EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK MSP SEA/MARSPLAN-BS LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK MSP SEA/MARSPLAN-BS LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK MSP SEA/MARSPLAN-BS LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
WP1, Activity 1.1, Component 1.1.2 WP1, ActivityWP1, 1.1, Activity Component 1.1, Component 1.1.2 1.1.2 Case studies with major challenges within Case studiesCase with studies major with challenges major challenges within within the Romanian and Bulgarian maritime space the Romanianthe Romanian and Bulgarian and Bulgarian maritime maritimespace space
CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: CASECASE STUDY STUDY 3 BURGAS: 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEALAND-SEA INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS
CROSS BORDER MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING CROSS BORDERCROSS MARITIMEBORDER MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNINGSPATIAL PLANNING IN THE BLACK SEA – ROMANIA AND BULGARIA IN THE BLACKIN THE SEA BLACK – ROMANIA SEA – ROMANIA AND BULGARIA AND BULGARIA (MARSPLAN–BS) (MARSPLAN–BS)(MARSPLAN–BS) CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE
ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0 ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0 ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0
97895494904897089549490480 June 2017 June 2017 9789549490480 9789549490480June 2017 June 2017
Untitled-4 3 6/21/17 4:43 PM
MARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.inddMARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.indd 1 1 6/13/17 11:48 AM 6/13/17 11:48 AM MARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.indd 1 MARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.indd 1 6/13/17 11:48 AM 6/13/17 11:48 AM EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS
June 2017 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
CROSS BORDER MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING IN THE BLACK SEA – ROMANIA AND BULGARIA (MARSPLAN–BS)
EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN–BS
WP1, Activity 1.1, Component 1.1.2. Case studies with major challenges within the Romanian and Bulgarian maritime space
CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS
Authors: Margarita STANCHEVA · Hristo STANCHEV Anton KRASTEV · Atanas PALAZOV · Maria YANKOVA
nstitute of ceanology ulgarian cademy of ciences (Project Partner 8) EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
DISCLAIMER:
This report has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. Its content is the sole responsibility of the Authors (Project Partner IO-BAS) and can in no way reflect the views of the European Commission and Execu- tive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME). The European Commission or EASME is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information this report contains. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Phase I. Current situation analysis of Burgas study area . . . . . 9
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 11
1.1. Desktop analysis – selection of case study area and define geogra hical e tent ...... 11
1.2. Working environment ...... 15
2. CHARACTERISE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND LAND/SEA USES ...... 20
2.1. Natural environment and current status ...... 20
2.2. Urban development and population growth ...... 61
2.3. Existing key economic activities ...... 65
2.4. Potential interests and land/sea uses ...... 83
2.5. Preparation of maps for current land and sea uses and interests and of natural values ...... 85
3. IDENTIFYING KEY STAKEHOLDERS FOR LAND AND SEA SECTORS IN THE STUDY AREA AND STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT . . . . 87
3.1. Identify key stakeholders ...... 87
3.2. Involvement of key stakeholders ...... 87
6 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
4. IDENTIFYING INTERACTIONS, CONFLICTS, COMPATIBILITIES AND IMPACTS BETWEEN USES, SECTORS AND ENVIRONMENT . 90
4.1. Impact of land infrastructure on wetlands and maritime space (with focus on biodiversity) ...... 90
4.2. Interactions between land and sea based economic activities and spatial uses, and environment ...... 97
4.3. Mapping the main conflicts of use and of environment in the maritime pilot area ...... 99
Phase II. Analysis of the future evolution...... 103
1. PROPOSE PLANNING SOLUTIONS (TERRESTRIAL AND MARITIME) TO DIFFERENT CONFLICTS: KEY ISSUES/CHALLENGES FOR MSP IN THE PILOT AREA AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 105
1.1. Planning solutions for the land-sea use conflict between waste water discharge/tailing dams and wetlands and bathing waters/coastal tourism ...... 105
1.2. Planning solution for the sea-sea uses conflict between shipping/ navigation and diving ...... 107
2. LESSONS LEARNED ...... 109
References ...... 115
7 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Phase I.
CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS OF BURGAS STUDY AREA EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
10 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of Case Study 3 Burgas: land-sea interac- tions under the project Cross border maritime spatial planning in the Black Sea – Romania and Bulgaria (MARSPLAN–BS), Grant Agreement: EASME/ EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1 /BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN–BS. The project is co-funded by the European Commission through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF), DG MARE: https://ec.europa.eu/mari- timeaffairs/index_en. The case study was one of the fi e case studies with major challenges carried out within the MARSPLAN–BS Project.
1.1. DESKTOP ANALYSIS – Black Sea on the east, as the coast- SELECTION OF CASE line length of Burgas municipality is STUDY AREA AND DEFINE 37.25 km. GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT According to the Maritime Space, 1.1.1. Burgas case study area Inland Waterways and Ports of the Republic of Bulgaria Act (SG No 12/ The case study area is geographical- 11.02.2000), Burgas Bay is loca- ly located along the south Bulgarian ted between the coastline and the Black Sea coast, in the westernmost straight line joining Cape Emine on part of the largest Bulgarian bay – the north and Cape Maslen nos on Burgas Bay, and administratively in the south. the municipality of Burgas (Figure 1). Jutting deep into the mainland, Bur- The municipality of Burgas has an gas Bay is the largest one at the area of 515.2 km2 (Kopralev, 2004) or Bulgarian Black Sea coast and it is it comprises 0.46% of the country’s the westernmost point of the Black territory. It borders with municipality ea . The coastline is of Pomorie on the north, municipa- strongly indented and has a length lities Aytos, Kameno and Sredets on of 167 km based on orthophoto ima- the west and municipality of Sozo- ges from 2010 with spatial resolution pol on the south. It borders with the of 0.5 m. The maritime boundary
11 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Figure 1. Burgas case study area – location map
passing along the line north of Cape mile zone, and with the land boun- Emine (Eastern Balkan Mountains) dary extending from 7 km to 23 km and Cape Maslen Nos on the south, landward at LAU (Local Administra- and has a length of 44.5 km. Along tive Units) level (Figure 1). The entire this line, the width of the bay is 32 km municipality of Burgas falls within the and the area is 783 km2. The maxi- 23 km zone along the sea, as 10 km mum depth of the bay within the coastal zone area includes more aforementioned range is 53 m, as the than 50% of territory. maximum depths at territorial sea reaches 70 m. Burgas Municipality includes 14 settlements, as only 2 have the sta- The case study area encompasses tus of towns and the remaining are the small Burgas Bay: with the ma- villages. Population of the munici- rine area between Cape Lahna on pality, according to the Census data the north and Cape Atia on the south from 2011 is 212,902 people (NSI, with the seaward boundary of 12 2012). Circa 94% of the population
12 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS is concentrated in the municipal cen- ther in the next sections. These lakes, tre, Burgas city (with population of together with the Pomorie Lake (ad- 200,271 people). Burgas is the fourth jacent in north direction) form the largest city in Bulgaria and it is loca- largest wetland along the coast with ted in the most eastern point of Bur- exceptional conservation value of in- gas valley. Burgas is one of the most ternational and national importance. important ports at the Black Sea with They run into several smaller rivers significant infrastructure for su or whose mouths are swampy. ting the economic activities. The har- bour of Burgas is located at the west- In this context, the necessity of per- ernmost part of the bay and the main forming such an investigation at the port terminals are: Burgas West; area of Burgas Bay comes up as a Bourgas East; Fishing Port; Rosenets current challenge for sustainable Oil Terminal Lukoil Neftohim Burgas, economic development and protec- further described in section 2.3.3. tion of biodiversity of all wetlands Burgas has a modern international and effective use of natural resour- airport, which handles most of the ces: those are in close proximity of country tourist flow during the peak the large city and the existence of summer season. The city is a centre various coastal and maritime activi- of culture, science and art of national ties that inevitably have an impact on importance and is distinguished with the environment. rapid developments over the recent The intensity of both coastal and years. At the same time the location maritime activities in the study area of the city defines it as articularly have been constantly increased and sensitive to the protection of envi- new activities have been initiated or ronment and natural heritage in re- planned over the recent years, that sponse to adverse global processes. area is often in conflict with other In the surroundings of the pilot area activities or the objectives of envi- there are valuable natural protected ronmental protection. Therefore, the areas (NATURA 2000) and wetlands, study case is focused to investigate important Ramsar sites, such as: the land-sea interactions and the lakes of Atanasovsko, Burgas and needs of maritime spatial planning. Mandra, which will be described fur-
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1.1.2. General approach to the volve them in the process of identi- case study fying current and future trends, sec- tor priorities and interests; The Directive 2014/89/ of the Euro- • develop and visualise different pean Parliament and of the Council agenda options, recommendations of 23 July 2014 has established a and solutions for identified case area framework for maritime spatial plan- issues. ning. The Directive sets the land-sea interaction as one of the minimum The Directive 2014/89/EU on mari- requirements for Maritime Spatial time spatial planning, existing inter- Planning (MSP). The use and impact national guidelines, e.g. UNESCO Ma- of the sea does not end on the shore- rine Spatial Planning: a step-by-step line. Coastal areas are interdepen- approach toward ecosystem-based dent with the sea in both human use management (2009), as well as best and nature conditions and most of practice results and reports from human activities on marine areas are the BaltSeaPlan Project (www.balt- functionally linked to the shore and seaplan.eu), MASPNOSE Project vice versa (https://coastalandmari- (www.wageningenur.nl/en/show/ time.wordpress.com). Maspnose-Maritime-spatial-plan- ning-in-the-North-Sea.htm), Project In Burgas Case Study it is aimed to: on Coastal and Maritime Spatial • follow the land-sea interactions with Planning in Pärnu Bay Area in Es- a special focus on biodiversity; tonia and Coastal Municipalities of Latvia (https://coastalandmaritime. • identify the impact of land infra- wordpress.com/) have been taken structure on wetlands and maritime as a basis for proposed case study space; approach. We followed the Phase 1 Current situation analysis and Phase it is challenging to find out what II Analysis of the future evolution of are the interactions, conflicts and the Common Methodology of the impacts between uses, sectors and MARSPLAN–BS project (WP1, Activi- interests both terrestrial and marine; ty 1.2, Component 1.2.2). • identify key stakeholders and in-
14 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
The expected results are: time areas. There are still various un- clear aspects related to competence, e elo a methodology and define planning level, the extent of the rights the land-sea interactions in the Bur- of county governments in planning gas case study area with a focus on of marine areas (there are no county/ biodiversity; administrati e orders defined in the efine the im act of land infrastruc- sea), spatial planning in the exclusive ture on the wetlands and maritime economic zone, etc. space; Detailed summary on relevant spatial • Promote participation of key stake- planning national and EU legislation holders in the process; is made in om onent . . cti i- ty . . nitial assessment . ere we • Maps of the main land and sea uses just summarised the main legislative and of natural values; acts applicable to the spatial plan- dentified ma ed and analysed ning of Burgas Municipality. users-users conflicts and users-envi- Spatial planning in Bulgaria is regula- ronment conflicts; ted by Spatial Planning Act (promul- • Proposed planning solutions and gated State Gazette 1/02.01.2001). recommendations. Demonstration of This act defines the main ossi le test cases issues. ways of land use, and how they are determined. Different territories can 1.2. WORKING ENVIRONMENT be used such as urban areas, agri- cultural areas, forest areas, protected Systematic spatial planning for Bur- areas, and damaged areas to reco- gas has so far mostly been limited ver. This is determined by concepts to land, yet the need to plan the use and patterns of spatial development, of marine areas has become more and master plans. Under the Regu- actual along with an increasing pres- lation No 8 of 14 June 2001 on the sure to use the marine area for va- scope and content of spatial/master rious purposes. The existing spatial plans the boundaries of coastal strip, plans dedicated to terrestrial plan- the boundaries of zone A and zone ning therefore do not include mari- B according to the Black Sea Coast
15 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Development Act (2007) and the places, determined on the date of the territories and areas of the aquatory enforcement of the act. According to with the status of immovable cultu- Art. 21 of the Black Sea Coast Deve- ral heritage are determined with the lopment Act with the master plans master plans of the municipalities for the territories of municipalities, as along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. well as with the regulations and stan- dards for their implementation, shall Black Sea Coast Development Act, determine the general structure of the promulgated, State Gazette 48/2007, territory and spatial requirements for last amended in State Gazette 61/ development of the territory and the 11.08.2015. This Act aims to: crea- aquatory; boundaries of the coastal tion of conditions for protection, beach strip determined; boundaries sustained integrated progress and of the zones A and B; territories and development of the Black Sea coast; sections of the aquatory with a sta- ensuring free public access to the tus of cultural heritage; the territories sea shore; protection, preservation designated for economic activity; and rational use of natural resources; technical infrastructure facilities of prevention and reduction of pollution; national and regional significance protection of the sea shore from ero- works for protection of the environ- sion and landslides; and protection ment, biological diversity, natural re- of the natural landscape as well as of sources and cultural values; territo- cultural and historical heritage. Two ries and aquatories with a restricted protected zones are legally regulated regime of development and building in coastal areas the first rotected up; the general regime for use of the zone A covers part of the Black Sea aquatic, forest, land and recreatio- aquatory, the coastal line and part of nal resources. The master plans and the territory falling in a line of width of the detailed spatial development 100 m, measured horizontally from plans have to contain the specialised the borders of the seashore or the schemes for the contiguous aqua- sea beaches. The second protected tory. The schemes shall reflect the zone B covers the territories, falling in coastal beach strip; sanitary zones; the line with width 2 km from the bor- water sports development; under- ders of A zone, with the exception of water archaeology and underwater the urban territories of the populated diving; coast protection and geo pro-
16 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS tection facilities and other facilities over the last three decades, which or sites related to tourist functions has been developed for all natio- of the coast and commercial fishing nal space under completely different implementation of activities related political and socio-economic condi- to national security and defence. tions mem ershi in the uro ean Union (EU) and the changed attitude National Programme for Develop- towards the content and the role of ment: Bulgaria 2020 is a leading spatial planning. National Spatial strategic document which s ecifies Development Concept provides de- the objectives of development poli- tailed guidelines for spatial develop- cies of the country by 2020. ment in the regions and municipali- National strategy for regional de- ties. velopment 2012–2022 defines the The Municipal Development Plan long-term goals and priorities in the 2014–2020 for Burgas Municipality regional development policy. This is the main strategic document that document is an integral and allows defines the ma or goals and riori- for coordination of sectoral policies ties for sustainable and integrated of the territory and contributes to socio-economic development of their synchronization. The document Burgas Municipality until 2020. The is a starting point for elaboration of strategic framework of this plan is regional development documents at based on the existing potential of regional, district and municipal levels. the municipality determined by the Regional Development Plan for situation analysis of the current state Southeastern Region 2014–2020. and development prospects, and the This lan reflects the s ecific long policies within the context of current term goals and priorities for the de- EU, national and regional strategies velopment of districts and municipa- for development. The Municipal De- lities included in the territorial scope velopment Plan integrates the objec- of the region. tives of various strategic documents developed in the municipality under National Spatial Development Con- core policies, creating a common cept for the period 2013–2025. It is and coherent framework for sustai- the first document of s atial lanning nable and integrated development.
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The Municipal Development Plan is regeneration and development of the in compliance with National Strate- urban environment. The objectives gy for Regional Development, as well and vision of development set up in as with Regional Strategy of South- the Master Plan of the Burgas Muni- eastern Region and Regional Deve- cipality and Integrated Plan for Urban lopment Strategy for Burgas District. Regeneration and Development of The plan is consistent with the Mas- Burgas are synchronised. ter Plan of Burgas Municipality. According to the analysis composed Master Plan of Burgas (2010–2030). by Spatial Planning Act in Bulgaria Its main goal is to provide sustainable the maritime planning with a muni- development of Burgas Municipality cipality plan is not possible according and the adjacent marine area, in ac- to the national legislation as the Spa- cordance with natural and socio-eco- tial Planning Act and other legislation nomic assets and to create most do not provide a basis for extending favourable living conditions for local the boundaries of a municipality to population and visitors. Development the territorial sea. Thus, municipali- zones on the territory of the Muni- ties have no territory at sea and the cipality set out in the Master Plan, competence of municipality gover- according to the Spatial Planning nors regarding the territorial sea is ct are fundamental in defining and undefined. implementing the measures of the Municipal Development Plan, which The Directive 2014/89/EU for es- concern the infrastructure and envi- tablishing a framework for maritime ronmental development (Figure 2). spatial planning does not interfere with Member States’ competence for Integrated Plan for Urban Regene- town and country planning, including ration and Development of Burgas: any terrestrial or land spatial plan- it is a tool for urban planning and ning system used to plan how land management aims to ensure the in- and coastal zone should be used. If tegrated impact on the urban envi- Member States apply terrestrial plan- ronment through the coordination of ning to coastal waters or parts there- the place, type and timing of various of, this Directive should not apply to activities and projects related to the those waters.
18 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Figure 2. Master Plan of Burgas 19 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
. CHARACTERISE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND LAND/SEA USES
2.1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (Figure 3). Coastline evolution in the AND CURRENT STATUS Burgas valley is closely related with geological and neotectonic features 2.1.1. Nature values and of Burgas syncline. In the northern landscapes part of the syncline two peninsulas stand out esse ar and omorie Burgas Bay is the largest bay along and in the south largely jutting out the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Its on the west Burgas Bay. They con- northern boundary is the mole of tribute to the high coastline indenta- Pomorie Port, the southern border tion (Popov and Mishev, 1974). is Cape Akin and on the west it is bordered with the Burgas valley (Fi- In the southern part of Burgas Bay, gure 3). the island of St Anastasia is located. Southward between Pomorie town The bay is 11 km wide. The Burgas and Cape Foros the erosion coast alley is occu ied y three la es la- is built by clays, sandy clays, aleuro- goons: Atanasovsko, Burgas (Vaya) lites and diatomaceous sandstones and Mandra. The rivers Aytoska, (Cheshitev et al., 1992; Peychev and Sander gully and Chukarska flow Stancheva, 2009). The coastline of into the Burgas Lake and rivers Ru- the ay has een hea ily modified sokastrenska, Sredetska, Fakiyska due to active human activities, as and Izvorska flow into the Mandra numerous ports for large ships and Lake. The mouths of these rivers are fishing needs ha e een uilt - o swampy. morie, Sarafovo, Burgas, Rosenets and Atia. The coast of the bay is highly in- dented, with numerous small bays The adjacent coast is relatively low, (Foros, Ribarski pristan, Atia and as in the northern and southern por- Vromos) and Capes (Krotiria, Lahna, tions the cliff types prevail, while its Foros, Chukalya, and Atia (St Nikola) western part is low and characteri-
20 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS ses with wide sand bars and beach- in result of eroded indigenous pyro- es. The beaches are mainly com- xene-andesite rocks (Popov and Mi- posed of middle-sized sand with shev, 1974; Peychev, 2004). In north-
10–25% content of CaCO3 (Dachev south direction the larger beaches in et al., 2005). Beaches in Burgas Bay the study area are arafo o area are also characterised with dark co- of 79,479 m2, length of 3,330 m and lour magnetite sands. The origin of mean width of 23,9 m; Atanasov- magnetite sand is associated with s a sandy s it urgas each area the input of enriched by heavy mi- of 219,869 m2, 5,207 m length and nerals alluvial material, located along m mean width raymorie area the river and abrasion terraces, as of 29,938 m2, 1,471 m length and the content of heavy mineral fraction 20,4 m mean width (Dachev et al., reaches up to 70–80%. This fraction 2005). is mainly represented by magnetite, epidote and titanium, and is formed The maximum depth in the small
Figure 3. Burgas study area 21 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Burgas Bay reaches up to 26 m in its areas creating a s ecific sha e of southern part. At underwater coas- Burgas, as the urbanised area is en- tal slope abrasion terraces (bench) tered etween asins lac ea are widely distributed in front of the and three la es tanaso s o ur- capes and jutting into the sea pe- gas and Mandra with accompanying ninsulas. In front of the beaches wetlands and coastal landscapes. the bottom is covered by middle These three lakes together with the and fine sands. The a erage -under neighbouring Pomoriysko Lake, form water coastal slope is 0.01 as it is the largest complex of coastal lakes lower in the north part of the bay in Bulgaria. The lakes sustain huge (Peychev, 2004). The northern part biodiversity and are located at one of Burgas Bay is featured by several of the main migration routes of Euro- rocky banks, built by Neogene sand- ean migratory irds ia ontica. stones and limestones as the largest ones are: Pomorie, Stavro, Spitfayer, The climate is continental-Mediterra- Lahna and Burgas. Within the bay of nean, with strong Black Sea influence, Burgas, there are also several reefs: due to the location of the land jutted Lahna, Soka, Burgas etc. Its coasts out into the deep Burgas Bay. The ave- fall within three coastal municipa- rage annual temperature is 12.7°C lities: Pomorie, Burgas and Sozopol (Table 1). Winter is mild, with average (Figure 3). temperatures between 1.8 and 4.7°C, while spring is cooler compared with The natural scenery of the study the inland regions (temperatures area provides the basic links of Bur- range between 6 and 16°C). Due to gas city with the natural suburban the nature of the coastline and daily
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual
Burgas 1.8 3.4 6.0 10.8 16.0 20.4 23.1 23.0 19.4 14.6 9.6 4.7 12.7
Table 1. Annual monthly temperature (°С) in Burgas (Climate Reference Book for Bulgaria, 1983)
Meteorological Month (mm) Annual Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII (mm) Burgas 45.0 42.0 35.0 44.0 48.0 56.0 40.0 29.0 36.0 47.0 60.0 58.0 543.0
Table 2. Monthly average precipitation in Burgas (Koleva and Peneva, 1990)
22 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS course of breeze circulation, the sum- sented during the summer ugust mer is longer and cooler compared (29 mm) (Table 2). with inland, with temperatures be- tween 20.4–23.1°C. Autumn is long Part of the winter precipitation falls and warm (19.4–9.6°C) in result of as snow. The first snow has an a e warming influence of the Black Sea. rage date in the end of December, From climatic point of view, impor- and the last one in the end of e - tant role has the location of the Bur- ruary. Typically, snowfalls are few gas valley south of the Stara Planina and perishable. The number of days Mountain, which serves as a barrier with snowfall is only 15, as most against cold winds coming from the snow rains in January. north direction. The wind climate formation in the area of Burgas Bay is a result both of The average annual precipitation atmospheric circulation in this part along the coastal zone in Bulga- of the Balkan Peninsula and climate ria is in the range of 411 mm at the influence of the Black Sea. This influ- north coast to 794 mm at the most ence depends on the relief and gene- southern weather station, as for Bur- rally reaches 30-40 km landward, e.g. gas it is 543 mm. The highest rate of the whole territory of Burgas Munici- precipitation in Burgas is measured pality. The main wind characteristics in autumn and winter, as a result of are the predominant wind direction Mediterranean cyclones that pass and the wind speed. Table 3 shows through the southern part of Bulga- the average monthly wind speeds for ria. The lowest precipitation is pre- Burgas.
Meteorological Month (m/s) Annual Station (m/s) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Burgas 3.0 3.5 4.4 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.4
Table 3. Average monthly winds (m/s) in Burgas (Climate Reference Book for Bulgaria, 1982)
Meteorological Number of days with strong winds (≥14m/s) Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual
Burgas 3.3 3.7 3.3 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.2 2.2 3.1 3.3 2.3 28.3 Table 4. Number of days with strong winds (≥14m/s) (Climate Reference Book for Bulgaria, 1982)
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The prevailing winds are from E di- Burgas, 1931-1970 N rection . followed y 30
. and . winds. uring NW NE 20 winter the frequency of west winds is
higher in comparison with summer, 10 when the frequency of eastern winds W 0 E prevails (Figure 4; Table 4).
In the warm half of the year, from March to October the wind direction SW SE along the coast is characterised with S constant pace. It is primarily driven Figure 4. by the difference in heating the sur- Wind rose for Burgas, calm days – 18.1% faces of sea and land (i.e. breeze), (Climate Reference Book for Bulgaria, 1982) as well as due to the orographic features (slope winds). Changing for omorie and h for urgas the breeze on shore and back takes (Climate Reference Book for Bulga- place respectively in the evening ria, 1978). and just before noon. The highest number of days with strong winds Other important climatic characteris- are recorded during the winter and tics, mainly for maritime navigation, autumn months (from October to are fogs. Fogs mean a reduction of March), as circa 3 days during the visibility above the horizontal level month are recorded with wind speed of the sea land to m and less m s. Totally for urgas a out as a result of condensation and/or days in the year are with strong wind sublimation of water droplets or ice s eed m s. The strongest winds crystals. The southwestern region of m s are recorded from and the Black Sea, including the Bulga- NE direction. rian Black Sea coast is distinguished with largest repetition of foggy days Solar radiation is one of the major cli- during the cold season from c- matic factors and it is very important tober to March. Then the sea forms for people. Along the Black Sea coast most of evaporation fog. The ave- solar radiation ary etween h rage number of days with fog in
24 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS these months is 3-5. In winter, at low ort and to east towards a e in air temperatures in the area of eva- (Moncheva, Todorova, et al., 2013). poration, icing conditions on ships Additionally, local currents may form and stationary technical equipment eddies and plums especially during occur. During the summer over the heavy precipitation periods or during Black Sea are formed radiation fogs. thermocline formation, but the water Usually they are in small areas and exchange with the outer part of the are short-term. The annual number bay remains the dominate renewal of days with fogs in Burgas is 38.3 process for the system (Marinov et (Table 5). al., 2014).
The hydrophysical characteristics The surface salinity in the bay reach- of Burgas Bay are a principal fac- es maximum in summer and min- tor determining hydrochemistry of imum in spring. In the bay it varies, the region, biochemical processes respectively, 15–16‰ (the mean and marine biota behaviour. The hy- is 15.5‰) during the winter-spring drophysical characteristics include period (December-May) and 16.4– currents, temperature and salinity 17.2‰ (the mean is 16.75‰) in the regimes. Currents in Burgas Bay are summer-autumn period (June-No- relatively variable and the circulation vember). is very sensitive to the wind direc- tion change. N, NE and E winds drive Therefore, due to essential seasonal the current system anticlockwise variation of salinity in the bay, two and and winds cloc wise distinct periods of lower and higher (Trukhchev et al., 2004), but the sur- salinity are distinguished. The an- face components are dominantly nual water temperature changes flowing along the coast to west in in small Burgas Bay have a clearly the northern part along Sarafovo, to expressed seasonal course with a south in the central part along Burgas minimum in February (about 5°C at
Meteorological Number of days with fog Annual Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Burgas 5.7 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.4 1.1 0.7 1 1.3 2.7 3.8 6.1 38.3
Table 5. Number of days with fog at station Burgas (Climate Reference Book for Bulgaria, 1979)
25 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
water surface) and a maximum in sea level show that they have a cy- August (about 24°C) (Marinov et al., clic character with seasonal varia- 2014). During winter and summer tions. The maximum is in May-June isothermal conditions are stable. The and the minimum is in October. The thermocline forms typically in April amplitude for Burgas is about 15 cm and until July the warm upper layer on average (Trifonova and Demireva, reaches the sea bottom. 2003). Inter-annual (inter-decadal) sea level variations have a period of Burgas sea level measurement sta- 30 years and are in order of 16 cm tion is one of the oldest along the (Trifonova and Grudeva, 2002). The Bulgarian coast. The sea level obser- daily values oscillate between 107 vations, performed at Burgas Port mm and 620 mm per year with re- using standard pole, started in 1910 spect to the local datum, while the (Popova, 1997; Pashova, 2004). In tidal range does not exceed 88 mm 1928 the station was equipped with in a usual year (Pashova and Popo- stilling-well tide gauge with mechan- va, 2011). Burgas is in line with glo- ical paper writing device. Since 2012 bal trend of sea level rise. Data from this station has been equipped with 1928 to 2003 show a trend of sea high accuracy microwave instrument level rise of 1.82 ± 0.40 mm/year and is able to produce real time data for Burgas (Pashova and Belyashki, (Palazov et al., 2014). Several factors 2006). cause sea level variations along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast: rivers in- Statistical analysis using long-term flow, Bosporus outflow and evapo- data (1928-1987) of the annual di-
ration, tides, seiches, surf beat and version hmax of the maximal annual
storm surges (Kostichkova et al., levels Hmax and minimal diversion
2001). The long-term trends in mean hmin of the minimal annual levels Hmin
Return period 1 2 5 10 25 50 100 (years)
hmax (cm) 23.11 41.96 53.23 60.69 70.12 77.12 84.06
hmin (cm) -22.45 -38.63 -48.30 -54.71 -62.80 -68.80 -74.76
Table 6. Repetition of the maximal diversions hmax for Burgas Bay (after Trifonova and Demireva, 2003)
26 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS towards the average long years le- during winter: on 16-22 February vel H for the Burgas Bay is presented 1979 and 7-10 January 1981. Heavy in Table 6 (Trifonova and Demireva, storms occurred also on October 2003). The results show the repeti- 1976, October 1977 and July 2006. tion of the maximal hmax and minimal The maximum sea level rise of hmin diversions for Burgas Bay. 159 cm for Burgas Bay was recorded The extreme sea level changes in during the storm on 16-22 February Burgas Bay are driven mainly by me- 1979, when the sea level measure- teorological phenomena, such as ment equipment was flooded. A seiches, which are typical for closed reconstruction using neighbouring basins like Black Sea. They cause instruments showed that the sea le- most extreme subsidence of the sea vel rise would be more than 250 cm level along the Bulgarian coast. On 25 (Kostichkova et al., 2001). January 1921 at port of Burgas the sea level subsided 112 cm below the As the bay of Burgas is the largest mean level (Grozdev, 2004; Grozdev, one along the Bulgarian coast it can 2006). After this the sea level rose be divided into open (offshore) and about 10 cm above the mean level. coastal (onshore) parts with diffe- rent wave parameters. There are two Storm surges along the Bulgarian coastal meteorological stations for Black Sea coast causes sea level rise wave observations along the bay of when the winds blow from northeast Burgas: Emine and Burgas, which to southeast and subside in case of are representative for the open and western winds. Coastline exposure onshore parts of the bay. The results and shelf topography of Burgas Bay of ten years of wave observation for presuppose that storm surges could different types of waves are presen- cause extreme sea level rise. Few of ted in Table 7 showing the percent- the strongest storms were observed age distribution (ILF et al, 2011).
Station No waves Wind waves Swell Mixed Emine 5.6 % 54.8 % 38.9 % 0.7 % Burgas 30.2 % 21.2 % 43.2 % 5.4 %
Table 7. Different types of waves (%) at stations Emine and Burgas (after ILF et al., 2011)
27 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
The annual alues of significant The alues of e treme significant
wave heights (H1/3) vary between wa es range etween . m for 0.2 m in the summer and 1.2 m year return eriod and . m for during the winter (Figure 5). year return period.
The annual average monthly values 2.1.2. Cultural heritage of the significant wind wa e height is characterised y well defined sea- There are many archaeological re- sonal variability. During the warm mains from Antiquity, Middle Ages half-year the mean monthly wind and Renaissance in the study area wave heights are mostly ranges from of Burgas. A series of archaeological 10 to 50 cm. The annual minimums treasures from different eras have occur mainly in June and July. In the been discovered during archaeologi- cold half of the year over 65% of the cal studies in recent years. Archaeo- average monthly wind wave heights logical sites are public property. are in the range of 50 to 110 cm, with annual maximums in February. • Sarafovo
Figure 6 shows the maximum wave The ancient port in Sarafovo is the height (m) that may occur once at ev- only discovered ancient facility of this ery certain number of years (5, 10, 50 type in Bulgaria. Only here along the or 100) at stations Emine and Burgas. Black Sea coast can be seen authen-
Emine
Burgas
Month
Figure 5. Average monthly values of significant wave height (m) observed at Emine and Burgas stations (after ILF et al., 2011)
28 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS tic equipment and machines, used The site obtains cultural heritage with to service the sailing vessels during national significance status. set of the Roman Age and Late Antiquity. preservation measures are in imple- Here are also remains of an antiquity mentation, including rescue archaeo- street and city fortress, dating back logical investigations restoration and to 4th–6th Century. According to the exposition of the structures, building latest research, there is also a Chris- of infrastructure, old quay resto- tian chapel from 6th–11th Century. ration, building facilities for surface Sarafovo is situated on the seaside, and underwater observation of va- around 1.5 km from the main road rious objects (http://greencorridors. from Burgas to Varna. There are also burgas.bg/en/index/index/1). remains of the antiquity port under- water, which makes it a unique ar- • Ancient and Medieval Fortress and chaeological site. The fortress and Port Poros / Foros the port offer great viewing condi- tions to Cape Foros and Burgas. For Cape Foros is located in Poda area diving there are underwater viewings (in Kraymorie, south from Burgas). and an underwater walk in diving gear The fortress was built in the middle to the sunken pier (http://gotobur- of the 2nd Century AD by the Roman gas.com/en/places-to-go/view/24). Emperor Antoninus Pius.
12
10
8
6
4
2 Wave height in meters Wave 0 1 5 Burgas Emine 10 50 Years 100
Figure 6. Average values of significant wave height (m) at certain number of years for stations of Emine and Burgas (after ILF et al., 2011)
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At the beginning a tower (in Latin with a significant ictory of the le Burg) was built at the swelling. It had gendary Bulgarian ruler over the By- locational functions to help boats zantine army (Encyclopaedia Points and small ships entering the lake, of interests, www.burgasmuseums. and protect them from sinking in the bg). A set of preservation measures swampy area of the swelling. Cape are in implementation, including re- Foros was known by more common construction, exploration, full resto- localisations in the European charts ration of the tower and fortification from the 13th–17th Century as an old system presentation (http://greencor- fortress and port under the name ridors.burgas.bg/en/index/index/1). Poro (strait) or Poros, which assumes the fortress defended the swelling • St Anastasia Island of Mandra Lake. A stone inscription from the 2nd Century AD (shown in St Anastasia Island is located 1.5 km the Archaeological Exposition of Re- offshore inside the Bay of Burgas, gional Burgas Museum) states that southeast of Burgas. It is formed by during the Roman Empire at the bor- solid rock of volcanic origin and has der of the Roman colony Deultum an area of 8.5 ha. The island has the were built burgi fortifications . status of natural reserve. Here in the 10th Century emerged a monastery Fortress Burgos /Poros/ is the prede- dedicated to Saint Martyr Anasta- cessor of modern Burgas. The area sia, patroness of pharmaceutics also is famous for a certain memo- and a saviour. The preserved parts rable battle from the time of the Se- of the monastery complex include cond Bulgarian State. At the begin- a church, great monastery building ning of the 14th Century the Bulgarian used as monks’ dormitory and a Tsar Theodore Svetoslav made his place for abbots. march to the Black Sea coast, where his power spread over Rusocastro, In the 17th–18th Century the mona- Mesembria, Anchialos, Sozopolis stery was repeatedly attacked by and Agathopolis. Thus, in 1304 at the pirates, who plundered and burned bridge over the swelling of Mandra it down. The church iconostasis is a e also called afida oros a unique with rich carved decoration, crucial battle was held which ended paintings and icons. In 1974 it was
30 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS proclaimed a national cultural heri- • Peak Shiloto tage. In 1925 the great monastery building, with the monks’ dormito- A Thracian ruler residency and Apol- ry and library, was converted into lo sanctuary is located at the Shilo- a prison for 43 political convicts. to hilltop between Burgas Lake and Their escape behind the border in Mandra Lake. Its strategic location is July 1925 gave a reason the island impressive and dominates over large to be renamed to Bolshevik in the region between two mountains and years of communist regime, between the sea. It has existed for almost 900 1950–1990. In 1975 a museum col- years from the 5th Century BC to the lection, displaying the history of the 4th Century AD. Two ports are con- island was set up in the preserved nected to the residency – at north premises. The island lighthouse was and south coast of Burgas Lake built in 1854 by a French shipping (http://greencorridors.burgas.bg/en/ company and is well preserved even index/index/1). In the 60s of the 20th today. Century the place became a military zone and hosted tank training ranges, In the waters around the island can which have badly fractured the ter- be seen rock formations, named rain around the Thracian sanctuary. The stoned pirate ship, Dragon and Future restoration activities are sug- Mushroom. They are related to in- gested by the Municipality of Burgas. teresting legends recorded in the monastic papers and many literary • Aquae Calidae works of famous artists from Bur- gas. The island pier and harbour Aquae Calidae – Thermopolis is an have been recently renovated. Each ancient Thracian city from I millen- year the sailings to the island start on nium BC built around hot mineral 1st of May and every day two springs. It is situated 15 km north- shi s carry tourists fi e times er west of Burgas. A sanctuary dedi- day. During autumn the trips de- cated to three nymphs existed at the crease and are one per day with same place. Emperor Trajan built an 18 m long catamaran Anasta- large Thermae and road station in the sia of the municipality, which has 2nd Century AD. Due to their popula- a capacity for over 70 tourists. rity and in order to protect them
31 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
from invaders, Emperor Justinian resources such as protected areas, built a fort in 6th Century AD. The wetlands, coastal lakes and marshes, city was burned by Emperor Henry II beaches and dunes, forests and fo- during a crusade in 1204 AD, but the rest parks received the status of pub- thermal complex survived partially lic property, thereby ensuring strict and was restored by sultan Suleiman control of the state as an institution agnificent in . The site was with respect to the management of restored with a programme started in those resources (Burgas Municipality 2012 (http://greencorridors.burgas. Master Plan). The expanded tourism bg/en/index/index/1). developments in the coastal zone of Bulgaria, has led to more intense ur- 2.1.3. Biodiversity, natural banisation of cities, resorts and sub- protected areas and urban areas, including area of Burgas wetlands (Stanchev et al, 2015).
As mentioned above, near Burgas Black Sea coast is one of the most at- there are many protected areas of tractive destinations in Bulgaria and different categories and status of in the region (Stanchev et al., 2015). protection, as most of them are Here are concentrated resources and included in the largest EU ecologi- activities of national, regional and cal network NATURA 2000 (http:// local importance. In 1991 in accor- ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ dance with the Constitution of the Re- natura2000/). One of the reasons public of Bulgaria, the sand beaches for high conservation value of Bur- were declared as state property. As a gas surrounding wetlands, inclu- result of increased economic activi- ding the adjacent Pomorie Lake, is ties over the recent years, leading to the fact that they are located at the dramatic changes in the natural and natural migration route of migratory cultural landscape, and consequent- birds along the Black Sea coast, Via ly to irreversible destruction of many Pontica, and provide space for birds ecosystems, there has been a need wintering, breeding, resting and fee- to take urgent measures for reco- ding. Some of these birds are endan- very and future development of sen- gered or valuable for the Europe bio- sitive areas. Thus, valuable natural diversity.
32 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
NATURA 2000 areas – Sites of Com- The first com rehensi e ha i- munity Importance (SCI) designated tat mapping of the Black Sea was according to the Habitats Directive completed in the framework of the (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) and EU Seamap2 Project. As a result, Special Protection Areas (SPA) de- habitat maps, following the EUNIS signated according to the Birds Di- (European Nature Information Sys- rective (Directive 2009/147/EC) lo- tem classification system are a ai cated in the study area are shown on lable for the majority of the coastal Figure 7. zones of the Bulgarian Black Sea, including the area of Burgas Bay. Nationally designated protected Results are freely available at the sites in the study area are shown EMODNet Seabed habitats portal: on Figure 8. Areas of NATURA 2000 www.emodnet.eu/seabed-habitats. protected areas (marine part only) are indicated on Figure 9.
Figure 7. NATURA 2000 protected areas (terrestrial part) in Burgas study area (data after Ministry of Environment and Water) 33 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
c. Emine
Managed Reserve Atanasovsko Lake Protected Site Vaya
Poda
Koriata
Uzungeren
Burgaski solnitsi 015 020 Chengene skele Km c. Maslen nos River Izvorska firth
Figure 8. Nationally designated protected sites in Burgas study area (data after EEA, 2015)
Figure 9. NATURA 2000 protected areas (marine part) (data after Ministry of Environment and Water)
34 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Atanasovsko Lake for salt mining. The total area of the lake is 16.9 km2, having a length of Atanasovsko Lake is a hypersaline m width . m and de th u to la e which resem les a firth to the m www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/ north and a lagoon to the south (Po- projects/RNK/Primer%20Burgas- pov and Mishev, 1974; Rozdestvensky, ki%20zaliv.pdf; Vasilev et al., 2013). 1986). A considerable part of its sur- face is used for salt production with The lake is distinguished by its great preserved primitive salt production biodiversity, mainly bird diversity, and methods (Black Sea Wet Initiative). in 1999 it was categorised as main- Atanasovkso Lake is located in the tained reserve. In 1984 the lake was range of Burgas city between quar- declared as a wetland of international ters Izgrev and Sarafovo and west of importance under the Ramsar Con- them (Figure 3). The lake is a part of vention and in 2003 the territory of Burgas lakes complex and it borders the Ramsar site was greatly expand- Black Sea to the east by 2 km long ed. In 1989 the lake was declared by Atanasovska sand spit. The salt pans BirdLife International as Important are separated from the sea through a ird rea . n the dyke and hydrotechnical equipment lake was designated as Corine Land with a sluice. The total capacity of Cover site because of its pan-Euro- the facilities is 3.2 million cubic me- pean importance to the conservation ters and the average water level is of endangered and rare species of cm. maller fresh water marshes birds. It is also included in NATURA and swamps exist around the lake, as 2000 Network under both directives: does a system of canals overgrown Habitats Directive and Birds Directive with marsh vegetation. To the south, as protected area BG0000270 Ata- the lake borders on the urban part of nasovsko Lake (Ministry of Environ- the town of Burgas and extends ap- ment and Waters) (Figures 7 and 8). ro imately m away to the north from the town. The salinity varies be- ore than fish s ecies had een tween 50 and 80%. The northern part present in all Burgas lakes by the of the lake is connected by canal with end of the last century (www.saltof- the sea, and the salinity is low, while life.biodiversity.bg/en/Atanasovsko_ the southern part is particularly used Lake-c137). So far, 18 species (Pseu-
35 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
dorasbora parva, Cobitis strumicae, ov, 1995; Naydenov, 1997; Diadovski Atherina pontica, Gasterosteus acu- et al., 1996; Michev, 1997). Many of leatus, Pungitius platygaster, Knipow- the fish s ecies esta lished in the itschia caucasica, Pomatoschistus lagoon are rare, temporary visitors marmoratus, Sygnathus abaster, Syn- and chance visitors coming from the gnathus typhle, Gambusia holbrooki, sea. The three-spined stickleback Parablennius sanguinolentus, Lep- (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the omis gibosus, Mugil cephal, Liza au- atherine (Atherina pontica) enter the rata, Liza saliens, Platichthys flesus, lake from the sea (www.saltoflife.bio- Parablennius sanquinolenthus, Cypri- diversity.bg/en). nus carpio) have been described, but it is li ely that two of these s ecies The atherina (Atherina pontica) is a Black Sea Blenny (P. sanquinolenthus) elagic sea fish ca a le of sustain- and carp (C. carpio), are no longer ing large salinity fluctuations and present (www.saltoflife.biodiversity. regularly enters the rivers and lakes bg/en). Being separated into large around the sea (Karapetkova and number of evaporating and crystal- Zhivkov, 2012). The Caucasian goby lising basins with various salinity, the and the nine-spined stickleback (Pun- water surface of the lake together gitius pungitius), are typical semi-sa- with the canals is a complex system line water residents. The topmouth of water bodies which makes impos- gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) a sible the formation of a stable fau- typical fresh-water species, occurs nistic ichthyologic complex (https:// only in the fresh-water marshes rsis.ramsar.org a files re around the lake. Some species such BG292RIS.pdf). The Atanasovsko as the Caucasian goby, the topmouth Lake ichthyofauna is highly vulnera- gudgeon the eastern mos uito fish ble and dependent on the condition and the three-spined stickleback oc- of this water body. Water pollution, cur in relatively high numbers and change in salinity and the hydrologi- are some of the main food items of cal regime, the introduction of com- the large di ersity of fish eating irds peting species and the destruction of present in the lake. The Caucasian breeding sites are some of the main goby (Knipowitschia caucasica) is threats for the arious fish s ecies one of the most numerous fish s e- (Botev, 1997; Diadovski and Nayden- cies in the lagoon and occurs in all
36 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS pools, except in the crystallizer pans is found in the northern canal along (www.saltoflife.biodiversity.bg/en). It the sea (https://rsis.ramsar.org/RIS- is the most typical and constant in- a files re . df). At habitant of the lake and endangered the northeastern part of the reserve with extinction, listed in the Bulgaria there is a quarry full with freshwa- Red Data Book (www.saltoflife.biodi- ter where the golden fish Carassius versity.bg/en; www.e-ecodb.bas.bg/ gibeliois abundant, and the carp Cy- rdb/en/). The three-spined stickle- prinus carpio develops also in much back is the species which is second smaller quantity. highest in numbers. Its population comprises mainly individuals en- The list of bird species observed in tering from the sea and breeding in the Atanasovsko Lake grows conti- the lake. The nine-spined stickleback nuously (www.saltoflife.biodiversity. is present in the lake in small num- bg/en; Stoyneva and Michev, 1996). bers and endangered with extinction, So far more than 318 species have listed in the Bulgaria Red Data Book been observed here while migrating, (www.e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/en/). The wintering or nesting. They comprise Syngnathus abаster (Syngnathidae) more than 70% of the birds occurring has been observed in the Atanasovs- in Bulgaria, which makes the Ata- ko Lake only during the most recent naso s o a e lagoon first among years (Michev et al., 2003). It enters the sites for watching, studying and the sea during the summer and it is conservation of birds (Darakchiev, possible that some individuals breed 1977; Nankinov, 1977; Michev et al., in the lake. This rare species is lis- 1981; Michev and Simeonov, 1985; ted in the Bern Convention and in the Michev et al., 1999; Nankinov and IUCN (International Union for Con- Kostadinova and Gramatikov, 2007). servation of Nature) Red List (www.e- Of these, 14 are globally endangered ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/en/). Abundant species: Dalmatian pelican, Pygmy development is observed also of the cormorant, red-breasted goose, less- mos uito fish Gambusia holbrooki, er white fronted goose, slender-billed introduced in the country in 1924 curlew, corncrake, ferruginous duck, (Yankova et al., 2011; Yankova et al., and 170 species are of European 2013). This species is freshwater, conservation concern (www.e-ecodb. but tolerate salinity up to 7–8‰, and bas.bg/rdb/en).
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The plover are among the most 2007). The lake is one of the most typical inhabitants of the lagoon. suitable overnighting locations for Black-winged stilts, avocets, Kentish pelicans and storks between the Da- plovers, oyster catchers and seve- nube delta and the Bosporus (www. ral tern species are the main nes- saltoflife.biodiversity.bg/en). Since it ting s ecies. The lac ea la es are does not freeze during the winter, the Bulgaria’s avocet and Kentish plover Atanasovsko Lake is a site of interna- main breeding sites. They offer abun- tional significance for nesting water dant food and very convenient nes- birds. Each year it provides shelter ting sites to these birds. Atanasovsko to flocks of common Shelduck, Wid- Lake is home to their largest nesting geons, Pintails, Mallards and Dalma- populations (www.saltoflife.biodiver- tian pelicans. Gray and Red-breasted sity.bg/en). Another regular visitor to Geese are regular occurrence among the lagoon is the slender-billed gull the numerous flocks of wintering birds (Kostadinova and Gramatikov, White-fronted Geese (http://natura 2007). So far it has been nesting in 2000.moew.government.bg). the Atanasovsko Lake, alongside the Mediterranean gull and the Gull-billed Both mezophite and hygrophyte mi- tern, unfortunately not every year crotherme vegetation are presented (Michev et al., 1999; Kostadinova and by: torphaceous and marshy vege- Gramatikov, 2007). The Atanasovsko tation with predomination of reed Lake is the most famous among orni- (Phragmiteta australis), rush (Typhae- thologists for its autumn bird migra- ta latifoliae, Typhaeta angustifoliae), tions (www.saltoflife.biodiversity.bg/ cene (Schoenoplecteta lacustris) and en). The lagoon lies along Europe’s others (Ramsar Convention 2002a). second largest bird migration route The type of vegetation is distributed Via Pontica (www.birdsinbulgaria. nearby the canal, surrounding the org). This is the place with the highest reserve, its banks, and parts of the concentration of migrating white and bounding pools and lower sections Dalmatian pelicans, Marsh harriers, of the area from the outside. Co- and Red-footed falcons, and is se- enoses of Phragmites australis are cond in the number of Lesser spotted mostly monodominate and in some eagles flying over during migration parts they overgrow the wall dikes. In birds (Kostadinova and Gramatikov, the process of formation takes a par-
38 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS tial assist Typha latifolia and in less and Chrysopogongrillus. Although percentage on drier places – Typha relatively rarely, representatives of angustifolia. Salix alba and Salix elea- the typical psamophite vegetation gnus singly or in small groups among could be found in the coenoses of the reed could be found. Leymeta racemosi, Amophylleta are- nariae, Centaureeta arenariae and Halophyte grass coenoses like Limo- others (Ramsar Convention, 2002a). nieta gmelinii, Salsoleta sodae or with predomination of Salicornia europea, The vegetation on the reserve is rep- Sueda maritima, etc. appeared also. resented by hydrophyte, hygrophyte Coenoses made by those species in mezophite, and mezoxerophyte as- the reserve are located on the most- sociations, some of them secon- ly salted soils – during seasonal in- dary in origin on places of previously cidentally, or in cases of aquatories existed mixed broadleaf forests and with increased concentration of salts shrubs, mixed with halophyllic, xe- in the water in the foothill of the dikes romesphyte grass coenoses. Chan- of lower relief. Salicornia europaea ges in the originally existed coenoses takes the main part in the coenoses. are reported due to the considerable In some parts it forms pure stands anthropogenic impact during the last and especially at the recently created 50–60 years. Salt manufacturing dikes it is a pioneer species. also leads to ecological changes. For example, the changes of the vege- Other halophites mixed with grass tation cover are closely connected species could be found on the dikes, with: changes of the hydrological and such as – Sueda maritima, Salsola salt-balancing regimes, appearance kali, Limonium gmelinii, Parapholis in- of ruderal species, dike-construction curva, Aueluropus litoralis and others works, agricultural activities that (Ramsar Convention, 2002a). Mezox- take place in the buffer-zone of the erotermal grass coenoses with pre- reserve, and with the background domination of Agropyreta intermedie, pollution from the industrial areas of Festuceta pseudovinae, Poaeta bu- Burgas and the international airport, bosae, Lolieta perennae with partici- as well. The halophyte coenoses, like pation of Cynodon dactylon, in some this of Salicornia europaea and Sue- places with Dichantium ischaemum da maritima could be recognised also
39 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
as pioneer ones (Ramsar Conven- salt part of the reserve. In the com- tion, 2002a). pendious list of species found at the wetlands along the Bulgarian Black The shrub vegetation in the reserve Sea Coast and in the Black Sea by and its buffer zone is scarcely distri- Petkoff (1932) 180 taxa were in- buted. The wild autochtonos species cluded without pointing their exact (Amygdalus nana, Astragalus cicer, localities. In the Bulgarian algal flora, Genista tinctoria, Ononis arvensis, (Vodenicharov et al., 1971) 88 spe- Ononis spinosa, etc.) are singly repre- cies are mentioned as typical of the sented in the traditional herbaceous wetlands (fresh water and brackish coenoses. Some slightly specialised ones) along the Black Sea coast, species (Clematis vitalba, Prunus without exact pointing of their loca- spinosa, Rosa cannina, Rosa pontica, lities and 6 species are pointed espe- Rubus sanguineus, Tamarix tetrandra, cially for the salt basins and canals etc.) penetrated and developed at the of Burgas salinas. There the species ruderalised terrains. Syringa vulgaris, Oscillatoria bulgarica from canals of Tamarix tetrandra and Hedera helix the Burgas salinas are also included are represented in small groups on (Ramsar Convention, 2002a). the lime substrata in the north-east- ern part of the lake, at close vicinity The vascular plants of Atanasovsko to the sea coast and in the south- Lake have been investigated by Velev eastern part of the buffer zone. Spe- (1997). According to him 233 spe- cies like Ficus carica, Prunus sativa, cies of higher plants are registered in Hedera helix could be found some- Atanasovsko Lake. Nine of them are where in the reserve territory and in protected by Environment Protec- the previous friut-orchards situated tion Act (promulgated State Gazette in the recent buffer zone (Ramsar No. 91/2002), twenty species are in- Convention, 2002a). cluded in Bulgarian Red Data Book (1 vanished, 3 threatened and 16 rare Totally 30 algae species were re- species). One species – Corisper- ported and 14 of them were used in mum nitidumis included in the List the description given by Ivanov et al. of Rare, Threatened and Endemic (1964), without delimitation between Plants of Europe and two – Nonea the freshwater and the brackish and atra and Silene thymifolia are Balkan
40 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS endemic species (Ramsar Conven- eas and extensive reedbeds (Ramsar tion, 2002a). Convention, 2002b).
Burgas Lake (Vaya Lake) At once, Burgas Lake was the most productive lake in Bulgaria where Burgas Lake or Vaya Lake is situated hundreds of tons of fish and cra s west of the city of Burgas, between were derived. With the construc- the lakes of Atanasovsko and Man- tion of u oil il efinery howe er dra (Figure 3). Vaya is the largest it has lost its economic importance Bulgarian Black Sea coastal lake, an and over the years repeatedly fresh o en firth liman of leistocene ori waters have been transferred from gin (Popov and Mishev, 1974; Rozh- Mandra Lake. In recent years with the destvenskiy, 1986). It is located to the reduction of industrial activity along west of Burgas, and in contact, along the shores of lake, the pollution has its entire eastern part, with the indus- decreased and there is a gradual in- trial and residential sections of the crease in fish fauna. n it was town. The lake is 9.6 km long toward last cleaned the canal that connects the west, and it is up to 4.5 km wide the lake to the sea. This in turn allows (averaging at 2.8 km). The lake itself entry of large amounts of sea mullet is at the sea level, and is approximate- and other fish s ecies se arately ly 0.2 m higher in its western part, several times the lake is restocked but its northern and southern shores with car and other freshwater fishes are higher, reaching 15–20 m above (www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/proj- the sea level (Vasilev et al., 2013). It ects/RNK/Primer%20Burgaski%20 is separated from the sea through zaliv.pdf). a sand spit Komluka, and it is con- nected to the sea through an open The lake is a water-receiver of trea- canal in the area of port Burgas-West ted waste water sewage of Burgas (www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/proj- and some existing manufactures, ects/RNK/Primer%20Burgaski%20 ut also of significant olumes of zaliv.pdf/). The lake, which is highly untreated waste water/sewage from significant for iodi ersity es ecially lakeside villages, particularly along avian), is a shallow freshwater-brack- the west and north coast. Part of the ish liman with associated marshy ar- territory of the Vaya Lake is under
41 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
protection according to the national as species threatened in Europe. The nature protection law. Protected site area provides suitable habitats for Vaya encompasses the reed massive 89 birds included in Annex 2 of the located in the south-west part of the Biodiversity Act, which need special lake. It is designated for protection of conservation measures, of which 80 threatened bird species. In 1989 the are also listed in Annex I of the Birds lake was designated by BirdLife Inter- Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC). As national as m ortant ird rea the lake is located on the Via Ponti- and in 1998 as Corine Land Cover ca migration flyway, it is one of the site because of pan-European impor- most important station points in the tance for the preservation of rare and birds’ migration along the Bulgarian endangered bird species. The lake is Black Sea coast species (Kostadino- also important Ramsar site having va and Gramatikov, 2007). Especially an area of 29,000 hectares. It falls in numerous are the Pelecaniformes, NATURA 2000 under the Birds Direc- Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and tive and Habitats Directive with code Ardeidae bird species. On migration BG0000273 Burgas Lake (Figures 7 the lake is an important roost for the and 8). Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus cris- pus, the White Pelican P. onocrotalus urgas a e hosts fish s ecies such and the Pygmy Cormorant Phalacro- as the European Eel (Anguilla anguil- corax pygmeus birds (Kostadinova la), Neogobius fluviatilis, Prussian and Gramatikov, 2007). The globally Carp (Carassius gibelio) and Com- threatened Corncrake Crex crex has mon Carp (Cyprinus carpio) (www. also been observed in the region as blackseawet.org). The region of the a migrating species. Burgas Lake is lake supports 245 bird species, 71 of international importance for the of which are listed in the Red Data wintering of up to 66,000 waterfowl Book for Bulgaria (1985). Of the and wetland birds, including the Pyg- birds occurring there, 105 species my Cormorant, Cormorant Phalacro- are of European conservation con- corax carbo, Whooper Swan Cygnus cern (SPEC) (BirdLife International, cygnus, White-fronted Goose Anser 2004), 9 of them being listed in ca- albifrons, Aythya ferina, and Tufted tegory SPEC 1 as globally threa- Duck Aythya fuligula (http://natu- tened, 26 in SPEC 2 and 69 in SPEC 3 ra2000.moew.government.bg). The
42 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS lake is the only site in Bulgaria which rections at some of the flowing rivers holds up to 7% of the Black Sea pop- were performed and dikes were built ulation of the White-headed Duck in its western part to prevent spring Oxyura leucocephala during the win- flooding. The second major change ter birds (Kostadinova and Grama- came in 1963 with the construction tikov, 2007). The globally threatened of a dam in the eastern part of the Dalmatian Pelican and Red-breast- lake (www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/ ed Goose Branta ruficollis have also projects/RNK/Primer%20Burgas- been recorded there in winter. Burgas ki%20zaliv.pdf). Thus, the overgrown Lake is one of the most important with marsh vegetation shoals were breeding sites in the country for the destroyed and the connection to the Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus). sea was interrupted and the lake be- came entirely freshwater. Associations of Reed (Phragmites australis), Narrow Leaf Cattail (Typha Mandra Lake is the southernmost angustifolia) and Common Cattail of the three Burgas lakes (Figure 3), (Typha latifolia occu y a significant having an area of about 1,300 hecta- area on the western and north-west- res. ts length is m and ma imum ern shores. Along the lake, swampy width . m. t is situated in a well meadows and halophytic plant com- shaped valley of the Sredetska River munities are present and arable lands. oriented perpendicular to the coast- es ite the insignificant de th of the line, as the mouth and the dam are lake, there is no submerged vegeta- near the southern end of Burgas city tion apart from patches of Fennel (quarter Meden Rudnik). The neigh- Pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) bourhood has a separate waste wa- in the north, west and east of the lake. ter treatment plant, which discharges The lake is important site to the Otter into the lake. Here are located the oxi- (Lutra lutra) (Black Sea Wet Initiative, dation lagoons of the Lukoil Neftohim www.blackseawet.org). efinery which ose a serious ris of water contamination with heavy pe- Complex Mandra-Poda troleum fractions with high toxicity.
Mandra Lake was preserved in its na- With the construction of the em- tural condition until 1934 when cor- bankment dam in the eastern part
43 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
of the lake in 1963, the largest nat- site and in 2002 as Ramsar site of in- ural brackish lake in Bulgaria turned ternational im ortance. t is the first into an artificial reser oir. The main protected territory in Bulgaria, man- purpose was both to ensure reliable aged by non-governmental organisa- fresh water source for the needs of tion. BSPB prepares and implements irrigation and industry in the region activities adopted by the Council of and to ensure the passage of marine Ministers management plan thus barges with iron ore for the underde- making the protected area Poda in a veloped at the west end of the lake model for sustainable nature conser- metallurgical base (currently Promet vation, environmental education and Steel JSC). The dam Mandra collects ecological tourism. A Conservation water from few rivers: Rusokastrens- Centre to protected area was built ka, Sredetska, Fakiyska and Izvorska for management of wetlands, for or- and has a total volume of 145.8 ganising ornithological tourism and million m3 and an area of 32.6 km2 non-traditional forms of recreation, (www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/proj- environmental education and scien- ects/RNK/Primer%20Burgaski%20 tific research and as a centre for or- zaliv.pdf). ganising environmental activities.
Near the sea and the inlet canal is Mandra Lake is one of the richest in marsh locality Poda, which together fish onds throughout the country. with Mandra Lake form the natural There are over 20 species of fresh- complex BG0000271 Mandra–Poda water fish. ome of them are an- of NATURA 2000 under the two EU der (Stizostedion lucioperca), rudd irecti es the irds irecti e and (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), bar- the Habitats Directive. Poda is an bel (Chalcalburnus chalcoides mand- area south of Burgas, declared as rensis), European bitterling (Rhodeus protected in 1989 by order of the sericeus amarus), roach (Rutilus ruti- Ministry of Environment and Water lus) and others (http://burgaslakes. and granted to the management of org/poda/en/index.html . rom fish- the Bulgarian Society for the Protec- es (as listed in the Council Directive tion of Birds (BSPB) (Figures 7, 8 and 93/43/EEA) Alosa immaculata is 9). The protected area Poda was de- resent. s well as fishes listed at clared in 1994 as Corine Land Cover Complex Mandra-Poda are Black
44 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Sea Silverside (Atherina pontica), Eu- (Phalacrocorax carbo), various kinds ropean eel (Anguilla anguilla), Three- of diving ducks (Aythya), other spe- spined stickleback (Gasterosteus cies of waterfowl (Anatidae) and the aculeatus), Caucasian goby (Knipow- Western Marsh-harrier (Circus aerugi- itschia caucasica), Golden grey mul- nosus). During the winter months, the let (Liza aurata), Thinlip mullet (Liza area is visited by a variety of migra- ramada) and Leaping mullet (Liza tory species: the Pygmy Cormorant saliens). Caucasian Goby (Knipow- (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), the Dalma- itschia caucasica) and Three-spined tian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), the Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Tundra Swan (Cygnus bewickii), and are species included in the Bulgarian others (Kostadinova and Gramatikov, Red Data Book (Ramsar Convention, 2007). The Via Pontica passes direct- 2002c). Only the European River Ot- ly over the Poda site, and every year ter (Lutra lutra) is included in the Bul- brings populations of White Storks garian Red Book (Begun et al., 2012). (Ciconia ciconia), Great White Peli- cans (Pelecanus onocrotalus), and Protected area Poda has preserved thousands of other irds redators a huge amount of biodiversity swimmers, and waders (Dimitrov et within the administrative bound- al., 1997). The site is home to 8 glo- aries of Burgas city. The place is bally threatened species: Dalmatian one of the richest in the country Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Pyg- in terms of bird species variety my Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pyg- (http://natura2000.moew.govern- meus), Red-breasted Goose (Branta ment.bg) and providing a habitat for ruficollis), White-headed Duck (Oxy- 265 bird species (Kostadinova and ura Leucocephala), Ferruginous Duck Gramatikov, 2007). These include (Aythya nyroca), Greater Spotted Ea- the only mixed colony of European gle (Aquila clanga), Imperial Eagle Spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) on (Aquila heliaca), and Crex crex (Dim- the Black Sea coast; the Glossy Ibis itrov et al., 1997). Poda holds one (Plegadis falcinellus) and Lesser Her- of the largest mixed colonies in the ons (Ardea). There are 46 species of country and the biggest on the Black nesting birds, the most attractive of Sea Coast of Spoonbill (Platalea leu- which are the Common Tern (Ster- corodia), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falci- na hirundo), the greater cormorant nellus), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea),
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Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Night covers 160 hectares and covers part Heron (Nycticorax Nycticorax), and of the Bay Chengene Skele (or Gypsy Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea). bay) and part of the territory of Bur- gas quarter Kraymorie and Marinka The largest area is occupied by the village. The area has been included reed (Phragmites australis) forma- in the list of protected areas since tion. The height, density, spreading 1995. It was declared as protected rate and structure of the reed for- area to protect the natural habitats of mations are very important for the rare and protected bird species listed formation of the ornithofauna com- in the Red Book of Bulgaria (1985) position of the area (especially the and the list of endangered species in nesting one) (https://rsis.ramsar.org/ Europe. It has been included as pro- RISapp/files/RISrep/BG1228RIS. tected area in NATURA 2000 under pdf). Meadows of seagrasses Pota- both Directives (Birds and Habitats) mogethon pectinatus are spread in with code BG0000242 (Figure 7, 8 this habitat type which overlaps with and 9). The protected area is a small ha itat ty e sand an s. de- bay at the mouth of the Marinka Ri- al habitats for the Glasswort (Salicor- ver located south of the village Kray- nia europaea) are muddy and salty morie, near the road Burgas–Sozo- water basins in protected area Poda. pol. The estuarial part of the river There are also mixed communities is with wide and dense reedbeds, of Reed (Phragmitesaustralis), (Ar- mostly reed (Phragmites australis), temisia santonicum) and Sea Rush Fernleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) (Juncusmaritimus), as well as asso- bulrush (Shoenoplectus lacustris). In ciations of Elymus sabulosus, Plan- front of the river mouth the bottom tagoscabra, Gypsophila trichotoma, of the bay is covered with muddy Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum) and sediments, forming vast shoals deep Blue Lettuce (Lactuca tatarica) (www. 5–10 cm (this is the only one in Bul- blackseawet.org). garia seaside mud field . The coast is presented by sand strip with rocky Chengene Skele sections at some places. Chengene Skele is a national pro- hengene ele hosts fish s ecies tected site, located east of Burgas. It such as: Sphinx blenny (Aidablennius
46 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS sphynx), Black Sea Silverside (Atheri- special conservation measures, of na pontica), Montagu’s blenny (Cory- which 58 are listed also in Annex phoblennius galerita), Three-spined I of the Birds Directive (http://na- stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), tura2000.moew.government.bg). Sea horse (Hippocampus hippocam- Chengene Skele is of international pus), Thinlip mullet (Liza ramada), importance for the breeding Pygmy Knout goby Mesogobius batracho- Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus cephalus), Round goby (Neogobius and Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus. melanostomus), Ratan goby (Neogo- The exceptionally rare and globally bius ratan), Turbot (Psetta maxima), threatened Slender-billed Curlew Nu- Southern ninespined stickleback menius tenuirostris has been recor- (Pungitius platygaster) Peacock blen- ded at this spot several times. The ny (Salaria pavo), Ocellated wrasse site is of great importance for mi- (Symphodus ocellatus) Broad-snout- grating birds, especially for plovers ed i efish (Syngnathus typhle) (Be- Charadriiformes (www.birdsinbul- gun et al., 2012; http://natura2000. garia.org/ovm.php?l=bg). Important moew.government.bg; www.birdsin for protection in this habitat are sand bulgaria.org/ovm.php?l=bg). banks (1110) with Zostera noltii and Potamogeton pectinatus meadows, The Bay of Chengene Skele supports which in erte rate s ecies and fish- 180 bird species, 52 of which are list- es inhabit (Begun et al., 2012). ed in the Red Data Book for Bulgaria (1985). Of the birds occurring there Otmanli 80 species are of European conser- vation concern (SPEC) (BirdLife In- Otmanli is NATURA 2000 protected ternational, 2004), 6 of them being area (BG0001502) under the Habitats listed in category SPEC 1 as globally Directive (Council Directive 92/43/ threatened, 21 in SPEC 2 and 53 in EEC) (Figures 7 and 9). It is located in SPEC 3 as species threatened in Eu- the southern part of the Burgas Bay, rope (Dimitrov et al., 1997). etween fishing illage hengene Skele and Oil Terminal Rosenets. The The area provides suitable habitats site is about 600 m length and 150– for 65 species, included in Annex 2 200 m wide and the maximum water of the Biodiversity Act, which need depth is 7 m. The adjusting coastline
47 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
is low, erosion type. The habitat is lo- cover approximately 30% of the un- cated near the site BG0000242 Zaliv derwater seagrass meadows in the Chengene Skele. southern Black Sea coastal zone of Bulgaria. Their existence is threat- List of birds referred to Article 4 of ened by the proximity of heavily an- Birds Directive 2009/147/EC and thropogenic affected area. The area Annex II of Council Directive 92/43/ is characterised by eutrophic condi- EEC are Larus argentatus, Larus tions of the aquatic environment, due canus, Larus melanocephalus Larus to the proximity of the city of Burgas minutus, Phalacrocorax carbo and (http://natura2000.moew.govern- Phalacrocorax pygmeus (http://natu- ment.bg). Zostera marina is includ- ra2000.moew.government.bg). Spe- ed in the Red Data Book of Republic cies listed in Annex I of the Council of Bulgaria as endangered species Directive 92/43/EEC – the mammals (EN) of the IUCN categories, also in Phocoena pocoena and Tursiops the list of the Berne Convention. The truncatus are registered as well. presence of Upogebia pusilla is not- ed endangered s ecies listed in the m ortant s ecies of fishes resent Black Sea Red Data Book (http://na- (listed in the Council Directive 92/43/ tura2000.moew.government.bg). EEC) are Alosa immaculata and Alo- sa caspia. The area provides suitable Bakarlaka habitats for grass goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus. The habitat is char- Bakarlaka is located near Burgas and acterised by mixed communities of includes the most jutted into the land seagrasses of the genera Zostera part of the Burgas Bay. It bears the (Zostera noltii, Zostera marina) and name of the ridge Bakarlaka south- Zannichellia (Zannichellia palustris) west of the town of Sozopol. The on sand-shell substrate. The cover- larger part of its territory involves age is spread in the depth range from littoral area that covers the southern 1 to 5.5–6 m and at places their dis- part of the Burgas Bay, Sozopol inlet tribution is patchy. In summer water and Kavatsite inlet, including several transparency are 2–3 m, maximum islands, as well as a part of the Bul- u to m and the salinity a out garian territorial waters several kilo- 15–17‰. The underwater meadows metres from the coast between Po-
48 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS morie town and Arkutino lagoon. measures, which are also listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive. Its area stretches from the Rosenska River valley on the west to the sea- Bakarlaka is a bottleneck migration coast eastwards, including the whole site of global importance, where coastline from Chengene Skele Bay the flocks of migrating storks and to Arkutino lagoon. There are several pelicans meet the land after having habitats in the area, the largest share crossed the Burgas Bay directly from being occupied by broadleaved for- Cape Emine and the easternmost ests of Quercus frainetto with Medi- parts of the Balkan Mountain. The terranean elements, open grasslands storks fly low above the sea and use with xeromesothermal vegetation the thermals over the land to gather with domination of Dichantium isch- height. In spring the stork flocks use aemum, Poabulbosa, Lolium pe- the astures and fields east of a ar- renne, etc., as well as farmland. laka Ridge as a night roost. Consid- erable numbers of birds of prey also Bakarlaka is NATURA 2000 protec- concentrate in the region on migra- ted area under the Birds Directive tion, by keeping more inland and fly- (Directive 2009/147/EC) with a code ing above the ridge, where they roost. BG0002077 (Figure 7 and 9). Bakar- Bakarlaka is one of the most import- laka hosts 172 bird species, 43 of ant sites in the country for the breed- which are listed in the Red Data Book ing Middle-spotted Woodpecker Den- for Bulgaria. Of the birds occurring drocopos medius, Olive-tree Warbler there 73 species are of European con- Hippolais olivetorum, Spotted Crake servation concern (SPEC) (BirdLife Porzana porzana and Mediterranean International, 2004), 3 of them being Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan. listed in category SPEC 1 as glob- ally threatened, 24 in SPEC 2 and 2.1.4. Loads/pollutions 46 in SPEC 3 as species threatened in Europe (http://natura2000.moew. Data sources government.bg). The area provides suitable habitats for 53 species, in- The study area has not been moni- cluded in Annex 2 of the Biodiversity tored for pollution in a regular pat- Act, which need special conservation tern. Several attempts to analyse
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hydrological s ecifics ha e een 2. Ministry of Health Bathing Water made. During the last years, accor- Directive 2006/7/EC (BWD) Reports ding to two EU Directives (EU Wa- for bathing water quality 2009–2015. ter Framework Directive 2000/60/ According to EU Directive 76/160/ EC and EU Bathing Water Directive EEC and successively to the new 2006/7/EC) consistent pollution sur- Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/ veys have been implemented. Con- EC) bathing waters are assessed and secutively, long term trends are not results are reported to the European ossi le to e defined ut the cur- Environment Agency (EEA). A com- rent environmental state of the area bination of 14 microbiological, hy- is available. The following sources drological and physicochemical pa- are used for the assessment: rameters is used in the assessment. In Burgas Bay samples are collected 1. Water Framework Directive at stations along the northern 2000/60/EC (WFD) monitoring im- coast (Pomorie and Sarafovo beach- plementation by Black Sea Basin es along the western coast ur- Directorate, Varna. According to EU gas each and along the south Directive 2000/60/EC monitoring coast (Kraymorie and Chernomorets programmes are required to estab- beaches). lish a coherent and comprehensive overview of water status within each 3. Operational Programme Environ- river basin district. Among others, ment 2007–2013: Management of the monitoring information require- flood ris s selection of measures ments include classification status for Burgas Bay. In frame of the Ope- of surface water and assessments rational Programme Environment of changes in status of water bod- 2007–2013 detailed analyses of ies. urgas ay is identified as ater flood risks were made and pollution Body BG2BS000C008. Monitoring treats were discussed. and status estimation is implemen- . ele ant scientific hydrological ted y nstitute of ceanology ul- analyses include those made by garian Academy of Sciences and is Galabov et al., (2013), Marinov et al., reported to the Ministry of Environ- (2014); Karagyozov et al., etc. ment and Water of Republic of Bul- garia. 5. Project ECOPORT 8. Environmen-
50 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS tal Management of Transborder Cor- with oxygen depletion during possi- ridor Ports. Code SEE/A/218/2.2/X: ble eutrophication. Oxygen decrease Pilot Monitoring Plan for Port Burgas. in such cases is much more stres- sing factor than acidification caused The environmental pilot monitoring by it and the last will not influence plan (PMP) of Port Burgas was pre- significantly the en ironment and is pared in relation to the Project Envi- rather a consequence. Other cause ronmental Management of Trans- of acidification could e trans ort border Corridor Ports (ECOPORT 8) agricultural or urban runoff which under South East Europe Transna- is possible in small spots round the tional Cooperation Programme by source. The area is confined ut the Bulgarian Ports Infrastructure Com- circulation ro ides sufficient con- pany (BRICo) and department Water vection of the water masses and Use and Management of the National would not allow acidification of the Institute of Meteorology and Hydro- entire area from a single source. logy at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIMH-BAS). Realisation of Nutrients the monitoring plan, among others, includes the following stages: ana- Nutrients are responsible for eutro- lysis of the current situation in Port phication and are subject of each Burgas and determining sensitive environmental survey. In frame of parameters and methodology for the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/ monitoring programme. EC nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, total nitrogen, phosphates, total phos- Types of sea water pollution phorus, silica, iron and manganese are monitored and during Directive Acidification 2006/7/EC surveys phosphates are analysed considering it is the limit- The sea water alkalinity is typical both ing factor for eutrophication in the for the entire study area and all mo- area. The content of each type of nitored separate stations and re- nutrients remains in their respective mains in pH 8–9 range. No deviations environmentally safe limits both for are detected. Alkalinity is sensitive the entire area and for the separate to oxygen content and will decrease stations.
51 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
In order to estimate possible nutri- Concentrations of inorganic phos- ent fluxes in the system two distinct phorous, DIP (dissolved inorganic seasonal periods are considered: low phosphorous) and dissolved inorga- and high salinity. Exchange with the nic nitrogen a sum of ammo- offshore waters is found to be the nia, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen) in the main mechanism for water renewal. runoff and precipitation are shown in During the year the system always Table 8. Here, the DIN and DIP con- exports nutrients however it alters centrations in the Burgas’ lakes are from autotrophic to heterotrophic estimated taking into account also stage. the diffuse load of nutrients (in gene- ral lower comparing to contribution The treated waste waters from of the waste water) coming from Waste Water Treatment Plant agriculture in the watersheds of the (WWTP) of Burgas enter the bay rivers mouthing to the lakes. with the inflow from Burgas (Vaya) Lake. It receives as well as the par- Basically, the observational values tially untreated household waters of of DIP and DIN in the small Burgas Aytos town and those of the villages Bay resemble those typically found along the valley of Aytoska River that in coastal waters. However, it is inte- streaming to Burgas (Vaya) Lake. In resting that elevated concentrations addition, the treated waste waters of of DIP are observed during high sali- u oil efinery get in the small ur- nity period (an increase of 45% in gas Bay through the discharge of comparison with low salinity period) Mandra Lake. even though the input from runoff
Source Period DIP, µM/L DIN, µM/L Mandra Lake both 2.724 114.28 Burgas Lake both 16.454 365.56 Precipitation both 14.86 102.83 low salinity 0.835 34.641 Burgas Port high salinity 1.213 33.243 low salinity 0.064 19.633 Adjacent area high salinity 0.323 14.279
Table 8. Estimated values of DIN and DIP in the runoff, precipitation, port area and bay during low and high salinity period
52 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS is substantially lower due to lower are harmful to marine biota and hu- runoff. The possible explanation in- mans when override certain limits. cludes desorption of phosphorus These limits for s ecific ollutants from sedimentary particles. DIN and riority su stances are defined shows in general light variability and in EU Directive 2013/39/EC and are as expected remains lower during adopted in Bulgarian legislation. In high salinity period. the course of WFD implementation following s ecific ollutants and ri- The water exchange with the outer ority substances are monitored: An- part of the bay is the dominate re- thracene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b) newal process for the system. Bur- fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, gas Bay is subject to clear seasonal Benzo(ghi)perylene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd) patterns. For low salinity season pyrene, Fluoranthene, Naphtalene, winter s ring days are re uired Atrazine, DEHP, Hexachlorobenzene, to replace the port water by the flux- Pentachlorobenzene, Hexachloro- es of fresh or marine water, while it butadiene, Total DDT, p,p-DDT, Oc- takes 32 days for high salinity period tylphenols, Tributyltin compounds, summer autumn . PCBs, Terbutryn, Ethilbenzen, DEP, DBP, Bisphenol A, Xylenes, Pb, Hg, Port Burgas area receives a rich Ni, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr(VI), As, Al, Co, Li. supply of nutrients from land-based Recent investigations do not reveal sources. The small Burgas Bay is al- superseding of the limits provided by ways exporting nutrients to the adja- the respective directives. cent coastal waters, though the dis- charges in winter-spring period are Petroleum hydrocarbons prevailed. There is a consequence of the succession from a net auto- Petroleum hydrocarbons originate trophic stage during winter-spring principally from crude oil and consist period to heterotrophic conditions of a large variety of organics. They in summer-autumn (Marinov et al., are not soluble in water and in most 2014). cases, especially mineral oils, float on surface forming large oil spills. Toxic substances These spills prevent gas transporta- Toxic substances are those which tions in and out of water and in most
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cases are toxic to marine life and in- At Rosenets Oil Terminal, there is a jure marine mammals and waterfowl network of installations for the par- birds. Even small leaks cover large ar- tial treatment of sludge water (sew- eas and are capable of causing cata- age water, faecal matter, industrial strophic environmental damages. water, etc.). The method and range of equipment and installations used In the study area the largest risk of in the treatment of ballast and other oil pollution accidents comes from wastes cannot guarantee the safe- the Burgas Oil Port, because it han- ty of the environment because the dles crude oil, petrol, diesel oil, mono treatment is incomplete. There is an and diethylene glycol, benzene, acry- urgent necessity to construct a new lonitrile, styrene and other chemical network of installations and use a products. It is operated by Lukoil Nef- new method for the treatment and tohim Burgas. recycling of contaminated ballast water. During the exploitation of the The activities of limiting and cleaning Rosenets Oil Terminal there were lo- the polluted areas are performed by cal leakages and spills of oil, oil prod- the Marine Antipollution Enterprise, ucts and chemicals due to accidents, JSCO, Burgas branch. The inflow of repairs and other activities, and as sludge water in the Rosenets Oil Ter- a result part of the soil on the site is minal is as follows: polluted (Karagyozov et al.). • Contaminated ballast water from oil The modelling of oil spills in the area tankers; proves that the most vulnerable area • Washing water from the handling of in case of accidents west of the oil and oil products tankers; Rosenets Oil Terminal is the northern internal part of Port Burgas (Galabov • Contaminated ballast water from et al., 2013). tankers carrying chemical substan- ces; Microbial pollution
• Washing water from the handling of According to the seasonal BWD mo- tankers carrying chemical substan- nitoring there is no exceed of the lim- ces. its at any of the seven stations and
54 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS their state is always satisfactory to tutes, regional and local authorities. excellent. Northern station typically shows better state than southern. Runoff pollution sources
Plastic debris aste domestic waters and first flush waters enter a pumping station Marine litter investigations have not and are conveyed to the city waste been implemented very often so far, water treatment plant. The emer- most recent actions are related to re- gency pipes from the city sewerage search projects. The project MARine discharging into Port of Burgas area Litter, Eutrophication and Noise as- that existed in the past have already sessment tools is funded been removed and the waters enter by BG02 Integrated management of pumping stations to be transferred to marine and inland waters priority BG the waste water treatment plant, and 02.03: Improved monitoring of marine the constructed emergency pipes waters co financed y the inancial are out of Port of Burgas aquatory. Mechanism of the European Eco- The inflows marked on Figure 10 are nomic Area (EEA FM) 2009–2014. mainly inflows from private ports and is leading eneficiary of the inland inflows from coastal lakes. The project together with Burgas Muni- treated waste waters from WWTP of cipality. The main objectives involves Burgas city which do not always cor- creation of tools for assessment respond to normative requirements, of the marine environment through enter with the inflow of Vaya Lake, as the application of new technologies well as the untreated waters of Aytos and best practices to tackle the lack town and the villages along the river of marine data; detection and clas- valley of Aytoska River which flows sification of marine litter in coastal into Vaya Lake. The inflow of wa- areas; regular monitoring in near ters from the lake is carried out via real-time marine eutrophication of a canal connection situated between surface waters; monitoring of under- ort est and the ri ate ort ort water noise; increasing capacity to Burgas. The treated waste waters assess the state of the environment of Lukoil Neftohim Burgas, enter the and personnel training; improving the small Burgas Bay with the inflow of cooperation between research insti- Mandra Lake, as well as the waters
55 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Figure 10. Port activities interaction with activities of adjacent industrial units in Burgas Bay
from the populated areas along the is located at the coast in Burgas river valley of Sredetska River via Sre- quarter Sarafovo (Peychev, 2004). detska River. The landslide is m long and m wide with three step-like strips sep- 2.1.5. Erosion risks and flood arated by swampy depressions. The hazards slip surface is located in the Pliocene clays over which slip clays, limestone Between Pomorie town and Cape and sandstone seam. The highest Foros, where the study area is lo- a erage erosion rate of . m y was cated, the erosion coast is built by measured along the coast at this clays, sandy clays, aleurolites and section before coastal defence with carbonate sandstones (Peychev and dike completed in 2003. Nowadays, Stancheva, 2009 after Cheshitev et due to the performed coast-protec- al., 1992). In the area of Burgas Bay, tion activities the average rate of the most significant landslides are erosion ranges from . to . m y these of circus-shaped type, as one (Peychev and Stancheva, 2009).
56 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Figure 11. Coastline classification of study area 57 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
Based on recent predictive map for heavily armoured along the Bulgarian coastal erosion and classification coast (Stancheva, 2009; Stanchev of Bulgarian coast by geological et al., 2013). Such armouring is due structure and cliff height, the coast to the construction of many port de- of study area was categorised as velopments/infrastructure (here is being medium hazardous to erosion located one of the largest Bulgarian (Stanchev et al., 2013). The coastline port: Burgas, as well as Rosenets Oil of study area (administratively to the Terminal . n the new fishing borders of Burgas Municipality) has port of Sarafovo was launched. a length of 37.25 km based on very high resolution orthophoto images In contrast to climate change-in- from 2011. Sand beaches comprise duced sea level rise, which can be circa 50% of the coastline having a predicted over a middle-time scale, total length of 17.2 km, whereas cliff the extreme sea level rising associa- sections have a length of 7.5 km. ted with storm surges, tsunamis There is a large number of cross- and and rain-storms could have a short, long-shore port and coastal defence but particular devastating impact structures along the coast of study on coastal areas. ignificant coastal area with different purposes, inclu- changes typically occur during such ding: groins, dikes, rip-raps, seawalls, extreme events, as well as huge di- ports, port moles, spurs etc. and sasters, damages of near-shore in- they account a total length of 30 km frastructures (harbour, roads, build- (Figure 11). Burgas beach has the ings and civil structures), increased largest length, reaching 5.8 km and human disease and even loss of life. stretching from the port mole of Bur- On the base of 1:50 000 scale topo- gas Port on the south and coastal graphic maps the low-laying territo- dike at Sarafovo on the north. Con- ries along the Bulgarian coast poten- siderably smaller in width and length tially endangered to risks of flooding are beaches in the southern part of at given scenarios of extreme sea lev- the bay formed between cliff sec- el rise between 0 and 5 m were iden- tions at the existing capes. tified ala o et al. tanche Previous studies found that the coast- et al., 2009). line of Burgas Bay is one of the most
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The performed analysis showed that coastal population counted almost 14 towns, 17 villages, 13 sea resorts from all 765 residents in and 7 small campsites would be af- these sites. Low-laying areas around fected by extreme sea level rise of urgas city were identified as ones of m Figure 12). Number of affected most vulnerable to inundation.
Figure 12. Low-lying territories along the Bulgarian coast (after Palazov et al., 2007) 59 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
These results were confirmed recent- low-lying areas, Road I-9 Duranku- ly by implementation of the project, lak–Varna–Burgas–Malko Tarnovo, focused on the risk of inundation Burgas salt plant; along the Bulgarian coast (www. 3. Beach of Burgas, promenade and bsbd.org/bg/index_bg_2934486. tourist infrastructure; html; www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/ projects/RNK/Primer%20Burgas- 4. Ports of Burgas and the adjacent ki%20zaliv.pdf).The most vulnerable railway lines and tracks; areas at scenarios of sea level rise of m were identified (Figure 13): 5. The existing industrial zone be- tween the sea and Burgas Lake; . arafo o each and fishing ort 6. About 75% of the territory of the 2. Atanasovsko Lake and its adjacent neighbourhood Pobeda;
Figure 13. A fragment of map, shows potentially inundated areas in the study area, in case of sea level rise of 3 m (after www.bsbd.org/bg/index_bg_2934486.html) 60 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
7. Low-laying areas around Burgas 2.2. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND a e industrial ones agricultural POPULATION GROWTH land, forests, residential area, indus- trial sites, roads, shops, hypermarket urgas originated as a small fish- and storage area around it with a ery village on the coast. With its depot for liquid hazardous waste of expansion, the city occupies more oil roduction landfill construction and more areas, which are currently waste, protected areas; divided into residential complexes, Slaveykov, Izgrev, Zornitsa, Bratia 8. The strip between the sea and Miladinovi, Lazur and Meden Rudnik andra a e oda um ing sta- and industrial ones North, South, tions fish onds and roads. Pobeda, Sarafovo and Meden Rudnik. The dynamics of the development of the city and the physical limits of its
Figure 14. Population density in Burgas Municipality (NSI, 2012) 61 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
territorial expansion (lakes, sea, and area of municipality. Circa 45 km2 or industrial zones) imposed a gradu- 70% of all urban areas in municipality al integration within the city in 1987 are located in Burgas city (www.eea. of the closest illages raymorie europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eco- Sarafovo, Lozovo, Gorno Ezerovo. system-types-of-europe).
The average population density of Administratively the study area com- municipality is quite high: 412 peo- prises the municipality of Burgas. It ple/km2. For comparison, the average has an area of 515.2 km2 (Kopralev, population density in the country for 2004) and it is the 57th largest mu- 2011 is 67 people/km2 for the entire nicipality in Bulgaria. Population of country (Figure 14). Currently, the ur- the municipality, according to data ban areas in the municipality of Bur- from the Census of 2011 (NSI, 2012) gas occupy over 64 km2 (Figure 15), is 212,902 people, which accounts which makes circa 12.5% of the total 2.89% of the country’s population.
Figure 15. Urbanised areas in Burgas Municipality 62 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS
The municipality of Burgas includes The population growth for the city two cities, the municipal centre Bur- of Burgas is even more remarkable: gas and the town of Balgarovo, as Census data from 1934 show that well as 12 villages (Figure 15). Burgas city accounted circa 77% of total municipal population, further- Changes of population from 1934 to more in 2011 this number of popula- 2011, based on Census data by Na- tion reached up to 94%. By contract, tional Statistical Institute of Bulgaria the rural population of Burgas Muni- (NSI), showed that coastal popula- cipality decreased over the same pe- tion of Burgas has increased from riod, as four rural sites have half less 53,778 people in 1934 to 212,902 number of population in 2011 com- people in 2011, or circa 300% (NSI, pared to population number in 1934. 2012) (Figure 16). Population of Bur- gas Municipality is heavily urbanised, There are also changes in the status as it is mostly concentrated in the city of the population sites. Two villages, of Burgas. Table 9 presents popula- Vetren and Banevo (Figure 15) were tion changes recorded in the last nine adjusted to Burgas city in 2009 (State Censuses from 1934 to 2011. There Gazette, No 11/10.02.2009). was a remarkable growth in urban population, in particular in the period The attractiveness of Burgas, as 1934-1985, when it increased from large administrative centre, has been 50,000 to 200,000 residents, while the proved as well as by the decision of rural population kept a constant trend citizens of Izvor village. Until 2009 and even decreased. Since 1985 the Izvor was a village included in the So- municipality of Burgas has preserved zopol Municipality. In 2009 there was and maintained this high population a referendum and the residents of number and thus being one of mu- Izvor village decided to join the mu- nicipalities in Bulgaria with slight de- nicipality of Burgas. The accession of crease of population. This is mainly the two villages to the city of Burgas due to the geographical location of also has affected their lands. In this the municipality on the sea coast, at- way the settlement and rural areas tracting large number of people and of Burgas have also increased, which tourists and boosting the economic influences the territorial balance of developments (Stanchev et al, 2015). the city.
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250000
200000
150000
Urban 100000 Rural Number of popula 50000 0 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 2011 Census Figure 16. Changes of urban and rural population in Burgas Municipality for 1934-2011 Population Population site 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 2011 Briastovets 950 958 823 688 431 374 326 311 290 Draganovo 380 369 253 318 370 382 419 452 433 Ravnets 1,327 1,750 2,109 2,180 2,140 2,065 1,795 1,568 1,323 Mirolyobovo 451 553 466 338 276 179 162 169 107 Banevo 1,052 1,060 1,195 1,351 1,392 1,457 1,547 1,792 0 Vetren 699 788 832 1,530 2,889 2,188 2,208 2,297 0 Balgarovo 2,543 2,919 2,426 2,550 2,486 2,280 2,407 2,122 1,695 Bratovo 391 470 472 478 356 255 191 165 146 Marinka 743 849 1,023 1,004 1,237 1,244 1,229 1,281 1,177 Tvurditsa 501 659 683 573 567 501 500 490 488 Izvorishte 540 613 493 277 279 278 272 349 389 Izvor 541 Rudnik 2,155 2,947 5,258 2,328 2,968 3,023 3,030 3,489 3,507 Cherno more 0 0 0 3,743 3,145 2,521 2,447 2,353 2,361 Dimchevo 418 419 411 326 223 171 191 189 174 Burgas 41,628 51,323 79,091 117,517 162,756 193,752 195,686 192,390 200,271 Total 53,778 65,677 95,535 135,201 181,515 210,670 212,410 209,417 212,902 Table 9. Changes of population in Burgas Municipality over 1934-2011 64 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS 2.3. EXISTING KEY ECONOMIC • Good business environment. ACTIVITIES Within the municipality of Burgas 2.3.1. Coastal and marine there are fi e main touristic sites tourism Burgas, Sarafovo, Kraymorie, Ot- manli ar osenets and urgas Tourism, in particular coastal tou- ineralni ani a etren illage rism, is one of the fastest growing (Figure 17). economic sectors in the world (UNEP, One of the most valuable resources 2009; UNWTO, 2013). Tourism in in the municipality of Burgas is the Bulgaria plays a key role, generating coastline with large sandy beaches. more than 10% of GDP, thus being a The study area is a popular tourist prominent sector boosting the local destination for many nationals and economy (Tourism Sector, Bulgaria foreigners as it is distinguished by . irca of o ernight stays beautiful landscape and existence in the whole country in 2011 based of large sand beaches. Burgas city on data from tional tatistical also plays a role of distributor of Institute were recorded in fourteen tourist flow to the adjacent resorts coastal municipalities. Tourism in the in north and south direction. This is Burgas study area is mainly seaso- partly due to the existence of Bur- nal, with many jobs connected to the gas airport, situated in the Sarafovo provision of accommodation in the neighbourhood. A total of 2,360 320 coastal zone. Main factors favouring passengers to 125 destinations of the development of tourism in the 40 countries have been served at Burgas Municipality are: Burgas airport in 2015. The largest, • Existence of large sand beaches; despite a decrease of 22%, remains the share of the passengers to and • Bioclimatic resources; from Russia, followed by the UK (9% • Cultural and historical heritage; increase) and Germany (decrease of 16%). In 2015 there was an increase • Protected Areas; in the number of the passengers to • Forest resources; and from Poland, the Czech Republic, Israel, Belgium, Finland and others. 65 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS ¸ Vetren-Burgaski mineralni bani $ e k a L Sarafovo o $ k s v o s a n a t A Burgas $ rgas Lake Bu Kraymorie $ $ Park "Rosenets" ke La a dr Man Figure 17. Main tourist sites in Burgas study area (after Master Plan of Burgas) A decrease was registered for the tourists prefer to stay at small re- passengers from Belarus, Norway, sorts outside the municipality of Bur- and the Netherlands (www.bourgas gas. There has been a steady trend of -airport.com/PressCenter/News/ta- avoiding heavily urbanised territories bid/66/language/en-US). and preference to stay at resorts and holiday villages. Another important infrastructure that supports tourism growth is the newly The tourism sector in Burgas Muni- built Trakya highway, linking the capi- cipality over 1999 –2011 is characte- tal ofia and southern ulgaria arts rised with following parameters: respectively south Bulgarian Black • Hotels (Figure 18) Sea coast. Due to the increased de- mand, many national and foreign The number of accommodation fa- 66 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS cilities in Burgas Municipality for the Since 2005 the number of overnight period 1999-2011 increased from 11 stays has retained high with 200,000 in 1999 to 53 in 2011, or the growth overnight stays per year. of hotels is circa 380%. • Number of tourists (Figure 21) • Tourist beds (Figure 19) The number of tourists in Burgas For the same period the number of Municipality varies between 64,764 tourist beds increased from 1,537 in in 2003 and 105,895 in 2007. In 1999 to 4,443 in 2011. This means 2011 the municipality accommodat- that each hotel in Burgas in 1999 ed a number of 91,281 tourists with had an average of 143 tourist’s beds, 235,975 overnight stays. Therefore, while in 2011 this number decreased the average tourist stay was 2.5 days, to 83 tourist beds. Therefore, it is sug- which means the tourist’s beds in the gested that during this period mainly city of Burgas have been used mainly small and family hotels were built. for short business trips. • Number of overnight stays (Figure A negative trend is approaching the 20) Burgas city to the sea and its deve- lopment landward, which alter its The number of overnight stays in Bur- type of seaside town and reduces its gas Municipality during 1999–2011 quality of a sea resort. According to varied between 153,098 in 1999 and the Master Plan of Burgas, tourism 344,543 overnight stays in 2000. in the municipality has very good Burgas Municipality - number of hotels 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 Number of hotels 40 20 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 18. Number of hotels in Burgas Municipality (data after NSI) 67 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Tourist beds in Burgas Municipality 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Number of tourist beds 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 19. Number of tourist beds in Burgas Municipality (data after NSI) Number of overnight stays in Burgas Municipality 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 Number of tourist spending 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 20. Number of overnight stays in Burgas Municipality (data after NSI) Tourist number in Burgas Municipality 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 Number of tourists 20000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 21. Number of tourists in Burgas Municipality (data after NSI) 68 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS prospects for development in the • increasing the number of foreign presence of a favourable investment tourists by attracting overseas mar- environment. Projected levels of all kets (US, Canada, Japan and others), indicators characterising the tourism with the development of congress- business in the municipality of Bur- and balneotourism. gas, and in future perspective mark It is estimated that in 2030 the per- a growth. This growth is significantly sons employed in tourism sector will delayed in terms of absolute growth be around 20,000–22,000. The ad- of employees. The grounds for de- ditional development of tourist ser- termining the projected levels of tou- vices in the municipality is expected rism development in the municipality to employ around 5,000–6,000 per- of Burgas are related to: sons and even more up to 2030. The • increase of tourist flow; attracted population in the munici- pality of Burgas due to new tourist • improving the use of tourist facili- developments is expected to exceed ties; the total annual number of local po- pulation (Master Plan of Burgas). significantly im ro e ser ice and ualifications of eo le em loyed in Maritime tourism is also driving tourism; further developments such as new marinas and expansion of cruising. • development of new forms such as Ports are also important with regard yacht tourism, expanding the share to tourism as starting points and of cultural and historical and well- destinations for leisure and excur- ness tourism; sion boats. • construction of an aggressive mar- keting policy to target groups by age, 2.3.2. Fishing and aquaculture income, cultural and cognitive inte- rests and hobbies; There is a wide range of fishing s e- cies in Burgas study area. Some • maintaining a quality tourism of- species are local stocks: Sprattus fering in all aspects: product, people, sprattus, Mugil cephalus, Merlangius services, information, experience; merlangius, Psetta maxima represen- 69 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS tatives of family Gobiidae etc., and in the study area for marine fishing. other are migratory Engraulis en- Bulgarian legislation prohibits the crasicholus, Trachurus mediterraneus bottom trawling except for scienti- ponticus, Alosa pontica, Pomatomus fic ur oses. The main fishing gears saltatrix, Sarda sarda etc. (EC Study, on the oard of the fishing essels 2011). In the last decade from the are trawls gillnet for tur ot fishing molluscs, an increasing commercial and pound netsSprat (for pelagic species), Sprat value has had the blue mussel (Myti- (EAFA,500 2015). The landed catches of 500400 lus galloprovincialis) along with the sprat,400300 horse mackerel, anchovy and Rapa whelk (Rapana venosa). The red300200 mullet y different fishing gears Catch (kg) 200100 0 Catch (kg) 100 Set gillnets catch of the Rapa whelk is going on for0 Beach in seinesfishing [SB] ort of urgas are anchoredSet gillnets [GNS] Beach seines [SB] during the summer through diving presentedSPR on429 Figure 22anchored. 50 [GNS] SPR 429 50 method. In 2013 the national legisla- Sprat is one of the most important tion was amended to allow the beam Horse mackerel Horse mackerel - trawling targeting Rapa whelk (EAFA, fish1000 s ecies eing fished and con 1000800 2015). Since 2013 the beam trawling sumed800600 traditionally (Raykov et al., 600400 400200 has been allowed in the preliminarily .Catch (kg) 0 The main fishing method for 200 Set gillnets Catch (kg) 0 Beach sprat is mid-water trawling, Setalthoughanchored gillnets established zones only. There are dif- seinesBeach [SB] anchored[GNS] smallerseines vessels [SB] also use ring-netting. ferent ty es of fishing gears for ac- HMM 908 10 [GNS]56 InHMM 2015 for908 the Bulgarian10 Black56 Sea ti e and assi e fishing that are used Sprat Anchovy Sprat Anchovy 500 600 400500 600400 300 400 400200 200300 Catch (kg) 200 Catch (kg) 100 0 200 Set gillnets 0 Catch (kg) Catch (kg) 100 0 Beach Set gillnets Setanchored gillnets Pots [FPO] 0 Beach seines [SB] seinesBeach [SB] anchoredSet gillnets [GNS] anchored[GNS] Pots [FPO] Beach seines [SB] seines [SB] SPR 429 anchored50 [GNS] ANE 505 [GNS]30 34 SPR 429 50 ANE 505 30 34 Horse mackerel Red mullet Horse mackerel Red mullet 1000 400 800 300 1000600 400 400800 300200 200600 200100 Catch (kg) 400 0 Catch (kg) 1000 200 Set gillnets Set gillnets Midwater Catch (kg) Catch (kg) 0 Beach 0 Beach Setanchored gillnets Setanchored gillnets Midwaterotter trawl seinesBeach [SB] seinesBeach [SB] anchored[GNS] anchored[GNS] otter[OTM] trawl seines [SB] seines [SB] HMM 908 10 [GNS]56 MUT 353 [GNS]2 [OTM]200 HMM 908 10 56 MUT 353 2 200 Figure 22. Landings of sprat, horse mackerel, anchovy, and red mullet for 2015 in the fishingAnchovy port of Burgas (quantities in kilograms) by different fishing gears Anchovy 70 Phase600 I. 400600 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Handlines and Beach Set gillnets Midwater 3 Alpha pole-lines Pot Species seines anchored otter trawl Code (hand-operated) [FPO] [SB] [GNS] [OTM] [LHP] Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Horse mackerel HMM 93% 6% 1% Anchovy ANE 89% 5% 6% Sprat SPR 90% 10% Red mullet MUT 64% 36% Table 10. Percentage of fishing techniques used for catch in Burgas, 2015 Notes: * The largest percentage of the landed fish is caught by beach seines waters landings of sprat were 3,296 Pound nets are part of the aquatory tons esta lished iomass was of the lac ea defined under the tons . fishery terms of Bulgarian Fisheries and exists for turbot, a stock considered Aquaculture Act (Promulgated SG heavily exploited, but under-declara- 41/24.04.2001), where a stationary tion of landings hampers manage- net gear for assi e marine fishing ment (Raykov et al., 2008). In 2015 is set up in a deepness of 8–12 m. the total landings of turbot were 43 Via the underwater facilities (nets), tons (EAFA, 2015). The research the fish is guided to a certain art surveys done in 2015 in the Bulga- (house, trap), that is harvested by rian Black Sea waters showed an in- the fishermen with usually small and crease in the biomass of turbot and open air boats (Report, Operational decrease of the biomass of sprat rogramme fisheries sector de e (EAFA, 2015). The established bio- lopment republic of Bulgaria 2007– mass of turbot population in 2015 is 2013). Target species are migratory 1,248 tons. Table 10 shows the per- species such as anchovy, horse centages of the fishing techni ues mac erel dogfish and other s ecies. used for the catches of four species There are 6 pound nets registered in in 2015. The table produced using the study area (Figure 23). the landing declarations. 71 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS e k a L ¸ o vsk o s a n Ata BURGAS as La Bu rg ke Legend ! Pound nets Roads c. Akin ! ! ! ! ! ke La ! dr a 031.5 6 Man Km Figure 23. Pound nets in Burgas study area (data after EAFA, 2016) The main raised species in marine one farm for Black Sea mussel Myti- aquaculture in Bulgarian Black Sea lus galloprovincialis. part is the Black Sea mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The production in n the ulgarian fishing fleet the country in 2015 was 3,372 tons. consisted of 1,979 registered ves- One of the main objectives of Bulga- sels, of which 1,204 were active, and ria was to increase the collection and the remaining 775 vessels were inac- quality of the statistical data about the tive. The active fleet had a combined aquaculture farms. Questionnaires for gross tonnage (GT) of 5.0 thousand the aquaculture sector were updated tonnes, engine power of 39.6 thou- in 2014 and again in 2015. Measures sand kilowatts (kW) and an average were taken on raising the awareness age of 23 years. The major part of of the owners or managers of farms the vessels composes the small- about their obligation to submit the scale segment (89.7% in 2015) with questionnaires and in 2014 were an engine power of 20.8 kW and a achieved 100% answers from respon- large-scale fleet segment (10.3% in dents (EAFA, 2015). In the maritime 2015) with an engine power of 16.9 space of the study area there is no kW (EAFA, 2015). Concerning the dis- 72 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS tribution of vessels on ports, it can be Port Sarafovo has capacity of 100 noticed that most of the capacity is places for vessels with length up to registered at the port of Burgas. The 10 meters, 20 places up to 10–15 main orts used y fishermen for meters and 10 places for vessels landing catches are situated in Bur- with length up to 20 m. gas. n ofia ased ri ate in est- The fishing ort in arafo o was mod- ment company Clever Synergies In- ernised with the support of European vestment Fund (CSIF) acquired port Fisheries Fund (EFF), 2007-2013, operator Fish Port in Burgas with all under Measure 3.3. Investments in cold-storage facilities and other in- reconstruction and modernisation of dustrial facilities for processing and fishing ports, landing sites, and shel- storage of fish. ters of Operational Programme for the ulgarian fisheries sector. The The municipality of Burgas has a main purpose of the construction of plan for reconstruction and moderni- a modern fishing ort in the munici- sation of fishing ort in ur an entity pality of Burgas was to increase the Fishing village Chengene skele with control o er illegal fishing acti ities. funds from the European Fisheries The establishment of a market for Fund (EFF) (https://oppex.com/no- first sale of fish at the arafo o ort tice/TED_8f2ca27de178347e02e7d ro ides fishermen with the o ortu- 8112864c1e9). Plans for the recon- nity to directly sell their catches. At struction of the port foresee to pro- the same time this serves as a regu- ide additional laces for fishing lator of fish sales as the end the user essels fishing oats and fishing is ro ided with fish without any re- vessels up to 8 m, up to 9 m and 20 m sellers being involved. Burgas Muni- and to build service buildings and fa- cipality, in its capacity as a port ope- cilities according to EU requirements. rator e ercises control o er the fish Planned construction includes buil- market in view of sales transparen- ding with administrative functions cy and balance (http://ec.europa.eu/ unloading zone platform for catch, fisheries cf emff doc o ulgaria sorting and primary processing of fact-sheet_en.pdf). catches fish mar et and storage area for temporary preservation of 73 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS waste re air wor sho . or fishing Road network village Chengene skele and Fish port there is no official information a ai There are o er m roads of lable regarding capacity of places for four classes serving the study re- essels and catches of fishes. gion. Two of them are international routes crossing the area east-west and north-south directions providing 2.3.3. Maritime transport, ports and shipping the area with cargo traffic from countries. Urban road network in- cludes a out m of roads which Logistics is one of the priorities of are reported to be in relatively inap- the spatial planning as a mean for propriate condition (Project ECO- economic development and a pre- PORT 8). Urban transport is reported requisite for achieving social and re- to e sufficiently de elo ed and is a gional cohesion. The Burgas Munic- subject of constant improvement by ipality regional structure is complex municipality projects. defined y s ecific terrain. istricts are spread and separated by water Railroad network odies forests and fields. The com- plex disperse structure of Burgas is Burgas is a terminal point for two also characterised by busy trans- national railroad routs, serving na- port corridors. Burgas is a point of tional and international passenger Pan-European corridor VIII. It is a and cargo traffic. They are inclu logistic junction of Pan European ded in the European Agreement on Orient/East Mediterranean transport Important International Combined corridor connecting ports of Bremen, Transport Lines and Related Insta- Hamburg and Rostock with Black llations (AGTC) creating technical ca- Sea ports (Burgas), Aegean Sea (Ath- pabilities for combined international ens) and Adriatic Sea (Patra) through transport using road, railroad, river Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, and maritime means by door-to-door Bulgaria and Greece. The corridor technique favouring additional transit bonds road, railroad junctions and traffic. There are three local railroad important ports and airports. High- routs in the area serving dedicate way Trakia is a part of the corridor. companies: Burgas Port, East and 74 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS West industrial zones, Promet Steel The favourable geographic position JSC, Burgas Sugar Plant LTD, etc. and opportunity for intermodal trans- portation by air, sea, rail and road Air transport make it excellent for receiving and redirecting of cargo traffic. Through urgas nternational ir ort is m Burgas Port access to Asian trans- away from the city centre; its runway port hubs by Black Sea route TRACE- stri is m long su orts oe- CA (Transport Corridor Europe-Cau- ing and n si e aircrafts and casus-Asia) is provided as well as to process more than 2 million passen- traditional and developing local Black gers per year (www.bourgas-airport. Sea routes and to the global shipping com/). Its development is directly system. connected to the touristic industry in the region. The load is s ecifically Ports and shipping seasonal. Types of flights are follow- ing: passenger charters, regular in- Maritime transport in the study area ternational flights, local flights, cargo is serviced by four public ports and charters and general aviation. three orts with s ecific ur ose. Maritime transport Public transportation ports: Sea transport plays major role for the • Port Burgas West study area defined y historical geo- • Port Burgas East graphical and economic factors. Bur- gas Bay is the westernmost water- • Fishing Port body of the Black Sea and is formed • Rosenets Oil Terminal – Lukoil Nef- as a large bay, wide open to the sea. tohim Burgas The convenience for building ports was estimated by ancient travellers, orts with s ecific ur ose navigators and traders. As described in section 2.1.2 two ancient ports • Dockyard Port were disco ered in the area one at • Port Transstroy arafo o uarter and the other at a e oros. • Port Burgas Shipyard 75 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Port of Burgas is one of two most tional importance. BPICo is the owner important international ports in Bul- and carries out the investment policy garia located on the Black Sea coast of Port Burgas. The exploitation ma- – the other is Varna Port, located on nagement of the port is performed the north coast. The port is located at by the other state company at the Mi- the far end, in the western part of Bur- nistry of Trans ort the o erator gas Bay. It has been exploited since Port of Burgas EAD. The coordination 1893. Its biggest expansions were activities related to navigation and performed in 1980 and in the period the safety shipping in the port, the su- 2001–2008. The port of Burgas is a pervision and organisation of the pro- public transport port of national im- tection of the marine environment, portance. It handles bulk and general control activities at the accepting cargo, as well as serves passenger and processing of waste, control on and cruise ships. the observation of the technical safe- ty of the port facilities, labour safety Bulgarian Ports Infrastructure Com- and safety of cargo operations are pany (BPICo) is a state-owned com- performed by Executive Agency Ma- pany at the Ministry of Transport, ritime Administration (EAMA), branch which governs the infrastructure of Burgas, to the Bulgarian Ministry of the public transport ports with na- Transport. Figure 24. Location of Burgas ports (data provided by EAMA, 2016) 76 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Port of Burgas includes the following development. It is intended for han- terminals: East terminal, Bulk car- dling of bulk cargoes mainly- coal, goes terminal, Bulk terminal 2A, West coke, ores and concentrates, clin- terminal, Oil Terminal Rosenets, (Fi- ker, etc. The facility is equipped with gure 24). The Oil Terminal Rosenets most sophisticated handling techno- serves entirely the private company logy ca a le of highest efficiency. Lukoil Neftohim Burgas JSC. Burgas West Port handles generally Burgas East Port is situated in the old metals of all kind, RO-RO and con- eastern sea basin. General cargoes tainer traffic. modern cold storage of all kinds, metals, wood, paper, and facility is built on port’s area. In 2013 foodstuff are handled at Terminal a new international passenger termi- East. Also, due to operational rea- nal was put in service. sons ul cargoes coal sugar am- monium nitrate and small shipments osenets il erminal ser es e clu- of concentrates could be worked. sively Lukoil Neftohim Burgas ac- tivities and the latter is its principal Bulk cargoes terminal includes the operator. old Terminal for Bulk Cargoes. There coals, coke, ores and ore concen- According to data, provided by trates, clinker and grain were pro- EAMA, for number of passengers vi- cessed using the existing covered sited Burgas Port during 2011 to warehouse. A coastal facility is in- 2015, the maximum number was stalled for handling li uid cargoes recorded in 2014, with more than mainly fuels, chemicals and ethanol. 56,000 tourists visits (Figure 25). A pipeline connects the site with In 2015, after the crisis of Crimea, the tank farm Naftex, near Terminal the passenger number decreased est. There are also filling u station to 15,000. Possible reasons for this for tanker rail cars and ethanol stor- decrease are the ongoing crisis in age tanks in the vicinity. Crimea and overcharges to pass through the Bosphorus. This decline Terminal 2A was built under the Port in cruises not only affected Burgas of urgas ansion ro ect as a first study area, but also all Black Sea stage of the Plan for port of Burgas countries. In addition, during the 77 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 Number of passengers 10000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 25. Number of passengers – Burgas Port (data provided by EAMA) summer of 2016 there was also a Figures 27 and 28. complicated situation in Turkey after the attempted coup. 2.3.4. Oil production and industry Over 2011–2015 a dynamics was ob- served in the number of ships visiting Burgas is important industrial cen- the port of Burgas (Figure 26): the tre. Some industries are typical for lowest number was in 2011, when Burgas and are structural for the 1,443 ships visit the port of Burgas country like light and dark oil pro- and the highest number was regis- ducts manufacturing chemical fi re tered in 2014 with number of 1,635 plastics and other chemical products visited ships. production. In late 1950’s the region Despite the decreased number of was determined by government as ship visiting the port of Burgas, it the oil industry centre of the country, has been a growth in cargo (Figure considering the geographical factors. 27): from 13.6 million tons in 2011 to As Burgas Bay is the westernmost 16.22 million tons in 2015. waterbody of the Black Sea and is The shipping oil transport is leading formed as a large bay, wide open to in Burgas study area as shown on the sea, the area is appropriate for 78 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Ship visits Ship visits 1650 1650 1600 1600 1550 1550 1500 1500 1450 1450 1400 1400 1350 1350 1300 1300 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 26. Number of ship visits at Burgas Port during 2011-2015 (data provided by EAMA) Loaded and unloaded goods in port Burgas Loaded and unloaded goods in port Burgas 16.5 16.5 16 15.5 16 15.5 15 15 14.5 14.5 14 14 Cargo (mln/t) 13.5 Cargo (mln/t) 13.5 13 13 12.5 12.5 12 12 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 27. Loaded and unloaded goods at Burgas Port (data provided by EAMA) Loaded and unloaded goods in port Burgas (2011- 2015) Loaded and unloaded goods in port Burgas (2011- 2015) 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 Goods ( %) Goods ( %) Goods ( %) 1010 55 00 Figure 28. Goods at Burgas Port for 2011-2015 (%), data provided by EAMA 79 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS ort oil terminals construction im- with the European Union legislation. portant factor, since main oil supply An advanced automated tank truck is considered to be maritime trans- filling station was uilt for motor gas- portation. Also convenient road and oline, diesel fuels and JET as per the rail road communications exist. law-regulated technology for bottom filling. The station is e ui ed with irst oil refinery Neftohim and advanced coupling devices for fuel Oil terminal Rosenets were built in loading and an automatic system for and continuously de e vapour recuperation which achieves loped according to the market re- reduction of the emissions of vola- quirements with additional facilities tile organic compounds to the atmo- for oil products manufacturing. Its sphere three times more that the Eu- production capacity is primary pro- ropean requirements. cessing of . million ton oil er year and it is the largest one in the The construction and commissioning outh astern uro e. ntil of three units producing products as the refinery was u lic ro erty and per European standard EURO-5 were since that year was acquired by com leted nit with a Lukoil company. Since 2011 Lukoil capacity of 1.7 million t/y, Prime G Neftohim Burgas obtained 35 years’ Unit with a capacity of 1.1 million t/y concession for the Oil terminal Rose- and Methyldiethanolamine Regenera- nets operation. tion Unit with a capacity of 0.4 million t/y. The revamps and constructions In last 15 years 2.6 billion USD were of the production capacities in the invested in reconstruction in accor- eriod led to reduction dance to EU requirements for motor of sulphur dioxide emissions from fuels up to EURO-5 standard. New the motor fuels produced from 117 capacities were commissioned for thousand tons to 7.4 thousand tons processing of solid production pro- er year. The im ro ed energy effi- cess waste and a treatment plant to ciency of the units contributed to the process the waters of Rosenets Port decrease of refinery costs for utilities Terminal which provides full process by 21% and the emissions of green- waste utilisation and quality of the house gases like carbon dioxide. discharged waters in accordance 80 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS A super advanced process complex geren water intake. is under construction for in-depth vacuum residue processing with esides the refinery with its glo al a capacity of 2.5 million t/y to the significance in last two decades ac- amount of more than 1.0 billion US tivities in SMEs sector increased. Pro- dollars. The new capacities will in- duction of thinners, solvents, paints, crease the processing depth from linseed oil, fuels, cleaning and water- 76% to 90% and will provide for fuel roofing materials resins adhesi es oil production with sulphur content fi erglass and antifree e and wash- below 1% in accordance with the Eu- er fluid for cars was developed. Also, ropean requirements. With this com- biogas installations design and con- plex the Company becomes one of struction have been started. the only do en refineries all o er the 2.3.5. Salt mining world which have similar technology for super in-depth processing. On the Bulgarian Black Sea coast salt production has a centuries-old tradi- The refinery is located north west of tion, dating back to the 3rd Century Burgas and close to Kameno village, BC. In the study area of Burgas Bay north of Burgas (Vaya) Lake. Since it for more than 100 years apart from is the far largest industrial facility in birds, the Atanasovsko Lake has been the region, the emissions originating also used by people for the extraction from its production are continuously of salt. Saltpans of the lake have been controlled by authorities. Recently established since 1906. Currently in large fines a out were the lake are located evaporators of reported to be issued by RIEWs (Re- the Black Sea Salt T owners of gional Inspection of Environment and the lake, which produce about 40,000 Water) against the company consid- tons of sea salt per year (Salt of Life ering deviation of legislation. Project, www.saltoflife.biodiversity. fter treatment the refinery wastes bg/en/; http://greencorridors.burgas. are deposited in reservoirs of oil bg/bg/objects/view/6). roducts o idi ing la es near an- Through the salt production, several dra Lake (south of Burgas). After 40 social and environmental state pro- days, waters are discharged in Usun- grams have been also implemented. 81 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS With salt iodisation for food pur- used, stored during the winter in deep oses the deficit of iodine has een earthen reser oirs s are ools. f- eliminated and by salt extraction the ter crystallisation of the sea salt (with development of malaria syndrome layer thickness of 3–6 cm), it is col- has been suppressed. The extraction lected washed in s iral classifiers of salt has created and maintained and by means of conveyor belts is biodiversity of hundreds of flora and stored outdoors in the form of pyra- fauna species in Atanasovsko Lake, midal shapes (bohori). Salt produc- which is part of the Ramsar Conven- tion depends greatly on the climate tion. It was found that the production peculiarities of the summer season of salt is directly proportional to ave- (Salt of Life Project, www.saltoflife. rage winter numbers of waterfowl biodiversity.bg/en/). in the lake and with maintaining the good environmental conditions in the Lye is a byproduct of salt production reserve increases the production of in Atanasovsko Lake and contains salt as well. Salt production is carried only inorganic su stances sodium out even today in the traditional way, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and it is one of the best examples sulphur, etc. It forms after the eva- of business that is not only environ- poration and concentration of salt mentally friendly, but even creates in the lake water. Black Sea lye has suitable conditions for nesting of a ro en medical effect it is used many birds (the dikes, used to se- for treatment and prevention of dise- parate the watersheds, are a favorite ases associated with the locomotor place for nesting by terns and gulls). mechanism, skin sores and wounds, Currently the salt production compa- varicose veins, and colds. ny activities comply with the needs Therapeutic mud is a sedimentary of species that inhabit the lake. The product of the closed salt lake. It is technology of salt production is re- pure and homogeneous, dark grey lated generally to the concentration to black in colour and smells of hy- of seawater, in several stages to the drogen sulphide due to the many de- level of saturation compared to NaCl caying microorganisms. It contains (sodium chloride). At the beginning inorganic ingredients such as silica, of each season of salt production sand, gypsum, iron and aluminium using concentrated sea waters are 82 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS compounds, hydroxides and salts. gas city between the lines separating This composition was formed by essel traffic. or the last fi e years millennia of decay of single-celled there has not been dredging of the organisms algae fish cra s mus- Burgas Port. sels. One centimetre of therapeutic mud is formed for at least one year Sea bed /underwater cables (http://greencorridors.burgas.bg/en/ objects/view/6). The underwater cable lines located in the marine area are indicated on 2.3.6. Military defence the nautical maps under Bulgarian jurisdiction as published by the Hy- There is no a aila le official infor- drogra hic ffice to the a y. mation on legally ensured maritime zones for military trainings in the 2.4. POTENTIAL INTERESTS AND study area. Military exercises are LAND/SEA USES conducted by the Ministry of Defence of Republic of Bulgaria and most re- At present, despite statutory opportu- cently also by the Border Police in nity to build private ports marinas, connection with the increased migra- ports for public transport or special tion pressure on Europe. Therefore, purpose such do not yet exist. The for the purposes of this case study it exception is Fishing Port. was assumed that all maritime area is used for military trainings. There is a scheme Transport (in- cluded in the integrated plan of Bur- 2.3.7. Others gas) and two activities are planned: additional works to the Port Sarafo- Dredging/dumping locations o and shelter to the fishing illage Chengene skele (it is not currently Dredging and dumping works are wor ing raymorie there are shel- performed to keep the shipping navi- ters, pending restructuring of the port gation operational and safety naviga- of Burgas East as public; there is an tion depth in the area of ports and ca- idea to build a port at Cape Foros; nals. In the area of Burgas Bay there to the ort of urgas est no in- is only one dumping ground located vestment plans, for Burgas Dockyard at 20 nautical miles east from Bur- 83 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Land/Sea uses Developments expected up to 2030 Recreation in coastal zone, new infrastructure developments and tourist flow will Coastal tourism/maritime tourism continue to grow. The focus will be on business, cultural and spa tourism. An in- crease of cruise tourism, yachting, and recreational boating is also expected Enlargement of coastal protection structures Coastal protection (groins, coastal dike, etc.) are planned Transport infrastructure on Investments in road and rail infrastructure are expected land Investments in ports infrastructure planned. Burgas Port Establishment of Fishing village in the area of Chengene skele. Island St Anastasia – plans for seasonal shelter Despite no dredging has been made over the last five years, Dredging for ports more dredging to be expected to serve for larger ships at ports Dumping sites are legally defined in the maritime space of the large Dumping Burgas Bay behind 20 nm eastward of Burgas Port. With increased dredging activities the dumping activities are expected to be much more Shipping and maritime It is expected an increase of the number of ships, transport shipping frequency, transported goods and passengers (goods/passengers) Shipping oil Continues increase of oil transportation through the pilot area Interests for development of turbot and so-iuy mullet farms Marine aquaculture (only at project levels, no developments yet) Pressure on fisheries is expected to continue; Fishing increased importance of sustainable fishery management Military activities No information available (onshore and offshore) Natura 2000 protected Increased importance; management plans expected. areas (terrestrial and marine) More marine protected zones likely to be added as data become available Sea bottom habitats Mapping of the sea bottom habitats has been carried out under (valuable habitats) EU SeaMap 2 Project and new more detailed mapping is planned Table 11. Potential interests in land/sea uses in Burgas study area up to 2030 84 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS ort it is lanned an e tension for institutions and structures in order to 2 berths; establishing Fishing village develop tourism. It should be offered in the area Chengene skele and kee- ualified and attracti e tourist ro ing old traditions of fisheries in new duct secured with tourist information modern conditions; for Island St Ana- and marketing to attract more tou- stasia there is a wharf and it will e rists and brings additional income to shaped as a seasonal shelter. the local population. Aquaculture there is an idea for uture industrial ro ects local au- turbot and so-iuy mullet, but there is thority is not involved, rather it is a no development, only at the project ministerial decision. Data for conces- level and still there are no plans for sions and li estoc farms could e further development of aquacultures. provided from Burgas Regional Ad- ministration. At the central Beach of Burgas there are plans to extend groins for addi- dentified otential interests and tional accumulation of sand on the plans in land/sea uses in the pilot beach and more effective capture of area that are expected to be de- longshore sediment transport; south veloped according to the Master of arafo o neigh ourhood there Plan of Burgas (until 2030) and ex- are plans for coastal protection and pert assessments are shown in completion of existing coastal dike Table 11. and on the north a construction of coast-protection structures is fore- 2.5. PREPARATION OF MAPS seen. FOR CURRENT LAND AND SEA USES AND INTERESTS Tourism: Burgas Municipality has re- AND OF NATURAL VALUES sources to develop marine tourism, The legally ensured land and sea with a focus towards business tou- uses of the Burgas Bay study area rism, congress tourism, route-cogni- are indicated on Figure 29. tive-, cultural- and spa- tourism. Over the new lanning eriod All coastal and marine conservation Burgas Municipality should mobilise areas in Burgas study area are indi- its resources tourism human local cated on Figure 30. 85 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Figure 29. Map of current land and sea uses in the study area Figure 30. Map of natural values in Burgas study area 86 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS . IDENTIFYING KEY STAKEHOLDERS FOR LAND AND SEA SECTORS IN THE STUDY AREA AND STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT 3.1. IDENTIFY KEY 3.2. INVOLVEMENT OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS STAKEHOLDERS dentification of rele ant sta ehol Stakeholders are at the heart of MSP ders began early in elaboration of the and their expertise and knowledge case study compiling a tentative list are crucial to identifying the current of stakeholders either involved in the and future trends of a s ecific sector MSP process or potentially affected and contributing to its development. by the results. In the frame of stakeholder involve- ment the following meetings and Key stakeholders: events were conducted to inform them as well as to find needed infor- • Burgas Municipality mation and data: • Burgas Regional Administration • Informal work meeting with repre- • Port of Burgas sentatives of Burgas Municipality (8th of April 2016, Burgas, Bulgaria); • Lukoil Neftohim Burgas ocal fisheries • Event for Presenting the MARS- PLAN–BS Romania and Bulgaria • Scuba diving centres Project and the institutional and legislative framework for maritime • Tourist operators and agencies, ho- spatial planning (29th of November teliers, owners of campsites 2016, Varna, Bulgaria), organised by • NGOs, environmental organisations Project Partner 1 Ministry of Regio- nal Development and Public Works of • Executive Agency of Fishery and Bulgaria. Aquaculture 87 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Photo provided by MRDPW of Bulgaria The work meeting on 8th of April The meeting was attended by MARS- 2016 had the following agenda: PLAN Project team from IO-BAS: Dr. Margarita Stancheva, project coor- 1. Presentation of MARSPLAN–BS dinator; Dr. Maria Yankova, biology Project and methodology for Case expert; Dr. Hristo Stanchev – GIS Study 3 Burgas; expert, and Anton Krastev – ecology expert. 2. Discussion on coastal and mari- time human activities in Burgas By the side of Burgas Municipality Municipality. Potential interests in the meeting was attended by the the coastal zone and maritime area. chief architect of Burgas Municipality Identifying key stakeholders. Ms. Veselina Ilieva and architect Ms. Katya Dimitrova. 3. Discussion on existing and poten- tial conflicts, issues or compatibili- The meeting started with general pre- ties between users and users-envi- sentation of the main ronment and land-sea interactions. BS project objectives and expected results of project implementation. 88 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Photo provided by MRDPW of Bulgaria The meeting continued with discus- cussed. Also the proposed planning sion on the main maritime and coas- solution for the sea-sea uses conflict tal (land) uses in the area of Burgas between shipping/navigation and Municipality as well as which are the diving (described in Phase II Analysis potential interests for development of future evolution) was presented and who are the key stakeholders in and discussed in details with project the municipality. The meeting also partners and respective stakehol- discussed existing and potential con- ders. flicts, issues or compatibilities be- tween users and users-environment and land-sea interactions. At the MARSPLAN–BS Event on 29th of November in Varna, Bulgaria the main findings and outcomes of elaborated case study on land-sea interactions were presented to par- ticipating stakeholders and were dis- 89 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS . IDENTIFYING INTERACTIONS, CONFLICTS, COMPATIBILITIES AND IMPACTS BETWEEN USES, SECTORS AND ENVIRONMENT 4.1. IMPACT OF LAND background pollution from the indus- INFRASTRUCTURE ON trial areas of Burgas and the interna- WETLANDS AND MARITIME tional airport, as well. The halophyte SPACE (WITH FOCUS ON coenoses, like this of Salicornia euro- BIODIVERSITY) paea and Sueda maritima could be recognised also as pioneer ones In Burgas study area, the impact (di- (Ramsar Convention, 2002a). As the rect or indirect) of land infrastructure lake is situated in the surroundings on the wetlands is substantial as all of Burgas and consequently it is sub- wetlands are located in immediate ject to high pressure because of its proximity of urbanised and industrial proximity to such densely populated areas and of a large city. city and the international airport of Burgas, located east of the lake. The Impacts on Atanasovsko Lake lake is used for traditional salt pro- duction and the habitats which are Changes in the originally existed coe- typical of this wetland are heavily de- noses in Atanasovsko Lake have pendent on this activity in its present been reported due to the conside- form. The lower economic efficiency rable anthropogenic impact during of the traditional salt production pro- the last 50–60 years. Salt manu- cess and the obsolete infrastructure facturing also has led to ecological pose risks to salt production in its changes. For example, the changes current form and are considered a of the vegetation cover are close- serious threat for the maintenance of ly connected with: changes of the the wetland in general (Vasilev et al., hydrological and salt-balancing re- 2013). The largest threat is that of di- gimes, appearance of ruderal species, rect habitat alteration or destruction. dike-construction works, agricultural This may result from salt pan moder- activities that take place in the buf- nisation or inconsistent economic fer-zone of the reserve, and with the activities such as replacement or de- 90 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS struction of old dykes. Large, tall and in the Atanasovsko Lake attracts a wide soil dykes are constructed for vast diversity of birds (Michev et al., salt production. These become over- 1999). grown with vegetation very quickly and are, therefore, unsuitable for The coastal lagoon is of exclusive nesting by species such as the avo- significance for se eral s ecies of cet, the black-winged stilt the Kentish narrow adaptation, as well as for the plover, the common tern and the lit- migration and wintering of a signifi- tle tern which inhabit the coastal la- cant number of birds. All these birds goon (www.saltoflife.biodiversity.bg/ are threatened by the large number of en). Studies have shown that these predators freely entering the lagoon species prefer nesting on low dams (www.saltoflife.biodiversity.bg/en). boarded with planks. The sudden Stray dogs, foxes and jackals roam raising of the water level in some freely along the dykes and destroy pools early in the summer and their entire plover and common tern co- emptying during the autumn is not lonies. The inhabitants of the coas- always consistent with the needs of tal lagoon are endangered not only the nesting and feeding birds. within the reserve, but also around it. Hunting is practiced around the With its location in the town, the Ata- protected area during the winter, nasovsko Lake is subject to strong causing additional disturbance of anthropogenic pressure. Frequently the birds. Thousands of white-fron- people go along the dykes in order ted, greylag and red-breasted geese to collect brine shrimp eggs, look for winter every year in the lake. These marsh worms, walk a pet or go to the species are globally endangered, but pools of curative lye. This disturbs becomes prey to hunters from time the inhabitants of the lagoon. Very to time. Conservation measures in- often, the outlying pools and the ca- clude a management plan for the re- nal are polluted with domestic and serve that has been adopted in 2003. construction waste. Pollution of the water in the canal around the lake is a A number of information and aware- hazard both to the inhabitants of the ness-raising activities, regular biodi- lake and to the coastal lagoon habi- versity monitoring and restoration of tat. The complex of various habitats the infrastructure and preservation 91 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS of the traditional salt producing ac- tence of open areas used by the wa- tivities have been carried out under ter birds for feeding and resting. The projects of nongovernmental orga- poor quality of water in Vaya Lake is nisations and scientific institutes a serious threat for the maintenance (Vasilev et al., 2013). of feeding base for many birds and for the rotection of the fish reser es Impacts on Burgas (Vaya) Lake in the water basin. The reason for the pollution is the industrial waters, The most significant im act to ur- although urified from the northern gas (Vaya) Lake is the change of and southern industrial zones pour the landscape of the protected area. into the lake (http://burgaslakes.org/ Another impact is the increased poda/en/opazvane.html). quantity of the chemicals in the wa- ter of Vaya Lake because they are ab- Noise pollution caused by the inter- sorbed by the plants (http://burgas- national road passing through the lakes.org/poda/en/opazvane.html). eastern part of the lake is also an im- The overall condition of the wetland pact. The road is the reason for the is unsatisfactory, with a trend toward pollution of the coast with household deterioration of the bird protection wastes. Considerable threat for the conditions. The general threats are: conservation of biodiversity in Vaya e cessi e anthro ogenic ressure a e is oaching. The illegal fishing ac filling of wetland sections and decreases the num er of fish s e- construction, pollution with oil pro- cies in the water basin. Sometimes ducts, chemical products and solid oachers go fishing during the ree munici al waste o erfishing and ding period and thus endanger the use of fishing facilities which ose fish reser es in the la e. any rare hazards to the birds, illegal hunting and endangered birds and reptiles and fishing significant distur ance become victims of poachers’ nets. deteriorated connection of the lake Poaching disturbs the species that to the sea, electrical lines which nest, feed or rest in Vaya Lake (www. are a hazard for the birds and wind- birdsinbulgaria.org/ovm.php?l=bg). farm construction plans (Vasilev et Fishing and sand extraction are prac- al., 2013). Proper management of ticed in the area, but the most serious the reed beds is crucial for the exis- threat to this site comes from oil in- 92 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS dustry refinery amsar on ention significant distur ance e istence 2002b). Conservation Measures in- of electrical power lines which are clude a management plan prepared hazardous to birds, wind-farm and in 2005. Singular activities (improved recreation facility construction plans enforcement against poaching, mo- (Vasilev et al., 2013). The Mandra nitoring construction of artificial is- Lake is the main source of industri- lands attracting pelicans to nest), al water for the u oil il efinery. ut no human and financial resour petrol line runs across the complex ces have been secured for complete of Mandra Lake-Poda and may cause implementation of the plan. The ap- significant damage to the wetland plication of some of the measures in an accident. The preparation of provided for in the plan started in a management plan was started in 2010 within the BSPB project under 2005, but not completed. Singular the EU LIFE+ programme (mainly activities (improved enforcement to increase the capacity of the local against poaching, monitoring, con- institutions, build partnerships etc.), struction of artificial islands attract- (Vasilev et al., 2013). ing pelicans to nest), but no human and financial resources ha e een Impacts on wetland complex Man- secured for complete conservation dra Lake – Poda of the wetland. The application of some of the required nature con- The main threats to coastal wetland servation measures started in 2010 of andra a e in ol e significant within the BSPB project under the human im acts construction of EU LIFE+ Programme, especially to coastline sections of the wetland and increase the capacity of the local destruction of the natural habitats institutions, build partnerships etc. (particularly wet meadows) in the As a result of systematic conserva- area, excessive water use, develop- tion over the years the coastal wet- ment of the surrounding infrastruc- land Poda is in a very good condition ture, chemical and solid municipal (Vasilev et al., 2013). Cooperation waste pollution from the watershed between NGOs and governmental area e cessi e fishing and use of institutions has been achieved in fishing facilities endangering the organising the Nature Conservation irds illegal hunting and fishing Centre for the protected territory and 93 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS for wetland management, organi- ing capacity of the local institutions, sation of bird-watching tourism and to ensure sustainability of wetland non-traditional recreational activi- conservation. ties ecological education scientific researches and as a place for con- Impacts on protected area Chen- ducting conservation activities. The gene Skele increasing anthropogenic pressure is The territory of protected area Chen- due to the proximity of the large city, gene Skele is rather small and con- port, transport and other infrastruc- sequently it is very sensitive to all ture and related pollution, poaching human activities carried out in and y hunting and fishing eutro hica- around the area. unting fishing and tion of the wetland, plans to expand the collection of plant and animals the Burgas port and construction of during the breeding season, as well facilities for transporting natural gas, as poaching, cause disturbance to introduction of non-native species, irds. The fishing acti ities influence o erfishing. directly the fish stoc s and the food A management plan was elabora- of fish eating irds. There are cases ted and put into action in 2002. The where water irds fall into fishery main activities envisaged in the plan nets. The area is particularly sensi- (management and maintenance of tive to all kind of building activities, the habitats and populations of the as well as to tourism, recreation target species by management of and fishing www.birdsinbulgaria. reed massifs ro ision of artificial org/ovm.php?l=bg). An international nesting sites, improved enforcement road to the south border of the coun- against poaching, monitoring, educa- try crosses the eastern part of the tion etc.) have been realised, and the com le which causes significant required resources have been pro- waste and noise pollution, as well as vided by the BSPB. In 2010, the ac- death of the small animals, including tivities were continued with an entire birds. There is a potential impact of complex of measures provided for in large-scale oil spill from the oil pipe- a BSPB project within the EU LIFE + line, which crosses the Chengene programme, aiming, among other Skele, as well as from the oil terminal things, to raise the partnership-build- of Burgas Port situated nearby. 94 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Impacts on protected area Bakarlaka well as places for avoiding of severe weather conditions. They will be a The protected area of Bakarlaka barrier for thousands of migratory is under expanded anthropoge- soaring birds and night migrants on nic pressure due to the existence of their flyway to the south and north the densely populated tourist set- and will cause further decline in tlements (www.birdsinbulgaria.org/ their populations (forest habitats are ovm.php?l=bg). The continuing ur- threatened by overexploitation of fo- banisation related to the intensive rest resources and afforestation with development of tourism, enlarge- nonindigenous species). Removal ment of the settlements cause frag- of old semi-dead trees and those mentation, deterioration and even with halls limits the possibilities for loss of habitats mainly in the coastal wood ec ers to find ro er reeding one. The significant human im act grounds and food (www.birdsinbul- on the area is determined also by garia.org/ovm.php?l=bg). concentration of people at valuable areas along the coast and by illegal The primary impacts on the wetlands deposition of waste in many places and maritime space of the Burgas in grassland habitats even in arable study area include: lands. The area of Bakarlaka is par- • Change of the natural landscape of ticularly sensitive to construction the wetlands due to expanded urba- of high facilities, especially plans nisation; of development of wind farms both on the land and in the sea. This de- • Increase of economic activities and velopment could disturb the free abandonment of naturally or human movement of birds, especially of maintained wetlands; soaring migratory birds, and will limit • Pollution of wetlands and maritime to a significant e tent the access of space due to the close proximity with birds to the suitable habitats (www. densely populated town, port and birdsinbulgaria.org/ovm.php?l=bg). industrial areas, in particular Lukoil They will cause direct collision and efinery killing of them, fragmentation and loss of valuable habitats used by llegal fishing and hunting from the birds for feeding and soaring, as wetlands; 95 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS • Coastline constructions/correc- a potential threat for ecological state tions and change of the water-body in case of emergency. In June 2015 morphology and hydrological regime a large petrol leak occurred and part of the lakes/wetlands; of the Burgas Lake was contamina- ted. ecific measures were im le- • Proximity of an international road mented in order to prevent further to the wetlands causing noise and damages. Direct impact to the ma- waste pollution, as well as death of rine environment is still not recorded, small animals and birds. although in case of floods untreated Potential impacts on wetlands and waste waters could reach the Burgas maritime space Bay area and contaminate the sea water. No rescue measures are pub- Oil industry is by far the major eco- lically announced in case of such an nomic activity in the study area. It event. Ports waste and contaminants uses Mandra Lake as water source, generation is usually prevented by which might lead to excessive wa- port authorities with strict measures ter use. It also deposits preliminary and control. Potential threats for the treated waste waters for oxidizing in ecological state are leaks during decanters located in the Burgas and chemicals transfer, fuel bunkering Mandra lakes vicinity. The waste wa- and budge waters. Another poten- ters are left for 40 days before con- tial threat is posing by dredging and sidered clean and are safely released dum ing of the materials. ecific in the Usungeren water intake (www. sites are defined for material de o- natura.bsnn.org/pdf/Ezerata_na_ sition. In case of their overloading a Burgas_Mandra-Poda.pdf). serious impact is expected both on the ecosystem and bathing waters The decanters are potential threat quality in the region. due to possible overflowing in case of floods. Furthermore, during strong Potential threat is also dumping of precipitation an air quality decrease industrial wastes, coal and fertilisers in the area has been reported. in port areas. Another impact of the port infrastructure on the maritime Pipeline supply and transportation space is the intensity of the vessels system across the wetlands is also traffic. ecause s ecific rules are 96 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS implemented in such areas other For the described study area in total acti ities as tourism fishing and 16 different coastal land uses and 22 coastwise traffic could e ham ered. sea uses were identified. and sea The ort acti ities and essels traffic interactions without conflict are 44, could lead to noise pollution in the weak conflicts are 100, 16 conflicts area, influencing the marine life. were identified and no interac- tions between land and sea uses 4.2. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN were indicated. LAND AND SEA BASED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES The coastal land uses without any AND SPATIAL USES, AND interactions are electrical grid and ENVIRONMENT natural gas pipeline; the airport activi- ties indicated only synergies with sea On the base of produced maps of uses fi e interactions with yachting land/sea uses and of natural values, tourism, water sports, engine boat and analysis on current economic sports and military practice areas). activities and natural landscape in The highest number of land-sea con- the study area, the main land-sea flict interactions was indicated for interactions were identified. The - re the oil i elines of u oil efinery sults are shown in a conflict/synergy waste water discharge and tailing (land-sea interactions) matrix (Figure dams (with quality of bathing waters, 31). In the matrix coding, with green coastal fishing inta e waters and colour are indicated interactions protected areas). without conflict and compatibilities between land and sea activities, and The sea-land conflicts (uses-uses with environment. With yellow colour and uses-environment) that were are indicated weak conflicts between identified mainly include waste- wa land and sea uses and with coastal ter discharge in the maritime area and marine environment. With red has negative impact on coastal tou- colour are indicated interactions with rism, terrestrial protected areas and conflicts in the land-sea uses and en- wetlands; dredging activities have vironment. Empty boxes denote to no negative impact on coastline mor- interactions identified. phology, sediment transport and sustainability of sand beaches and 97 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS equipment Research hydrographic hydrographic Research stations Research monitoring monitoring Research Concession areas Concession Protected areas Protected Bottom trawling trawling Bottom Waste water discharges water Waste Intake waters Intake Military practice areas practice Military heritage heritage Underwater cultural cultural Underwater Diving Engine water sports water Engine (windsurfing, etc.) (windsurfing, Water sports Water Sea spatial uses spatial Sea Yachting tourism Yachting Anchorage sites sites Anchorage Dredging Dumping sites Dumping and navigation and Shipping routes Shipping Underwater cables Underwater Pound nets Pound Open sea fishing sea Open Coastal fishing fishing Coastal Bathing waters Bathing Airport Oil pipelines Electrical grid Electrical Tailings dams Tailings Industrial areas Industrial Residential areas Residential Tourism activities Tourism Roads and railways Beaches and dunes NATURA 2000 areas 2000 areas NATURA Port areas terrestrial Natural gas pipelines Natural Coastal land uses Coastal Coastal land uses Coastal Fish boat landing sites landing sites Fish boat Waste water discharges water Waste Nationally protected areas and areas protected Nationally Coastal protection/nourishment Coastal Cultural historical sites and landscape sites historical Cultural Figure 31. Land-sea interactions matrix for Burgas study area 98 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS dunes as their action is similar to 4.3. MAPPING THE MAIN sand mining and extraction; ancho- CONFLICTS OF USE AND rage sites can affect coastal tourism; OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE various types of marine litter from MARITIME PILOT AREA the passing ships and other shipping activities have an adverse impact on Based on the analysis of human beaches and coastal tourism. Marine uses in the maritime space of Burgas litter, in particular plastic, is a serious study area a map of the main con- offence to the visual and aesthetic flicts of use and of environment was sensitivities of tourists and local visi- produced to visualise the results of tors to beaches (Galgani et al., 2013). assessment (Figure 32). Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the wa- The overlay of the various data layers ter and shoreline and cause serious presents the current and potential damages to marine biota. Sea-land conflicts between sea uses and en- military trainings can also affect vironment across the marine study coastal tourism, beaches, dunes, area and gi es a first indication on wetlands and other terrestrial pro- the location of the conflict hotspots. tected areas, and historical cultural Such conflict hotspots could arise heritage. Potential sea-land conflict due to a number of factors as over- interaction would occur due to the lapping of areas devoted to other oil spill pollution in a marine accident possible sea uses or in particular which can cause severe damages area which are ecologically sensi- not only to marine area as well as tive to human uses or in areas where to the coastline: wetlands, beaches, overlapping uses are spatially incom- coast-protection structures, rocky patible (www.baltseaplan.eu). cliffs and all ecosystems. Similarly, In result of performed Geographic the coastal tourism industry can be Information System (GIS) spatial harmed by direct impact of oil spills analysis, 22 different sea uses were to beaches and waterfront properties identified in urgas maritime study and other infrastructure. area. Major part of the area is re- corded as spatially overlapped multi- le uses mostly military trainings 99 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Figure 32. Map of spatially overlapped uses in the marine study area fishing di ing shi ing and na i- • Entry prohibited areas: the area with gation, yachting and engine boats. the strict ban, which prohibits the en- There are also defined restricted try and execution of any activity; zones indicated on the nautical maps • Areas of forbidden anchorage, de- roduced y the ydrogra hic ffice mersal trawling, underwater and to the Navy in Bulgaria. Other areas dredging works, bottom trawling and with temporary restrictions are those underwater explosions; with navigation warnings and their locations can be found on the web- • Areas of forbidden sailing, sports, site of Bulgarian Ports Infrastructure tourism fishing swimming anchor- Company (www.vtmis.bg). Based on ing, diving operations and underwa- the data published on nautical maps ter explosions; in the marine area of Burgas Bay the next four permanently restricted reas rohi ited for na igation fi zones are indicated: shing and diving works. 100 Phase I. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS The primary group of current and po- • Military trainings are in conflict with tential sea uses-uses and uses-envi- almost all sea uses and with environ- ronment conflicts due to the spatial ment. overlapping of uses in the marine study area are as follows: Potential conflict can arise in case of marine accident related to ship traf- hi ing and na igation s. fishing fic and ris s of oil ollution which is danger for the nature conservation, • Shipping and navigation vs. bathing fishing athing waters tourism and waters recreation. • Shipping and navigation vs. nature conservation (NATURA 2000) Potential conflict can arise in case of waste water discharge accident. • Shipping and navigation vs. diving There is one waste water discharge nchoring s. fishing athing wa- located in the marine area of Bur- ters and nature conservation (NATU- gas Bay. In case of such accident, RA 2000) non-treated waste water can impac- ted on athing waters fishing and • Fishing/pound nets vs. water nature conservation. sports, yachting and diving • Dredging and dumping vs. bathing waters • Dredging and dumping vs. nature conservation (NATURA 2000) and underwater cultural heritage • Waste water discharge vs. bathing waters • Waste water discharge vs. nature conservation (NATURA 2000) • Underwater heritage (shipwrecks) vs. shipping and navigation 101 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Phase II. ANALYSIS OF THE FUTURE EVOLUTION EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS . PROPOSE PLANNING SOLUTIONS TERRESTRIAL AND MARITIME TO DIFFERENT CONFLICTS: KEY ISSUES/CHALLENGES FOR MSP IN THE PILOT AREA AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.1. PLANNING SOLUTIONS ska that streaming to Burgas (Vaya) FOR THE LAND-SEA USE Lake. In addition, the treated waste CONFLICT BETWEEN WASTE waters of the biggest oil processing WATER DISCHARGE/TAILING and petrochemical plant in the coun- DAMS AND WETLANDS AND try Lukoil Neftochim Burgas, get BATHING WATERS/COASTAL in the small Burgas Bay through the TOURISM discharge of Mandra Lake. Potential ISSUES: increase of pollution of Vaya Lake will largely affect also the pollution of Burgas Bay because the two water The discharge of waste waters (both areas are connected by canal. Since domestic and industrial) into the wet- the ay has much higher self urifi- land lakes in the study area and lo- cation ability, its waters do not reach cation of several tailing dams might high levels of contamination, but it cause significant ollution of the might be a serious danger in swim- lakes (waters and nature conserva- ming and bathing. tion) as well as of bathing waters in the marine part and respectively has In summary, the large industrial com- a negative impact on coastal tou- panies and facilities are among the rism. main potential sources of pollution of existing wetlands and Burgas Bay The treated waste waters from Waste (www.bsbd.org/UserFiles/File/proj- Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of ects/RNK/Primer%20Burgaski%20 Burgas enter the bay with the inflow zaliv.pdf). The most important of from Vaya Lake. It receives as well as them are: the partially untreated household wa- ters of Aytos town and those of the Lukoil Neftohim (the main site) – the villages along the valley of river Ayto- waste waters from central treatment 105 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS plant are discharged in the second treatment plant are discharged into pond from the system of oxidation the Vaya Lake; ponds; Factory constructions Lozovo, Bur- Lukoil Neftochim – Oil Terminal gas, north industrial area: the waste Rosenets waste waters from the waters after local treatment plant are site, after local treatment plant are discharged into the Vaya Lake; discharged into the fourth oxidation WWTP of Burgas with capacity of pond, which is a natural wetland; 397,700 people equivalent. It is a Naftex Petrol Ltd – Oil base Burgas: conventional scheme for mechani- playground storage of petroleum cal and biological treatment of waste roducts etrol diesel waste wa- waters from the town of Burgas ters after local treatment plant are (without quarter Meden Rudnik), with discharged into the canal connecting built disposal facilities for removal of Vaya Lake with the sea; nitrogen and phosphorus. The trea- ted waters are discharged into the Building materials company with Vaya Lake; urification facility tailing dam waste waters after treatment plant Port Burgas West – ongoing project are discharged into the Mandra Lake; for inclusion of waste waters to the WWTP of Burgas city. Burgas Shipyard shi re air and shipbuilding. The waste waters after POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: local treatment plant are discharged into the Black Sea, in the belt of sani- From a technological and environ- tary protection; mental perspective Lukoil Neftohim Burgas Lake Vaya–96 Ltd sand quar- has developed too extensively its ry. The waste waters after precipi- production site, and Burgas Lake has tation in two units of sedimentation been effectively used as an open col- equipment are discharged into the lector for waste waters. In addition, Vaya Lake; the sedimentation pools have been exported at a large distance from the Andela AD, Burgas tailing dam or- initial source of liquid waste. There- no Ezerovo: waste waters after local fore one potential recommendation 106 Phase II. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS is reclamation of sedimentation the same time the ship is 9.5 nautical pools in order to avoid future pollu- miles east of Burgas and falls in the tion of the surrounding wetlands, in roundabout in close proximity to the particular Burgas Lake and respec- uoy traffic se aration Figure 33). tively the sea waters in the Burgas Bay. This fact poses direct danger to the shi traffic as well as to the di ers. On this basis, in accordance with 1.2. PLANNING SOLUTION o FOR THE SEA-SEA USES Regulation N from . . CONFLICT BETWEEN to perform diving and other under- SHIPPING/NAVIGATION AND water activities (State Gazette No59/ DIVING 01.07.2009), issued by the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Interior and ISSUES: Ministry of Transport of Bulgaria, it should be required preliminary per- Over the recent years the recreatio- mission for diving visitations from nal scuba diving tourism has become EAMA. However this creates dif- popular and has attracted many tour- ficulties for tourist acti ities of di ists in Bulgaria. Numerous scuba div- ving centres: often there is an issued ing centres have been established to permission, but it is not possible to explore interesting underwater dive- visit the site due to the bad weather. sites, such as shipwrecks, natural Moreover, the diving centres are not formations, rocky reefs, archaeolo- able to plan even in a short term the gical remains etc. activity with tourists willing to dive. One of the most popular dive-site at- POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: tractions in the area of Burgas Bay is the Mo Pang wreck. The shipwreck and its associated artefacts retain a In relation with development of a new high recreational importance for di- ship routing system (Case Study 4 ver visitation. It is located at a water in MARSPLAN–BS Project elabora- depth of 20 m, which allows for visi- ted by EAMA) in the context of MSP, tations by recreational divers or even potential solution of this conflict is by tourists having low experience. At to shift the location of the round- 107 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Figure 33. Current state of the ship routing system in Burgas Bay Figure 34. Potential solution for changes of the ship routing system 108 Phase II. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS about to the east (approximately EAMA. Last but not least, this will with 2.5 nautical miles), so that the eliminate the risks to life and health wreck Mo Pang to remain outside of the tourists-divers, and will remove (Figure 34). This will inevitably facili- a otential o stacle to shi traffic. tate the operations of diving centres Such a solution will increase the tou- in saving time and effort for reques- rist flow, and will help the small busi- ting permissions between them and nesses in the study area. . LESSONS LEARNED The land-sea interactions (LSI) are the resulting maritime spatial plan or fundamental and one of the most plans with other relevant processes. complex interactions as the marine The main challenges that still exist and land environment are in fact one are related to the definition of an in- system. The Directive 2014/89/EU of teraction: What does land-sea interac- 23 July 2014 establishing a frame- tions entail? What are the perceived work for maritime spatial planning, barriers for addressing land-sea in- Article 7 sets up the MSP require- teractions successfully? Should there ments to consider the land and sea be a geographic or other boundary uses interconnected, as cited: ″in or- for considering land-sea interactions? der to take into account land-sea in- (Fairgrieve, 2016). teractions should this not form part of the maritime spatial planning process In order to promote the sustainable as such, Member States may use oth- growth of maritime economies, the er formal or informal processes, such sustainable development of marine as integrated coastal management. areas and the sustainable use of The outcome shall be reflected by marine resources, maritime spatial Member States in their maritime spa- planning should apply an ecosys- tial plans″. tem-based approach as referred to in Article 1(3) of Directive 2008/56/ Through maritime spatial planning it EC with the aim of ensuring that the is required to promote coherence of collective pressure of all activities is 109 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS kept within levels compatible with municipality and national level. Both the achievement of good environ- land and sea uses should be sus- mental status and that the capacity tainable and based on ecosystem of marine ecosystems to respond to approach as to the Directive on MSP. human-induced changes is not com- Bulgarian coastal zone and marine promised, while contributing to the space currently are organised and sustainable use of marine goods and planned by the respective legal acts, services by present and future gene- but for the complex land-sea interac- rations. tions is needed a dedicated maritime spatial planning to reflect all conflicts At this stage the most important for on the land and in the sea space. implementing MSP in Bulgaria is the There is still no common understan- establishment of proper legal basis ding how it would be best to divide for MSP in accordance with the Di- responsibilities and also how to draw rective 2014/89/EU, including land- the administrative borders in the sea sea planning and harmonisation in (Martin et al., 2012). Therefore the accordance with the principles of relationship with terrestrial planning MSP. A draft for Amending and Sup- is inevitable and terrestrial planning plementing the Law on Maritime authorities shall give consideration to Spaces, Inland Waterways and Ports marine plans when developing their of the Republic of Bulgaria was pre- master plans. Especially for land- pared at expert level. With this draft sea interactions during the mari- amendments are envisaged in all re- time spatial plan preparation, the de- lated acts and regulations. The draft fined ational om etent uthority covers 100% legislative transposition and terrestrial planning authorities of MSP Directive. However as of the should consult each other, but also end of 2016 there has not been yet collaborate closely throughout the a political decision for designation planning process to ensure consis- of the Competent National Authority tency in their respective plans. In this responsible for MSP under the Direc- process it is required to engage with tive 2014/89/EU. others more inland to discover their interests in the marine areas and to Human resources and information think jointly on economic and ecolo- asis for are still insufficient at gical systems to discover who has a 110 Phase II. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS sta e in the sea direct or indirect (Ehler and Douvere, 2009). MSP re- (Abspoel, 2016). quires far more data from far more data sources (creators, owners, cus- Lack of data was also a challenge for todians, public and private) than is identifying land-sea interactions for provided within marine cadastre ini- Burgas study area, mainly data on: tiatives, programmes, systems and detailed map of the bottom habitats, legal mandates alone. Marine ca- data on impacts of different activities dastre should be considered as part on the land and marine environment, of spatial data infrastructures (SDI), data on dredging and dumping, data considering its importance for coas- on yachting and marine sports, data tal and marine stakeholders. Then, on military training activities, data on these spatial data should be easily direct impact of Lukoil Neftohim on accessed to get the basic dynamic the environment and wetlands, data information. The very complexity of a out sediments s ecific su stanc- MSP, involving land-sea interactions, es content, data on oil spills and ship significantly com licates the legal accidents and many other. jurisdictional and data management requirements for both marine cadas- GIS and mapping provide the best tre and MSP (Longhorn, 2016). way of improving decision support elements of the MSP approach. GIS Data gathered during the case study allow us easily to view, understand, should be used as guidance for fur- question, interpret, and visualise ther repetition models for the Bulga- data in many ways that reveal rela- rian Black Sea coast and Black Sea tionships, patterns, and trends in the Basin that would be developed with form of maps, reports, and charts. a more consistent methodology and Since there are many user-friend- approach. Also the land-sea conflict/ ly GIS software packages currently synergy matrix and maps of human available and also many users who uses and spatial overlay in marine are untrained in cartography, one of area could be used as models for the biggest problems is a poorly de- further studies on land-sea interac- signed map. Such poorly designed tions along other study areas. A lot of map can conveys a misinformation research is still needed to pro- and result in poor decision-making pose the most relevant decision on 111 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS planning and managing land-sea in- tunities or conflicts occurring in the teractions. As coastal and marine re- MSP area (Ehler and Douvere, 2009). search is time and costs consuming Ways must be found to involve the it should be the responsibility of the key stakeholders, for one large indus- Competent Authority on MSP in Bul- trial companies, such as Lukoil Nefto- garia to initiate the relevant research him and Burgas Port and much more and monitoring programme and cooperation is needed amongst the- proper funding. se stakeholders. Involving key stakeholders in the de- ta eholders should e identified velopment of MSP is essential for a in a transparent way with providing number of reasons: the most impor- an overview of relevant institutions tant is because MSP aims to achieve with information on their responsibi- multiple objectives (social, economic lities, interests and respective con- and ecological) and should therefore tact person (developing a stakehol- reflect as many expectations, oppor- der map) (Käppeler et al., 2012). 112 Phase II. EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS N O T E S ...... 113 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS REFERENCES EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS Abspoel, L. 2016. Maritime Spatial Cheshitev, G. et al. 1992. 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Pro- gramme: EEA Grants 121 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS The MARSPLAN–BS project aims LEAD PARTNER: to support the implementation of Ministry of Regional Development, the EU Directive for Maritime Spatial Public Administration and European Planning (Directive 2014/89/EU of Funds (MRDPAEF) – Romania the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014) for maritime PROJECT PARTNERS: spatial planning (MSP) in the Black Sea and to facilitate the cross-border • Ministry of Regional Development maritime spatial planning. and Public Works (MRDPW) – Bulgaria The project focuses on the cross-bor- • Ministry of Environment, Water and der maritime spatial planning of Forests (MEWF) – Romania Romania and Bulgaria (the only one • National Institute for Marine EU Member States in the Black Sea Research and Development Grigore Basin), but it will also expand the co- Antipa, Romania operation framework with the rest • Danube Delta National Institute for Black Sea countries. The project also Research and Development Tulcea aims to consolidate the cross-bor- (DDNI TULCEA) – Romania der cooperation and exchange of information between Romania and • National Institute for Research and Bulgaria on issues related to mari- Development in Construction, Urban time area; to establish the vision and Planning and Sustainable Spatial strategic goals for Black Sea area re- Development (Urban-INCERC) – levant for maritime spatial planning, Romania while also taking into consideration • Ovidius University of Constanta the land-sea interaction; to elaborate (OUC) – Romania the pilot maritime spatial plan for the • Institute of Oceanology – Bulgarian cross-border area Mangalia-Shabla; Academy of Sciences (IO-BAS) – to contribute to a wider dissemina- Bulgaria tion of the information gathered on • Executive Agency Maritime MSP, Black Sea area and best prac- Administration (EAMA) – Bulgaria tices to all stakeholders of the Black Sea Basin. • Bulgarian Ports Infrastructure Company (BPIC) – Bulgaria 123 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS N O T E S ...... 125 EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS Authors: Margarita STANCHEVA Hristo STANCHEV Anton KRASTEV Atanas PALAZOV Maria YANKOVA Institute of Oceanology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Cover photos: Dr. Margarita Stancheva, IO-BAS, Bulgaria Dr. Hristo Stanchev, IO-BAS, Bulgaria Prof. Robert Young, PSDS-WCU, USA ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0 ISBN: 978-954-9490-49-7 (pdf) EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK MSP SEA/MARSPLAN-BS LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK MSP SEA/MARSPLAN-BS LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK MSP SEA/MARSPLAN-BS LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS and Fisheries Fund EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1/BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS WP1, Activity 1.1, Component 1.1.2 WP1, ActivityWP1, 1.1, Activity Component 1.1, Component 1.1.2 1.1.2 Case studies with major challenges within Case studiesCase with studies major with challenges major challenges within within the Romanian and Bulgarian maritime space the Romanianthe Romanian and Bulgarian and Bulgarian maritime maritimespace space CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: CASECASE STUDY STUDY 3 BURGAS: 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEALAND-SEA INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS CROSS BORDER MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING CROSS BORDERCROSS MARITIMEBORDER MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNINGSPATIAL PLANNING IN THE BLACK SEA – ROMANIA AND BULGARIA IN THE BLACKIN THE SEA BLACK – ROMANIA SEA – ROMANIA AND BULGARIA AND BULGARIA (MARSPLAN–BS) (MARSPLAN–BS)(MARSPLAN–BS) CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE CASE STUDY 3 BURGAS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE INTERACTIONS LAND-SEA 3 BURGAS: STUDY CASE ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0 ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0 ISBN: 978-954-9490-48-0 97895494904897089549490480 June 2017 June 2017 9789549490480 9789549490480June 2017 June 2017 Untitled-4 2 6/21/17 4:43 PM MARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.inddMARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.indd 1 1 6/13/17 11:48 AM 6/13/17 11:48 AM MARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.indd 1 MARSPLAN-BS_Cover_OK.indd 1 6/13/17 11:48 AM 6/13/17 11:48 AM