03-12-2004-Danish Armed Forces

Home , Admiral Danish Fleet, Aid Convoy, Danish Defence, UNGCI

Foreword

The overall goal for the Danish Armed Forces c ontinues to b e the preservation of Denmark as a sovereign nation. Defence policy of t oday i s, however, not only a q ue- stion of d efending national territor ies. Modern defence policy has to r eflect a number of d ifferent c onsiderations.

International engagement is central to a s uccessful handling of t he security pro- blems and challenges o f the future. Danish security and defence policy is therefore very much characterised and influenced by d evelopments on t he international scene – and Denmark is extensively engaged in both international military crisis management operations and civil emergency missions all over the world. Today, t he fight against terrorism is one of t he main challenges for the Danish Armed Forces.

With the Danish Defence Agreement agreed in 2004 c overing the years 2005-2009, Denmark is doubling its ambition with regards to t he number of D anish troops that can be c ontinuously deployed. The ambition is by 2 009 to b e able to m aintain deployed approximately 2 ,000 t roops or f or s horter periods be a ble to d eploy larger force levels. When this number is compared to t he size of t he Danish population (5.3 million), Denmark is among one of t he leading countries in the world when it comes t o participation in international operations. Another important aspect of the Defence Agreement is, that a broad majority of t he Danish Parliament is behind the agreement. This gives an optimal foundation for the future development of t he Danish Armed Forces.

In this booklet you will find a general introduction to t he Danish Armed Forces w ith a focus on o ur engagements in international activities. I hope t hat you will find the booklet interesting and informative, and that after reading it, you will have a good understanding of w hat are the priorities for the Danish Armed Forces.

Søren Gade Minister of D efence, Denmark

Photo: Christian Alsing.

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4 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Danish Armed Forces: International Perspectives

Armed Forces as aForeign Policy Instrument...... 6

Achanging World-Armed Forces in change ...... 8

Danish ParticipationinInternational MilitaryCrisis ManagementOperations ...... 10

TheInternational Capacity of the Danish Emergency ManagementAgency ...... 13

Total Defence...... 16

Cooperationbetween Militaryand Civilian Efforts...... 17

TheUnited Nations ...... 18

Danish Policy in NATO ...... 19

EuropeanSecurity and DefencePolicy (ESDP) ...... 21

TheOrganisationfor Security and Co-operationinEurope(OSCE) ...... 22

International Security Cooperation...... 23

Equipmentand Acquisition...... 25

TheDanish Army2004 ...... 29

TheDanish Navy...... 30

TheDanish AirForce ...... 32

TheDanish HomeGuard...... 33

TheDanish Emergency ManagementAgency ...... 34

TheIntelligenceService’sSupport forInternational Operations ...... 36

TheDanish AdministrationofNavigationand Hydrography...... 37

TheDanish DefenceBudget...... 38

Do youwanttoknow more?...... 40

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 5 Armed Forces as aForeign Policy Instrument

The Danish Armed Forces is an important instrument in ensuring peace a nd security both in Denmark and internationally.

The current s ecurity policy situation is characterised by t he lack of a c onventional threat to t he Danish territory i n the foreseeable future. Thus, there is no longer a need for the traditional territorial defence which has been mounted to counteract such a threat.

The terrorist attacks of 1 1September 2001 and subsequent terrorist attacks in Europe and other places d emonstrate that the security policy challenges and risks confronting Denmark and other nations have significantly changed. New asymmetric and unpredictable threats, such as international t errorism and the spreading of w eapons of m ass destruction and their means of d elivery, h ave entered the scene.

The threats do not have to o riginate f rom Denmark’s geo- graphical proximity, but may constitute a r isk to D enmark, our allies and our common values, even if they mani- fest t hemselves further away. A ccordingly, t he priority of security policy should be a imed at p ossessing the capability to c ounter the threats where they emerge, regardless of whether this is within or beyond Denmark’s borders. Therefore, Danish Armed Forces - t ogether with other national institutions - focus on s trengthening the total defence of D enmark and its population and on e nsuring Denmark’s capability to p articipate i n international operations.

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NATO i s the cornerstone of D anish security policy, but OSCE and increasingly EU are also relevant Media forums for Danish security policy. The overall fra- and

mework for Danish security is based upon the United V Nations. T es

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6 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 7 Achanging World-Armed Forces in change

There is a tradition in Denmark for long-term defence agreements. This means that the budget is agreed upon f or a p eriod of u p to 5 y ears. The defence agreements are normally supported by a b ro- ad majority in the Parliament which give the agreements a degree of r obustness in case of c hanging governments. The newest d efence agreement was agreed on 1 0 June 2004 a nd covers the years 2005-2009.

Overall the development of D anish security policy requires t hat the Armed Forces s trengthen their capabilities in two central areas:

• Internationally deployable military capabilities • Total Defence, including the ability to c ounter terrorist acts and perform consequence management.

The ambition for the Armed Forces i s to m obilise and deploy forces p romptly and flexibly in international operations and to maintain deployedcapacitiesequaling up to 2,000 personnel (1,500 from the Army and 500 from t he Navy and Air Force).

The conscription has been reorganised and targeted on T otal Defence. At t he same time, it will form the basis of r ecruitment into t he Armed Forces a nd contribute t o anchoring the Armed Forces i n the Danish society.

The personnel composition is to b e continuously adapted. The Armed Forces’ full-time equivalents are to b e reduced from a pproximately 2 9,000 ( 6,500 o f which are full-time conscript e quivalents) at t he end of 2 004 t o approximately 2 6,400 f ull-time equivalents (2,450 of w hich will be f ull-time conscript e quivalents) by t he end of 2 009. The personnel composition, etc., will be i ndicated in the annual appropriation act.

Reserve personnel will continue to b e of g reat s ignificance for the Armed Forces i n relation to i nternational missions as well as to t he training of m ilitary units and Total Defence.

A separate political agreement was entered into b y all political parties in the Folketing on 2 1June e. vic

2002 for emergency management. This four-year agreement outlines the development of t he area, Ser specifying focus, aims and concrete projects. e ar

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Pho Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 9 Danish Participation in International MilitaryCrisis Management Operations

The Danish constitution requires a pproval of t he Danish Parliament (Folketinget) before D anish forces are deployed to i nternational operations where the use of f orce i s an option to a ccomplish the mission.

Deployment of t he Armed Forces t o international military operations continues to b e one of t he principal tasks of D anish Defence Policy.

United Nations Danish soldiers have been involved in large-scale peacekeeping operations for the United Nations on a n umber of o ccasions. During the decades after World War II Denmark had larger contingents of personnel in Congo, Gaza, and Cyprus.

After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Danish forces w ere involved in the United Nations peacekeeping operations in both Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. A significant symbol of t he Danish participation in Bosnia-Herzegovina was the presence of L eopard tanks, which were the heaviest w eapon of UNPROFOR ground troops.

Under the auspices o f the United Nations Stand-by High Readiness Brigade (SHIRBRIG) Denmark also deployed in 2000/2001 a peacekeeping force to E thiopia and Eritrea a fter hostilities between the two countries ceased.

Since 1948 Denmark has had observers in more t han 20 U nited Nations observer missions. The observer missions are characterized by b eing carried out by n ormally unarmed military personnel whose primary tasks are typically to o bserve and oversee cease-fire agreements.

NATO o perations After the Dayton p eace a greement was reached, Denmark contributed with contingents to t he NATO Implementation Force (IFOR) – later the Stabilisation Force (SFOR) – in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The new force had a more r obust mandate t han its United Nations predecessor. Denmark is also contributing a significant number of f orces to t he NATO f orce i n Kosovo (KFOR). The force was deployed in 1999 after NATO a ircrafts – including Danish F-16 fighters – c arried out a 72 day air campaign against the Former Republic of Y ugoslavia.

Did you know that?

• Since the end of W orld War II Denmark has contributed with more t han 50,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen to international operations under the auspices of t he U nited Nations, NATO a nd c oalitions of t he w illing. • Danish military observers serve in areas as different from Denmark as Damascus and the Himalaya Mountains • The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces was awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1988.

10 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Photo: Danish Armed Forces.

Danish naval vessels were also involved in maritime operations in the Adriatic Sea during the Yugoslav wars. Following the terrorist attacks on U SA on 1 1September 2001 Danish vessels have been involved in NATO o perations in the Mediterranean in order to p articipate i n the fight against global terrorism (Operation Active Endeavour).

Since the ousting of the Taliban regime from Afghanistan, Denmark has contributed to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) which in 2003 was taken over by N ATO. Originally the mandate o f the force was limited to K abul, but in parallel with the improved security situation in the country, N ATO has expanded the scope of t he mission. The Danish military commitment to t he force is expected to r eflect NATO’s expansion of t he operation.

Coalition Operations After the Iraqi invasion of K uwait in 1990, the United Nation Security Council authorized member nations to l iberate Kuwait. Denmark supported this decision and participated in the US-led Operations Desert S hield and Desert S torm with a Rear Area F ield Hospital in Denmark and a corvette.

The terrorist attacks on U SA on 1 1September 2001 led to m ilitary operations against the Taliban regime and al-Qaida establishments in Afghanistan. Denmark supported these m ilitary operations and send transport aircraft, F-16 fighter jets and a substantial number of S pecial Operations Forces t o the area. The operations led to t he ousting of t he Taliban regime from A fghanistan.

In 2003 Denmark decided to s upport t he US-led coalition against the regime of S addam Hussein in Iraq. The Danish contribution comprised a submarine, a corvette and a medical/surgical team. After

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 11 the end of m ajor combat operations Denmark also acknowledged the need for deployment of m ilitary forces t o Iraq in order to f acilitate t he rebuilding of t he country. A ccordingly Denmark deployed a battalion sized unit to S outhern Iraq in the summer of 2 003.

Personnel The Danish Armed Forces a re m anned by p rofessional soldiers, based upon c onscription. The manning of l arger units participating in international operations is normally a combination of p rofessional full time soldiers and personnel that continue to s erve on c ontracts after the end of t heir conscription service. Serving on a f our year contract the personnel will normally be a vailable for two international deployments of a pproximately 6 m onths each.

Serving in international operations the soldier can be e xposed to s ituations of t raumatic nature. The Danish Armed Forces a re v ery much aware of t his risk and the possible psychological impact on t he soldier. Therefore an emergency crisis response t eam – including fully qualified psychologists – at high readiness is available to s upport p ersonnel if needed. The support i s provided by t he Armed Forces f ree of c harge for the soldier.

The Armed Forces a re e stablishing mission specific codes of c onducts for Danish soldiers in international operations. This is to e nsure that the Danish soldiers are informed of t he standards that the Armed Forces e xpect them to a dhere to i n the mission area a s well as on l eave. The ‘Code of C onduct’ will vary from m ission to m ission depending on t he local customs, cultures, religion etc. However, respect for human lives and human rights is fundamental in every ‘Code of C onduct’.

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12 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives TheInternational Capacityofthe Danish Emergency Management Agency

A central objective of T he Danish Emergency Management Agency (DEMA) is to e nsure that the national rescue preparedness is optimised for rapid, flexible and efficient action abroad. Among the emergencies in which DEMA may assist, are natural disasters a nd accidents; terrorist attacks; technological or i ndustrial accidents and complex emergencies in international crisis situations.

International operations thus have high priority; and a fully equipped operational task force designed according to t he specific type of d isaster can be d eployed within 12 hours, when a disaster occurs. DEMA’s international capacity has root i n a long standing tradition of p roviding international emergency assistance bilaterally and in close cooperation with international organisations, such as the UN, EU and NATO, as well as with neighbouring countries.

DEMA cooperates c losely with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and non-governmental humanitarian organisations with regard to i ts international commitments. DEMA can be d eployed abroad on request e ither from i ndividual countries or i nternational organisations.

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Staff and Equipment of t he E mergency Management Agency Well-trained staff and multipurpose e quipment enable DEMA to p rovide support i n many different situations.

Staff available for international tasks can be e mergency management officers w ith expertise in the areas of d isaster management, logistics and administration as well as other skilled and experienced personnel from t he national and municipal rescue services.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 13 Photo: Emergency Management Agency.

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Did you know that the Danish Emergency Management Agency is able to dispatch teams worldwide? To m ention a few examples, DEMA h as participated in the following assistance operations (see also photos):

Flooding in the Czech Republic: On request from the Czech government, DEMA s ent out a task group with special equipment in the form of h igh-performance pumping gear to empty the Prague metro a fter the flooding in the summer of 2 002.

Communications structure in Afghanistan: In support of t he U N a task group of t echnical experts w as sent to northern Afghanistan in 2002. The team headed the establishment and development of n ew communication lines, computer networks and office facilities of t he U N effort during the humanitarian crisis.

Earthquake in Iran: A severe earthquake hit Bam, Iran in December 2003. A search a nd r escue team along with volunteer dog handlers, dogs and a command element was dispatched.

14 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Did you know that?

• DEMA i s ready to dispatch assistance within 12 h ours after receiving a request. • DEMA m ay a ssist in connection with natural disasters, terrorist attacks, technological or industrial accidents a nd c omplex emergencies in international crisis situations. • Since 1991, DEMA h as engaged in 31 o perations and 49 a ssessment- and co-ordination missions in countries all over the globe.

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To s upport a nd facilitate t he planning of i nternational operations a service package concept ( flexible manned equipment modules) has been developed. Examples of t he available modules are the search and rescue module, which may be d eployed after earthquakes, landslides, flooding and other natural disasters a nd the camp module, which enables dispatched units to b e self-supplying. It thus provides office, accommodation, recreation and dining facilities. Furthermore, the environment module enables DEMA to c arry o ut m onitoring and cleaning tasks after nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. Finally the Danish Emergency Mobile Hospital should be m entioned. The 72-bed Emergency Hospital, equipped with two operating theatres, is entirely self-contained and a unique medical faci- lity, which can be c onfigured to a ccommodate d ifferent t ypes o f medical needs.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 15 To tal Defence

The Danish concept o f Total Defence stems from t he time of t he Cold War where a credible defence w as not seen as an isolated military matter. Total Defence was focused towards the coordinated employment of a ll resources in order to p revent war, defend the country and protect the civilian population.

After the end of t he Cold War the focus in connection with civilian preparedness planning has changed character. The civilian preparedness planning no longer distinguishes between war and peace b ut must cover all accidents and catastrophes, including acts of w ar.

The whole concept h as therefore changed. Total defence must ensure that Denmark has sufficient available capacity to c ontain threats against the country and to h andle large-scale catastrophes.

The Armed Forces w ill in case of accidents or catastrophes, including terrorists’ attacks, support the civilian agencies. The support will normally be provided to the policeand the Danish Emergency Management Agency. Theassistancewill cover special military equipment, personnel with special training or units when this is needed.

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16 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Cooperation between Militaryand Civilian Efforts

The increased Danish international engagement has emphasised the need to s trengthen cooperation between military and civilian efforts in conflict areas, in order to i ncrease t he overall effect of t he operation.

International crisis operations are not only a m ilitary task. Basic needs such as water, e lectricity, transport, police, administration and business life are all fundamental to a chieve this aim. For that reason t he entire Danish contribution encompassing both military and civilian assets must be w ell- coordinated, in order to s tabilize and normalize the area a s quickly as possible. This could also cre- ate conditions for a shortened military presence in the area t hereby securing the best possible use of D anish resources.

The security situation may prevent humanitarian organisations and other civilian actors from p roviding assistance in the area o f operation. In such cases t he military forces c ould be r equired to c arry out relief work i ncluding the re-establishing of l ocal police and judicial system. This kind of d uty is not a core task of t he armed forces a nd will not be s o in the future.

As the security situation improves, it is important that humanitarian organisations or c ontactors with the necessary expertise take over the civilian tasks and it is essential that military involvement in this connection is as limited as possible.

To f urther enhance civil-military coordination, the Government has set up a group of r epresentatives from t he involved governmental institutions with the responsibility for the planning and coordination of t he Danish engagement - both military and civilian - in conflicts.

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Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 17 TheUnited Nations

Photo: Ann Outzen, Photo S ervice, Air Force Station Aalborg. The United Nations, with its universal mandate, plays a crucial role in the development of i nternational peace a nd security policies. Denmark is firmly committed to international conflict prevention and to p eacekeeping efforts. Denmark will be m ember of t he UN Security Council for the period 2 005-6. As a member of t he Security Council, Denmark will bring the perspective of a s mall Nordic country deeply committed to i nternational cooperation and with an extensive knowledge of UN-led military operations.

Since the end of W orld War II, Denmark has contributedtovarious UN missions with armed forces a s well as staff officers a nd military observers. Denmark will continue to s upport t he peacekeeping missions which we see as a very important contribution to p eace a nd security in the world.

A major Danish commitment to U N operations is offered through the Multinational United Nations Stand-byForcesHigh Readiness Brigade, in daily terms SHIRBRIG. SHIRBRIG was conceived in 1994, with Denmark as one of its prime initiators. The background was a realisation that the ability to r eact quickly, and thus increase t he chance of s uccess, would be g reater if there was a unit designa- ted for use in UN p eacekeeping operations in which individual elements trained together and shared common procedures.

The objective is for SHIRBRIG to b e employed in UN p eacekeeping operations where rapid deployment is needed. SHIRBRIG’s advance command must be a ble to d eploy 16 days after the national decisions have been made, with the main force deploying 14 d ays later.

SHIRBRIG’s basic organisation is 4,500 strong with the Danish contribution comprising of staff officers, a headquarters c ompany, a l ight reconnaissance squadron a nd a military police element. Additionally, D enmark is the host nation for SHIRBRIG’s Planning Element.

In 2000/2001 SHIRBRIG was deployed to U NMEE in the initial phase of U N’s mission to E thiopia/ Eritrea. In 2003 SHIRBRIG helped setting up UN’s mission to L iberia, UNMIL. SHIRBRIG is currently preparing for its next mission and at t he same time acts as a role-model for other peacekeeping initiatives. Five African brigades in the African Standby Force are under development and officers f rom SHIRBRIG’s Planning Element in Denmark are supporting this effort.

18 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Danish Policy in NATO

NATO a nd its integral transatlantic link is the bedrock of D enmark’s security. NATO r emains the central p illar and the ultimate g uarantor of D enmark’s security.

NATO i s pivotal to t he transatlantic security policy dialogue. It is essential for Denmark to m aintain NATO a s the key forum for joint and binding security policy cooperation between the whole of E urope and the USA.

NATO t oday i s the only r ealistic multilateral framework f or a m ilitary solution if allies other than the USA should suffer a security policy shock of t he scale of 1 1September 2001. But NATO’s continued role as the major international security organisation is not a given fact. NATO’s ability to m eet the new security challenges depends on c ontinued transformation of t he Alliance and the Armed Forces of i ts member states. Denmark is actively contributing to the transformationprocess in NATO. This includes giving high priority to p articipation in NATO Response F orce.

NATO plays a central role in ensuring standardisationand interoperability of the forces of i ts members. NATO i s thus a precondition for common military actions under the aegis of this organisation as well as in other forums. Prioritising cooperation with NATO i s therefore the most efficient way for the Danish Armed Forces to keep pacewith the technological advances and competences of Photo: Danish Armed Forces. our partners.

We m ust openly debate N ATO’s future role in the settlement of i nternational crises. We s hould not be constrained by o ur view of t he world in the past, but shape NATO i n a way that enables it to e ffec- tively address the security issues of t he present and the future.

The enlargement of N ATO NATO h as been instrumental in securing peace a nd stability in Europe both during the Cold War and in the post C old War era. Denmark has therefore not only w holeheartedly supported the enlargement of N ATO but has actively worked for the enlargement of N ATO.

Denmark has played a very active role throughout the 1990s in efforts to i ntegrate the countries of Central and Eastern E urope into N ATO and other institutions. Denmark has been very active in the establishment and deepening of P artnership for Peace and in the provision of c ooperation and assistance to t hese c ountries both bilaterally and in multinational contexts.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 19 Did you know that?

• Denmark is a founding member of N ATO and has been a member of N ATO since 1949. • A great majority of t he D anish population (more t han 80%) supports D enmark’s m embership of t he A lliance. • Denmark has been a staunch supporter of t he e nlargement of N ATO.

Improving Capabilities The need to s trengthen military capabilities and limiting the transatlantic capability gap is evident. The continued transformation of t he Alliance is crucial for our ability to c ope with the new threats and security challenges, including the unpredictable threats from t errorism. This is a major challenge, not only f or t he Alliance but for all allies, including Denmark.

Therefore, Denmark firmly supports the transformation efforts to i ncrease t he ability of t he Alliance to r espond to o perational challenges. This includes active support a nd contributions to t he associated key NATO i nitiatives, including the Prague Capabilities Commitment and the development of t he NATO Response F orce. Denmark has also been actively contributing to t he efforts to i mprove NATO’s planning mechanisms for development of m ilitary capabilities and to m ake a greater proportion of N ATO forces u sable and deployable for operations.

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20 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives European Securityand DefencePolicy (ESDP)

The EU Common Security and Foreign Policy (CSFP) has since the European Council meetings in Cologne and Helsinki in 1999, continuously been strengthened to i nclude more robust means of addressing international crisis situations, including the use of m ilitary force.

The Petersberg-tasks The treaty of t he European Union (art. 17) describes t he EU mission types t hat could be h andled using military means. These are the so c alled Petersberg-tasks. They include humanitarian and rescue tasks, peace-keeping tasks and tasks of c ombat forces i n crisis management, including peacemaking.

EU Headline Goal In order to p rovide the military means for the EU to b e able to h andle the Petersberg-tasks the Helsinki Headline Goal has been established. The Headline Goal is the overall objective for genera- ting forces f or E U crisis management operations. It states t hat the EU should b e able to f ield 60,000 troops to b e deployed at 6 0 days notice and that these t roops must be a ble to b e sustained for at l east o ne year. In the event of a c risis management operation the troops will be d rawn from t he Headline Goal Catalogue, which lists the member state’s force contributions that are in principle available to t he EU.

In 2003 the EU successfully conducted its first two military crisis management operations: One in the Former Yugoslav Republic of M acedonia (operation CONCORDIA) and one in the Democratic Republic of C ongo (operation ARTEMIS). These operations have contributed to t he stabilization of t he regions in which they were conducted, and made it clear that the EU is prepared to a ccept a g reater role in international crisis management.

The Danish position Denmark has an opt-out in the EU concerning the military part of t he ESDP. The consequence of t he Danish opt-out is that Denmark cannot contribute t o military EU crisis management operations either financially or i n terms of m ilitary assets. Further, Denmark cannot take part in the elaboration and implementation of a ny d ecisions or a ctions of t he Union which have defence implications.

Nevertheless, Denmark supports the continued development of E uropean cooperation in the area o f security and defence and that the EU enhances i ts capacity for handling international crisis situations - both in relation to t he civilian and the military aspects of c risis management operations. The continued improvement of E uropean military capabilities is a natural development reflecting the new and more a ctive role for the EU.

This build-up of c apabilities should take place in close cooperation with NATO a nd without creating unnecessary duplication of s tructures t hat already e xist in NATO.

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Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 21 TheOrganisation forSecurityand Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

The OSCE is an important part of t he Euro-Atlantic security architecture. As such, Denmark is an active supporter and proponent of t he OSCE, including its tasks of e arly w arning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation.

Comprehensive security With a comprehensive concept o f security and a broad membership, the OSCE plays a distinct role for stability in the European region. Its participating states i nclude all European countries, the USA, Canada and the five Central Asian countries. Hence, the OSCE serves a s a pan-European forum for political dialogue on s ecurity matters.

The OSCE’s approach to security is comprehensive as it deals with three dimensions of s ecurity – the politico- military, the economic and environmental as well as the human. It addres- ses a wide range of security-related concerns: arms control, human rights, national minorities, democratisation, electionmonitoring,policing strate- gies, counter-terrorism, economic and environmental activities etc. The OSCE therefore has a particular strength in meeting the new multifaceted threats and challenges to s ecurity.

In the politico-military field, among others, the OSCE serves a s a framework for conventional arms control and for confidence- and security-building mea- sures. These include the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces i n Europe (CFE), the Treaty on Open Skies and the Vienna Document. Denmark is a State Party to t hese t reaties.

Denmark’s r ole Denmark supports the OSCE in a variety of w ays. Danish experts are seconded to t he OSCE’s field missions in conflict or p ost-conflict areas and to e lection observationmissions. Financial support is given to the OSCE’s project work. Finally, Denmark is an active participant in the ongoing political dialogue that takes place in the Vienna headquarters. In 1997, Denmark was Chairman-in-office of t he OSCE. Photo: Danish Armed Forces.

22 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives International SecurityCooperation

Promoting security and stability Since 1993 Danish Armed Forces h ave had a close cooperation on d efence issues with countries in Eastern E urope. As a natural cons equence of t he acceding into N ATO of s everal of t hese c ountries, Denmark has developed a wider concept f or c ooperation with partner countries: International Security Cooperation.

Security Cooperation is based on t hree pillars: • NATO-integrative projects (Baltic States) • Developing defence cooperation (Balkans) • Support o f International Operations (Other regions)

NATO i ntegration - Baltic States Cooperation with the Baltic States i s a core area for t he International Security Cooperation. This cooperation remains focused on s upporting the build-up of d efence structures capable of interacting with NATO, including international operations. Emphasis is placed on a ssisting in the development of n ational brigade structures, as well as integration into N ATO force structures.

Developing defence cooperation - Balkans Denmark has made substantial progress in the development of D efence Cooperation with the countries of t he Western Balkans, as individual countries as well as a region.

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, Denmark is providing personnel and financial support f or t he NATO P SO Training Centre. A bilateral cooperation programme has been developed with Serbia- Montenegro to i nclude assistance with the recruitment strategy and policy and training of M ilitary Police on a ' training the trainer' basis. In Croatia the programme will include assistance with the development of recruitment strategy and policy, logistics for Peace Support O perations at a c onceptu- al level and expert visits to a ssist with Partnership Goals. Photo: Danish Army Operational Command.

Nordic Initiative for Regional Defence Cooperation The overall aim of t he Nordic initiative is to p rovide a framework i n which to d evelop and coordinate, to t he highest d egree possible, Nordic countries’ bilateral and multilateral defence cooperation activities with Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, FYROM, and Serbia and Montenegro, contributing to t he consolidation of p eace a nd stability within the region, ultimately a llowing the withdrawal of peacekeeping forces f rom the region. The objectives of t he initiative are to c oordinate b ilateral activities in order to p rovide synergy for a better output and to m ore effectively contribute t o the stability of t he region; to d evelop joint activities that will assist the individual countries in their defence reforms; and to e ncourage a cooperative approach by t he countries of t he region to a ssist in their successful integration into E uro-Atlantic structures.

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There will be a s tep by s tep approach to d evelopment of t he range of a ctivities, commencing with soft security areas such as defence reform, downsizing of d efence, recruitment and selection etc, with longer term development towards more o perational activities e.g. PSOs. Information will be s ought from t he countries included within this initiative, through bilateral relationships and contacts, in order to e nsure that activities being developed are relevant and not provided elsewhere.

Support of I nternational Operations - Other Regions Deployment of A rmed Forces i n conflict areas outside Europe widens the relevant area f or S ecurity Cooperation. Peace and stability, once e stablished, need to b e further developed in support o f regional and national security, as well as forming part of a n overall exit-strategy for the withdrawal of t he Armed Forces a t the cessation of a m ission. Denmark has on t his background taken the first step towards implementing this policy, deciding to s upport t he development of t he Afghan National Army at a d onor c onference in Berlin.

NATO P artnership Initiatives

Partnership for Peace Denmark conducts a number of a ctivities annually under the PfP, as well as running seminars and carrying out activities on a m ore practical level. These include military police training, Search-And- Rescue, airbase damage repair, air traffic control and an officer-of-the-watch course.

An important area o f Danish partner cooperation is the conduct of a nd participation in PfP and in- the-spirit-of-PfP exercises, providing our partners with opportunities to p articipate a nd improve interoperability with NATO f orces. In the past years, Denmark has on a verage participated in ten to f ifteen exercises p er year, concentrating on P eace S upport O perations scenarios and efforts to e xercise interoperability among participating countries primarily in the Baltic region. On the basis of t his experi- ence, Danish troops have on s everal occasions been deployed to i nternational operations together with troops from p artner countries.

Mediterranean Dialogue At the Istanbul Summit NATO proposed a more ambitious and expanded framework for the Mediterranean Dialogue. In light of t his, Denmark is investigating the possibility of f orming a strategic bilateral partnership to f acilitate t he development of p ractical cooperation within the framework.

Istanbul Cooperative Initiative The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) seeks to p romote p ractical cooperation between interested countries within the Middle East and aims at e nhancing security and stability through a new transatlantic engagement within the region. The Danish Government has established a forward looking policy on r elations with the countries in the Wider Middle East which includes focusing on s trengthening cooperation within NATO. Within this framework p ossibilities for practical cooperation activities are examined.

24 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Equipment and Acquisition

The Army For more t han a decade the Danish army has been heavily engaged in contributing to i nternational peace s upport o perations. The equipment used in these o perations has not only t o meet the require - ments from t he military and operational demands but must also ensure that the troops are adequa- tely p rotected during the operations.

A number of i nvestments have been made to m eet these d emands – new rifles, modern communication equipment, GPS, night observation equipment, protective equipment as well as improved mine- clearing equipment have been procured.

Photo: Danish Armed Forces.

More r ecently the Danish Reaction Brigade (DRB) has been equipped with new wheeled armoured vehicles. This acquisition will ensure a sufficient number of v ehicles for both training and rotation in international operations. Furthermore, the new vehicles will enable faster and better evacuation of wounded personnel.

Currently, procurement of t roop t ransport helicopters f or t he army is under implementation. The new helicopters c an be c onfigured for medical evacuation of w ounded personnel.

New initiatives agreed in the Defence Agreement 2005 - 2009 will include procurement of a s taff exercise simulation system, command and control systems (C3I), armoured reconnaissance vehicles,

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 25 infantry c ombat vehicles, a modern fire-support s ystem, armoured recovery vehicles, engineering equipment, logistic equipment including upgrade of a f ield hospital and equipment for operating in special climates, special vehicles and equipment for the special operation forces a s well as joint NBC equipment.

To improve the deployability and the capacity to operateinaninternational environment, futuremajor army procurements are focused on C ommand, Control, and Communications systems (C3I) down to company level, Infantry F ighting vehicles, Recognisance and Scout vehicles.

To s ustain the army operations abroad Combat Service Support a nd logistics will be i mproved with procurements of m odern fire s upport s ystems, engineer equipment, container based logistic vehicles with integrated communication, navigation and asset t racking capabilities as well as medical and camp equipment.

The Navy The Danish Navy has a long tradition for operating far from h ome when exercising sovereignty over Greenland and the Faeroe I slands in the North-Atlantic area. The Danish contribution of o ne corvette to t he first Gulf War did however initiate a n ew era. The Navy is now present on t he international scene in new types o f operations, which take place in different e nvironments with new demands. This emphasises t he need for greater flexibility requiring Danish naval ships to t ake on n ew roles anywhere in the world.

In order to f ulfil these o perational requirements the Navy is currently p rocuring new flexible support ships. The ships are designed and built in close cooperation between the Danish navy and the Danish shipbuilding industry.

These vessels can be c onfigured for a number of d ifferent s upport r oles. The ships will be e quipped to operate anywhere in the world and will be a ble to s olve a number of d ifferent j oint tasks such as:

• Command Platform • Transportation of A rmy units • Logistic Support t o Army and Air force operations • Platform for launching counter terrorist operations

Did you know that?

• Denmark has been involved in international defence cooperation for over 10 years • TheCommandantofthe PSO Training CentreinSarajevo is aDanish officer. •New security cooperation policy means cooperation with partners worldwide. • The Danish Crown Prince Frederik is a fully trained Navy Seal? • Denmark was the first country to introduce Main Battle Tank (LEOPARD 1) in peacekeeping missions? • Danish industry is involved in the development of g un pods for the JSF.

26 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives To o btain the greatest p ossible flexibility in responding to o perational needs, Denmark has used unconventional methods by c hartering a full-time “roll-on/roll-of” ship-capacity. This capacity is primarily a vailable for the NATO R esponse Force. It can, however, also be u sed b y individual European and NATO c ountries, as well as others, following agreement with Denmark. The ships are intended for transportation of m ilitary equipment and can in principle operate all over the world.

New initiatives agreed in the Defence Agreement 2005 - 2 009 will include procurement of t hree patrol ships, radar and sensor p ackets for the patrol ships, Lynx helicopter upgrade, air defence fire- command and control (C2) integration for the patrol ships, 4 maritime helicopters, as well as special equipment for the special operations forces.

Photo: Danish Armed Forces.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 27 e.

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The Air force F-16 Successful participation in the NATO l ed “Operation Allied Force” i n the late 1 990s and recent p articipation in the US led coalition in “Operation Enduring Freedom” i n Afghanistan has proven the capabilities of t he Danish F-16s.

The Royal Danish Air Force has procured 77 F-16 FIGHTING FALCON since 1980. In the future the Danish F-16s will be o rganised in a two squadron s tructure with a total of 4 8 opera tive and 14 s pare aircraft. This structure will stretch the service-life of t he Danish F-16 fleet until it is replaced in the 2015 - 2020 t imeframe.

The Danish F-16s have just completed a Mid Life Update a nd are today considered to b e one of t he most advanced aircraft of i ts type making the Danish F-16s a very important asset i n any allied or coalition force. Currently t he aircraft are being upgraded with the LINK 1 6 advanced tactical data link, JHMCS (Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System), JDAM ( Joint Direct Attack Munitions) and an advanced EWMS (Electronic Warfare Management System).

Joint Strike Fighter The Danish participation in the US led Joint Strike F ighter project shows that Denmark strives to m ake use of t he newest a nd best technology in the armed forces w henever possible. The JSF project – with participation from U K, Italy, t he Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Turkey and Norway – will result in a new fighter aircraft as well as the development of a n entire support s tructure including a new logistics system and a new command and control system. Denmark has participated in the project since 1997 and for the time being JSF is one of a f ew candidates that is expected to b e a possible F-16 succes- sor i n the Royal Danish Air Force.

A number of D anish companies are associated with the JSF project, which entitles them to c ompete as subcontractors. Danish participation in the JSF project is therefore of i nterest to t he armed forces as well as to t he Danish industry.

28 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives TheDanish Army2004

During the last ten years the Danish Army has been restructured from a f orce e xclusively dedicated to t erritorial defence, to a n army able to p roject its influence anywhere in the world.

The most significant change so f ar has been the formation of t he Danish Reaction Brigade. This Brigade is available not only for local defence tasks but also for peacekeeping or humanitarian operations under the auspices o f the UN a nd crisis response o perations as part of t he NATO A llied Command Europe Reaction Corps (ARRC). Other units on higher readiness are the Light Recce Squadron, CIMIC COY, U AV p lus a number of s maller units which all have high standards of t raining and readiness and are “earmarked” for international operations. At l ower readiness but also deployable are the Danish Division units.

Photo: Danish Armed Forces.

At t he moment the Army is represented by a pproximately 1 ,000 s oldiers in a number of i nternational operations. The three main operations are ISAF in Afghanistan, IRAK and KFOR in the former Yugoslavia. Participation in a new international peacekeeping operation in Sudan is under conside- ration. Cooperation with Poland and Germany within the Multinational Corps Northeast, (MNC NE) is also central for the army.

In March 2004, in order to r eflect the new security environment and meet the new requirements from NATO, the Danish Government presented its plan for a complete r estructuring of t he Danish Army, c al- ling for a more d eployable Army, e quipped with material of h igh standards and world climate c apabilities. Conscription would remain fundamental to t his but with a new purpose a imed at h omeland security. Suitable volunteers will be s elected to u ndergo an advanced additional nine-month training, preparing them to s erve as regular or p art time soldiers in deployable units. It is foreseen, thatthe Army should be able to participate in international operations with 1,500-2,000 soldierscontinuously.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 29 TheDanish Navy

The change from a b i-polar to a m ulti-polar world in the early 90´s initiated a change of f ocus for the Royal Danish Navy. Actively involved in the conflicts in the Persian Gulf Region, the Balkans and the Middle East, the mission portfolio for the Navy shifted from territorial defence in home waters to P eacekeeping and Peace Enforcing Operations further a field with NATO o r Coalition Partners. On this backdrop t he Navy is in the process of r adical- ly c hanging both inventory a nd structure in order to i ncrease t he capabilities to m eet the new tasks. The transition process includes procurement of larger and more e nduring vessels capable of t radi- tional naval operations as well as supporting joint operations in a multinational context.

The aim of t he procurement programme is to p rovide a versatile range of d eployable naval capabilities able to support the Government’s political aims; be it by means of traditional naval operations, as part of j oint combined operations or by insertion of Special Operations Forces as were seen during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

In addition to actual operations, regular participation in NATO’s Standing Naval Forces a s well as frequent participation in the Alliance’s exercise programme has provided valuable experiences and been instrumental in shaping the transition process. The work a t hand is progressing rapidly; hence, by t he end of t his decade, the Navy will be even better equipped and prepared for the global tasks of t he future.

Along with the international commitments, the Royal Danish Navy is allocated an increasingly important role on the national scene. The rou- tine tasks of enforcing sovereignty in the territorial waters of Denmark proper, in and around Greenland and around the Faeroe Islands are being expanded to i nclude the responsibility for marine pollution surveillance and management. In addition, Admiral Danish Fleet HQ has been bestowed the focal point for aspects related to the newly established Maritime Assistance Service – the IMO introduced organisation for increasing maritime safety.

Photo: Danish Armed Forces.

30 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 31 TheDanish AirForce

The world has changed rapidly since the end of t he cold war and the subsequent years have empha- sized the urgent need for the ongoing transformation of t he Royal Danish Air Force from a s tatic gar- rison d efense to a t ruly e xpeditionary Air Force, capable of p rojecting air power all over the globe.

The five-year agreement on t he Danish Defense 2005 - 2 009 - strengthens the expeditionary capabilities of t he Air Force. Streamlining the Royal Danish Air Force organization for expeditionary warfare is one of t he cornerstones o f the agreement. By separating peacetime administration and non-operational support f unctions from t he operational organizations the Air Force will fulfill the concept o f “Train and organize as you fight”. The three current a ir bases w ill be t ransformed to t hree wings; Wing Karup, Wing Skrydstrup and Wing Aalborg. F urthermore, an Expeditionary Combat Support W ing and an Air Control Wing will be e stablished. All wings will be t otally expeditionary and capable of d eploy- ing and participating in international missions abroad.

The Royal Danish Air Force has already proved its international standard and ability during e.g. Operation Allied Force in Kosovo in 1999 and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan during 2002 -2003 with F-16 Fighting Falcon c ombat air craft deployment and attendance of 1 50 s oldiers based in Manas, Kyrgyzstan.

The Royal Danish Air Force also contributes to h omeland security. The main tasks are air space surveillance, air policing, search and rescue operations, marine environment surveillance, and helicopter support t o the Danish police.

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32 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives TheDanish Home Guard

The Danish Home Guard is an organisation for people, who – on a v oluntary basis – want to t ake part in the defence of t he country. T hey train in performing military tasks in co-operation with, and in support o f, the Army, t he Navy, and the Air Force.

The peacetime activities are mainly to provide assistance related to national disasters, search-and-rescue operations, and assistancetothe police. Upon request, The Home Guard can also support local organizations in relationto other activities, such as sports events and cultural arrange- ments. This combines practise of m ilitary skills with community support.

Both men and women can apply for membership of the Home Guard, and a military background is not necessary. The wish and will to p articipate is more i mportant.

The disbanding of the mobi- lisation defence and the territorial defence, in their pre- vious form, makes i t possible for the Home Guard to t arget its efforts on Total Defence. The tasks have to be redefi- ned - especially for the newly formed and specially trained

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which in the future will be c al- Pho led ‘Total Defence regions’. The training of t hese p ersonnel is to b e at l east e quivalent to T otal Defence training given to c onscripts. Thus the future focus of t he Home Guard will be o n Total Defence, and the Home Guard effort w ill be c oordinated with the national emergency management effort a nd Total Defence force.

To e xploit the synergy between the capacities of t he Danish Armed Forces a nd the Home Guard, the Home Guard is to b e supported by t he same structure as the Danish Armed Forces.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 33 TheDanish Emergency Management Agency

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34 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives The Danish Emergency Management Agency (DEMA) is a governmental agency within the Ministry of D efence, responsible for the national rescue preparedness in Denmark.

The mission of D EMA is to e nsure the robustness of t he Danish society, and protect it from t he consequences o f disasters a nd catastrophes, including terrorist attacks. DEMA’s strategic aims are to e nsure a flexible and coherent preparedness comprising both the national and municipal rescue services a s well as to enhance the cross-sector c o-ordination of t he civil sector’s preparedness.

The mission and strategic aims provide the framework f or t he daily operations of t he agency. DEMA handles supervision and counselling tasks related to t he municipal rescue services a nd other authorities, general development in the field of e mergency management and coordinates the planning of t he civil sector’s preparedness.

DEMA also has a series o f operative tasks which include providing daily assistance t o the municipal rescue services i n case of l arger or m ore complex incidents and engaging in international humanitarian operations. Furthermore, DEMA is the national safety authority and responsible for the Danish nuclear emergency preparedness.

The principal tasks of D EMA’s five regional rescue centres are to t rain conscripts for emergency management operations and to t ake on o perative tasks, as part of t he overall rescue preparedness.

Did you know that?

• DEMA’s m ain task is to ensure the robustness of t he D anish society and protect it from the consequences of d isasters, including terrorist attacks • DEMA s upplies counselling to the municipal rescue s ervices, ensures the developmentofprevention andemergency managementand coordinates the planning of t he c ivil sectors preparedness • DEMA p rovides fire fighting, environment and rescue a ssistance to the municipal rescue s ervices on a 24 h our basis

DEMA’s three schools offer a wide variety of r escue and emergency management courses, including general management, operations management, first aid, tactical operative training, courses in prevention and media training.

Photo: Klaus Madsen, Thisteds Dagblad.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 35 TheIntelligenceService’sSupport for International Operations

The Danish Defence Intelligence Service (DDIS) collects, analyses, and disseminates information concerning conditions abroad which are of s ignificance to D enmark’s security, including Danish military units and others who are deployed in inter national missions. Intelligence activities are directed abroad and include collection of i nformation on t ransnational (especially terrorism and proliferation of w eapons of m ass destruction (WMD)), political, financial and military matters of s ignificance to Danish security interests. DDIS collects this information via a broad spectrum of m eans, including SIGINT and co-operation with foreign partners.

Solid intelligence is of d ecisive importance for participation in international operations.

In connection with potential deployment of D anish forces, DDIS assists the Danish government, the Danish parliament (Folketinget) and the Danish top military authorities by p roviding political, military and threat assessments of t he situation in the deployment area.

DDIS briefs u nits preparing for deployment. Detailed information is provided on p olitical and military conditions in the deployment area a nd on p otential threats posed against the deployed units. Staff officers r esponsible for the units’ tactical intelligence service are given briefings particularly a imed at facilitating cooperation with DDIS during deployment.

The deployed units are in direct contact with DDIS and information is exchanged on a r egular basis. If there is a particular requirement for intelligence support, DDIS deploys a National Intelligence Cell (NIC) to h andle both liaison t o the deployed Danish units and in-country cooperation with other nations having units deployed in the area. Moreover, DDIS often deploys intelligence officers t o the national and international staffs r esponsible for the operation.

DDIS visits deployed units on a n ad hoc basis with a view to e xchanging and updating intelligence, particularly i n relation to t he threats against the deployed units.

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Pho TheDanish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography

The Danish Administration of N avigation and Hydrography (DANH) is a governmental agency within the Ministry of D efence. Its mission is to c ontribute t o the safety of n avigation in Danish including Faroese and Greenlandic waters.

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The principle tasks and responsibilities of D ANH are to:

• issue nautical publications and information • provide aids to n avigation in Danish waters • provide coastal rescue service • provide pilotage through Danish waters • conduct hydrographic surveys and provide oceanographic information • exercise jurisdiction

DANH exercises i ts obligations in close relation with national and international governmental authorities. Furthermore i t coordinates its efforts internationally and plays an active role within IALA 1 and IHO2 .

When requested, DANH is able to r ent expert assistance and advise world wide, e. g. i n oceanographic matters or m atters c oncerning establishing aids to n avigation.

1 IALA: The International Association of M arine Aids to N avigation and Lighthouse Authorities. 2 IHO: The International Hydrographic Organisation.

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 37 TheDanish DefenceBudget (based on NATO's definitions)

Annual expenditure 2003: 21.935,1 mil. DKK.

Annual expenditureonNATOand International Operations 2003(Mil. DKK) 1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 NA NA UN OSCE EU and Assis TO TO ,O mo Eas tanc obs SCE op nit te er or

DefenceExpenditureper capita 2003(USD) et er rn and at sa ver oC Eur io

1200 nd ns s en op tr e al 1000

800

600

400

200 Denmark Unit 0 USA Fra Ho Ge Ital rman lland nc y ed e Ki y ngdo m

38 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives The annual financial expenditures of the Danish Emergency Management Agency

Annual total expenditures 2 001-2004 (Mil. DKK)

500

400

300

200

100

0 2001 2002 2003 2004

Included in the figures a re t he expenditures s pent ( and budgeted in 2004) on i nternational operations. In the table below these c osts are specified.

Annual expenditures - i nternational operations 2001-2004 (Mil. DKK)

0 2001 2002 2003 2004

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 39 Do youwant to know more?

To f ind out more, visit the website of t he Danish Armed Forces a t: forsvaret.dk/FKO/eng/

Here y ou will find further information about the Ministry of D efence, the Armed Forces a nd other issues related to t he Danish Armed Forces.

If you can not find, what you are looking for, y ou can also contact the Ministry of D efence:

Ministry of D efence Holmens Kanal 42 1060 C openhagen K.

e-mail: [email protected]

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40 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives Notes

Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives 41 Notes

42 Danish Armed Forces:International Perspectives IntIntIntererernananationaltionaltional eee

Ended militaryengagements

Period Mission Country

1999 - 2003 Balkan Air Operations Italy 1998 - 1999 Operation Allied Force Kosovo 2001 - 2003 Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan 1958 and 1974 UNOGIL and UNIFIL (UNTSO) Libanon 1963 - 1964 UNYOM Yemen 1965 - 1966 UNIPOM (UNMOGIP) India and Pakistan 1974 UNDOF (UNTSO) Golan Heights 1988 - 1990 UNGOMAP Afghanistan 1988 - 1991 UNIIMOG Iraq and Iran 1991 - 2003 UNIKOM Kuwait 1991 - 1999 UNGCI Iraq 1994 - 2000 UNMOT Tajikistan 1998 - 1999 OSCE Kosovo 1956 - 1967 UNIF I Gaza 1960 - 1964 ONUC Congo 1964 - 1994 UNFICYP Cyprus Ongoing militaryengagements 1989 - 1990 UNTAG Namibia 1990 - 1991 Operation Far Away The Persisan Golf Period Mission Country 1991 Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm Saudi Arabia 1948 - UNTSO Middle East 1991 - 1996 UNIKOM Kuwait 1949 - UNMOGIP Kashmir 1992 - 1995 UNPROFOR Kroatien and Bosnia-Hercegovina 1991 - EU-monitor Former Yugoslavia 1992 - 1996 Operation Maritime Monitor 1992 - CSCE- and OSCE-observations The Former Sovjet Republics and Operation Sharp Guard The Adriatic 1992 - UNPROFOR, UNTAES, UNCRO 1993 - 1999 UNPREDEP Macedonia and UNMOP East Slavonia, Kroatien and 1996 IFOR Bosnia-Hercegovina Prevlaka Peninsula 1997 ALBA Albania 1993 - UNOMIG Georgia 1999 AFOR Albania 1999 - UNAMET og UMTAET - UNMISET East Timor 1999 Operation Allied Harvest The Adriatic 1999 - UNAMSIL Sierra Leone 2001 UNMEE (SHIRBRIG) Ethiopia/Eritrea 1999 - UNMIK Kosovo 2001 - 2002 AMBER FOX Macedonia 2000 - MONUC Congo 2002 TG FERRET Afghanistan 2003 - UNAMA Afghanistan 1990 - 1991 Operation Desert Shield and 2003 - UNMIL Liberia Operation Desert Storm The Persian Gulf 1997 - SFOR Bosnia-Hercegovina 1993 - 1996 Operation Maritime Monitor 1999 - Operation Allied Force Serbia, Montenegro, Kos and Operation Sharp Guard Serbia Montenegro and Macedonia 1999 Operation Allied Harvest The Adriatic 1999 - KFOR Kosovo and Macedonia 2002 Operation Enduring Freedom Easterne Mediterranean 2002 - ALLIED HARMONY Macedonia 2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom Afghanistan 2002 - ISAF Afghanistan 2003 Operation Active Endeavour 2003 - IRAK Iraq STROG The Persian Gulf 2001 - Operation Active Endeavour Gibraltar nalnalnal engagementsengagementsengagements

Emergency engagements

Period Mission Country

1991 Humanitarian Aid Convoy Team Russia 1991 European Community Monitor Former Yugoslavia 1992 Distribution of food Russia 1992 Donation of transport resources The Baltic 1992 Distribution of medicine The Baltic engagements 1992 Search and rescue - Earthquake Turkey 1992/95 Humanitarian Aid Convoy Teams Former Yugoslavia Country 1996/97 Management support mission Burundi 1997 Management support mission Guinea Middle East 1997 Water pumping - floods Poland ashmir 1999 Humanitarian Aid Convoy Team Albania ormer Yugoslavia 1999 Shelter Team Albania he Former Sovjet Republics 1999 Airfield handling Albania East Slavonia, Kroatien and 1999 Water transport Albania Prevlaka Peninsula 1999 IDP and refugee transport team Albania & Kosovo eorgia 1999 Search and rescue - earthquakes Turkey 1999 Coordination of Danish aid Turkey East Timor 1999 Dispatch of material Norway Sierra Leone 2000 Humanitarian Aid Convoy Team Hungary osovo 2000 Humanitarian Aid Convoy Team Rumania Congo 2001 Medical Support India fghanistan 2002 Dispatch of material Afghanistan The Danish Rescue Preparedness has a Liberia 2002 Water pumping - floods Czech Republic longstanding and ongoing tradition of Bosnia-Hercegovina 2002 Dispatch of material German Federal Republic sending experts to international humani- Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo 2002 Clean-up - fuel spill Greenland tarian crisis areas. and Macedonia 2003 Logistic support Iraq osovo and Macedonia In addition to the operations pictured on 2003 Logistic support Iraq & Kuwait acedonia the map, the Rescue Preparedness has fghanistan 2003 Training project support Afghanistan deployed 74 assessment and coordination Iraq 2003 Dispatch of material Algeria experts on 49 missions in 32 different ibraltar 2003 Search and rescue - earthquake Iran countries all over the world. Since 1990. 2004 Logistic support Sudan M Ho D

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Publisher:MinistryofDefence, Denmark•Layout:Tanja Weikop •Print:KLS Grafisk hus •Issue: 2.000