Conserving Wild Bees in Pennsylvania
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xx / xx MPC xxx MPC xx / xx UF023 CODE Produced by Ag Communications and Marketing and Communications Ag by Produced © The Pennsylvania State University 2017 University State Pennsylvania The © Email: [email protected], Tel (814) 863-0471. (814) Tel [email protected], Email: Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901, 16802-5901, PA Park, University Building, Boucke Xerces Society: www.xerces.org www.xerces.org Society: Xerces tion Office, The Pennsylvania State University, 328 328 University, State Pennsylvania The Office, tion - Ac Affirmative the to policy nondiscrimination 45 (2008):793–802. 45 Ecology Applied of Journal not be tolerated. Direct all inquiries regarding the the regarding inquiries all Direct tolerated. be not gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. USA. 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Rhoads, age, race, color, ancestry, national origin, religion, religion, origin, national ancestry, color, race, age, activity? activity? of discrimination against any person because of of because person any against discrimination of Guides: pollinator.org/guides Guides: tain an environment free of harassment and free free and harassment of free environment an tain Pollinator Partnership Ecoregional Planting Planting Ecoregional Partnership Pollinator their enhance - main to University the of policy the is It persons. pests/ipm grams, facilities, admission and employment for all all for employment and admission facilities, grams, Pennsylvania IPM Program: extension.psu.edu/ Program: IPM Pennsylvania - pro to access equal to committed is University The we can How bees? media on request. on media forestry/plants/index.htm wild these are Who Natural Resources (DCNR): www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ (DCNR): Resources Natural This publication is available in alternative alternative in available is publication This Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and and Conservation of Department Pennsylvania tension is implied. implied. is tension services. pollination PROGRAMS - Ex State Penn by endorsement no and intended, Preserving Pollinator Habitat: www.nrcs.usda.gov/ Habitat: Pollinator Preserving Where trade names appear, no discrimination is is discrimination no appear, names trade Where supplement help may Technical and Funding Assistance for Creating and and Creating for Assistance Funding and Technical ture. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (NRCS) Service Conservation Resources Natural - Agricul of Department U.S. the and Pennsylvania, to parasites and disease, wild bees bees wild disease, and parasites to by Pennsylvania counties, the Commonwealth of of Commonwealth the counties, Pennsylvania by Consortium (MAAREC): agdev.anr.udel.edu/maarec (MAAREC): Consortium search and extension programs are funded in part part in funded are programs extension and search Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Extension and Research Apiculture Mid-Atlantic - re Sciences Agricultural of College State Penn experience periodic declines due due declines periodic experience pollinators:-a-primer-for-gardeners articles.extension.org/pages/19581/conserving- extension.psu.edu managed honey bee populations populations bee honey managed eXtension, 2009. eXtension, Gardeners. Conserving Pollinators: A Primer for for Primer A Pollinators: Conserving E. Mader, of food and fiber crops. As As crops. fiber and food of Ph.D. candidate in entomology in candidate Ph.D. www.wildflower.org www.wildflower.org sion associate in entomology; and Rajwinder Singh, Singh, Rajwinder and entomology; in associate sion Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: Center: Wildflower Johnson Bird Lady Wild bees pollinate a wide variety variety wide a pollinate bees Wild - exten senior Frazier, Maryann by Reviewed/edited DeBarros DeBarros New York: CABI, 2000. CABI, York: New Bees. by Pollination IN PRACTICE AGROECOLOGY Nelson by taken photographs insect and Plant Crop Crop Mayer. F. Daniel and S., Keith Delaplane, ogy/biology in Pennsylvania in - ecol weed of professor Mortensen, David and ogy; ento.psu.edu/pollinators ento.psu.edu/pollinators - entomol of professor Barbercheck, Mary ecology; Center for Pollinator Research (Penn State): State): (Penn Research Pollinator for Center Conserving Wild Bees Bees Wild Conserving of entomology; Nelson DeBarros, M.S. candidate in in candidate M.S. DeBarros, Nelson entomology; of RESOURCES Prepared by Tara P. Gareau, postdoctoral researcher researcher postdoctoral Gareau, P. Tara by Prepared IMPORTANCE OF WILD Conserve Natural Habitats Reduce Bee Exposure to BEES TO AGRICULTURE Many studies have shown that wild bee OUCH, THAT STINGS! Pesticides Wild bees, which include native and diversity increases as the proportion Bees have a reputation for Bees may be poisoned or killed when they naturalized bees, pollinate a variety of of natural habitat in the surrounding producing painful stings, partly come into contact with pesticides found crops, including apples, pears, nuts, landscape increases. Forests, meadows, because of stings inflicted by on leaves and flowers on which they hornets, yellow jackets, and strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, blue- and wetlands provide wild bees with forage or the soil where they nest. When other wasps. However, most wild nesting sites and floral resources, chemical controls are necessary, take berries, squash, and melons. In areas of bees are not aggressive because especially early in the spring when flowers Pennsylvania, wild bees already provide they are solitary nesters and thus special care by: the majority of pollination for some sum- may be scarce. Fortunately, community do not have large colonies to n Choosing products that target the pest mer vegetable crops. Conserving wild bee groups can work with nonprofit defend. The risk of getting stung organism. populations is essential for sustaining organizations, conservation land trusts, by a wild bee is low. n Choosing the least harmful agricultural production in Pennsylvania. and local municipalities to acquire formulations to pollinators. and protect natural lands through n Treating plants when their flowers are WAYS TO ENHANCE grant programs like the Community not blooming. WILD BEES Conservation Partnership Program Provide Access to Water (C2P2), managed by Pennsylvania’s n Applying chemicals in the evening We can conserve and attract wild bee spe- Bees need water for survival. It is Department of Conservation and Natural when bees are not active and many cies to Pennsylvania by increasing the especially important to provide water to Resources (DCNR). Land managers can flower buds are closed. amount of floral resources in the area, bees during the summer months when also conserve natural habitats on their n Preventing pesticide drift onto conserving natural habitats in the land- water resources in the landscape can be properties by maintaining flowering flowering crops or natural areas. scape, providing access to clean water, limiting. On-site water sources should plants in their field margins. creating or conserving nesting sites, and be clean and free of pesticides and may reducing bee exposure to pesticides. Plant Flowers include: n Drainage ditches Bees need pollen and nectar (together n Irrigation ponds called floral resources) to survive and n reproduce. To provide wild bees with Birdbaths n food throughout the growing season, Puddles plant a variety of flowering plants Preserve or Build Nesting Sites with overlapping bloom periods. Land The majority of wild bees are solitary managers can increase access to floral nesters—females create individual nests resources for wild bees by: in soil, plant material, or abandoned n Planting flowering herbs or nests of other animals. Natural bee nests ornamentals within the crop field. can be protected by not tilling the area or n Setting aside marginal land for bee exposing it to broad-spectrum pesticides. habitat by establishing hedgerows Maintaining a diversity of natural and of flowering woody plants or native