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Support for Farmers' Cooperatives Country Report Spain Cynthia Giagnocavo Carlos Vargas-Vasserot The 2011-2012 project „Support for Farmers‘ Cooperatives“ is commissioned and funded by the European Commission, DG Agriculture and Rural Development. Contract Number: 30-CE-0395921/00-42. The project is managed by Wageningen UR’s Agricultural Economics Research Institute LEI and Wageningen University. Project managers: Krijn J. Poppe and Jos Bijman. Other members of the consortium are: • Pellervo Economic Research PTT, Finland: Perttu Pyykkönen • University of Helsinki, Finland: Petri Ollila • Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Greece: Constantine Iliopoulos • Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany: Rainer Kühl • Humboldt University Berlin, Germany: Konrad Hagedorn, Markus Hanisch and Renate Judis • HIVA Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium: Caroline Gijselinckx • Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, The Netherlands: George Hendrikse and Tony Hak How to cite this report: Giagnocavo, C., C. Vargas-Vasserot (2012). Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives; Country Report Spain. Wageningen: Wageningen UR. Disclaimer: This study, financed by the European Commission, was carried out by a consortium under the management of LEI Wageningen UR. The conclusions and recommendations presented in this report are the sole responsibility of the research consortium and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Commission or anticipate its future policies. Support for Farmers' Cooperatives Country Report Spain Cynthia Giagnocavo University of Almería, Spain Carlos Vargas-Vasserot University of Almería, Spain November 2012 Corresponding author: Cynthia Giagnocavo University of Almería Department of Management and Business Administration La Cañada de San Urbano s/n 04120 Spain Email: [email protected] Preface and acknowledgements In order to foster the competitiveness of the food supply chain, the European Commission is committed to promote and facilitate the restructuring and consolidation of the agricultural sector by encouraging the creation of voluntary agricultural producer organisations. To support the policy making process DG Agriculture and Rural Development has launched a large study, “Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives (SFC)”, that will provide insights on successful cooperatives and producer organisations as well as on effective support measures for these organisations. These insights can be used by farmers themselves, in setting up and strengthening their collective organisation, and by the European Commission in its effort to encourage the creation of agricultural producer organisations in the EU. Within the framework of the SFC project this country report on the evolution of agricultural cooperatives in Spain has been written. Data collection for this report has been done in the summer of 2011. In addition to this report, the project has delivered 26 other country reports, 8 sector reports, 33 case studies, 6 EU synthesis reports, a report on cluster analysis, a study on the development of agricultural cooperatives in other OECD countries, and a final report. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance from the various federations, cooperatives and cooperatives associations, inter-professonal groups, farmers, cooperative employees and managers, university professors and researchers, government representatives, all too numerous to name, without whom this report would not have been possible. In particular we would like to thank the many cooperatives who took time to answer the lengthy study questionnaire and to give us their viewpoints. We also would like to give thanks to Cooperativas Agroalimentarias who assisted with the selection of cooperatives under study and also for comments on competition law. We are also grateful to Coexphal (association of producer organisations) for their insights and assistance regarding several areas of this study (although the opinions expressed herein, unless otherwise stated, are those of the authors). The Country Report Spain is one of the country reports that have been coordinated by Costas Iliopoulos, AGEPRI. The following figure shows the five regional coordinators of the “Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives” project. Table of contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 5 1.1 Objective of the study ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Analytical framework .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Definition of the cooperative ................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Method of data collection .................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Period under study ............................................................................................................. 7 2 Facts and figures on agriculture ................................................................. 8 2.1 Share of agriculture in the economy (not limited to cooperatives) ............................................. 8 2.2 Agricultural output per sector .............................................................................................. 9 2.3 Development in the number of farms .................................................................................. 10 2.4 Size of farms ................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Age of farmers: distribution of farms to age classes ............................................................ 11 2.6 Specialisation of farm production........................................................................................ 13 2.7 Economic indicators of farms ............................................................................................. 14 3 Evolution, position and performance of cooperatives .................................. 15 3.1 Types of cooperatives-Cooperatives in General ..................................................................... 15 3.2 Agricultural Cooperatives in Spain ...................................................................................... 20 3.3 Market share of farmers' cooperatives in the food chain ......................................................... 27 3.4 List of top 50 largest farmers’ cooperatives ......................................................................... 27 3.5 List of top 5 largest farmers’ cooperatives per sector ............................................................. 29 3.6 Transnational cooperatives ................................................................................................ 30 3.7 Other interesting cooperative experiences .............................................................................. 4 Description of the evolution and position of individual cooperatives. ............. 31 4.1 Data gathering per cooperative .......................................................................................... 31 4.2 Position in the food chain .................................................................................................. 31 4.3 Institutional environment .................................................................................................. 33 4.4 Internal Governance ......................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Performance of the cooperatives ........................................................................................ 35 5 Sector analysis ...................................................................................... 37 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 37 5.2 Cereals ........................................................................................................................... 37 5.3 Sugar ............................................................................................................................. 39 5.4 Fruits and vegetables ....................................................................................................... 40 5.5 Olive oil and table olives ................................................................................................... 47 5.6 Wine .............................................................................................................................. 53 5.7 Dairy ............................................................................................................................. 60 5.8 Sheep meat .................................................................................................................... 63 5.9 Pig meat ......................................................................................................................... 66 6 Overview of policy measures ................................................................... 69 6.1 Regulatory framework ...................................................................................................... 69 6.2 Policy measures ............................................................................................................... 69 6.3 Other legal issues .........................................................................................................
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