizational unit Duration Region
REQUENA, Mr F. RA III Executive Assistant to the Secretary- 3 months to (Argentina) General (P.5), Office of the Secretary- 31 December 2011 General
KONARE, Mr K. RA I Director (D.1), Office for LDC and Regional 12 months to (Mali) Coordination, Development and Regional 30 June 2013 Activities Department
XIN, Mr X. RA II Translator/Editor (P.4), Language, 6 months to (China) Conference and Publishing Services 30 November 2012 Department
ANNEXES 239
Table 3. List of transfers, nominations and promotions since EC-LXIII
WMO Name and Nationality Title, grade and organizational unit Effective date Region
RICHARD-VAN MAELE, RA VI Director (D.1), Communication and Public 1 February 2011 Ms C. (Belgium) Affairs Office, Cabinet and External Relations Department (nomination with promotion)
DRAZENOVIC-CARRIERI, RA VI Director (D.2), Language, Conference and 1 July 2011 Mrs M. (Croatia) Publishing Services Department – (promotion to the grade of the post)
LUCIO, Mr F. RA I Project Officer (P.5), Global Framework for 8 July 2011 (Mozambique) Climate Services, GFCS Office, (transfer from the Disaster Risk Reduction Division)
BLONDIN, Mr C. RA VI Director (D.2), Cabinet and External 1 February 2012 (France) Relations Department (promotion to the grade of the post)
RUTASHOBYA, Mr D. RA I Senior Programme Manager (P.5), Office 6 February 2012 (United Republic of for the LDC Programme and Regional Tanzania) Coordination, Development and Regional Activities Department (transfer from the Climate and Water Department) through competition after issuing of vacancy notice
STEWART, Mr B. RA V Director (D.1), Climate and Water 4 June 2012 (Australia) Department (nomination with promotion) through competition after issuing of vacancy notice
SCHALK, Ms M. RA III Conference Services Manager (P.3), 1 August 2012 (Brazil) Conference Services Unit, Language, Conference and Publishing Services Department (transfer from the Office of the Secretary- General) through competition after issuing of vacancy notice
ANNEX VIII Annex to agenda item 7.5 of the general summary
OUTLINE NEW STRUCTURE OF THE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS (WMO-NO. 49)
Document revision track record
General Provisions
Definitions 240 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
VOLUME I – General Meteorological Standards and Recommended Practices (20xx edition)
PART I. WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) I.1 Scope of WIGOS I.2 Global Observing System (GOS) of WWW I.3 Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) I.4 World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) (ref. Vol. III) I.5 Climatological data and Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) ECVs I.6 Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW) I.7 Meteorological instruments and methods of observation
PART II. WMO Information System (WIS) II.1 Scope of WIS II.2 International data representation and codes PART III. Data processing and forecasting III.1 Global Data-processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS) of WWW III.2 Climate prediction III.3 Hydrology forecasting (ref. Vol. III)
PART IV. Meteorological, hydrological and climatological applications and services IV.1 Meteorological services for marine activities IV.2 Meteorological services for agriculture IV.3 Meteorological services for international air navigation (ref. Vol. II) IV.4 Hydrological services (ref. Vol. III) IV.5 Climate services IV.6 Meteorological services for disaster risk reduction IV.7 Public weather services IV.7 Urban meteorological services / chemical weather IV.8 Space weather
PART V. Education and training
PART VI. Competence of meteorological, hydrological and climatological personnel
VOLUME II – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation (2010 edition)
VOLUME III – Hydrology (2006 edition)
VOLUME IV – Quality Management (2011 edition) Appendices, Annexes
APPENDIX
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
1. Officers
David Grimes President Antonio Divino Moura First Vice-President Mieczyslaw Ostojski Second Vice-President Abdalah Mokssit Third Vice-President Mamadou Lamine Bah President of RA I Victor E. Chub President of RA II Julián Báez Benítez Acting President of RA III Arthur W. Rolle President of RA IV Sri Woro B. Harijono (Ms) President of RA V Ivan Čačić President of RA VI
2. Elected members of the Executive Council
Gerhard Adrian Elected Member Daniel Cano Elected Member (acting) Héctor Horacio Ciappesoni Elected Member Luigi De Leonibus Elected Member (acting) Juan Carlos Fallas Sojo Elected Member Alexander V. Frolov Elected Member (acting) Mitsuhiko Hatori Elected Member John L. Hayes Elected Member John Hirst Elected Member Carlos Naranjo Jácome Elected Member François Jacq Elected Member Agnes L. Kijazi (Ms) Elected Member (acting) Yap Kok Seng Elected Member Camille Loumouamou Elected Member Linda Makuleni (Ms) Elected Member Saad Mohamad S. Mohalfi Elected Member Joseph Romanus Mukabana Elected Member Jacob Nkomoki Elected Member Cho Seok-Joon Elected Member Tyrone W. Sutherland Elected Member Petteri Taalas Elected Member Abdoul-Karim Traoré Elected Member (acting) Robert Vertessy Elected Member (acting) Alipate Waqaicelua Elected Member Guoguang Zheng Elected Member
3. Alternates and Advisers to the Executive Council members
Detlev Frömming Alternate Gerhard Adrian Ernest A. Afiesimama Alternate Anthony Anuforom Amos Makarau Alternate Mamadou Lamine Bah Franciso Espejo Alternate Daniel Cano Juan Manuel Hörler Alternate Héctor Horacio Ciappesoni Mónica Marino (Ms) Alternate Héctor Horacio Ciappesoni Massimo Ferri Alternate Luigi De Leonibus Valery Dyadyuchenko Alternate Alexander V. Frolov Alexander Nurullaev Alternate Alexander V. Frolov Michael Crowe Alternate David Grimes Tatsuya Kimura Alternate Mitsuhiko Hatori Courtney Draggon (Ms) Alternate John L. Hayes Laura Furgione (Ms) Alternate John L. Hayes Mike Gray Alternate John Hirst 242 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Marc Gillet Alternate François Jacq Mark Majodina Alternate Linda Makuleni (Ms) Jose Arimatea De Sousa Brito Alternate Antonio Divino Moura James G. Kongoti Alternate Joseph Romanus Mukabana Nicholas W. Maingi Alternate Joseph Romanus Mukabana Joseph Katongo Kanyanga Alternate Jacob Nkomoki Janusz Filipiak Alternate Mieczyslaw Ostojski Lukasz Legutko Alternate Mieczyslaw Ostojski Chungkyu Park Alternate Cho Seok-Joon Fred Sambula Alternate Tyrone Sutherland Maria Hurtola (Ms) Alternate Petteri Taalas L.S. Rathore Alternate Ajit Tyagi Xiaonong Shen Alternate Zheng Guoguang
Johannes Cullmann Adviser Gerhard Adrian Heinjörg Herrmann Adviser Gerhard Adrian Björn Oriwohl Adviser Gerhard Adrian Claudia Rubart (Ms) Adviser Gerhard Adrian Axel Thomalla Adviser Gerhard Adrian Estrella Gutierrez (Ms) Adviser Daniel Cano Manuel Palomares Adviser Daniel Cano Dijana Klaric (Ms) Adviser Ivan Čačić Caroline Wittwer (Ms) Adviser Ivan Čačić Myoung-Hwan Ahn Adviser Cho Seok-Joon Sung Kim Adviser Cho Seok-Joon Yongseob Lee Adviser Cho Seok-Joon Seongchan Park Adviser Cho Seok-Joon Sungwha Son (Ms) Adviser Cho Seok-Joon Won-Tae Yun Adviser Cho Seok-Joon Qamar-uz-Zaman Chaudhry Adviser Victor E. Chub Sergey Myagkov Adviser Victor E. Chub Maurizio Biasini Adviser Luigi De Leonibus Giovanni Maresca Adviser Luigi De Leonibus Leone Maria Michaud Adviser Luigi De Leonibus Paola Pagliara (Ms) Adviser Luigi De Leonibus Giancarlo Maria Pedrini Adviser Luigi De Leonibus Vladimir Eremin Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Alexander Gusev Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Mikhail I. Ishonin Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Vladimir Kattsov Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Marina Petrova (Ms) Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Galina Savina (Ms) Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Yuri Tsaturov Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Roman Vilfand Adviser Alexander V. Frolov Bruce Angle Adviser David Grimes Diane Campbell (Ms) Adviser David Grimes Melanie Itzkovitch (Ms) Adviser David Grimes Michel Jean Adviser David Grimes Charles Lin Adviser David Grimes Esther Van Nes (Ms) Adviser David Grimes Edvin Aldrian Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Neng Alia (Ms) Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Nurhayati (Ms) Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Nelly Florida Riama (Ms) Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Andi Eka Sakya Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Widada Sulistya Adviser Sri Woro Budiati Harijono Yoshiaki Kanno Adviser Mitsuhiko Hatori Naohisa Koide Adviser Mitsuhiko Hatori Hideto Orihara Adviser Mitsuhiko Hatori James Butler Adviser John L. Hayes Bart Cobbs Adviser John L. Hayes Caroline Corvington (Ms) Adviser John L. Hayes Justin Fair Adviser John L. Hayes APPENDIX 243
Harry Lins Adviser John L. Hayes Meredith Muth (Ms) Adviser John L. Hayes Gary Reisner Adviser John L. Hayes Lars Peter Riishojgaard Adviser John L. Hayes Timothy Spangler Adviser John L. Hayes Kelly Sponberg Adviser John L. Hayes Renée Tatusko (Ms) Adviser John L. Hayes Susan West (Ms) Adviser John L. Hayes Ann Calver (Ms) Adviser John Hirst Simon Gilbert Adviser John Hirst Alan Jenkins Adviser John Hirst Jan Lisk Adviser John Hirst Karen McCourt (Ms) Adviser John Hirst Cathy Moore (Ms) Adviser John Hirst Patrick Bénichou Adviser François Jacq Sébastien Chatelus Adviser François Jacq Michel Pousse Adviser François Jacq Lawrence Themba Dube Adviser Linda Makuleni (Ms) Mnikeli Ndabambi Adviser Linda Makuleni (Ms) Mohammed Babidhan Adviser Saad Mohamad S. Mohalfi Ayman Ghulam Adviser Saad Mohamad S. Mohalfi Osvaldo L. L. De Moraes Adviser Antonio Divino Moura Emma Giada Matschinske (Ms) Adviser Antonio Divino Moura Micah Namukoko (Ms) Adviser Jacob Nkomoki David Farrell Adviser Tyrone Sutherland Keithley Meade Adviser Tyrone Sutherland John Tibbetts Adviser Tyrone Sutherland Marit Viktoria Pettersen (Ms) Adviser Petteri Taalas Sue Barrell (Ms) Adviser Robert Vertessy Jon Gill Adviser Robert Vertessy Tim Hailes Adviser Robert Vertessy Baogui Bi Adviser Zheng Guoguang Hongbing Chen Adviser Zheng Guoguang Lianqing Cui Adviser Zheng Guoguang Xiaoguang Guo Adviser Zheng Guoguang Yunfeng Luo Adviser Zheng Guoguang Lianchun Song Adviser Zheng Guoguang Chunpeng Sun Adviser Zheng Guoguang Xu Tang Adviser Zheng Guoguang Fei Teng Adviser Zheng Guoguang Yuan Tian Adviser Zheng Guoguang Xianghua Xu Adviser Zheng Guoguang Jun Yang Adviser Zheng Guoguang Jixin Yu Adviser Zheng Guoguang Yong Yu Adviser Zheng Guoguang Wuquan Zhai Adviser Zheng Guoguang Baoshan Zhang Adviser Zheng Guoguang Zhongfeng Zhang Adviser Zheng Guoguang Licheng Zhao Adviser Zheng Guoguang Heng Zhou Adviser Zheng Guoguang
4. Presidents of technical commissions
Bertrand Calpini President of CIMO Thomas C. Peterson President of CCl Frederick R. Branski President of CBS Michel Béland President of CAS Lee Byong-Lyol President of CAgM Chi-ming Shun President of CAeM Johan Stander Co-president of JCOMM Julius Wellens-Mensah Acting president of CHy 244 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
5. Hydrological Advisers
Hassen Lofti Frigui Hydrological Adviser to the President of RA I Sung Kim Hydrological Adviser to the President of RA II Dora Goniadzki (Ms) Hydrological Adviser to the President of RA III Eduardo Planos Gutiérrez Hydrological Adviser to the President of RA IV Arie Setiadi Moerwanto Hydrological Adviser to the President of RA V
6. Representatives of international organizations
A. K. Abdel Wahab Arab Academy for Science, Techonlogy and Maritime Transport Simeon Zoumara ASECNA Christine Charstone (Ms) Brian Day Andy McDonald Association of Hydro Meteorological Equipment Industry (HMEI) Raul McQuivey Ashish Raval Bruce Sumner Tyrone Sutherland Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO) Sergio Pasquini Network of European Meteorological Services (EUMETNET) Alan Thorpe, Director-General European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Maurizio Bona European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Alain Ratier, Director-General Paul Counet European Organization for the Use of Meteorological Satellites Mikael Rattenborg (EUMETSAT) Anne Taube (Ms) Gerald Fleming International Association of Broadcast Meteorology (IABM) Robert Bishop International Centre for Earth Simulation (ICES) Foundation Greg Brock International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Christina Bueti (Ms) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Reinhard Scholl Arthur Askew Arnau Folch International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) Hans Volkert Susanne Frueh (Ms) Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) Cihan Terzi Michel Dimbele-Kombe Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) Abdel W.A.K.A. Aleem League of Arab States Ashraf Nour Eldin Shalaby Pedro Basabe John Harding Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Tom Hockey Martin Khor Mariama Williams (Ms) South Centre Vicente Yu Daniel Kull The World Bank Group David Rogers Rocio Lichte (Ms) United Nations Climate Change Secretariat (UNFCCC) Emmanuel Chinyamakobvu United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Ron Witt United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Pascal Peduzzi Ingrid Heinrich (Ms) World Food Programme (WFP) Mark Smith World Water Council
APPENDIX 245
7. Representatives of WMO Members
Rza Mahmudov NMHS Azerbaijan Hugo Brauwers Permanent Mission Belgium Pierre-Emmanuel Brusselmans Permanent Mission Belgium Lancine Banba Permanent Mission Côte d’Ivoire Vesna Vuković (Ms) Ambassador Croatia Zlata Penić Ivanko (Ms) Permanent Mission Croatia Dilip Sinha Ambassador India A.K. Sharma Permanent Mission India Kheya Bhattacharya Permanent Mission India Muhsin Syihab Permanent Mission Indonesia Nanda Avalist Permanent Mission Indonesia A.R. Saadatabadi NMHS Iran (Islamic Republic of) M.T.Z. Koupaei NMHS Iran (Islamic Republic of) P.R. Kalehbasti NMHS Iran (Islamic Republic of) Bahram Sanaei PR Iran (Islamic Republic of) Bashar Al-Nvaimee Permanent Mission Iraq Laura Mirachian (Ms) Ambassador Italy Amedeo Trambajolo Permanent Mission Italy Isabel Riboldi (Ms) Permanent Mission Italy Zeyad Z.Habib NMHS Libya Rakotondrahanta Claudia (Ms) Permanent Mission Madagascar Razafitrimo S. Andrianjatovo Permanent Mission Madagascar Ulises Canchola Ambassador Mexico Francisco Villalpando Permanent Mission Mexico Perla Flores Liera (Ms) Permanent Mission Mexico Victoria Romero (Ms) Permanent Mission Mexico Gilles Realini Permanent Mission Monaco Absalom Nghifitikeko Permanent Mission Namibia Selma Nghinamundova (Ms) Permanent Mission Namibia Simon M. Maruta Permanent Mission Namibia Stella Katjingisiua (Ms) Permanent Mission Namibia Mubarak Husain NMHS Pakistan Evan P. Garcia Ambassador Philippines Denis Y. Lepatan Permanent Mission Philippines Elizabeth T. Te (Ms) Permanent Mission Philippines Marie Caren C. Almario (Ms) Permanent Mission Philippines Agnieszka Hardej-Januszek (Ms) Permanent Mission Poland Graça Andresen Guimarães (Ms) Ambassador Portugal Madalena Reis (Ms) Permanent Mission Portugal Ramakrishnan Monikumar NMHS Qatar Abdulla Al-Manaai NMHS Qatar Ahmed Abdulla Mohammed PR Qatar Chang Heum Lee Permanent Mission Republic of Korea Vladimir V. Yeremin NMHS Russian Federation Milan Dacic PR Serbia Abdul S. Minty Ambassador South Africa Luvuyo L. Ndimeni Permanent Mission South Africa Nosisi Potelwa (Ms) Permanent Mission South Africa Tshihumbudzo Ravhandalala (Ms) Permanent Mission South Africa Xavier Bellmont Roldan NMHS Spain Natasha Gooneratne (Ms) Permanent Mission Sri Lanka Khyar Abdalla NMHS Sudan Ali Mohamed Ahmed Osman Permanent Mission Sudan Alex Rubli NMHS Switzerland Gabriela Seiz (Ms) NMHS Switzerland Regula Mülchi (Ms) NMHS Switzerland Gerhard Ulmann NMHS Switzerland Salman Bal Permanent Mission Switzerland Christian Plüss PR Switzerland Natapanu Nopakun Permanent Mission Thailand Platima Atthakor (Ms) Permanent Mission Thailand 246 ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTY-FOURTH SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
Mark Rush Permanent Mission United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Julia Slingo (Ms) NMHS United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Dan Beardsley NMHS United States of America Encyla Sinjela (Ms) Ambassador Zambia Lungo Samson Permanent Mission Zambia
8. Invited experts
Adrian Simmons Chair, GCOS Steering Committee Thomas Stocker Co-chair, IPCC Working Group I
9. External auditors
Simon Irwin Steven Townley
Geneva 25 June–3 July Executive Council 2012 Sixty-fourth session Geneva, 25 June–3 July 2012 EC-64 P-ASGO_12974 WMO-No. 1092 www.wmo.int WMO-No. 1092