DOCSLIB.ORG

SITUATION ANALYSIS and RECOMMENDATIONS Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Tanzania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SITUATION ANALYSIS and RECOMMENDATIONS Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Tanzania SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Tanzania The GARP-Tanzania Working Group Said Aboud, MD, PhD, Chairman Robinson Mdegela, BVSc, PhD, Vice-chairman June 2015 1 GARP TANZANIA WORKING GROUP Said Aboud, MD, PhD, Chairman, Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Robinson Mdegela, BVSc, PhD, Vice-chairman, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Pastory Dulla, DVM, PGD PM, Vice chairman, Veterinary Council of Tanzania, Chairman Veterinary Pharmaceutical Committee, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Development Abdu Hayghaimo, BVSc, MVM, Director of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Dominick Kambarage, BVSc, PhD, Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Vice Chancellor, Julius Nyerere University of Agriculture Rudovick Kazwala, BVSc, PhD, Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, SUA Jaffary Liana, B.Pharm, Senior technical advisor and local project lead for the Sustainable Drug Seller Initiative (SDSI) program, MSH Siana Mapunjo, B.Pharm, Principal Pharmacist, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Mary Masanja, B.Pharm, M.Ed, Drug registration, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA) Doreen Mloka, MSc, PhD, Lecturer, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, MUHAS Fausta Mosha, MD, PhD, Director, National Health Laboratory Quality Assurance and Training Centre (NHLQATC) Stephen Mshana, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Hamisi Nikuli, Cert. Animal Health and Production, MVSc, Coordinator Aquatic Animal and Public Health, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Balthazar Nyombi, PhD, Senior Laboratory Scientist, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) Eva Ombaka, B.Pharm, PhD, St. John University Meshack Shimwela, MD, MMED, Medical Officer in Charge, Amana Regional Referral Hospital Richard Silumbe, B.Pharm, M.Sc. Pharmaceutical Management, PGD M&E, ADDO Program Coordinator, Pharmacy Council Longinus Tegulirwa, B.Sc, M.Sc. environmental science, Fisheries Health Specialist, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Edda Vuhahula, DDS, PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Pathology, MUHAS i OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Hezron Nonga, PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, SUA Abdul Katakweba, PhD, Senior Research Scientist, Pest Management Center, SUA GARP-TANZANIA STAFF Khadija Msami, MD, GARP-Tanzania country coordinator and Medical Officer, Ocean Road Cancer Institute GARP SECRETARIAT: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) Aleefia Somji, GARP- Tanzania Country Coordinator (until August 2013) Hellen Gelband, GARP Global Coordinator, Associate Director, CDDEP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge Dr. Eliudi Eliakimu of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Quality Assurance Department for the invaluable information given when consulted. Additional consultation was sought and kindly imparted by Dr. Albert Komba of JHPIEGO and Mr. Jacob Lusekelo of NHLQATC. Recommended citation: Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership—Tanzania Working Group. 2015. Situation Analysis and Recommendations: Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Tanzania. Washington, DC and New Delhi: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. ii Table of Contents Page PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ IV CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................1 BURDEN OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND THEIR RESISTANCE RATES ..................................................2 FACTORS AFFECTING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES ..........................................4 CURRENT ACTIVITIES WITH RELEVANCE TO ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND USE ...................................7 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2: POPULATION AND HEALTH BACKGROUND ..........................................13 HUMANS ................................................................................................................................13 POPULATION .........................................................................................................................................13 ECONOMY .................................................................................................................................................................13 HEALTH SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................13 AVAILABILITY OF AND ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES ........................................................................20 GOVERNMENT POLICES AND THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT .................................................................25 ANIMALS ................................................................................................................................27 LIVESTOCK FARMING ............................................................................................................................27 FOOD ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY .....................................................................................27 VACCINATION ......................................................................................................................................36 GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT .........................................................................37 CHAPTER 3: BURDEN OF DISEASE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN HUMANS ................................................................................................................................43 NATIONAL BURDEN OF DISEASE ...................................................................................................... 43 BACTERIAL DISEASES IN HUMANS AND THEIR RESISTANCE RATES ...............................................................45 SURVEILLANCE FOR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ............................................................................................71 CHAPTER 4: BURDEN OF DISEASE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN FOOD ANIMALS ....................................................................................................................73 NATIONAL DISEASE BURDEN ........................................................................................................73 BACTERIAL DISEASE IN FARMED ANIMALS .............................................................................................. 73 ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE ...................................................................................................77 RESISTANCE RATES .......................................................................................................................77 CHAPTER 5: ANTIBIOTIC USE AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT .......................80 HUMANS ................................................................................................................................80 ANTIBIOTIC USE IN HUMAN HEALTH .................................................................................................... 80 ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLY CHAIN ................................................................................................................... 82 ANIMALS ................................................................................................................................88 ANTIBIOTIC USE IN ANIMALS ................................................................................................................ 88 ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLY CHAIN ................................................................................................................... 90 iii Preface Antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents are invaluable life savers, particularly in resource-limited countries where infectious diseases are abundant. Both uncomplicated and severe infections are potentially curable as long as the aetiological agents are susceptible to the antimicrobial drugs. The rapid rate with which antimicrobial agents are becoming ineffective due to resistance acquired as a result of unchecked overuse and misuse threatens to undo the benefit of controlling infections. The evidence for resistant microorganisms, many times to more than a single antimicrobial agent, has been observed globally. In Tanzania, there is evidence in the form of few scattered studies conducted in different parts of the country in a multitude of settings including health care facilities, the community, domesticated animals and wild animals. The (multi-) resistant organisms observed in animals and animal products are passed on to even antibiotic naïve individuals through consumption of meat, milk and other animal products. This contributes to the steep decline towards ineffective antibiotics, a situation that can be likened to a siren that is getting progressively louder. Conversely, access to high quality, life-saving antibiotics has remained a challenge and the need to institute control to conserve the power of antibiotics must not be misconstrued as an obstacle to access. We need to reach a balance where on one hand antibiotics are optimally available versus limiting access to unwarranted use on the other hand. Several initiatives are part of an international response to the global health threat of AMR,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View Guide Was Used to Interview 29 Key Informants from the District Hospitals, District Management, Regional Management, AMO Training College, and One Retired AMO
    Sirili et al. BMC Medical Education (2021) 21:72 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02480-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access “…we were like tourists in the theatre, the interns assisted almost all procedures …” Challenges facing the assistant medical officers training for the performance of caesarean section delivery in Tanzania Nathanael Sirili1* , Amani Anaeli1, Lilian Mselle2, Obadia Nyongole3 and Siriel Massawe4 Abstract Background: Training of mid-level providers is a task-sharing strategy that has gained popularity in the recent past for addressing the critical shortage of the health workforce. In Tanzania, training of mid-level providers has existed for over five decades; however, concerns exist regarding the quality of mid-level cadres amidst the growing number of medical universities. This study sought to explore the challenges facing the Assistant Medical Officers training for the performance of Caesarean section delivery in Tanzania. Methods: An exploratory qualitative case study was carried out in four regions to include one rural district in each of the selected regions and two AMO training colleges in Tanzania. A semi-structured interview guide was used to interview 29 key informants from the district hospitals, district management, regional management, AMO training college, and one retired AMO. Also, four focus group discussions were conducted with 35 AMO trainees. Results: Training of AMOs in Tanzania faces many challenges. The challenges include: use of outdated and static curriculum, inadequate tutors (lack of teaching skills and experience of teaching adults), inadequate teaching infrastructure in the existence of many other trainees, including interns, and limited or lack of scholarships and sponsorship for the AMO trainees.
    [Show full text]
  • FROM ANGLICANISM to AFRICAN SOCIALISM: the ANGLICAN CHURCH and UJAMAA in TANZANIA 1955-2005 by WILLIAM FABIAN MNDOLWA SN 2025109
    FROM ANGLICANISM TO AFRICAN SOCIALISM: THE ANGLICAN CHURCH AND UJAMAA IN TANZANIA 1955-2005 By WILLIAM FABIAN MNDOLWA SN 202510976 S ubmitted in Fulfilment of the Academic Requirements for the D e g r e e o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Subject of THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY a t t h e SCHOOL OF RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY AND CLASSICS IN THE COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU - N A T A L (Pietermaritzburg Campus) SUPERVISOR PROF. PHILIPPE DENIS PIETERMARITZBURG November 2012 DECLARATION As required by University regulations, I hereby state unambiguously that this work has not been presented at any other University or any other institution of higher learning other than the University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Pietermaritzburg Campus) and that unless specifically indicated to the contrary within the text it is my original work. ------------------------------------------------------- WILLIAM FABIAN MNDOLWA SN 202510976 29 November 2012 As candidate supervisor I hereby approve this thesis for submission ------------------------------------------------------- PROFESSOR PHILIPPE DENIS 29 November 2012 i CERTIFICATION We the undersigned declare that we have abided by the School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics in the College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu- Natal‘s policy on language editing. We also declare that earlier forms of the dissertation have been retained should they be required. ------------------------------------------------------- GARY STUART DAVID LEONARD 29 November 2012 ------------------------------------------------------- WILLIAM FABIAN MNDOLWA SN 202510976 29 November 2012 ii DEDICATION This study is first dedicated to my dear wife Chenga-Frida, and my children Msagati- Katindi, Kauye-Prisna and Tahona who endured my absence during the research period of this study. Without their sacrifice, love and support I would not have been able to achieve this great task.
    [Show full text]
  • Issued by the Britain-Tanzania Society No 118 Sept 2017
    Tanzanian Affairs Issued by the Britain-Tanzania Society No 118 Sept 2017 Mining Sector - The Mineral Sands Export Saga Challenge to Schooling Ban for Pregnant Girls Key “Escrow” Suspects Arrested Roger Nellist: THE MINERAL SANDS EXPORT SAGA Tanzania’s mining sector in difficulty - the background As reported in TA117, in March the government took the controversial step of banning the export of mineral concentrates and ores for metallic minerals such as gold, copper, nickel and silver. Later the same month, President Magufuli had intervened personally, ordering the seizure at Dar port of 277 containers of mineral sands destined for export mainly from two gold mines operated by Acacia Mining (Tanzania’s largest gold-producer), and asserted: “There is no country being robbed of its mineral wealth like Tanzania”. Samples were taken from the sands for analysis. Several foreign mining companies were immediately affected by the export ban but local miners and other entities also expressed concerns. In April, Magufuli established two expert teams to report to him quickly on different aspects of the mineral sand exports. Since then the saga has intensified, triggering an avalanche of robust follow-up actions by government – including more sackings and contentious new legislation. Tanzania is variably listed as Africa’s third or fourth largest gold- producing country so, unsurprisingly, the saga has generated much news coverage and comment, both in Tanzania and abroad. There have been headlines like: “Industrial-scale plunder of Tanzania’s mineral wealth by multinational companies”, “Probe team unearths massive thievery in mineral sand exports”, “Tanzania has been losing trillions of shillings in revenue” and “Tanzania’s Acacia spat shows deepening battle with business”.
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania Private Health Sector Assessment
    TANZANIA PRIVATE HEALTH SECTOR ASSESSMENT January 2013 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was written by James White, Barbara O‘Hanlon, Grace Chee, Dr. Emmanuel Malangalila, Dr. Adeline Kimambo, Jorge Coarasa, Sean Callahan, Ilana Ron Levey, and Kim McKeon for the Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector (SHOPS) project. Recommended Citation: White, James, Barbara O‘Hanlon, Grace Chee, Emmanuel Malangalila, Adeline Kimambo, Jorge Coarasa, Sean Callahan, Ilana Ron Levey, and Kim McKeon. January 2013. Tanzania Private Sector Assessment. Bethesda, MD: Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Project, Abt Associates Inc. Download: Download copies of SHOPS publications at: www.shopsproject.org Cooperative Agreement: GPO-A-00-09-00007-00 Submitted to: Marguerite Farrell, AOR Bureau of Global Health/Population and Reproductive Health/ Service Delivery Improvement United States Agency for International Development Shyami de Silva, Private Sector Technical Advisor Bureau of Global Health/Office of HIV/AIDS United Stated Agency for International Development TANZANIA PRIVATE HEALTH SECTOR ASSESSMENT NOTE: This draft includes the final technical results of the SHOPS-Health in Africa Initiative assessment. It will be published as a World Bank report in late 2013. DISCLAIMER The authors‘ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or the United States Government
    [Show full text]
  • DECENTRALIZATION in TANZANIA in the 1990S Nithya Narayanan
    DECENTRALIZATION IN TANZANIA IN THE 1990S Nithya Narayanan History of Health and Disease in Modern Africa: Professor Salter December 11, 2018 In 1978, the Alma Ata declaration made the push for primary healthcare and health services for all a global priority. While countries around the world chose to pursue this goal in different ways, Tanzania chose to intensify its pursuit of decentralization to reach rural populations who had previously been neglected by colonial healthcare systems as well as centralized system in place from the 1960s. In the 1990s, following a shift from socialist policy, Tanzania began to implement decentralization-by-devolution as a continuation of a world-wide push to reform healthcare. While local governments were granted more responsibility for local health care, responsibility did not necessarily translate to progress as health care reforms were continually impeded by a lack of funds, a lack of qualified workers, and incomplete decentralization reforms. The British colonial government maintained control of Tanzania until 1961. Their focus was primarily on the urban curative medicine, as was typical of the time period, and few resources were dedicated to rural or preventative care. Medicine resources were also primarily directed towards white residents, such as civil servants, as opposed to the Africans. The new Tanzanian government as established in the early 1960s inherited the colonial healthcare system and began altering it (Gilson 45). Tanzania became an independent nation in 1961 with Julius Nyerere as its first president. Nyerere would go on to be known as the “father of the nation” and his ideas would continue to influence Tanzanian governance and politics for decades (Havnevik 19).
    [Show full text]
  • Political and Economic Development of Tanzania: a Brief Survey
    TANZANIA INSTITUTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC CHAPTER 1: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TANZANIA: A BRIEF SURVEY François Bourguignon Paris School of Economics September 2018 Political and economic development of Tanzania: A Brief Survey – Tanzania Institutional Diagnostic About Economic Development & Institutions Institutions matter for growth and inclusive development. But despite increasing awareness of the importance of institutions on economic outcomes, there is little evidence on how positive institutional change can be achieved. The Economic Development and Institutions – EDI – research programme aims to fill this knowledge gap by working with some of the finest economic thinkers and social scientists across the globe. The programme was launched in 2015 and will run until 2021. It is made up of four parallel research activities: path-finding papers, institutional diagnostic, coordinated randomised control trials, and case studies. The programme is funded with UK aid from the UK government. For more information see http://edi.opml.co.uk. © Economic Development & Institutions 2 Political and economic development of Tanzania: A Brief Survey – Tanzania Institutional Diagnostic EstaBlishing a diagnosis of how political, social, and economic institutions in Tanzania may constrain, or, on the contrary, help its economic development requires as a first step getting a precise idea of the country's development achievements, the particular path that led to where it presently stands, and, most importantly for the purpose of this study, the general political context in which that development took place. This introductory chapter intends to summarise in a few pages the history of Tanzania from the end of the colonisation era to today, and to briefly review the evolution and main features of its economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Striving for Excellence at the Margins Science, Decolonization, and The
    Striving for Excellence at the Margins Science, Decolonization, and the History of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute ( Swiss TPH ) in ( post- ) colonial Africa, 1943 — 2000 Lukas Meier Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, University of Basel, 2012 Supervisors: Prof. Martin Lengwiler, Prof. Patrick Harries — 2 — INTRODUCTION 5 Science, Medicine, and Decolonization CHAPTER 1 32 Decolonization, Development and Geographies of Knowledge, 1930—1950 CHAPTER 2 55 Postwar Switzerland and Sciences for the Colonies, 1940—1950 CHAPTER 3 93 Scientists in the Field, 1950—1960 CHAPTER 4 120 Technoscience, Development, and Nutritional Research in Switzerland and Africa, 1960—1980 CHAPTER 5 168 The Empire “Re-Treats.” Medical Research, Development and the Rise of Social Medicine in Tanzania and Switzerland, 1960—1980 CHAPTER 6 202 Towards Transnational Governmentality. Transforming Swiss Science During the Period of Structural Adjustment, 1980—1990 CHAPTER 7 236 Malaria CHAPTER 8 270 Science and Decolonization Revisited REFERENCES 280 Archives and Sources — 3 — History isn’t the lies of the victors, as I once glibly assured Old Joe Hunt; I know that now. It’s more the memories of the survivors, most of whom are neither victorious nor defeated Julian Barnes, The Sense of an Ending — 4 — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It was in 2009 and shortly before my first departure to Tanzania when I again made a short visit to the offices of the SwiSS Tropical inSTiTuTe in Basel. As it turned out, this visit had some serious consequences because the institute’s director, Marcel Tanner, asked me to transport a suitcase from Basel to the laboratory of Ifakara in rural Tanzania.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Universal Health Coverage in Tanzania: Towards Improved Health Service Quality and Financial Protection
    Promoting Universal Health Coverage in Tanzania: Towards Improved Health Service Quality and Financial Protection Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würden eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Sabine Renggli aus Entlebuch (LU) Basel, 2017 Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Dokumentenserver der Universität Basel edoc.unibas.ch Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer „Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License“. Die vollständige Lizenz kann unter creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ eingesehen werden. Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Christian Lengeler und Frau Dr. Josephine Borghi. Basel, den 20. Juni 2017 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess Dekan Dedicated to the people of Tanzania – Kwa Watanzania iii Table of contents Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................................... iv List of figures ........................................................................................................................ vii List of tables .......................................................................................................................... ix List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgement ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania Country Consultation Report
    TANZANIA COUNTRY CONSULTATION REPORT Key Findings DRAFT FOR REVIEW Patricia Odero Nicole Davis Kathleen Axelrod Katie Van Es AFRICAN COLLABORATIVE FOR HEALTH FINANCING SOLUTIONS (ACS) This report was prepared as part of the 5‐country consultation for the African Collaborative for health financing Solutions project (ACS). This report was produced thanks to the contribution of a team of editors, analysts, and members of the ACS team who traveled to Tanzania for the purpose of conducting individual interviews. Kathleen Axelrod, Nicole Davis, and Katie Van Es provided background and writing support while Jonathan Gonzalez‐Smith coded interviews. Executive summary The United Republic of Tanzania, which comprises Tanzania mainland and the islands of Zanzibar, is an East African country with a population of about 53 million. The public health system in Tanzania is organized as a hierarchical pyramid with dispensaries being at the lowest level and national referral hospitals offering the most specialized services. Oversight of health service provision is split between the Ministry of Health which oversees higher‐level facilities and President’s Office‐ Regional and Local Government (PO‐RALG) which oversees facilities at the community level. The private sector, consisting of private for‐profit, faith‐based organizations or non‐profit providers manages 40 percent of all hospitals in Tanzania. Tanzania has anchored aspects of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) within its national policy framework including the Tanzania Development Vision 2025 (Vision 2025), the Health Sector Strategic Plan 2015‐ 2020 (HSSP IV) and the National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (MKUKUTA). Tanzania’s health sector strategy (HSSP IV) is informed by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and national plans such as Vision 2025 and the Big Results Now initiative (BRN).
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis Faculty of Medicine Department of Health Management and Health Economics University of Oslo November, 2014
    WHAT CAN TANZANIA'S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM LEARN FROM OECD COUNTRIES? Dezidery Kajuna Masters in Health Economics, Policy and Management Master Thesis Faculty of Medicine Department of Health Management and Health Economics University of Oslo November, 2014. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Professor Frode Veggeland, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice on research have been priceless. I also express my warm thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Mgeja for their encouragement, guidance and stimulating suggestions at the time I was working on this research project. Lastly, I give special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my brothers James, Deus and Chrianus for your encouragement. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank my best and caring friends Hillary Bande and Lodwick Cheruiyot who supported me in editing this work. Abstract Healthcare systems around the world have different shapes that are largely affected by socio- economic and political situations of a particular country. It is essential for the population to have better health services which requires the country to have better health policies, enough funding for health care sector, and a well structured delivery system. Tanzania like any other developing countries continue to face different challenges in healthcare sector greatly influenced by poor economy despite of recent economic improvement. The need to look for alternatives and restructure its healthcare system is crucial .
    [Show full text]
  • I ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: Ujamaa and the Egalitarian Paradox: the Correlation Between Socialism and Contemporary Public Servic
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: Ujamaa and the Egalitarian Paradox: The Correlation between Socialism and Contemporary Public Service Disparities Among Villages in Rural Tanzania Hannah Joelle Schneider, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies, 2021 Thesis directed by: Professor Kelly Askew Six years after independence, the government of Tanzania implemented Ujamaa, a set of socialist policies emphasizing rural development and the establishment of communal agricultural villages. In this thesis, I focus on how the continuing legacy of Ujamaa may influence the distribution of public services throughout Tanzania. This study uses data collected from interviews with village leaders and villagers in 45 villages from 2010 to 2016 to illustrate the extent of disparities in government-provided services, specifically healthcare, secondary education, and national grid electricity. Despite the end of Ujamaa in the 1980s, rural villages in Tanzania appear to have experienced general bias in government service provision, potentially based on village status during Ujamaa, as former Ujamaa villages possessed higher levels of services than villages not considered to be Ujamaa villages. Other indicators of provision bias include primary livelihood and whether a village is the ward headquarters. i Ujamaa and the Egalitarian Paradox: The Correlation between Socialism and Contemporary Public Service Disparities Among Villages in Rural Tanzania By Hannah Joelle Schneider Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the College of Literature, Science, & Arts at the University
    [Show full text]
  • In My Own Words: 40 Years of Irish Tanzanian Relations
    In my own words 40 years of Irish Tanzanian relations In my own words: 40 years of Irish Tanzanian relations 2 In my own words: 40 years of Irish Tanzanian relations Foreword When, on his first visit to Ireland 40 years ago, Mwalimu Through the work of missionaries and young people Julius Nyerere spoke at a State dinner, he said that he with a sense of adventure, connections were made and was not surprised that he felt so at home. He recalled friendships formed. These enduring relationships have the many Irish people that had worked with Tanzanians been built on the easy informal ways in which we and spoke of their strong human relationships across connect. From the early days of sitting together in rural the barriers of race and culture. villages to today’s interactions between students in Ireland and Tanzania via social media; new relationships This shared history was evoked at a State dinner in Dar continue to evolve, flourish and deepen. es Salaam in June 2006, when President of Ireland Mary McAleese noted that ‘Ireland and Tanzania are old Tanzania has also played an important part in my own friends and good friends…we have both moved on from journey. My first overseas job was in a refugee camp in the dire legacy of our colonial past, metamorphosing Ngara, on the border of Rwanda, in 1996 and I have had into mature States with a good news story to tell at the pleasure to work twice in the Embassy in Dar es home and a strong voice on the regional and Salaam.
    [Show full text]