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Taeniatherum Caput-Medusae) Through Grazing and Revegetation on the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington

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Taeniatherum Caput-Medusae) Through Grazing and Revegetation on the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2015 Mitigation of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Through Grazing and Revegetation on the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington Clinton A. Stonecipher Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Stonecipher, Clinton A., "Mitigation of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Through Grazing and Revegetation on the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington" (2015). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4595. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4595 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MITIGATION OF MEDUSAHEAD (TAENIATHERUM CAPUT-MEDUSAE) THROUGH GRAZING AND REVEGETATION ON THE CHANNELED SCABLANDS OF EASTERN WASHINGTON by Clinton A. Stonecipher A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Range Science Approved: _______________________ _______________________ Dr. Juan Villalba Dr. Fee Busby Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ _______________________ Dr. Eugene W. Schupp Dr. Kevin B. Jensen Committee Member Committee Member ______________________ _______________________ Dr. Kip E. Panter Dr. Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2015 ii ABSTRACT Mitigation of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Through Grazing and Revegetation on the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington by Clinton A. Stonecipher, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: Dr. Juan Villalba Department: Wildland Resources A large portion of the historical steppe and shrub-steppe habitats in eastern Washington have been altered through biotic and abiotic processes resulting in the annual grass medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) becoming a large component of the altered vegetation. Experiments were conducted to determine whether: 1) protein supplementation would help increase utilization of medusahead by cattle, 2) native and introduced grass cultivars could establish in the region, and 3) mechanical disturbance would aid in establishing Vavilov II Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyron fragile [Roth] P. Candargy) and Immigrant forage kochia (Bassia prostrata [L.] A.J. Scott). Cattle grazing medusahead-infested rangeland for 10-d periods during summer months increased consumption of medusahead due to a reduction in the quality of forage alternatives. Cattle supplemented with a protein concentrate increased consumption of medusahead during d 6 to 10 of the grazing periods resulting in a reduction of medusahead abundance over time. Introduced grass cultivars; Vavilov II, Hycrest II iii crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.), and Bozoisky II Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea [Fisch.] Nevski), and a native grass mix; Sherman big bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl), Secar Snake River wheatgrass (Elymus wawawaiensis J. Carlson & Barkworth), Bannock Thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus [Scribn. & J.G. Sm.] Gould), and Recovery Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] Á. Löve) were planted at three locations. Sherman big bluegrass was the only native species that established with 47 % initial establishment and persistence increasing to 65 % over the course of the study. Hycrest II had 64 % stand establishment but persistence decreased to 48 % and Vavilov II had 57 % initial establishment and decreased to 50 %. Sherman Big bluegrass had greater biomass production in May however, the later maturing Hycrest II and Vavilov II had similar biomass production to Sherman Big bluegrass in July. Bozoisky II had poor stand establishment and decreased over the course of the study. Mechanical disturbance from disking in the fall was successful in establishing Vavilov II and Immigrant forage kochia. In conclusion, cattle can be used to reduce medusahead abundance in rangelands and revegetation with Vavilov II, Hycrest II and Sherman big bluegrass was successful. Mechanical disturbance was successful in aiding in establishment of Vavilov II and Immigrant forage kochia. (179 pages) iv PUBLIC ABSTRACT Mitigation of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Through Grazing and Revegetation on the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington Clinton A. Stonecipher A large portion of the historical steppe and shrub-steppe habitats in eastern Washington have been altered through biotic and abiotic processes resulting in the annual grass medusahead becoming a large component of the altered vegetation. Experiments were conducted to determine: 1) if supplementing cattle with protein would help increase utilization of medusahead, 2) the grass species that could establish in the region, and 3) if mechanical disturbance would aid in such revegetation efforts. Cattle grazing medusahead-infested rangeland increased consumption of medusahead after all forage matured due to a reduction in the quality of forage alternatives. Cattle supplemented with protein increased consumption of medusahead later in the 10-day grazing periods resulting in a reduction of medusahead abundance. Introduced grass species; Vavilov II, Hycrest II crested wheatgrass, and Bozoisky II Russian wildrye, and a native grass mix; Sherman big bluegrass, Secar Snake River wheatgrass, Bannock Thickspike wheatgrass, and Recovery Western wheatgrass were planted at three locations. Sherman big bluegrass was the only native species that established. Hycrest II and Vavilov II also established and Bozoisky II failed to establish. Biomass production of Hycrest II, Vavilov II, and Sherman big bluegrass was similar during the summer harvest. Mechanical disturbance from disking in the fall was successful in establishing Vavilov II and Immigrant forage kochia. In conclusion, cattle can be used to reduce medusahead abundance and Vavilov v II, Hycrest II and Sherman big bluegrass are recommended species for revegetation efforts in the scablands of eastern Washington. Mechanical disturbance can be used to help establish Vavilov II and Immigrant forage kochia. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge and express my thanks to the many people that assisted me throughout this endeavor. I know I will forget to acknowledge many of you and would like you to know that your assistance was greatly appreciated. Thanks to Kip Panter and the Poisonous Plant Research Lab for providing me the opportunity to further my education. Thanks to Juan Villalba for his mentorship as my major professor. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Kevin Jensen, Fee Busby, and Geno Schupp for their advice and mentoring. I would like to recognize Western SARE for providing grant funding for the research. I would like to thank Kermit Price and Scott Larsen for their assistance and the other staff members at Poisonous Plant Research Lab for assistance. I would also like to thank Craig Rigby and Rob Smith for assistance with planting and collecting vegetation data. Thanks to Susan Durham for her invaluable advice and assistance with statistical analysis. Most importantly, I would like to thank my wife, Lilly, and family for tolerating me throughout this endeavor and let them know how grateful I am for their support. Clinton A. Stonecipher vii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii PUBLIC ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................5 3. EFFECT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON CONSUMPTION OF MEDUSAHEAD IN ANNUAL GRASS-DOMINATED RANGELANDS IN THE CHANNELED SCABLANDS OF EASTERN WASHINGTON .................................................................................................36 4. REVEGETATION TO PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE FORAGE SOURCE IN LUPINE- AND MEDUSAHEAD-INFESTED RANGELANDS ON THE CHANNELED SCABLANDS OF EASTERN WASHINGTON ..............................................................................73 5. SEEDING MEDUSAHEAD-INVADED RANGELAND FOLLOWING MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE ON THE CHANNELED SCABLANDS OF EASTERN WASHINGTON .............................................110 6. STATE AND TRANSITION MODEL FOR THE CHANNELED SCABLANDS OF EASTERN WASHINGTON .............................................131 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................147 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................151 APPENDIX A. CATTLE PREFERENCE FOR FORAGE KOCHIA (BASSIA
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