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Das Weltsozialforum Christian Schröder Das Weltsozialforum 2015-02-04 09-39-35 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 03ab389441681572|(S. 1- 4) TIT2967.p 389441681580 Wenn ich nur wüsste, wogegen es sich zu kämpfen nicht lohnt. (Edith Linvers) Christian Schröder (Dr. phil.) promovierte von 2011 bis 2014 als Stipendiat im Promotionsprogramm »Soziale Dienste im Wandel« der Universität Hildesheim. Seine Interessensschwerpunkte sind Ethnografie, transnationale Organisations- prozesse in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, Übergänge und ihre institutionel- len Logiken sowie Netzwerkstrukturen globaler Zivilgesellschaft. Seit 2015 forscht er an der Universität Luxemburg. 2015-02-04 09-39-35 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 03ab389441681572|(S. 1- 4) TIT2967.p 389441681580 Christian Schröder Das Weltsozialforum Eine Institution der Globalisierungskritik zwischen Organisation und Bewegung 2015-02-04 09-39-35 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 03ab389441681572|(S. 1- 4) TIT2967.p 389441681580 Mein besonderer Dank gilt dem Betreuer der Arbeit Prof. Dr. Stephan Wolff. In den anregenden Gesprächen mit ihm, durch seine Anmerkungen und seine Kommentare eröffneten sich mir stets neue Ideen und Perspektiven, die in das Buch eingeflossen sind. Ohne die große Hilfsbereitschaft und das vertrauensvol- le Entgegenkommen der politischen Aktivisten/-innen aus Brasilien, Tunesien und andernorts wäre diese Arbeit genauso wenig möglich gewesen, wie ohne die liebevolle und geistreiche Unterstützung meiner Lebensgefährtin Agnes Jasiok. Herzlich danken möchte ich nicht zuletzt all meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen, insbesondere dem Zweitbetreuer Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schröer, für ihre konstruk- tiven Anregungen sowie meinen Freunden und meiner Familie, die mir stets aufmunternd und voller Zuversicht zur Seite standen. Dissertation, Universität Hildesheim, Disputation (30.09.2014) Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Stephan Wolff und Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schröer Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2015 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Die Verwertung der Texte und Bilder ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages ur- heberrechtswidrig und strafbar. Das gilt auch für Vervielfältigungen, Überset- zungen, Mikroverfilmungen und für die Verarbeitung mit elektronischen Sys- temen. Umschlaggestaltung: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Urheber der Bilder und Grafik: Christian Schröder Lektorat: Gunther Gebhard (*text plus form*) Printed in Germany Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-2967-5 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-2967-9 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] 2015-02-04 09-39-35 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 03ab389441681572|(S. 1- 4) TIT2967.p 389441681580 Inhalt Einleitung: Vom Protest zum sozialen Wandel | 7 I Protestbewegungen im Spiegel der Wissenschaft | 17 1. Von den 68er-Bewegungen zur Globalisierungskritik | 17 2. Paradigmen der Bewegungsforschung | 28 3. Zwischenfazit und Forschungsfrage | 38 II Methodologische Überlegungen und Forschungsdesign | 41 1. Globalisierungskritische Bewegung – neue Generation gleich neues Forschungsdesign!? | 42 2. Der ethnographische Forschungsansatz | 46 2.1 Epistemologische Annahmen | 49 2.2 Zugang über die Sprache des Feldes | 53 2.3 Als Wissenschaftler unter Wissenschaftlern/-innen | 55 3. Datenerhebung und -auswertung: Ethnographic Grounded Theory | 60 3.1 Phasen des Forschungsprozesses | 62 3.2 Gütekriterien der Studie | 70 III Die Identität des Weltsozialforums: Wer sind ›Wir‹? | 73 1. Wie verbreitet(e) sich die Weltsozialforumsidee? – Eine World-Wide-Web-Analyse | 76 1.1 Das (Auf-)Suchen des Weltsozialforums | 78 1.2 Das WSF in Sozialen Netzwerken | 86 2. Das ›Corporate Design‹ einer Bewegung: Wie zeichnet sich das WSF? | 95 2.1 Die Sozialforumswebseiten: Aufbau und Layout | 95 2.2 Die Charta der Prinzipien: 14 ›Gebote‹ für Sozialforen | 101 2.3 Imagebildung: ›Inseln der Utopie‹ | 109 3. Corporate History!? Auf den Spuren der Hinterlassenschaften | 114 3.1 Archive: wie Geschichte konserviert wird | 115 3.2 Episoden verbinden: bewegende und bewegte Geschichten des WSFs | 120 4. Fazit: Zwischen steter Neuerfindung und Corporate Identity | 130 IV Strukturen und Dynamik im WSF – Spuren von ›Organisation‹ | 137 1. Struktureller Zusammenhalt zwischen den WSF-Events | 141 1.1 Der Internationale Rat (IR) – Hauptgremium des WSFs | 144 1.2 Die Entscheidungsfindung im Internationalen Rat | 152 2. Organisationsentwicklung im WSF!? | 180 2.1 Die Mapping-Initiative | 185 2.2 ›Strategy follows Structure‹ | 191 3. Fazit: Zwischen horizontalem Netzwerk und hierarchischer Organisation | 201 V Ressourcenmanagement im WSF – in den Fängen der Weltökonomie | 209 1. Das WSF: zwischen Eigen- und Weltökonomie | 210 1.1 Die Finanzierung der Weltsozialforen | 212 1.2 ›Eigenökonomie‹ des WSFs – Strategien der Abgrenzung von der Weltökonomie | 222 2. Die Eventorganisation: Zwischen Ideal und Eigeninteressen | 234 2.1 Der WSF-Event in Tunis 2013 | 235 2.2 Partikulare Interessen: ›Primitive Demokratie‹ im WSF | 242 3. Fazit: Zwischen Wirklichkeit und Idealen | 245 VI Das Prinzip der Transpoiesis | 249 VII Literaturverzeichnis | 265 VIII Stichwortverzeichnis | 295 Einleitung: Vom Protest zum sozialen Wandel It goes on one at a time It starts when you care To act, it starts when you do it again after They said no It starts when you say we and know what You mean, and each Day you mean one more. (PIERCY 1994) Das Gedicht ›What is a Social Movement‹ von Marge Piercy beschreibt drei Entstehungsphasen einer Protestbewegung: • den Moment, an dem entschieden wird, den Unmut öffentlich kundzutun: when you care to act, • das Stadium, in dem es darum geht, nicht aufzugeben, sondern auf der Rich- tigkeit des Protests zu insistieren: when you do it again after they said no, • die Entwicklung eines Wir-Gefühls unter den Protestierenden: when you say we and know what you mean, das zugleich so offen ist, dass stets neue Mit- glieder dazu gehören können: and each day you mean one more. In nahezu jeder Situation, auch im Alltag, kann es zu Protest kommen, was meist einen Konflikt nach sich zieht. »Jede Kommunikation lädt zum Protest ein. So- bald etwas Bestimmtes zur Annahme angeboten wird, kann man es auch negie- ren«, schreibt Niklas Luhmann (1984, S. 238). Demnach protestieren wir zuwei- len oder andere richten ihren Protest gegen uns – denn Protest ist eine Form der Kommunikation, die dazu dient, Unmut öffentlich kundzutun (lat. protestari = öffentlich aussagen, bezeugen). Typischerweise beginnt Protest mit einem ›Nein‹. Zum einen kann sich dieses Missfallen auf eine neu eingetretene Situa- 8 | BEWEGTE ORGANISATION ODER ORGANISIERTE BEWEGUNG? tion beziehen, wie zum Beispiel Proteste gegen die Einführung von Studienge- bühren oder gegen die Erhöhung der Steuern. Zum anderen können mit Protest auch bestehende Zustände infrage gestellt werden, wie die ungleiche Stellung von Mann und Frau, die gesetzliche Benachteiligung von homosexuellen gegen- über heterosexuellen Partnerschaften oder die Korruption in der staatlichen Bü- rokratie. Protest verneint also zuvorderst Zustände, ohne sogleich Alternativen zu ihnen anzubieten. Aus der Ablehnung eines Zustandes folgt erst im Konflikt eine Dynamik, die diesen Zustand durch die Entwicklung von konkreten Alter- nativen zu verändern vermag.1 Sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien gehen zumeist davon aus, dass die gesell- schaftliche ›Realität‹ keine objektive Größe ist. Vielmehr werden in allen Inter- aktionen ›Gesellschaft‹ und ihre Strukturen immer wieder aufs Neue hervorge- bracht (Giddens 1988). Protest ist Teil dieses Herstellungsprozesses, aber im Unterschied zu einer Anpassung unserer Handlung an gesellschaftliche Erwar- tungen reproduziert Protest nicht die bestehenden Muster, sondern versucht diese vielmehr infrage zu stellen oder gar zu negieren.2 Ziel von Protest ist es also, Ge- sellschaft zu ändern oder gegen Veränderung zu schützen und so eine – aus der Perspektive der Protestierenden – ›bessere‹ Gesellschaft zu erstreiten oder zu er- halten. Protest am bestehenden System ist ein Ausgangspunkt sozialen Wandels und damit auch Ausdruck eines Wunsches nach Veränderung. Die Intention eines Protests kann aber auch sein, sozialen Wandel zu verhindern. In beiden Fällen muss Protest eine ausreichende Zahl von Anhängern/-innen finden; er muss zu einer Protestbewegung werden, um sozialen Wandel anzustoßen oder zu verhin- dern. Gewinnt Protest breite Zustimmung, so entfaltet er seine Dynamik und wird zu einem kollektiven Wunsch nach einer anderen gesellschaftlichen ›Reali- tät‹. Eine solche Protestbewegung ist etwa nach Raschke (1991, S. 32) definiert als (kollektiver) Akteur, »[der] mittels variabler Organisations- und Aktionsfor- men das Ziel verfolgt, grundlegenden sozialen Wandel herbeizuführen, zu ver- hindern oder rückgängig zu machen.« (S. 32) 1 Widerstand ist eine Konsequenz des Protests, die darin besteht, andere daran zu hin- dern, (weiterhin) das zu tun, gegen das man sich wendet. 2 Die Art und Weise, wie protestiert wird, kann dabei allerdings sehr wohl etablierten Mustern folgen: Zahlreiche Bücher können als Inspirationsquelle oder Anregung für Protest herangezogen werden (Brünzels und Blissett 2012; Schönberger
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