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Molecular Genetic Markers Associated with Boar Taint – Could Molecular Genetics Contribute to Its Reduction?

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Molecular Genetic Markers Associated with Boar Taint – Could Molecular Genetics Contribute to Its Reduction? RESEARCH IN PIG BREEDING, 13, 2019 (1) REVIEW: MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH BOAR TAINT – COULD MOLECULAR GENETICS CONTRIBUTE TO ITS REDUCTION? Falková L. and Vrtková I. Laboratory of Agrogenomics, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic Abstract Boar taint is an unpleasant meat odour or taste occurring in uncastrated male pigs usually. Naturally occurring compounds – androstenone, skatole and indole – and their accumulation in the adipose tissue of entire boars cause the perceptible boar taint. Individual levels or combination of these compounds lead to perception of boar taint observed during culinary process and pork consumption. The ban on surgical castration based on EU legislation makes it necessary to find a solution that enables our producers to adapt to these new conditions and ensure their competitiveness. Alternative options include the use of molecular genetic markers that affect the levels of androstenone and skatole in pig adipose tissue by Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). The aim of this review is to provide overview in recent facts in the field of molecular genetics and possibility in boar taint reduction solution. Key Words: Boar taint, genomic markers, selection Boar taint degree while in the skatole level besides genetic Boar taint is an unpleasant odour or taste of and age factor the nutrition and environmental meat from entire male pigs. The occurrence in factors play key role (Zamartskaia and Squires, adult pig males is connected with the hormone 2009). Skatole occurs in both male and female changes during maturation (Duijvesteijn et al., pigs but in male ones three times more (Wesoly 2010). It can occur in 5-40% of uncastrated boars and Weiler, 2012). (Große-Brinkhaus et al., 2015). The acceptance thresholds for androstenone There are three compounds responsible for and skatole differ between consumers and boar taint: androstenone, skatole and indole countries and range from 0,5 to 1 µg/g fat for (Grindflek et al., 2011). These substances androstenone and from 0,2 to 0,25 µg /g for individually or in combination lead to perception skatole (Rowe et al., 2014). On the other hand of boar taint. The concentration of these Mörlein et al. (2012) describe the acceptance compounds varies according to the age and threshold for skatole lower – 0,15 µg /g fat. The weight of the individual at slaughter. The main detection ability of boar odour caused by substances influencing boar taint are androstenone is in human under genetic control: androstenone and skatole. Indole (produced results of Lunde et al.´s (2012) study indicate that during degradation of tryptophan in colon) is the Odorant Receptor OR7D4 has a major role in considered as less important cause of meat perceiving androstenone. flavour and scent. Androstenone is a testicular steroid Surgical castration without anaesthesia metabolized in the liver. Non-metabolized part of Surgical castration of boars is a common androstenone is accumulated in adipose tissue practice to reduce boar taint. Following the and causing a urine like odour. Skatole is European Declaration on Alternatives to Surgical produced by bacterial degradation of tryptophan Castration of Pigs (European Commission, in the colon. The non-metabolized part of skatole 2011), the Member States of the European Union accumulates in adipose tissue causing a faecal committed themselves to ending surgical like odour. Mostly, the androstenone level are castration without anaesthesia by 2018. The influenced by genetic factors and adolescence declaration was signed by 33 parties representing 7 RESEARCH IN PIG BREEDING, 13, 2019 (1) European farmers, the meat industry, retailers, Quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate scientists, veterinarians and animal welfare genes associated with boar taint are most associations. The deadline has been expired and important for genetic selection. QTLs are parts of according to statistical data collected by the the chromosomes involving genes that affect the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe the traits. Candidate genes encode development of surgical castration without anaesthesia is receptors and enzymes involved in the performed still in European countries commonly metabolism of androstenone and skatole. There (De Briyne et al, 2016). Since 2016, surgical are gene polymorphisms (Single Nucleotide castration without anaesthesia has been limited Polymorphism – SNP – mostly) changing the in Sweden and since 2019 Germany has specific phenotype of the trait (Squires, 2006). confirmed a ban on surgical castration. The QTLs for androstenone and skatole are Surgical castration without anaesthesia is spread on many chromosomes mainly on SSC6, no longer applicable in Denmark and Belgium, 7, 10, 14 (SSC - Sus scrofa chromosome). in Great Britain and Northern Ireland castration Significant association have also been identified is not used traditionally. The Czech Republic has on SSC1, 12, 16 and 17 (Große-Brinkhaus et al., not yet set an exact deadline for the ban. Report 2015). Thus let us supposed the androstenone and on the ending of surgical castration of pigs (2012 skatole levels are influenced by a lot of markers/ – 2014) from the Expert Group (Brussels, genes involved in their biosynthesis and October 2014) marks the Czech Republic metabolic pathways. There are differences in together with Poland, Romania and Hungary as expression of candidate genes (connected with “Countries with little or no perceived sense of androstenone and skatole level) between urgency”. individuals with high and low levels of boar taint and among breeds (Enssenger, 2015). Mathur et al. (2013), they found a higher level of boar taint Alternative methods in the Landrace and Yorkshire dam lines than in Worldwide increased pressure on ban of the Pietrain sire line. Therefore it is necessary to surgical castration creates alternative methods work with the dam lines too when we use genetic request. The surgical castration with anaesthesia selection on boar odour. is one of them. On the other hand, there are risks The SNPs are gene polymorphisms, and in of loss, health impact, economic and boar taint problem, studies have focused on genes organisational difficulties caused by it. of metabolic pathways associated with boar taint Immunocastration is another alternative: compounds. The first association research by vaccination stimulates the production of Moe et al. (2009) compares high number of SNPs antibodies against Gonadotropin Releasing with boar taint in Duroc and Norwegian Hormone (GnRH) (Yamsakul et al. 2017). The Landrace: 1102 Duroc and 1726 Norwegian method is safe for animals but final consumer Landrace boars were genotype in 135 SNPs in 57 perceives it negatively. Another possibility is to genes. They found significant markers with change the fattening of boars: boars can be effects on androstenone in Duroc, but not in fattened to a lower slaughter weight (80 kg), Landrace, and significant markers with effects on while their meat is still free of boar taint. The fat skatole in both breeds. In Duroc breed they declared disadvantage is the untapped growth discovered 4 SNPs in NGFIB, CYP2D6, potential of animals (Grauer, 2014). Finally, a CYP2C49 and CTNNDIS genes associated with highly effective method seems to be the Marker androstenone level in adipose tissue, Assisted Selection (MAS) associated with boar significantly. In Norwegian Landrace breed these taint. SNPs was not associated with androstenone in adipose tissue. The skatole level in fat tissue was Molecular genetics markers – SNPs associated with 5 SNPs within genes CYP21 and influencing traits CYP2E1 in Duroc, and 3 SNPs from CYP2E1 Heritability of androstenone and skatole gene in Norwegian Landrace, significantly. Seven level gives a high potential of genetic selection. SNPs in CYP21 and CYP2E1 in Duroc and 5 Its range is 0,5 – 0,7 and 0,3 – 0,5 androstenone SNPs in CYP2E1 in Norwegian Landrace was and skatole respectively (Große-Brinkhaus et al. associated with indole level in adipose tissue. 2015). 8 RESEARCH IN PIG BREEDING, 13, 2019 (1) Individual markers explained 2,5-16,3% of the 16 SNPs created 3 clusters on SSC6 associated total variation of the traits. Haplotype analyses with skatole in Duroc. GG genotype in the second identified 5 genes – CYP21, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, cluster indicates twice more level of skatole then CTNNDI, NGFIB in Duroc and 5 genes – BAPI, TT genotype. In the third cluster the GG genotype CYP2D6, CYP2E1, HYAL2 and SRD5A2 in exceeded skatole level beside AA genotype. The Norwegian Landrace. Results of haplotype best variation of haplotype was T-G-A in 3 SNPs. analyses CYP2E1 were significant in levels of Gregersen et al. (2012) identified 25 haplotypes skatole and indole in both breeds and can explain and 3 single markers with effects in 923 Duroc, up to 6% of the phenotypic variance for skatole Landrace and Yorkshire boars. The haplotype and up to 12% of the phenotypic variance for with the strongest effect on androstenone level indole. Significant effects were also found in occurred on SSC1 around the CYB5A gene and BAP1, HYAL2 and SRD5A2 influencing accounted for 16,8% of phenotypic variation. androstenone level in Norwegian Landrace. Their Other candidate genes for androstenone are non-association with testosterone or estrogen CYB5A, SRD5A2, LOC100518755 and means that they are attractive for genetic selection CYP21A2. For skatole and indole, SULTA1 and in reducing boar taint because they have no effect CYP2E1 are reported. Various CYP21A2 on reproductive traits. Mörlein et al. (2012) found expressions have been reported in boars with high SNP in CYP2E1 gene in two commercial Duroc- and low levels of androstenone. The effect on sire crossbred populations. The CC genotype androstenone levels was found only in the indicated higher level of skatole and indole than Landrace population (Grindflek et al., 2010). the other genotypes, significantly. Duijevesteijn Gunawan et al. (2013a) described mutations et al. (2010) revealed 37 SNPs influencing in genes IRG6, MX1, IFIT2, CYP7A1, FMO5 androstenone level in fat tissue significantly; they and KRT18 as possible candidate markers for are located on SSC1 and SSC6 mainly.
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